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Spratly Islands, the Glossary

The Spratly Islands (Kapuluan ng Kalayaan; Mandarin p; Kepulauan Spratly; Quần đảo Trường Sa) are a disputed archipelago in the South China Sea.^[1]

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Air Forces Monthly

Air Forces Monthly (AFM) is a military aviation magazine published by Key Publishing Ltd, who are based at Stamford in the English county of Lincolnshire in the United Kingdom.

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Airbus

Airbus SE is a European multinational aerospace corporation.

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Amboyna Cay, also known as Đảo An Bang; Pulau Amboyna Kecil; Datu Kalantiaw Island (lit); Mandarin, and other names, is an island of the Spratly Islands group in the South China Sea located just outside (SW) of the southwest of Dangerous Ground. Spratly Islands and Amboyna Cay are disputed islands of Asia.

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Arable land

Arable land (from the arabilis, "able to be ploughed") is any land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops.

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Archipelago

An archipelago, sometimes called an island group or island chain, is a chain, cluster, or collection of islands, or sometimes a sea containing a small number of scattered islands.

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Arecaceae

The Arecaceae is a family of perennial, flowering plants in the monocot order Arecales.

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Artificial island

An artificial island or man-made island is an island that has been constructed by humans rather than formed through natural processes.

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ASEAN

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations, commonly abbreviated as ASEAN, is a political and economic union of 10 states in Southeast Asia.

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Atoll

An atoll is a ring-shaped island, including a coral rim that encircles a lagoon.

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Australia

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.

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Austronesian languages

The Austronesian languages are a language family widely spoken throughout Maritime Southeast Asia, parts of Mainland Southeast Asia, Madagascar, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and Taiwan (by Taiwanese indigenous peoples).

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Banana

A banana is an elongated, edible fruit – botanically a berry – produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa.

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Bạch Long Vĩ Island

Bạch Long Vĩ island is located in the Gulf of Tonkin, about halfway between Haiphong (Vietnam) and Hainan Island (China).

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Benthic zone

The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean, lake, or stream, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers.

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Bernama

The Malaysian National News Agency (Pertubuhan Berita Nasional Malaysia), is a news agency of the government of Malaysia.

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Biotite

Biotite is a common group of phyllosilicate minerals within the mica group, with the approximate chemical formula.

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Bloomberg L.P.

Bloomberg L.P. is a privately held financial, software, data, and media company headquartered in Midtown Manhattan, New York City.

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Bloomberg News

Bloomberg News (originally Bloomberg Business News) is an international news agency headquartered in New York City and a division of Bloomberg L.P. Content produced by Bloomberg News is disseminated through Bloomberg Terminals, Bloomberg Television, Bloomberg Radio, Bloomberg Businessweek, Bloomberg Markets, Bloomberg.com, and Bloomberg's mobile platforms.

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Bottom trawling

Bottom trawling is trawling (towing a trawl, which is a fishing net) along the seafloor.

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Brown booby

The brown booby (Sula leucogaster) is a large seabird of the booby family Sulidae, of which it is perhaps the most common and widespread species.

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BRP Sierra Madre

BRP Sierra Madre (LT-57) is an that is an active duty commissioned vessel under the Philippine Navy.

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Brunei

Brunei, officially Brunei Darussalam, is a country in Southeast Asia, situated on the northern coast of the island of Borneo. Spratly Islands and Brunei are maritime Southeast Asia.

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Calc-alkaline magma series

The calc-alkaline magma series is one of two main subdivisions of the subalkaline magma series, the other subalkaline magma series being the tholeiitic series.

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Canada

Canada is a country in North America.

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Carbonate rock

Carbonate rocks are a class of sedimentary rocks composed primarily of carbonate minerals.

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Cay

A cay, also spelled caye or key, is a small, low-elevation, sandy island on the surface of a coral reef.

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Cenozoic

The Cenozoic is Earth's current geological era, representing the last 66million years of Earth's history.

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Cetacea

Cetacea is an infraorder of aquatic mammals belonging to the order Artiodactyla that includes whales, dolphins and porpoises.

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Champa

Champa (Cham: ꨌꩌꨛꨩ; ចាម្ប៉ា; Chiêm Thành 占城 or Chăm Pa 占婆) was a collection of independent Cham polities that extended across the coast of what is present-day central and southern Vietnam from approximately the 2nd century CE until 1832.

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Champa–Đại Việt War (1471)

The Cham–Đại Việt War of 1471 or Vietnamese invasion of Champa was a military expedition launched by Lê Thánh Tông of Đại Việt under the Lê dynasty and is widely regarded as the event that marked the downfall of Champa.

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Chams

The Chams (Cham: ꨌꩌ, Čaṃ), or Champa people (Cham:, Urang Campa; Người Chăm or Người Chàm; ជនជាតិចាម), are an Austronesian ethnic group in Southeast Asia as well as an indigenous people of central Vietnam.

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Chiang Kai-shek

Chiang Kai-shek (31 October 18875 April 1975) was a Chinese statesman, revolutionary, and military commander.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.

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China Mobile

China Mobile is the trade name of both China Mobile Limited and its ultimate controlling shareholder, China Mobile Communications Group Co., Ltd., is a Chinese state-owned telecommunicationsStrait deals The Economist, 7 May 2009 company.

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Chinese Civil War

The Chinese Civil War was fought between the Kuomintang-led government of the Republic of China and the forces of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), with armed conflict continuing intermittently from 1 August 1927 until 7 December 1949, resulting in a communist victory and control of mainland China.

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Chinese Communist Party

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP), officially the Communist Party of China (CPC), is the founding and sole ruling party of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

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Chunghwa Telecom

Chunghwa Telecom Company, Ltd. (Chinese Telecom Company) is the largest integrated telecom service provider in Taiwan, and the incumbent local exchange carrier of PSTN, Mobile, and broadband services in the country.

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Claudius Madrolle

Claudius Madrolle (22 July 1870 – 16 June 1949) was a French explorer in Africa and Asia and editor of travel guides who specialized in East Asia.

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CNA (TV network)

CNA (stylised as cna; an initialism derived from the previous name, Channel NewsAsia) is a Singaporean multinational news channel owned by Mediacorp, the country's state-owned media conglomerate.

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Coastal sage scrub

Coastal sage scrub, also known as coastal scrub, CSS, or soft chaparral, is a low scrubland plant community of the California coastal sage and chaparral subecoregion, found in coastal California and northwestern coastal Baja California.

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Coconut

The coconut tree (Cocos nucifera) is a member of the palm tree family (Arecaceae) and the only living species of the genus Cocos.

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Commandery (China)

A commandery (p) was a historical administrative division of China that was in use from the Eastern Zhou (c. 7th century BCE) until the early Tang dynasty (c. 7th century CE).

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Commercial fishing

Commercial fishing is the activity of catching fish and other seafood for commercial profit, mostly from wild fisheries.

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Continental crust

Continental crust is the layer of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks that forms the geological continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves.

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Coral

Corals are colonial marine invertebrates within the class Anthozoa of the phylum Cnidaria.

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Coral reef

A coral reef is an underwater ecosystem characterized by reef-building corals.

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Coral Triangle Initiative

The Coral Triangle Initiative on Coral Reefs, Fisheries, and Food Security (CTI-CFF), or the Coral Triangle Initiative (CTI), is a multilateral collaborative partnership among six countries (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Timor-Leste).

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CPC Corporation

The CPC Corporation is a state-owned petroleum, natural gas, and gasoline company in Taiwan and is the core of the Taiwanese petrochemicals industry.

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Cretaceous

The Cretaceous is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya).

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Critically Endangered

An IUCN Red List Critically Endangered (CR or sometimes CE) species is one that has been categorized by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.

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Cyanide fishing

In respect of fishing techniques, cyanide fishing is a specific method of collecting live fish, mainly for use in aquariums, which involves spraying a sodium cyanide mixture into the desired fish's habitat in order to incapacitate the fish.

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Cyrus (1800 whaler)

Cyrus was a whaler launched at Salem in 1800 (or possibly early in 1792).

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Dangerous Ground (South China Sea)

Dangerous Ground is a large area in the southeast part of the South China Sea characterized by many low islands and cays, sunken reefs, and atolls awash, with reefs often rising abruptly from ocean depths greater than. Spratly Islands and Dangerous Ground (South China Sea) are territorial disputes of China, territorial disputes of Vietnam, territorial disputes of the Philippines and territorial disputes of the Republic of China.

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Daniel Dzurek

Daniel J. Dzurek is an American academic geographer, author and government official.

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Dolphin

A dolphin is an aquatic mammal in the clade Odontoceti (toothed whale).

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Ecoregion

An ecoregion (ecological region) is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than a bioregion, which in turn is smaller than a biogeographic realm.

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Empire of Japan

The Empire of Japan, also referred to as the Japanese Empire, Imperial Japan, or simply Japan, was the Japanese nation-state that existed from the Meiji Restoration in 1868 until the enactment of the reformed Constitution of Japan in 1947.

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Endangered species

An endangered species is a species that is very likely to become extinct in the near future, either worldwide or in a particular political jurisdiction.

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Exclusive economic zone

An exclusive economic zone (EEZ), as prescribed by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, is an area of the sea in which a sovereign state has exclusive rights regarding the exploration and use of marine resources, including energy production from water and wind.

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Extrusive rock

Extrusive rock refers to the mode of igneous volcanic rock formation in which hot magma from inside the Earth flows out (extrudes) onto the surface as lava or explodes violently into the atmosphere to fall back as pyroclastics or tuff.

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Far Eastern Economic Review

The Far Eastern Economic Review (FEER or The Review) was an Asian business magazine published from 1946 to 2009.

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Fault block

Fault blocks are very large blocks of rock, sometimes hundreds of kilometres in extent, created by tectonic and localized stresses in Earth's crust.

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Feldspar

Feldspar (sometimes spelled felspar) is a group of rock-forming aluminium tectosilicate minerals, also containing other cations such as sodium, calcium, potassium, or barium.

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Ferdinand Marcos

--> Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos Sr. (September 11, 1917 – September 28, 1989) was a Filipino politician, dictator and kleptocrat who served as the tenth president of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986.

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Fiery Cross Reef

Fiery Cross Reef, also known as "Northwest Investigator Reef", Mandarin; Kagitingan Reef (lit); Đá Chữ Thập, is a militarized reef occupied and controlled by China (PRC) as part of Sansha of Hainan Province and is also claimed by the Republic of China (ROC/Taiwan), the Philippines and Vietnam. Spratly Islands and Fiery Cross Reef are disputed atolls.

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First Indochina War

The First Indochina War (generally known as the Indochina War in France, and as the Anti-French Resistance War in Vietnam, and alternatively internationally as the French-Indochina War) was fought between France and Việt Minh (Democratic Republic of Vietnam), and their respective allies, from 19 December 1946 until 20 July 1954.

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Flat Island (South China Sea)

Flat Island, also known as Patag Island (Pulo ng Patag; Mandarin; Đảo Bình Nguyên), is the second smallest of the natural Spratly Islands. Spratly Islands and Flat Island (South China Sea) are disputed islands of Asia.

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Flowering plant

Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae, commonly called angiosperms.

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Free Territory of Freedomland

The Free Territory of Freedomland was a micronation that covered the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea from 1956 to 1974.

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Freedom of navigation

Freedom of navigation (FON) is a principle of law of the sea that ships flying the flag of any sovereign state shall not suffer interference from other states, apart from the exceptions provided for in international law.

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French Indochina

French Indochina (previously spelled as French Indo-China), officially known as the Indochinese Union and after 1946 as the French Union, was a grouping of French colonial territories in Mainland Southeast Asia until its end in 1954. It comprised Cambodia, Laos (from 1899), the Chinese territory of Guangzhouwan (from 1898 until 1945), and the Vietnamese regions of Tonkin in the north, Annam in the centre, and Cochinchina in the south.

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Garnet

Garnets are a group of silicate minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives.

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Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

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Global Sea Level Observing System

Established in 1985, The Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS) is an Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) program whose purpose is to measure sea level globally for long-term climate change studies.

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Graben

In geology, a graben is a depressed block of the crust of a planet or moon, bordered by parallel normal faults.

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Great Wall of Sand

"Great Wall of Sand" is a name first used in March 2015 by U.S. Admiral Harry Harris, who was commander of the Pacific Fleet, to describe a series of uniquely very large-scale land reclamation projects by the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the Spratly Islands area of the South China Sea between late 2013 to late 2016. Spratly Islands and Great Wall of Sand are territorial disputes of China.

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Greater crested tern

The greater crested tern Retrieved 28 February 2012 (Thalasseus bergii), also called crested tern or swift tern, is a tern in the family Laridae that nests in dense colonies on coastlines and islands in the tropical and subtropical Old World.

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Green sea turtle

The green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas), also known as the green turtle, black (sea) turtle or Pacific green turtle, is a species of large sea turtle of the family Cheloniidae.

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Grierson Reef

Grierson Reef (Pulo ng Julian Felipe); Sin Cowe East Island (Đảo Sinh Tồn Đông); Mandarin, is a cay on the eastern part of the Union Banks of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea.

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Guano

Guano (Spanish from wanu) is the accumulated excrement of seabirds or bats.

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Gulf of Tonkin

The Gulf of Tonkin is a gulf at the northwestern portion of the South China Sea, located off the coasts of Tonkin (northern Vietnam) and South China. Spratly Islands and gulf of Tonkin are maritime Southeast Asia.

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Hainan

Hainan is an island province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), consisting of the eponymous Hainan Island and various smaller islands in the South China Sea under the province's administration. Spratly Islands and Hainan are territorial disputes of the Republic of China.

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Hanoi

Hanoi (Hà Nội) is the capital and second-most populous city of Vietnam.

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Hawksbill sea turtle

The hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) is a critically endangered sea turtle belonging to the family Cheloniidae.

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Heliotropium arboreum

Heliotropium arboreum is a species of flowering plant in the borage family, Boraginaceae.

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Hishammuddin Hussein

Hishammuddin bin Tun Hussein (Jawi: هشامالدين بن حسين; born 5 August 1961) is a Malaysian politician and lawyer who served as Senior Minister of the Security Cluster and Minister of Defence from 2021 to 2022.

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History of Yuan

The History of Yuan, also known as the Yuanshi, is one of the official Chinese historical works known as the Twenty-Four Histories of China.

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Ho Chi Minh City

Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC; Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh), commonly referred to by its former name Saigon (Sài Gòn), is the most populous city in Vietnam, with a population of around 10 million in 2023.

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Horst (geology)

In physical geography and geology, a horst is a raised fault block bounded by normal faults. Spratly Islands and horst (geology) are horsts (geology).

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Hughes Reef

Hughes Reef (Mandarin, đá Tư Nghĩa) is a reef in Union Banks in the Spratly group of islands, South China Sea claimed by the PRC (China), the ROC (Taiwan), the Philippines, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Spratly Islands and Hughes Reef are disputed reefs.

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Igneous intrusion

In geology, an igneous intrusion (or intrusive body or simply intrusion) is a body of intrusive igneous rock that forms by crystallization of magma slowly cooling below the surface of the Earth.

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Igneous rock

Igneous rock, or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic.

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Imperial Japanese Navy

The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN; Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai: 大日本帝国海軍 'Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire', or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun, 'Japanese Navy') was the navy of the Empire of Japan from 1868 to 1945, when it was dissolved following Japan's surrender in World War II.

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Islet

An islet is a very small, often unnamed island.

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Jihad

Jihad (jihād) is an Arabic word which literally means "exerting", "striving", or "struggling", especially with a praiseworthy aim.

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Johnson South Reef

Johnson South Reef, also known in Mandarin; Mabini Reef (Mabini); Đá Gạc Ma), is a reef in the southwest portion of the Union Banks in the Spratly Islands of the South China Sea. It is controlled by the People's Republic of China (PRC), but its ownership is disputed and also claimed by the Philippines, Taiwan (ROC), and Vietnam. Spratly Islands and Johnson South Reef are disputed reefs.

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Johnson South Reef skirmish

The Johnson South Reef skirmish took place on 14 March 1988 between military forces of the People's Republic of China and Vietnam, on the Johnson South Reef in the Union Banks region of the Spratly Islands, in the South China Sea.

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Jurassic

The Jurassic is a geologic period and stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya.

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Kalayaan, Palawan

Kalayaan, officially the Municipality of Kalayaan (Bayan ng Kalayaan), is a 5th class municipality under the jurisdiction of the province of Palawan, Philippines.

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Kaohsiung

Kaohsiung, officially Kaohsiung City, is a special municipality located in southern Taiwan.

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Keying (ship)

Keying (Chinese: 英, p Qíyīng) was a three-masted, 800-ton Fuzhou Chinese trading junk which sailed from China around the Cape of Good Hope to the United States and Britain between 1846 and 1848.

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Khánh Hòa province

Khánh Hòa is a southern coastal province in the South Central Coast region, the Central of Vietnam.

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Khmer Krom

The Khmer Krom (ជនជាតិខ្មែរក្រោម,,; or 'Southern Khmer people'; người Khmer Nam Bộ, người Khmer Việt Nam, người Việt gốc Miên (used before 1975)) are ethnically Khmer people living in or from the Mekong Delta (Tây Nam Bộ), the south western part of Vietnam known in Khmer as Kampuchea Krom (កម្ពុជាក្រោម).

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Korea

Korea (translit in South Korea, or label in North Korea) is a peninsular region in East Asia consisting of the Korean Peninsula (label in South Korea, or label in North Korea), Jeju Island, and smaller islands. Spratly Islands and Korea are disputed territories in Asia.

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Kuomintang

The Kuomintang (KMT), also referred to as the Guomindang (GMD), the Nationalist Party of China (NPC) or the Chinese Nationalist Party (CNP), is a major political party in the Republic of China, initially based on the Chinese mainland and then in Taiwan since 1949.

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Lankiam Cay

Lankiam Cay, also known as Panata Island (lit; Mandarin; đá An Nhơn), is the smallest of the naturally occurring Spratly Islands. Spratly Islands and Lankiam Cay are disputed islands of Asia.

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Lê dynasty

The Lê dynasty, also known in historiography as the Later Lê dynasty (triều Hậu Lê, chữ Hán: 朝後黎 or nhà Hậu Lê, chữ Nôm: 茹後黎), officially Đại Việt (Đại Việt; Chữ Hán: 大越), was the longest-ruling Vietnamese dynasty, having ruled from 1428 to 1789, with an interregnum between 1527 and 1533.

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Lê Quý Đôn

italic (chữ Hán: (2 August 1726 – 11 June 1784),, on his pen name is Doãn Hậu, and Quế Đường was an 18th-century Vietnamese poet, encyclopedist, and government official. His pseudonym was Quế - Đường. He was a native of Duyen Ha village in present-day Thái Bình Province.

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Lee Teng-hui

Lee Teng-hui (15 January 192330 July 2020) was a Taiwanese statesman and agriculturist who served as the 4th president of the Republic of China (Taiwan) under the 1947 Constitution and chairman of the Kuomintang (KMT) from 1988 to 2000.

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Li (unit)

Li (lǐ, or 市里, shìlǐ), also known as the Chinese mile, is a traditional Chinese unit of distance.

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List of districts of Vietnam

The provinces of Vietnam are subdivided into second-level administrative units, namely districts (huyện), provincial cities (thành phố trực thuộc tỉnh), and district-level towns (thị xã).

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List of islands in the South China Sea

Islands in the South China Sea includes the South China Sea Islands (Spratly Islands, Pratas Island, Paracel Islands and Macclesfield Bank), islands on the China coast, on the Vietnam coast, on the Borneo coast, and the peripheral islands of Taiwan, the Philippines, etc. Spratly Islands and List of islands in the South China Sea are maritime Southeast Asia.

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List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands

This page features a series of lists of maritime features in the Spratly Islands.

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Live fire exercise

A live fire exercise (LFX) is a military exercise in which live ammunition and ordnance is used, as opposed to blanks or dummies.

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Loaita Island

Loaita Island also known as Kota Island (Pulo ng Kota; Mandarin, and Đảo Loại Ta), with an area of -- is the tenth largest of the naturally-occurring Spratly Islands, and the fifth largest of the Philippine-occupied islands.

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London Reefs

The London Reefs are located between and (and) in the Spratly Islands of the South China Sea. Spratly Islands and London Reefs are disputed reefs.

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Louisa Reef

Louisa Reef (Brunei lit; Mandarin) is a coral reef in the southern reaches of the Spratly Islands. Spratly Islands and Louisa Reef are disputed reefs and islands of Brunei.

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Magnetic anomaly

In geophysics, a magnetic anomaly is a local variation in the Earth's magnetic field resulting from variations in the chemistry or magnetism of the rocks.

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Mahathir Mohamad

Mahathir bin Mohamad (italic;; born 10 July 1925) is a Malaysian politician, author, and doctor who served as the fourth and seventh Prime Minister of Malaysia.

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Malaysia

Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia.

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Mandarin Chinese

Mandarin is a group of Chinese language dialects that are natively spoken across most of northern and southwestern China.

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Mangrove

A mangrove is a shrub or tree that grows mainly in coastal saline or brackish water.

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Mao Kun map

Mao Kun map, usually referred to in modern Chinese sources as Zheng He's Navigation Map, is a set of navigation charts published in the Ming dynasty military treatise Wubei Zhi.

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Mao Zedong

Mao Zedong (26 December 1893 – 9 September 1976), also known as Chairman Mao, was a Chinese politician, Marxist theorist, military strategist, poet, and revolutionary who was the founder of the People's Republic of China (PRC).

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Marine park

A marine park is a designated park consisting of an area of sea (or lake) set aside to achieve ecological sustainability, promote marine awareness and understanding, enable marine recreational activities, and provide benefits for Indigenous peoples and coastal communities.

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Móng Cái

Móng Cái (Chinese: 芒街市) is a city of Quảng Ninh Province in northern Vietnam.

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Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock to new types of rock in a process called metamorphism.

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Mica

Micas are a group of silicate minerals whose outstanding physical characteristic is that individual mica crystals can easily be split into extremely thin elastic plates.

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Micronation

A micronation is a political entity whose representatives claim that they belong to an independent nation or sovereign state, but which lacks legal recognition by any sovereign state.

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Migmatite

Migmatite is a composite rock found in medium and high-grade metamorphic environments, commonly within Precambrian cratonic blocks.

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Ministry of Defence (Malaysia)

The Ministry of Defence (Kementerian Pertahanan; Jawi), abbreviated MINDEF or KEMENTAH, is a ministry of the Government of Malaysia that is responsible for defence, national security, army, navy, hydrography, air force, armed forces, intelligence services, counterintelligence, military intelligence, national service, and veterans affairs.

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Miocene

The Miocene is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma).

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Mischief Reef

Mischief Reef, also known as Panganiban Reef (Bahura ng Panganiban; Đá Vành Khăn; Mandarin), is a low tide elevation (LTE) reef/atoll surrounding a large lagoon in the SE of Dangerous Ground in the east of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. Spratly Islands and Mischief Reef are disputed atolls and Landforms of Khánh Hòa province.

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Mongolia

Mongolia is a landlocked country in East Asia, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south.

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Monsoon

A monsoon is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal oscillation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) between its limits to the north and south of the equator.

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Montagnard (Vietnam)

Montagnard is an umbrella term for the various indigenous peoples of the Central Highlands of Vietnam.

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Montenegro

Montenegro is a country in Southeastern Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.

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Mudrock

Mudrocks are a class of fine-grained siliciclastic sedimentary rocks.

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Municipalities of the Philippines

A municipality (bayan / munisipalidad / munisipyo / puweblo; bayan; banwa; lungsod; baley; balen / balayan; banwaan; bungto; ili) is a local government unit (LGU) in the Philippines.

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Muscovite

Muscovite (also known as common mica, isinglass, or potash mica) is a hydrated phyllosilicate mineral of aluminium and potassium with formula KAl2(AlSi3O10)(F,OH)2, or (KF)2(Al2O3)3(SiO2)6(H2O).

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Namyit Island

Namyit Island, also known as Đảo Nam Yết; Binago Island (lit); Mandarin, is the third-largest island on Tizard Bank in the northwest of the Spratly Islands in South China Sea.

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Nanshan Island

Nanshan Island, also known as Lawak Island (lit; Mandarin; Đảo Vĩnh Viễn), is the eighth largest natural island of the Spratly Islands, and the fourth largest of the Philippine-occupied islands (none of the Philippine-occupied islands have any significant amount of reclaimed land).

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National Assembly of Vietnam

The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (N.A.; Quốc hội nước Cộng hoà xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam) is the unicameral parliament and the highest body of state power of Vietnam.

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Natuna Regency

Natuna Regency is an islands regency located in the northernmost part of the Province of Riau Islands, Indonesia.

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New Zealand

New Zealand (Aotearoa) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. Spratly Islands and New Zealand are Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean.

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Nine-dash line

The nine-dash line, also referred to as the eleven-dash line by Taiwan, is a set of line segments on various maps that accompanied the claims of the People's Republic of China (PRC, "mainland China") and the Republic of China (ROC, "Taiwan") in the South China Sea. Spratly Islands and nine-dash line are territorial disputes of Brunei, territorial disputes of China, territorial disputes of Vietnam, territorial disputes of the Philippines and territorial disputes of the Republic of China.

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North Vietnam

North Vietnam, officially the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV; Việt Nam Dân chủ Cộng hòa; chữ Nôm: 越南民主共和), was a socialist state in Southeast Asia that existed from 1945 to 1976, with formal sovereignty being fully recognized in 1954.

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Northeast Cay

Northeast Cay, also known as Parola Island (lit; Mandarin; Đảo Song Tử Đông), with a land area of, is the fifth largest of the naturally occurring Spratly Islands and the third largest of the Philippine-occupied islands.

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Oceanic crust

Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of the tectonic plates.

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Oligocene

The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present (to). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain.

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Orca

The orca (Orcinus orca), or killer whale, is a toothed whale that is the largest member of the oceanic dolphin family.

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Osmosis

Osmosis is the spontaneous net movement or diffusion of solvent molecules through a selectively-permeable membrane from a region of high water potential (region of lower solute concentration) to a region of low water potential (region of higher solute concentration), in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides.

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Overexploitation

Overexploitation, also called overharvesting, refers to harvesting a renewable resource to the point of diminishing returns.

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Pakistan

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

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Palawan

Palawan, officially the Province of Palawan (Probinsya i'ang Palawan; Lalawigan ng Palawan), is an archipelagic province of the Philippines that is located in the region of Mimaropa.

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Papaya

The papaya, papaw, or pawpaw is the plant species Carica papaya, one of the 21 accepted species in the genus Carica of the family Caricaceae, and also the name of its fruit.

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Paracel Islands

The Paracel Islands, also known as the Xisha Islands and the Hoàng Sa Archipelago (lit), are a disputed archipelago in the South China Sea under de facto administration by the People's Republic of China. Spratly Islands and Paracel Islands are Archipelagoes of China, Archipelagoes of Southeast Asia, Archipelagoes of Taiwan, Archipelagoes of Vietnam, Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean, maritime Southeast Asia, Sansha, territorial disputes of China, territorial disputes of Vietnam and territorial disputes of the Republic of China.

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Peach

The peach (Prunus persica) is a deciduous tree first domesticated and cultivated in Zhejiang province of Eastern China.

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Permanent Court of Arbitration

The Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) is a non-UN intergovernmental organization headquartered at the Peace Palace, in The Hague, Netherlands.

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Petroleum

Petroleum or crude oil, also referred to as simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations.

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Phạm Văn Đồng

Phạm Văn Đồng (1 March 1906 – 29 April 2000) was a Vietnamese politician who served as Prime Minister of North Vietnam from 1955 to 1976.

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Philippine Coast Guard

The Philippine Coast Guard (PCG) (Tanod Baybayin ng Pilipinas) is the third armed uniformed service of the country attached to the Philippines' Department of Transportation, tasked primarily with enforcing laws within Philippine waters, conducting maritime security operations, safeguarding life and property at sea, and protecting marine environment and resources; similar to coast guard units around the world.

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Philippines

The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is an archipelagic country in Southeast Asia. Spratly Islands and Philippines are Archipelagoes of Southeast Asia, Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean and maritime Southeast Asia.

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Philippines and the Spratly Islands

Philippines and the Spratly Islands – this article discusses the policies, activities and history of the Republic of the Philippines in the Spratly Islands from the Philippine perspective.

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Pilot whale

Pilot whales are cetaceans belonging to the genus Globicephala.

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Pineapple

The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae.

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Pollution

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.

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Potassium cyanide

Potassium cyanide is a compound with the formula KCN.

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Potsdam Declaration

The Potsdam Declaration, or the Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender, was a statement that called for the surrender of all Japanese armed forces during World War II.

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Pratas Island

Pratas Island,, United States National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency also known as the Tungsha Islands or the Dongsha Islands, is a coral island situated in the northern part of the South China Sea administered as part of Cijin District, Kaohsiung, Republic of China. Spratly Islands and Pratas Island are Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean, territorial disputes of China and territorial disputes of the Republic of China.

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Prefecture-level city

A prefecture-level city or prefectural city is an administrative division of the People's Republic of China (PRC), ranking below a province and above a county in China's administrative structure.

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Qing dynasty

The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history.

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Quartz

Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide).

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The red-footed booby (Sula sula) is a large seabird of the booby family, Sulidae.

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Reed Tablemount

Reed Tablemount (also referred to as Reed Bank, Recto Bank and several other names) is a large tablemount or guyot in the South China Sea north-east of Dangerous Ground and north-east of the Spratly Islands.

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Reef

A reef is a ridge or shoal of rock, coral, or similar relatively stable material lying beneath the surface of a natural body of water.

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Republic of China (1912–1949)

The Republic of China (ROC), or simply China, as a sovereign state was based on mainland China from 1912 to 1949, when the government retreated to Taiwan, where it continues to be based.

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Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads

The Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads is the fictional micronation in the Spratly Islands established by British naval captain James George Meads in 1877, according to the quixotic claims of a confidence man, Morton F. Meads.

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Richard Spratly

Captain Richard Spratly (1802–1870) was a British sea captain and contributor to navigational records, after whom the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea are named.

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Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

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Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

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Sa Huỳnh culture

The Sa Huỳnh culture was a culture in what is now central and southern Vietnam that flourished between 1000 BC and 200 AD.

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Sabah

Sabah, or given nickname Sabah Bumi Di Bawah Bayu (means Sabah Land Below The Wind) is a state of Malaysia located on the northern portion of Borneo, in the region of East Malaysia. Spratly Islands and Sabah are maritime Southeast Asia.

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Sand Cay

Sand Cay, also known as Bailan Island (Pulo ng Bailan) and Son Ca Island (Đảo Sơn Ca; Mandarin), is a cay on the north edge of the Tizard Bank of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea.

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Sandstone

Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains, cemented together by another mineral.

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Sansha

Sansha City is a prefecture-level city under the Hainan province of the People's Republic of China (PRC), and is the southernmost and least populated prefecture in China, with the smallest land area but the largest maritime territory.

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Schist

Schist is a medium-grained metamorphic rock showing pronounced schistosity.

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Second Thomas Shoal

Second Thomas Shoal, also known as Ayungin Shoal (lit), Bãi Cỏ Mây (Vietnamese) and Rén'ài Jiāo, is a submerged reef in the Spratly Islands of the South China Sea, west of Palawan, Philippines. Spratly Islands and Second Thomas Shoal are disputed atolls, territorial disputes of China, territorial disputes of the Philippines and territorial disputes of the Republic of China.

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Shrub

A shrub or bush is a small-to-medium-sized perennial woody plant.

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Shrubland

Shrubland, scrubland, scrub, brush, or bush is a plant community characterized by vegetation dominated by shrubs, often also including grasses, herbs, and geophytes.

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Siltstone

Siltstone, also known as aleurolite, is a clastic sedimentary rock that is composed mostly of silt.

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Sin Cowe Island

Sin Cowe Island, also known as Sinh Ton Island (Đảo Sinh Tồn); Rurok Island (lit); Mandarin, is an island in the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea.

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Sino-French War

The Sino-French War, also known as the Tonkin War, was a limited conflict fought from August 1884 to April 1885 between the French Third Republic and Qing China for influence in Vietnam. There was no declaration of war. The Chinese armies performed better than in their other nineteenth-century wars. Although French forces emerged victorious from most engagements, the Chinese scored noteworthy successes on land, notably forcing the French to hastily withdraw from occupied Lạng Sơn in the late stages of the war, thus regaining control of the town and its surroundings.

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Smart Communications

Smart Communications Inc., commonly referred to as Smart, is a wholly owned wireless communications and digital services subsidiary of PLDT Inc., a telecommunications and digital services provider based in the Philippines.

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Song dynasty

The Song dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 960 to 1279.

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South China Sea

The South China Sea is a marginal sea of the Western Pacific Ocean. Spratly Islands and South China Sea are maritime Southeast Asia, territorial disputes of China, territorial disputes of Vietnam, territorial disputes of the Philippines and territorial disputes of the Republic of China.

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South China Sea Islands

The South China Sea Islands consist of over 250 islands, atolls, cays, shoals, reefs and seamounts in the South China Sea. Spratly Islands and South China Sea Islands are disputed islands of Asia, disputed territories in Asia and maritime Southeast Asia.

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South Vietnam

South Vietnam, officially the Republic of Vietnam (RVN; Việt Nam Cộng hòa; VNCH, République du Viêt Nam), was a country in Southeast Asia that existed from 1955 to 1975, the period when the southern portion of Vietnam was a member of the Western Bloc during part of the Cold War after the 1954 division of Vietnam.

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Southeast Asia

Southeast Asia is the geographical southeastern region of Asia, consisting of the regions that are situated south of China, east of the Indian subcontinent, and northwest of the Australian mainland, which is part of Oceania.

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Southwest Cay

Southwest Cay, also known as Đảo Song Tử Tây; Pugad Island (lit); Mandarin, is an island on the northwestern edge of the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea.

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Special municipality (Taiwan)

Special municipality, historically known as Yuan-controlled municipality, is a first-level administrative division unit in Taiwan.

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Sperm whale

The sperm whale or cachalot (Physeter macrocephalus) is the largest of the toothed whales and the largest toothed predator.

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Spratly Island

Spratly Island,, also known as Storm Island, is the fourth largest of the naturally occurring Spratly Islands in the South China Sea with an area of, and the largest of the Vietnamese-administered Spratly islands. Spratly Islands and Spratly Island are disputed islands of Asia.

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Spratly Islands

The Spratly Islands (Kapuluan ng Kalayaan; Mandarin p; Kepulauan Spratly; Quần đảo Trường Sa) are a disputed archipelago in the South China Sea. Spratly Islands and Spratly Islands are Archipelagoes of China, Archipelagoes of Southeast Asia, Archipelagoes of Taiwan, Archipelagoes of Vietnam, Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean, Archipelagoes of the Philippines, disputed atolls, disputed islands of Asia, disputed reefs, disputed shoals, disputed territories in Asia, horsts (geology), islands of Brunei, islands of Malaysia, islands of Palawan, Landforms of Kaohsiung, Landforms of Khánh Hòa province, maritime Southeast Asia, Sansha, territorial disputes of Brunei, territorial disputes of China, territorial disputes of Vietnam, territorial disputes of the Philippines and territorial disputes of the Republic of China.

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Spratly Islands dispute

The Spratly Islands dispute is an ongoing territorial dispute among Brunei, China, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam concerning "ownership" of the Spratly Islands, a group of islands and associated "maritime features" (reefs, banks, and cays etc.) located in the South China Sea. Spratly Islands and Spratly Islands dispute are territorial disputes of Brunei, territorial disputes of China, territorial disputes of Vietnam, territorial disputes of the Philippines and territorial disputes of the Republic of China.

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States and federal territories of Malaysia

The states and federal territories of Malaysia are the principal administrative divisions of Malaysia.

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Strategic Studies Institute

The Strategic Studies Institute (SSI) is the U.S. Army's institute for strategic and national security research and analysis.

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Stratum

In geology and related fields, a stratum (strata) is a layer of rock or sediment characterized by certain lithologic properties or attributes that distinguish it from adjacent layers from which it is separated by visible surfaces known as either bedding surfaces or bedding planes.

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Streaked shearwater

The streaked shearwater (Calonectris leucomelas) is a species of seabird.

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Submarine

A submarine (or sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater.

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Sudan

Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa.

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Surrender of Japan

The surrender of the Empire of Japan in World War II was announced by Emperor Hirohito on 15 August and formally signed on 2 September 1945, ending the war.

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Swallow Reef

Swallow Reef, also known as lit; Đá Hoa Lau; Mandarin; Celerio Reef (lit), is an oceanic atoll of the Spratly Islands administered by Malaysia, which is situated approximately northwest of Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.

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Syria

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

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Tabon Caves

The Tabon Caves is a cave system located in Lipuun Point, Panitian, Quezon, Palawan in the Philippines.

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Taiping Island

Taiping Island, also known as Itu Aba, and various other names, is the largest of the naturally occurring Spratly Islands in the South China Sea. Spratly Islands and Taiping Island are territorial disputes of China, territorial disputes of Vietnam, territorial disputes of the Philippines and territorial disputes of the Republic of China.

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Taiwan

Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia. Spratly Islands and Taiwan are disputed islands of Asia, territorial disputes of China and territorial disputes of the Republic of China.

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Taiwan under Japanese rule

The island of Taiwan, together with the Penghu Islands, became an annexed territory of Japan in 1895, when the Qing dynasty ceded Fujian-Taiwan Province in the Treaty of Shimonoseki after the Japanese victory in the First Sino-Japanese War.

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Territorial disputes in the South China Sea

Territorial disputes in the South China Sea involve conflicting island and maritime claims in the South China Sea made by Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, the People's Republic of China (PRC), Taiwan (Republic of China/ROC), and Vietnam. Spratly Islands and Territorial disputes in the South China Sea are territorial disputes of China, territorial disputes of Vietnam and territorial disputes of the Philippines.

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Territories claimed by the Philippines

The Philippines has claims on territories which include the Spratly Islands, portions of North Borneo, and the Scarborough Shoal. Spratly Islands and territories claimed by the Philippines are territorial disputes of the Philippines.

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The Asahi Shimbun

is one of the five largest newspapers in Japan.

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The Borneo Post

The Borneo Post, established in 1978, is the largest and widely circulated English-language daily newspaper in East Malaysia and also the alternately circulated newspaper in Brunei (as a strong competitor to the main existing newspapers of Pelita Brunei, Borneo Bulletin and also Media Permata, to a lesser extent, the now-defunct Brunei Times).

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The National Interest

The National Interest (TNI) is an American bimonthly international relations magazine edited by American journalist Jacob Heilbrunn and published by the Center for the National Interest, a public policy think tank based in Washington, D.C., that was established by former U.S. President Richard Nixon in 1994 as the Nixon Center for Peace and Freedom.

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The Philippine Star

The Philippine Star (self-styled The Philippine STAR) is an English-language newspaper in the Philippines and the flagship brand of the Philstar Media Group.

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The Star (Malaysia)

Star Media Group Berhad (doing business as The Star) is an English-language newspaper in Malaysia.

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The Straits Times

The Straits Times (also known informally by its abbreviation ST) is a Singaporean daily English-language newspaper owned by the SPH Media Trust.

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Thitu Island

Pag-asa Island, also known as Thitu Island (lit), Đảo Thị Tứ (Đảo Thị Tứ) and Zhongye Dao, having an area of, it is the second largest of the naturally occurringNote that in 2014 the PRC embarked on a number of reclamation projects in the Spratly Islands.

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Tianxia

Tianxia, 'all under Heaven', is a Chinese term for a historical Chinese cultural concept that denoted either the entire geographical world or the metaphysical realm of mortals, and later became associated with political sovereignty.

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Tide gauge

A tide gauge is a device for measuring the change in sea level relative to a vertical datum.

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Tizard Bank

The Tizard Bank, is a partially sunken atoll and one of the significant maritime features of the north-western part of the Spratly Islands.

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Tom Clancy's SSN

Tom Clancy's SSN is a 1996 submarine simulator of the 688i (Improved ''Los Angeles''-class nuclear hunter/killer submarine) released on Microsoft Windows.

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Tonne

The tonne (or; symbol: t) is a unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms.

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Trường Sa district

Trường Sa is an island district of Khánh Hòa province in the South Central Coast region of Vietnam.

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Treaty of Paris (1898)

The Treaty of Peace between the United States of America and the Kingdom of Spain, commonly known as the Treaty of Paris of 1898, was signed by Spain and the United States on December 10, 1898, that ended the Spanish–American War.

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Treaty of San Francisco

The, also called the, re-established peaceful relations between Japan and the Allied Powers on behalf of the United Nations by ending the legal state of war, military occupation and providing for redress for hostile actions up to and including World War II.

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Triassic

The Triassic (sometimes symbolized 🝈) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.5 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.4 Mya.

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Tropical forest

Tropical forests are forested ecoregions with tropical climates – that is, land areas approximately bounded by the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn, but possibly affected by other factors such as prevailing winds.

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United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races

The United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FULRO; Front unifié de lutte des races opprimées, Mặt trận Thống nhất Đấu tranh của các Sắc tộc bị Áp bức) was an organization whose objective was autonomy for various indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities in South Vietnam, including the Montagnards in the Central Highlands, the Chams in Central Vietnam, and the Khmer Krom in Southern Vietnam.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

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United Nations

The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.

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United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea Treaty, is an international treaty that establishes a legal framework for all marine and maritime activities.

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United Nations Environment Programme

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is responsible for coordinating responses to environmental issues within the United Nations system.

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United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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United States Army War College

The United States Army War College (USAWC) is a U.S. Army educational institution in Carlisle, Pennsylvania, on the 500-acre (2 km2) campus of the historic Carlisle Barracks.

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United States dollar

The United States dollar (symbol: $; currency code: USD; also abbreviated US$ to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies; referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, American dollar, or colloquially buck) is the official currency of the United States and several other countries.

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University of Miami

The University of Miami (UM, UMiami, Miami, U of M, and The U) is a private research university in Coral Gables, Florida.

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Vanuatu

Vanuatu, officially the Republic of Vanuatu (République de Vanuatu; Ripablik blong Vanuatu), is an island country in Melanesia, located in the South Pacific Ocean. Spratly Islands and Vanuatu are Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean.

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Vietnam

Vietnam, officially the (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's fifteenth-most populous country.

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Vietnam War

The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.

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Viettel

The Military Industry and Telecoms Group, trading as Viettel or Viettel Group, is a Vietnamese state-owned multinational telecommunications, technology and manufacturing conglomerate headquartered in Hanoi, Vietnam.

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West Philippine Sea

West Philippine Sea (Karagatang Kanlurang Pilipinas; abbreviated as WPS) is the official designation by the government of the Philippines to the parts of the South China Sea that are included in the country's exclusive economic zone. Spratly Islands and West Philippine Sea are territorial disputes of the Philippines.

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West York Island

West York Island, also known as Likas Island (lit; Mandarin), and several other names.

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Whaler

A whaler or whaling ship is a specialized vessel, designed or adapted for whaling: the catching or processing of whales.

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White tern

The white tern or common white tern (Gygis alba) is a small seabird found across the tropical oceans of the world.

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Winter

Winter is the coldest and darkest season of the year in polar and temperate climates.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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Yuan dynasty

The Yuan dynasty, officially the Great Yuan (Mongolian:, Yeke Yuwan Ulus, literally "Great Yuan State"), was a Mongol-led imperial dynasty of China and a successor state to the Mongol Empire after its ''de facto'' division.

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Zhao Rukuo

Zhao Rukuo (1170–1231), also romanised as Zhao Rugua, Chau Ju-kua, or misread as Zhao Rushi, was a Chinese government official and writer during the Song dynasty.

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Zheng He

Zheng He (also romanized Cheng Ho; 1371–1433/1435) was a Chinese fleet admiral, explorer, diplomat, and bureaucrat during the early Ming dynasty (1368–1644).

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Zhou Enlai

Zhou Enlai (5 March 1898 – 8 January 1976) was a Chinese statesman, diplomat, and revolutionary who served as the first Premier of the People's Republic of China from September 1954 until his death in January 1976.

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Zhu Fan Zhi

Zhu Fan Zhi, variously translated as A Description of Barbarian Nations, Records of Foreign People, or other similar titles, is a 13th-century Song Dynasty work by Zhao Rukuo.

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1943 Cairo Declaration

The Cairo Declaration (Traditional Chinese: 《開羅宣言》) was the outcome of the Cairo Conference in Cairo, Egypt, on 27 November 1943.

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1954 Geneva Conference

The Geneva Conference was intended to settle outstanding issues resulting from the Korean War and the First Indochina War and involved several nations.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spratly_Islands

Also known as Bajos de Paragua, Economy of Spratly Islands, Economy of the Spratly Islands, Geography of the Spratly Islands, History of the Spratly Islands, Kapuluan ng Kalayaan, Kepulauan Spratly, Nansha Archipelago, Nansha Island, Nansha Islands, Nansha Qundao, Quần đảo Trường Sa, Spratley, Spratley Island, Spratley Islands, Spratly, Spratly (Nansha) Islands, Spratly Archipelago, Spratly Islands/Communications, Spratly Islands/Economy, Spratly Islands/Geography, Spratly Islands/Government, Spratly Islands/History, Spratly Islands/Military, Spratly Islands/People, Spratly Islands/Transnational issues, Spratly Islands/Transportation, Spratly group of Islands, Spratlys, Telecommunications in Spratly Islands, Telecommunications in the Spratly Islands, The Spratly Islands, Transport in the Spratly Islands, Transportation in the Spratly Islands, Truong Sa, Trường Sa.

, Cyanide fishing, Cyrus (1800 whaler), Dangerous Ground (South China Sea), Daniel Dzurek, Dolphin, Ecoregion, Empire of Japan, Endangered species, Exclusive economic zone, Extrusive rock, Far Eastern Economic Review, Fault block, Feldspar, Ferdinand Marcos, Fiery Cross Reef, First Indochina War, Flat Island (South China Sea), Flowering plant, Free Territory of Freedomland, Freedom of navigation, French Indochina, Garnet, Germany, Global Sea Level Observing System, Graben, Great Wall of Sand, Greater crested tern, Green sea turtle, Grierson Reef, Guano, Gulf of Tonkin, Hainan, Hanoi, Hawksbill sea turtle, Heliotropium arboreum, Hishammuddin Hussein, History of Yuan, Ho Chi Minh City, Horst (geology), Hughes Reef, Igneous intrusion, Igneous rock, Imperial Japanese Navy, Islet, Jihad, Johnson South Reef, Johnson South Reef skirmish, Jurassic, Kalayaan, Palawan, Kaohsiung, Keying (ship), Khánh Hòa province, Khmer Krom, Korea, Kuomintang, Lankiam Cay, Lê dynasty, Lê Quý Đôn, Lee Teng-hui, Li (unit), List of districts of Vietnam, List of islands in the South China Sea, List of maritime features in the Spratly Islands, Live fire exercise, Loaita Island, London Reefs, Louisa Reef, Magnetic anomaly, Mahathir Mohamad, Malaysia, Mandarin Chinese, Mangrove, Mao Kun map, Mao Zedong, Marine park, Móng Cái, Metamorphic rock, Mica, Micronation, Migmatite, Ministry of Defence (Malaysia), Miocene, Mischief Reef, Mongolia, Monsoon, Montagnard (Vietnam), Montenegro, Mudrock, Municipalities of the Philippines, Muscovite, Namyit Island, Nanshan Island, National Assembly of Vietnam, Natuna Regency, New Zealand, Nine-dash line, North Vietnam, Northeast Cay, Oceanic crust, Oligocene, Orca, Osmosis, Overexploitation, Pakistan, Palawan, Papaya, Paracel Islands, Peach, Permanent Court of Arbitration, Petroleum, Phạm Văn Đồng, Philippine Coast Guard, Philippines, Philippines and the Spratly Islands, Pilot whale, Pineapple, Pollution, Potassium cyanide, Potsdam Declaration, Pratas Island, Prefecture-level city, Qing dynasty, Quartz, Red-footed booby, Reed Tablemount, Reef, Republic of China (1912–1949), Republic of Morac-Songhrati-Meads, Richard Spratly, Routledge, Russia, Sa Huỳnh culture, Sabah, Sand Cay, Sandstone, Sansha, Schist, Second Thomas Shoal, Shrub, Shrubland, Siltstone, Sin Cowe Island, Sino-French War, Smart Communications, Song dynasty, South China Sea, South China Sea Islands, South Vietnam, Southeast Asia, Southwest Cay, Special municipality (Taiwan), Sperm whale, Spratly Island, Spratly Islands, Spratly Islands dispute, States and federal territories of Malaysia, Strategic Studies Institute, Stratum, Streaked shearwater, Submarine, Sudan, Surrender of Japan, Swallow Reef, Syria, Tabon Caves, Taiping Island, Taiwan, Taiwan under Japanese rule, Territorial disputes in the South China Sea, Territories claimed by the Philippines, The Asahi Shimbun, The Borneo Post, The National Interest, The Philippine Star, The Star (Malaysia), The Straits Times, Thitu Island, Tianxia, Tide gauge, Tizard Bank, Tom Clancy's SSN, Tonne, Trường Sa district, Treaty of Paris (1898), Treaty of San Francisco, Triassic, Tropical forest, United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races, United Kingdom, United Nations, United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, United Nations Environment Programme, United States, United States Army War College, United States dollar, University of Miami, Vanuatu, Vietnam, Vietnam War, Viettel, West Philippine Sea, West York Island, Whaler, White tern, Winter, World War II, Yuan dynasty, Zhao Rukuo, Zheng He, Zhou Enlai, Zhu Fan Zhi, 1943 Cairo Declaration, 1954 Geneva Conference.

Spratly Islands, the Glossary

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