String theory, the Glossary
In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings.[1]
Table of Contents
347 relations: AdS/CFT correspondence, Alain Connes, Alan Guth, Albert Einstein, Albert Schwarz, Alexander Markovich Polyakov, Algebraic geometry, Algebraic variety, Alternated octagonal tiling, André Neveu, Andrew Strominger, Anthropic principle, Anti-de Sitter space, Antiparticle, Antisymmetric tensor, Arne Meurman, Arthur Cayley, Ash heap of history, Ashoke Sen, Atom, Atomic nucleus, École normale supérieure (Paris), Đàm Thanh Sơn, Background independence, Bandwagon effect, Bernard Julia, Big Bang, Black hole, Black hole information paradox, Black hole thermodynamics, Boltzmann constant, Bootstrap model, Boson, Bosonic string theory, Brane, Brane cosmology, Brian Greene, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Calabi–Yau manifold, Category (mathematics), Charge (physics), Charles Thorn, Chirality (physics), Chris Hull, Classical physics, Classification of finite simple groups, Classification theorem, Claud Lovelace, Clay Mathematics Monographs, Clebsch surface, ... Expand index (297 more) »
- Dimension
- Multi-dimensional geometry
AdS/CFT correspondence
In theoretical physics, the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence (frequently abbreviated as AdS/CFT) is a conjectured relationship between two kinds of physical theories.
See String theory and AdS/CFT correspondence
Alain Connes
Alain Connes (born 1 April 1947 in Draguignan) is a French mathematician, known for his contributions to the study of operator algebras and noncommutative geometry.
See String theory and Alain Connes
Alan Guth
Alan Harvey Guth (born February 27, 1947) is an American theoretical physicist and cosmologist who is the Victor Weisskopf Professor of Physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
See String theory and Alan Guth
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held as one of the most influential scientists. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence formula, which arises from relativity theory, has been called "the world's most famous equation".
See String theory and Albert Einstein
Albert Schwarz
Albert Solomonovich Schwarz (А.; born June 24, 1934) is a Soviet and American mathematician and a theoretical physicist educated in the Soviet Union and now a professor at the University of California, Davis.
See String theory and Albert Schwarz
Alexander Markovich Polyakov
Alexander Markovich Polyakov (Алекса́ндр Ма́ркович Поляко́в; born 27 September 1945) is a Russian theoretical physicist, formerly at the Landau Institute in Moscow and, since 1989, at Princeton University, where he is the Joseph Henry Professor of Physics Emeritus.
See String theory and Alexander Markovich Polyakov
Algebraic geometry
Algebraic geometry is a branch of mathematics which uses abstract algebraic techniques, mainly from commutative algebra, to solve geometrical problems.
See String theory and Algebraic geometry
Algebraic variety
Algebraic varieties are the central objects of study in algebraic geometry, a sub-field of mathematics.
See String theory and Algebraic variety
Alternated octagonal tiling
In geometry, the tritetragonal tiling or alternated octagonal tiling is a uniform tiling of the hyperbolic plane.
See String theory and Alternated octagonal tiling
André Neveu
André Neveu (born 28 August 1946) is a French physicist working on string theory and quantum field theory who coinvented the Neveu–Schwarz algebra and the Gross–Neveu model.
See String theory and André Neveu
Andrew Strominger
Andrew Eben Strominger (born 1955) is an American theoretical physicist who is the director of Harvard's Center for the Fundamental Laws of Nature.
See String theory and Andrew Strominger
Anthropic principle
The anthropic principle, also known as the observation selection effect, is the hypothesis that the range of possible observations that could be made about the universe is limited by the fact that observations are only possible in the type of universe that is capable of developing intelligent life. String theory and anthropic principle are physical cosmology.
See String theory and Anthropic principle
Anti-de Sitter space
In mathematics and physics, n-dimensional anti-de Sitter space (AdSn) is a maximally symmetric Lorentzian manifold with constant negative scalar curvature.
See String theory and Anti-de Sitter space
Antiparticle
In particle physics, every type of particle of "ordinary" matter (as opposed to antimatter) is associated with an antiparticle with the same mass but with opposite physical charges (such as electric charge).
See String theory and Antiparticle
Antisymmetric tensor
In mathematics and theoretical physics, a tensor is antisymmetric on (or with respect to) an index subset if it alternates sign (+/−) when any two indices of the subset are interchanged.
See String theory and Antisymmetric tensor
Arne Meurman
Arne Meurman (born 6 April 1956) is a Swedish mathematician working on finite groups and vertex operator algebras.
See String theory and Arne Meurman
Arthur Cayley
Arthur Cayley (16 August 1821 – 26 January 1895) was a British mathematician who worked mostly on algebra.
See String theory and Arthur Cayley
Ash heap of history
The phrase "ash heap of history", is a derogatory metaphoric reference to oblivion of things no longer relevant.
See String theory and Ash heap of history
Ashoke Sen
Ashoke Sen FRS (born 1956) is an Indian theoretical physicist and distinguished professor at the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences (ICTS), Bangalore.
See String theory and Ashoke Sen
Atom
Atoms are the basic particles of the chemical elements.
Atomic nucleus
The atomic nucleus is the small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom, discovered in 1911 by Ernest Rutherford based on the 1909 Geiger–Marsden gold foil experiment.
See String theory and Atomic nucleus
École normale supérieure (Paris)
The – PSL (also known as ENS,, Ulm or ENS Paris) is a grande école in Paris, France.
See String theory and École normale supérieure (Paris)
Đàm Thanh Sơn
Đàm Thanh Sơn (born 1969) is a Vietnamese theoretical physicist working in quantum chromodynamics, applications of string theory and many-body physics.
See String theory and Đàm Thanh Sơn
Background independence
Background independence is a condition in theoretical physics that requires the defining equations of a theory to be independent of the actual shape of the spacetime and the value of various fields within the spacetime.
See String theory and Background independence
Bandwagon effect
The bandwagon effect is a psychological phenomenon where people adopt certain behaviors, styles, or attitudes simply because others are doing so.
See String theory and Bandwagon effect
Bernard Julia
Bernard Julia (born 1952 in Paris) is a French theoretical physicist who has made contributions to the theory of supergravity.
See String theory and Bernard Julia
Big Bang
The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature. String theory and Big Bang are physical cosmology.
See String theory and Big Bang
Black hole
A black hole is a region of spacetime where gravity is so strong that nothing, not even light and other electromagnetic waves, is capable of possessing enough energy to escape it.
See String theory and Black hole
Black hole information paradox
The black hole information paradox is a paradox that appears when the predictions of quantum mechanics and general relativity are combined.
See String theory and Black hole information paradox
Black hole thermodynamics
In physics, black hole thermodynamics is the area of study that seeks to reconcile the laws of thermodynamics with the existence of black hole event horizons.
See String theory and Black hole thermodynamics
Boltzmann constant
The Boltzmann constant is the proportionality factor that relates the average relative thermal energy of particles in a gas with the thermodynamic temperature of the gas.
See String theory and Boltzmann constant
Bootstrap model
The term "bootstrap model" is used for a class of theories that use very general consistency criteria to determine the form of a quantum theory from some assumptions on the spectrum of particles.
See String theory and Bootstrap model
Boson
In particle physics, a boson is a subatomic particle whose spin quantum number has an integer value (0, 1, 2,...). Bosons form one of the two fundamental classes of subatomic particle, the other being fermions, which have odd half-integer spin (...). Every observed subatomic particle is either a boson or a fermion.
Bosonic string theory
Bosonic string theory is the original version of string theory, developed in the late 1960s and named after Satyendra Nath Bose.
See String theory and Bosonic string theory
Brane
In string theory and related theories (such as supergravity theories), a brane is a physical object that generalizes the notion of a zero-dimensional point particle, a one-dimensional string, or a two-dimensional membrane to higher-dimensional objects.
Brane cosmology
Brane cosmology refers to several theories in particle physics and cosmology related to string theory, superstring theory and M-theory. String theory and Brane cosmology are physical cosmology.
See String theory and Brane cosmology
Brian Greene
Brian Randolph Greene (born February 9, 1963) is an American physicist.
See String theory and Brian Greene
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) is a United States Department of Energy national laboratory located in Upton, Long Island, a hamlet of the Town of Brookhaven.
See String theory and Brookhaven National Laboratory
Calabi–Yau manifold
In algebraic and differential geometry, a Calabi–Yau manifold, also known as a Calabi–Yau space, is a particular type of manifold which has properties, such as Ricci flatness, yielding applications in theoretical physics. String theory and Calabi–Yau manifold are mathematical physics.
See String theory and Calabi–Yau manifold
Category (mathematics)
In mathematics, a category (sometimes called an abstract category to distinguish it from a concrete category) is a collection of "objects" that are linked by "arrows".
See String theory and Category (mathematics)
Charge (physics)
In physics, a charge is any of many different quantities, such as the electric charge in electromagnetism or the color charge in quantum chromodynamics.
See String theory and Charge (physics)
Charles Thorn
Charles Thorn (born 14 August 1946) is a Professor of Physics at University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida.
See String theory and Charles Thorn
Chirality (physics)
A chiral phenomenon is one that is not identical to its mirror image (see the article on mathematical chirality).
See String theory and Chirality (physics)
Chris Hull
Christopher Michael Hull (born 1957) One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: is a professor of theoretical physics at Imperial College London.
See String theory and Chris Hull
Classical physics
Classical physics is a group of physics theories that predate modern, more complete, or more widely applicable theories.
See String theory and Classical physics
Classification of finite simple groups
In mathematics, the classification of finite simple groups is a result of group theory stating that every finite simple group is either cyclic, or alternating, or belongs to a broad infinite class called the groups of Lie type, or else it is one of twenty-six exceptions, called sporadic.
See String theory and Classification of finite simple groups
Classification theorem
In mathematics, a classification theorem answers the classification problem: "What are the objects of a given type, up to some equivalence?".
See String theory and Classification theorem
Claud Lovelace
Claud Lovelace (16 January 1934 – 7 September 2012) was a theoretical physicist noted for his contributions to string theory, specifically, the idea that strings did not have to be restricted to the four dimensions of spacetime.
See String theory and Claud Lovelace
Clay Mathematics Monographs
Clay Mathematics Monographs is a series of expositions in mathematics co-published by AMS and Clay Mathematics Institute.
See String theory and Clay Mathematics Monographs
Clebsch surface
In mathematics, the Clebsch diagonal cubic surface, or Klein's icosahedral cubic surface, is a non-singular cubic surface, studied by and, all of whose 27 exceptional lines can be defined over the real numbers.
See String theory and Clebsch surface
Coherent sheaf
In mathematics, especially in algebraic geometry and the theory of complex manifolds, coherent sheaves are a class of sheaves closely linked to the geometric properties of the underlying space.
See String theory and Coherent sheaf
Color confinement
In quantum chromodynamics (QCD), color confinement, often simply called confinement, is the phenomenon that color-charged particles (such as quarks and gluons) cannot be isolated, and therefore cannot be directly observed in normal conditions below the Hagedorn temperature of approximately 2 terakelvin (corresponding to energies of approximately 130–140 MeV per particle).
See String theory and Color confinement
Columbia University
Columbia University, officially Columbia University in the City of New York, is a private Ivy League research university in New York City.
See String theory and Columbia University
Compactification (physics)
In theoretical physics, compactification means changing a theory with respect to one of its space-time dimensions.
See String theory and Compactification (physics)
Complex algebraic variety
In algebraic geometry, a complex algebraic variety is an algebraic variety (in the scheme sense or otherwise) over the field of complex numbers.
See String theory and Complex algebraic variety
Composition series
In abstract algebra, a composition series provides a way to break up an algebraic structure, such as a group or a module, into simple pieces.
See String theory and Composition series
Condensed matter physics
Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases, that arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms and electrons.
See String theory and Condensed matter physics
Constant (mathematics)
In mathematics, the word constant conveys multiple meanings.
See String theory and Constant (mathematics)
Cosmic inflation
In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation, cosmological inflation, or just inflation, is a theory of exponential expansion of space in the early universe. String theory and cosmic inflation are physical cosmology.
See String theory and Cosmic inflation
Cosmic microwave background
The cosmic microwave background (CMB or CMBR) is microwave radiation that fills all space in the observable universe. String theory and cosmic microwave background are physical cosmology.
See String theory and Cosmic microwave background
Cosmological constant
In cosmology, the cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter lambda), alternatively called Einstein's cosmological constant, is the constant coefficient of a term that Albert Einstein temporarily added to his field equations of general relativity. String theory and cosmological constant are physical cosmology.
See String theory and Cosmological constant
Cross section (geometry)
In geometry and science, a cross section is the non-empty intersection of a solid body in three-dimensional space with a plane, or the analog in higher-dimensional spaces.
See String theory and Cross section (geometry)
Cumrun Vafa
Cumrun Vafa (کامران وفا,; born 1 August 1960) is an Iranian-American theoretical physicist and the Hollis Professor of Mathematics and Natural Philosophy at Harvard University.
See String theory and Cumrun Vafa
Curvature
In mathematics, curvature is any of several strongly related concepts in geometry that intuitively measure the amount by which a curve deviates from being a straight line or by which a surface deviates from being a plane.
See String theory and Curvature
Cylinder
A cylinder has traditionally been a three-dimensional solid, one of the most basic of curvilinear geometric shapes.
See String theory and Cylinder
D-brane
In string theory, D-branes, short for Dirichlet membrane, are a class of extended objects upon which open strings can end with Dirichlet boundary conditions, after which they are named.
Daniel Friedan
Daniel Harry Friedan (born October 3, 1948) is an American theoretical physicist and one of three children of the feminist author and activist Betty Friedan.
See String theory and Daniel Friedan
Dark energy
In physical cosmology and astronomy, dark energy is an unknown form of energy that affects the universe on the largest scales. String theory and dark energy are physical cosmology.
See String theory and Dark energy
Dark matter
In astronomy, dark matter is a hypothetical form of matter that appears not to interact with light or the electromagnetic field. String theory and dark matter are physical cosmology and physics beyond the Standard Model.
See String theory and Dark matter
David Gross
David Jonathan Gross (born February 19, 1941) is an American theoretical physicist and string theorist.
See String theory and David Gross
David Olive
David Ian Olive (16 April 1937 – 7 November 2012) was a British theoretical physicist. Olive made fundamental contributions to string theory and duality theory, he is particularly known for his work on the GSO projection and Montonen–Olive duality. He was professor of physics at Imperial College, London, from 1984 to 1992.
See String theory and David Olive
Deconfinement
In physics, deconfinement (in contrast to confinement) is a phase of matter in which certain particles are allowed to exist as free excitations, rather than only within bound states.
See String theory and Deconfinement
Degree of a polynomial
In mathematics, the degree of a polynomial is the highest of the degrees of the polynomial's monomials (individual terms) with non-zero coefficients.
See String theory and Degree of a polynomial
Derived category
In mathematics, the derived category D(A) of an abelian category A is a construction of homological algebra introduced to refine and in a certain sense to simplify the theory of derived functors defined on A. The construction proceeds on the basis that the objects of D(A) should be chain complexes in A, with two such chain complexes considered isomorphic when there is a chain map that induces an isomorphism on the level of homology of the chain complexes.
See String theory and Derived category
Dihedral group
In mathematics, a dihedral group is the group of symmetries of a regular polygon, which includes rotations and reflections.
See String theory and Dihedral group
Dimension
In physics and mathematics, the dimension of a mathematical space (or object) is informally defined as the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify any point within it.
See String theory and Dimension
Dirichlet boundary condition
In mathematics, the Dirichlet boundary condition is imposed on an ordinary or partial differential equation, such that the values that the solution takes along the boundary of the domain are fixed.
See String theory and Dirichlet boundary condition
E8 (mathematics)
In mathematics, E8 is any of several closely related exceptional simple Lie groups, linear algebraic groups or Lie algebras of dimension 248; the same notation is used for the corresponding root lattice, which has rank 8.
See String theory and E8 (mathematics)
Edward Witten
Edward Witten (born August 26, 1951) is an American theoretical physicist known for his contributions to string theory, topological quantum field theory, and various areas of mathematics.
See String theory and Edward Witten
Einstein field equations
In the general theory of relativity, the Einstein field equations (EFE; also known as Einstein's equations) relate the geometry of spacetime to the distribution of matter within it.
See String theory and Einstein field equations
Electric charge
Electric charge (symbol q, sometimes Q) is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
See String theory and Electric charge
Electromagnetic field
An electromagnetic field (also EM field) is a physical field, mathematical functions of position and time, representing the influences on and due to electric charges.
See String theory and Electromagnetic field
Elementary particle
In particle physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a subatomic particle that is not composed of other particles.
See String theory and Elementary particle
Eleven-dimensional supergravity
In supersymmetry, eleven-dimensional supergravity is the theory of supergravity in the highest number of dimensions allowed for a supersymmetric theory.
See String theory and Eleven-dimensional supergravity
Emil Martinec
Emil John Martinec (born 1958) is an American string theorist, a physics professor at the Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of Chicago, and director of the Kadanoff Center for Theoretical Physics.
See String theory and Emil Martinec
Emmy Awards
The Emmy Awards, or Emmys, are an extensive range of awards for artistic and technical merit for the American and international television industry.
See String theory and Emmy Awards
Entropy
Entropy is a scientific concept that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty.
Enumerative geometry
In mathematics, enumerative geometry is the branch of algebraic geometry concerned with counting numbers of solutions to geometric questions, mainly by means of intersection theory.
See String theory and Enumerative geometry
Eric Zaslow
Eric Zaslow is an American mathematical physicist at Northwestern University.
See String theory and Eric Zaslow
Euclidean geometry
Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, which he described in his textbook on geometry, Elements.
See String theory and Euclidean geometry
Eugène Cremmer
Eugène Cremmer (7 February 1942, in Paris – 30 October 2019, in Paris) was a French theoretical physicist.
See String theory and Eugène Cremmer
Eugenio Calabi
Eugenio Calabi (May 11, 1923 – September 25, 2023) was an Italian-born American mathematician and the Thomas A. Scott Professor of Mathematics at the University of Pennsylvania, specializing in differential geometry, partial differential equations and their applications.
See String theory and Eugenio Calabi
Event horizon
In astrophysics, an event horizon is a boundary beyond which events cannot affect an observer.
See String theory and Event horizon
Experimental physics
Experimental physics is the category of disciplines and sub-disciplines in the field of physics that are concerned with the observation of physical phenomena and experiments.
See String theory and Experimental physics
In physics, extra dimensions are proposed additional space or time dimensions beyond the (3 + 1) typical of observed spacetime, such as the first attempts based on the Kaluza–Klein theory. String theory and extra dimensions are dimension, physical cosmology and physics beyond the Standard Model.
See String theory and Extra dimensions
Extremal black hole
In theoretical physics, an extremal black hole is a black hole with the minimum possible mass that is compatible with its charge and angular momentum.
See String theory and Extremal black hole
Ferdinando Gliozzi
Ferdinando Gliozzi (born 1940) is a string theorist at the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare.
See String theory and Ferdinando Gliozzi
Fermion
In particle physics, a fermion is a particle that follows Fermi–Dirac statistics.
Feynman diagram
In theoretical physics, a Feynman diagram is a pictorial representation of the mathematical expressions describing the behavior and interaction of subatomic particles. String theory and Feynman diagram are concepts in physics.
See String theory and Feynman diagram
Field (physics)
In science, a field is a physical quantity, represented by a scalar, vector, or tensor, that has a value for each point in space and time. String theory and field (physics) are mathematical physics.
See String theory and Field (physics)
Fields Medal
The Fields Medal is a prize awarded to two, three, or four mathematicians under 40 years of age at the International Congress of the International Mathematical Union (IMU), a meeting that takes place every four years.
See String theory and Fields Medal
Finite group
In abstract algebra, a finite group is a group whose underlying set is finite.
See String theory and Finite group
Five-dimensional space
A five-dimensional space is a space with five dimensions. String theory and five-dimensional space are dimension and multi-dimensional geometry.
See String theory and Five-dimensional space
Fourier series
A Fourier series is an expansion of a periodic function into a sum of trigonometric functions.
See String theory and Fourier series
Friction
Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other.
See String theory and Friction
Fukaya category
In symplectic topology, a Fukaya category of a symplectic manifold (X, \omega) is a category \mathcal F (X) whose objects are Lagrangian submanifolds of X, and morphisms are Lagrangian Floer chain groups: \mathrm (L_0, L_1).
See String theory and Fukaya category
Fundamental interaction
In physics, the fundamental interactions or fundamental forces are the interactions that do not appear to be reducible to more basic interactions.
See String theory and Fundamental interaction
Gabriele Veneziano
Gabriele Veneziano (born 7 September 1942) is an Italian theoretical physicist widely considered the father of string theory.
See String theory and Gabriele Veneziano
Galaxy
A galaxy is a system of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter bound together by gravity.
Gamma function
In mathematics, the gamma function (represented by, the capital letter gamma from the Greek alphabet) is one commonly used extension of the factorial function to complex numbers.
See String theory and Gamma function
Gary Horowitz
Gary T. Horowitz (born April 14, 1955 in Washington, D.C.) is an American theoretical physicist who works on string theory and quantum gravity.
See String theory and Gary Horowitz
Gas
Gas is one of the four fundamental states of matter.
Gauge theory
In physics, a gauge theory is a type of field theory in which the Lagrangian, and hence the dynamics of the system itself, do not change under local transformations according to certain smooth families of operations (Lie groups). String theory and gauge theory are mathematical physics.
See String theory and Gauge theory
General relativity
General relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity and Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915 and is the current description of gravitation in modern physics. String theory and general relativity are physical cosmology.
See String theory and General relativity
Geoffrey Chew
Geoffrey Foucar Chew (June 5, 1924 – April 12, 2019) was an American theoretical physicist.
See String theory and Geoffrey Chew
George Salmon
George Salmon (25 September 1819 – 22 January 1904) was a distinguished and influential Irish mathematician and Anglican theologian.
See String theory and George Salmon
Gerard 't Hooft
Gerardus (Gerard) 't Hooft (born July 5, 1946) is a Dutch theoretical physicist and professor at Utrecht University, the Netherlands.
See String theory and Gerard 't Hooft
Gold
Gold is a chemical element; it has symbol Au (from the Latin word aurum) and atomic number 79.
Gravitational anomaly
In theoretical physics, a gravitational anomaly is an example of a gauge anomaly: it is an effect of quantum mechanics — usually a one-loop diagram—that invalidates the general covariance of a theory of general relativity combined with some other fields.
See String theory and Gravitational anomaly
Gravitational collapse
Gravitational collapse is the contraction of an astronomical object due to the influence of its own gravity, which tends to draw matter inward toward the center of gravity.
See String theory and Gravitational collapse
Gravitational constant
The gravitational constant is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein's theory of general relativity.
See String theory and Gravitational constant
Graviton
In theories of quantum gravity, the graviton is the hypothetical quantum of gravity, an elementary particle that mediates the force of gravitational interaction.
See String theory and Graviton
Gravity
In physics, gravity is a fundamental interaction which causes mutual attraction between all things that have mass.
Group (mathematics)
In mathematics, a group is a set with an operation that associates an element of the set to every pair of elements of the set (as does every binary operation) and satisfies the following constraints: the operation is associative, it has an identity element, and every element of the set has an inverse element.
See String theory and Group (mathematics)
Group theory
In abstract algebra, group theory studies the algebraic structures known as groups.
See String theory and Group theory
Gunnar Nordström
Gunnar Nordström (12 March 1881 – 24 December 1923) was a Finnish theoretical physicist best remembered for his theory of gravitation, which was an early competitor of general relativity.
See String theory and Gunnar Nordström
Hadron
In particle physics, a hadron is a composite subatomic particle made of two or more quarks held together by the strong interaction.
Helium
Helium (from lit) is a chemical element; it has symbol He and atomic number 2.
Hermann Schubert
Hermann Cäsar Hannibal Schubert (22 May 1848 – 20 July 1911) was a German mathematician.
See String theory and Hermann Schubert
Heterotic string theory
In string theory, a heterotic string is a closed string (or loop) which is a hybrid ('heterotic') of a superstring and a bosonic string.
See String theory and Heterotic string theory
Hierarchy problem
In theoretical physics, the hierarchy problem is the problem concerning the large discrepancy between aspects of the weak force and gravity. String theory and hierarchy problem are physics beyond the Standard Model.
See String theory and Hierarchy problem
Hirosi Ooguri
is a theoretical physicist working on quantum field theory, quantum gravity, superstring theory, and their interfaces with mathematics.
See String theory and Hirosi Ooguri
History of string theory
The history of string theory spans several decades of intense research including two superstring revolutions.
See String theory and History of string theory
Holger Bech Nielsen
Holger Bech Nielsen (born 25 August 1941) is a Danish theoretical physicist and professor emeritus at the Niels Bohr Institute, at the University of Copenhagen, where he started studying physics in 1961.
See String theory and Holger Bech Nielsen
Holographic principle
The holographic principle is a property of string theories and a supposed property of quantum gravity that states that the description of a volume of space can be thought of as encoded on a lower-dimensional boundary to the region — such as a light-like boundary like a gravitational horizon.
See String theory and Holographic principle
Homological mirror symmetry
Homological mirror symmetry is a mathematical conjecture made by Maxim Kontsevich.
See String theory and Homological mirror symmetry
Horizon (British TV series)
Horizon is an ongoing and long-running British documentary television series on BBC Two that covers science and philosophy.
See String theory and Horizon (British TV series)
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol H and atomic number 1.
See String theory and Hydrogen
Hyperbolic geometry
In mathematics, hyperbolic geometry (also called Lobachevskian geometry or Bolyai–Lobachevskian geometry) is a non-Euclidean geometry.
See String theory and Hyperbolic geometry
Hyperbolic space
In mathematics, hyperbolic space of dimension n is the unique simply connected, n-dimensional Riemannian manifold of constant sectional curvature equal to −1.
See String theory and Hyperbolic space
Igor Frenkel
Igor Borisovich Frenkel (Игорь Борисович Френкель; born April 22, 1952) is a Russian-American mathematician at Yale University working in representation theory and mathematical physics.
See String theory and Igor Frenkel
Igor Klebanov
Igor R. Klebanov (И́горь Ромáнович Клеба́нов; Ігор Романович Клєбанов; born March 29, 1962) is an American theoretical physicist.
See String theory and Igor Klebanov
Inflaton
The inflaton field is a hypothetical scalar field which is conjectured to have driven cosmic inflation in the very early universe.
See String theory and Inflaton
Information
Information is an abstract concept that refers to something which has the power to inform.
See String theory and Information
Insulator (electricity)
An electrical insulator is a material in which electric current does not flow freely.
See String theory and Insulator (electricity)
Integer
An integer is the number zero (0), a positive natural number (1, 2, 3,...), or the negation of a positive natural number (−1, −2, −3,...). The negations or additive inverses of the positive natural numbers are referred to as negative integers.
Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge.
Irreducible representation
In mathematics, specifically in the representation theory of groups and algebras, an irreducible representation (\rho, V) or irrep of an algebraic structure A is a nonzero representation that has no proper nontrivial subrepresentation (\rho|_W,W), with W \subset V closed under the action of \. Every finite-dimensional unitary representation on a Hilbert space V is the direct sum of irreducible representations.
See String theory and Irreducible representation
J-invariant
In mathematics, Felix Klein's -invariant or function, regarded as a function of a complex variable, is a modular function of weight zero for special linear group defined on the upper half-plane of complex numbers.
See String theory and J-invariant
Jacob Bekenstein
Jacob David Bekenstein (יעקב בקנשטיין; May 1, 1947 – August 16, 2015) was a Mexican-born American-Israeli theoretical physicist who made fundamental contributions to the foundation of black hole thermodynamics and to other aspects of the connections between information and gravitation.
See String theory and Jacob Bekenstein
James Lepowsky
James Lepowsky (born July 5, 1944) is a professor of mathematics at Rutgers University, New Jersey.
See String theory and James Lepowsky
Jeffrey A. Harvey
Jeffrey A. Harvey (born February 15, 1955, in San Antonio, Texas) is an American string theorist at the University of Chicago.
See String theory and Jeffrey A. Harvey
Jeffrey Goldstone
Jeffrey Goldstone (born 3 September 1933) is a British theoretical physicist and an emeritus physics faculty member at the MIT Center for Theoretical Physics.
See String theory and Jeffrey Goldstone
Joël Scherk
Joël Scherk (27 May 1946 – 16 May 1980) was a French theoretical physicist who studied string theory and supergravity.
See String theory and Joël Scherk
John G. Thompson
John Griggs Thompson (born October 13, 1932) is an American mathematician at the University of Florida noted for his work in the field of finite groups.
See String theory and John G. Thompson
John Henry Schwarz
John Henry Schwarz (born November 22, 1941) is an American theoretical physicist.
See String theory and John Henry Schwarz
John Horton Conway
John Horton Conway (26 December 1937 – 11 April 2020) was an English mathematician active in the theory of finite groups, knot theory, number theory, combinatorial game theory and coding theory.
See String theory and John Horton Conway
John McKay (mathematician)
John K. S. McKay (18 November 1939 – 19 April 2022) was a British-Canadian mathematician and academic who worked at Concordia University, known for his discovery of monstrous moonshine, his joint construction of some sporadic simple groups, for the McKay conjecture in representation theory, and for the McKay correspondence relating certain finite groups to Lie groups.
See String theory and John McKay (mathematician)
Joseph Polchinski
Joseph Gerard Polchinski Jr. (May 16, 1954 – February 2, 2018) was an American theoretical physicist and string theorist.
See String theory and Joseph Polchinski
Juan Maldacena
Juan Martín Maldacena (born 10 September 1968) is an Argentine theoretical physicist and the Carl P. Feinberg Professor in the School of Natural Sciences at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton.
See String theory and Juan Maldacena
Kaluza–Klein theory
In physics, Kaluza–Klein theory (KK theory) is a classical unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetism built around the idea of a fifth dimension beyond the common 4D of space and time and considered an important precursor to string theory. String theory and Kaluza–Klein theory are physical cosmology and physics beyond the Standard Model.
See String theory and Kaluza–Klein theory
Keiji Kikkawa
was a Japanese theoretical physicist.
See String theory and Keiji Kikkawa
Kelvin
The kelvin, symbol K, is the base unit of measurement for temperature in the International System of Units (SI).
Ken Ono
Ken Ono (born March 20, 1968) is an American mathematician who specializes in number theory, especially in integer partitions, modular forms, umbral moonshine, the Riemann Hypothesis and the fields of interest to Srinivasa Ramanujan.
Lagrangian (field theory)
Lagrangian field theory is a formalism in classical field theory. String theory and Lagrangian (field theory) are mathematical physics.
See String theory and Lagrangian (field theory)
Lambda-CDM model
The Lambda-CDM, Lambda cold dark matter, or ΛCDM model is a mathematical model of the Big Bang theory with three major components.
See String theory and Lambda-CDM model
Lance J. Dixon
Lance Jenkins Dixon (born 22 June 1961, in Pasadena, California) is an American theoretical particle physicist.
See String theory and Lance J. Dixon
Laser
A laser is a device that emits light through a process of optical amplification based on the stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation.
Lead
Lead is a chemical element; it has symbol Pb (from Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.
Lee Smolin
Lee Smolin (born June 6, 1955) is an American theoretical physicist, a faculty member at the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, an adjunct professor of physics at the University of Waterloo, and a member of the graduate faculty of the philosophy department at the University of Toronto.
See String theory and Lee Smolin
Leonard Susskind
Leonard Susskind (born June 16, 1940)his 60th birth anniversary was celebrated with a special symposium at Stanford University.
See String theory and Leonard Susskind
Liquid helium
Liquid helium is a physical state of helium at very low temperatures at standard atmospheric pressures.
See String theory and Liquid helium
List of Nobel laureates
The Nobel Prizes (Nobelpriset, Nobelprisen) are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.
See String theory and List of Nobel laureates
Loop quantum gravity
Loop quantum gravity (LQG) is a theory of quantum gravity that incorporates matter of the Standard Model into the framework established for the intrinsic quantum gravity case. String theory and Loop quantum gravity are physics beyond the Standard Model.
See String theory and Loop quantum gravity
Ludwig Boltzmann
Ludwig Eduard Boltzmann (20 February 1844 – 5 September 1906) was an Austrian physicist and philosopher.
See String theory and Ludwig Boltzmann
Luis Álvarez-Gaumé
Luis Álvarez-Gaumé (born 1955) is a Spanish theoretical physicist who works on string theory and quantum gravity.
See String theory and Luis Álvarez-Gaumé
M-theory
M-theory is a theory in physics that unifies all consistent versions of superstring theory.
See String theory and M-theory
Magnetic monopole
In particle physics, a magnetic monopole is a hypothetical elementary particle that is an isolated magnet with only one magnetic pole (a north pole without a south pole or vice versa).
See String theory and Magnetic monopole
Mass
Mass is an intrinsic property of a body.
Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics
The mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics are those mathematical formalisms that permit a rigorous description of quantum mechanics. String theory and mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics are mathematical physics.
See String theory and Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics
Mathematical model
A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete system using mathematical concepts and language.
See String theory and Mathematical model
Mathematical physics
Mathematical physics refers to the development of mathematical methods for application to problems in physics.
See String theory and Mathematical physics
Mathieu group M24
In the area of modern algebra known as group theory, the Mathieu group M24 is a sporadic simple group of order.
See String theory and Mathieu group M24
Matrix (mathematics)
In mathematics, a matrix (matrices) is a rectangular array or table of numbers, symbols, or expressions, with elements or entries arranged in rows and columns, which is used to represent a mathematical object or property of such an object.
See String theory and Matrix (mathematics)
Matrix theory (physics)
In theoretical physics, the matrix theory is a quantum mechanical model proposed in 1997 by Tom Banks, Willy Fischler, Stephen Shenker, and Leonard Susskind; it is also known as BFSS matrix model, after the authors' initials.
See String theory and Matrix theory (physics)
Matter
In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume.
Maxim Kontsevich
Maxim Lvovich Kontsevich (Макси́м Льво́вич Конце́вич,; born 25 August 1964) is a Russian and French mathematician and mathematical physicist.
See String theory and Maxim Kontsevich
Meson
In particle physics, a meson is a type of hadronic subatomic particle composed of an equal number of quarks and antiquarks, usually one of each, bound together by the strong interaction.
Metric tensor
In the mathematical field of differential geometry, a metric tensor (or simply metric) is an additional structure on a manifold (such as a surface) that allows defining distances and angles, just as the inner product on a Euclidean space allows defining distances and angles there. String theory and metric tensor are concepts in physics.
See String theory and Metric tensor
Michael Duff (physicist)
Michael James Duff FRS, FRSA is a British theoretical physicist and pioneering theorist of supergravity who is the Principal of the Faculty of Physical Sciences and Abdus Salam Chair of Theoretical Physics at Imperial College London.
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Michael Green (physicist)
Michael Boris Green (born 22 May 1946) is a British physicist and a pioneer of string theory.
See String theory and Michael Green (physicist)
Michael R. Douglas
Michael R. Douglas (born November 19, 1961) is an American theoretical physicist, best known for his work in string theory and mathematical physics.
See String theory and Michael R. Douglas
Michio Kaku
Michio Kaku (born January 24, 1947) is an American physicist, science communicator, futurologist, and writer of popular-science.
See String theory and Michio Kaku
Miguel Ángel Virasoro (physicist)
Miguel Ángel Virasoro (9 May 1940 – 23 July 2021) was an Argentine (naturalized Italian) mathematician and theoretical physicist.
See String theory and Miguel Ángel Virasoro (physicist)
Minkowski space
In physics, Minkowski space (or Minkowski spacetime) is the main mathematical description of spacetime in the absence of gravitation.
See String theory and Minkowski space
Miranda Cheng
Miranda Chih-Ning Cheng (born 6 June 1979, Taipei) is a Taiwanese-born and Dutch-educated mathematician and theoretical physicist who works as an associate professor at the University of Amsterdam.
See String theory and Miranda Cheng
Mirror symmetry (string theory)
In algebraic geometry and theoretical physics, mirror symmetry is a relationship between geometric objects called Calabi–Yau manifolds. String theory and mirror symmetry (string theory) are mathematical physics.
See String theory and Mirror symmetry (string theory)
Modular form
In mathematics, a modular form is a (complex) analytic function on the upper half-plane, \,\mathcal\,, that satisfies.
See String theory and Modular form
Molecule
A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion.
See String theory and Molecule
Momentum
In Newtonian mechanics, momentum (momenta or momentums; more specifically linear momentum or translational momentum) is the product of the mass and velocity of an object.
See String theory and Momentum
Monster group
In the area of abstract algebra known as group theory, the monster group M (also known as the Fischer–Griess monster, or the friendly giant) is the largest sporadic simple group, having order 808,017,424,794,512,875,886,459,904,961,710,757,005,754,368,000,000,000.
See String theory and Monster group
Monstrous moonshine
In mathematics, monstrous moonshine, or moonshine theory, is the unexpected connection between the monster group M and modular functions, in particular, the ''j'' function.
See String theory and Monstrous moonshine
Montonen–Olive duality
Montonen–Olive duality or electric–magnetic duality is the oldest known example of strong–weak duality or S-duality according to current terminology.
See String theory and Montonen–Olive duality
Multiverse
The multiverse is the hypothetical set of all universes. String theory and multiverse are physical cosmology.
See String theory and Multiverse
Murray Gell-Mann
Murray Gell-Mann (September 15, 1929 – May 24, 2019) was an American theoretical physicist who played a preeminent role in the development of the theory of elementary particles.
See String theory and Murray Gell-Mann
N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory
N.
See String theory and N = 4 supersymmetric Yang–Mills theory
Nathan Seiberg
Nathan "Nati" Seiberg (born September 22, 1956) is an Israeli American theoretical physicist who works on quantum field theory and string theory.
See String theory and Nathan Seiberg
Natural logarithm
The natural logarithm of a number is its logarithm to the base of the mathematical constant e, which is an irrational and transcendental number approximately equal to.
See String theory and Natural logarithm
Neutron
| magnetic_moment.
Non-perturbative
In mathematics and physics, a non-perturbative function or process is one that cannot be described by perturbation theory.
See String theory and Non-perturbative
Noncommutative geometry
Noncommutative geometry (NCG) is a branch of mathematics concerned with a geometric approach to noncommutative algebras, and with the construction of spaces that are locally presented by noncommutative algebras of functions, possibly in some generalized sense.
See String theory and Noncommutative geometry
Noncommutative quantum field theory
In mathematical physics, noncommutative quantum field theory (or quantum field theory on noncommutative spacetime) is an application of noncommutative mathematics to the spacetime of quantum field theory that is an outgrowth of noncommutative geometry and index theory in which the coordinate functions are noncommutative.
See String theory and Noncommutative quantum field theory
Noncommutative ring
In mathematics, a noncommutative ring is a ring whose multiplication is not commutative; that is, there exist a and b in the ring such that ab and ba are different.
See String theory and Noncommutative ring
Nordström's theory of gravitation
In theoretical physics, Nordström's theory of gravitation was a predecessor of general relativity.
See String theory and Nordström's theory of gravitation
Normal subgroup
In abstract algebra, a normal subgroup (also known as an invariant subgroup or self-conjugate subgroup) is a subgroup that is invariant under conjugation by members of the group of which it is a part.
See String theory and Normal subgroup
Nova (American TV program)
Nova (stylized as NOVΛ) is an American popular science television program produced by WGBH in Boston, Massachusetts, since 1974.
See String theory and Nova (American TV program)
Nuclear physics
Nuclear physics is the field of physics that studies atomic nuclei and their constituents and interactions, in addition to the study of other forms of nuclear matter.
See String theory and Nuclear physics
Number theory
Number theory (or arithmetic or higher arithmetic in older usage) is a branch of pure mathematics devoted primarily to the study of the integers and arithmetic functions.
See String theory and Number theory
Orbifold
In the mathematical disciplines of topology and geometry, an orbifold (for "orbit-manifold") is a generalization of a manifold.
See String theory and Orbifold
Order (group theory)
In mathematics, the order of a finite group is the number of its elements.
See String theory and Order (group theory)
Orders of magnitude (numbers)
This list contains selected positive numbers in increasing order, including counts of things, dimensionless quantities and probabilities.
See String theory and Orders of magnitude (numbers)
Orthogonal group
In mathematics, the orthogonal group in dimension, denoted, is the group of distance-preserving transformations of a Euclidean space of dimension that preserve a fixed point, where the group operation is given by composing transformations.
See String theory and Orthogonal group
Oskar Klein
Oskar Benjamin Klein (15 September 1894 – 5 February 1977) was a Swedish theoretical physicist.
See String theory and Oskar Klein
Parallel Universes (film)
Parallel Universes is a 2001 documentary produced by the BBC's Horizon series.
See String theory and Parallel Universes (film)
Particle
In the physical sciences, a particle (or corpuscule in older texts) is a small localized object which can be described by several physical or chemical properties, such as volume, density, or mass.
See String theory and Particle
Particle accelerator
A particle accelerator is a machine that uses electromagnetic fields to propel charged particles to very high speeds and energies to contain them in well-defined beams.
See String theory and Particle accelerator
Particle physics
Particle physics or high-energy physics is the study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation.
See String theory and Particle physics
Paul Townsend
Paul Kingsley Townsend FRS (born 3 March 1951) is a British physicist, currently a Professor of Theoretical Physics in Cambridge University's Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics.
See String theory and Paul Townsend
PBS
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Crystal City, Virginia.
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics (PI, Perimeter, PITP) is an independent research centre in foundational theoretical physics located in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
See String theory and Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics
Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)
In quantum mechanics, perturbation theory is a set of approximation schemes directly related to mathematical perturbation for describing a complicated quantum system in terms of a simpler one. String theory and perturbation theory (quantum mechanics) are mathematical physics.
See String theory and Perturbation theory (quantum mechanics)
Peter Goddard (physicist)
Peter Goddard (born 3 September 1945) is a British mathematical physicist who works in string theory and conformal field theory.
See String theory and Peter Goddard (physicist)
Peter Woit
Peter Woit (born September 11, 1957) is a senior lecturer in the Mathematics department at Columbia University.
See String theory and Peter Woit
Petr Hořava (physicist)
Petr Hořava (born 1963 in Prostějov) is a Czech string theorist.
See String theory and Petr Hořava (physicist)
Phase (matter)
In the physical sciences, a phase is a region of material that is chemically uniform, physically distinct, and (often) mechanically separable. String theory and phase (matter) are concepts in physics.
See String theory and Phase (matter)
Phenomenology (physics)
In physics, phenomenology is the application of theoretical physics to experimental data by making quantitative predictions based upon known theories.
See String theory and Phenomenology (physics)
Philip Candelas
Philip Candelas, (born 24 October 1951, London, UK) is a British physicist and mathematician.
See String theory and Philip Candelas
Physical constant
A physical constant, sometimes fundamental physical constant or universal constant, is a physical quantity that cannot be explained by a theory and therefore must be measured experimentally.
See String theory and Physical constant
Physical cosmology
Physical cosmology is a branch of cosmology concerned with the study of cosmological models.
See String theory and Physical cosmology
Physical Review
Physical Review is a peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1893 by Edward Nichols.
See String theory and Physical Review
Physical system
A physical system is a collection of physical objects under study. String theory and physical system are concepts in physics.
See String theory and Physical system
Physics
Physics is the natural science of matter, involving the study of matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force.
Physics Today
Physics Today is the membership magazine of the American Institute of Physics.
See String theory and Physics Today
Pierre Ramond
Pierre Ramond (born 31 January 1943) is distinguished professor of physics at University of Florida in Gainesville, Florida.
See String theory and Pierre Ramond
Planck constant
The Planck constant, or Planck's constant, denoted by is a fundamental physical constant of foundational importance in quantum mechanics: a photon's energy is equal to its frequency multiplied by the Planck constant, and the wavelength of a matter wave equals the Planck constant divided by the associated particle momentum.
See String theory and Planck constant
Planck units
In particle physics and physical cosmology, Planck units are a system of units of measurement defined exclusively in terms of four universal physical constants: c, G, ħ, and ''k''B (described further below).
See String theory and Planck units
Poincaré disk model
In geometry, the Poincaré disk model, also called the conformal disk model, is a model of 2-dimensional hyperbolic geometry in which all points are inside the unit disk, and straight lines are either circular arcs contained within the disk that are orthogonal to the unit circle or diameters of the unit circle. String theory and Poincaré disk model are multi-dimensional geometry.
See String theory and Poincaré disk model
Point particle
A point particle, ideal particle or point-like particle (often spelled pointlike particle) is an idealization of particles heavily used in physics. String theory and point particle are concepts in physics.
See String theory and Point particle
Polynomial
In mathematics, a polynomial is a mathematical expression consisting of indeterminates (also called variables) and coefficients, that involves only the operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and exponentiation to nonnegative integer powers, and has a finite number of terms.
See String theory and Polynomial
Prime number
A prime number (or a prime) is a natural number greater than 1 that is not a product of two smaller natural numbers.
See String theory and Prime number
Principle of locality
In physics, the principle of locality states that an object is influenced directly only by its immediate surroundings.
See String theory and Principle of locality
Probability
Probability is the branch of mathematics concerning events and numerical descriptions of how likely they are to occur.
See String theory and Probability
Proton
A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol, H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 e (elementary charge).
Pure mathematics
Pure mathematics is the study of mathematical concepts independently of any application outside mathematics.
See String theory and Pure mathematics
Quanta Magazine
Quanta Magazine is an editorially independent online publication of the Simons Foundation covering developments in physics, mathematics, biology and computer science.
See String theory and Quanta Magazine
Quantum chromodynamics
In theoretical physics, quantum chromodynamics (QCD) is the study of the strong interaction between quarks mediated by gluons.
See String theory and Quantum chromodynamics
Quantum field theory
In theoretical physics, quantum field theory (QFT) is a theoretical framework that combines classical field theory, special relativity, and quantum mechanics. String theory and quantum field theory are mathematical physics.
See String theory and Quantum field theory
Quantum gravity
Quantum gravity (QG) is a field of theoretical physics that seeks to describe gravity according to the principles of quantum mechanics. String theory and quantum gravity are physics beyond the Standard Model.
See String theory and Quantum gravity
Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms.
See String theory and Quantum mechanics
Quantum vacuum state
In quantum field theory, the quantum vacuum state (also called the quantum vacuum or vacuum state) is the quantum state with the lowest possible energy.
See String theory and Quantum vacuum state
Quark
A quark is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter.
Quark–gluon plasma
Quark–gluon plasma (QGP or quark soup) is an interacting localized assembly of quarks and gluons at thermal (local kinetic) and (close to) chemical (abundance) equilibrium.
See String theory and Quark–gluon plasma
Quintessence (physics)
In physics, quintessence is a hypothetical form of dark energy, more precisely a scalar field, postulated as an explanation of the observation of an accelerating rate of expansion of the universe.
See String theory and Quintessence (physics)
Redshift
In physics, a redshift is an increase in the wavelength, and corresponding decrease in the frequency and photon energy, of electromagnetic radiation (such as light). String theory and redshift are physical cosmology.
See String theory and Redshift
Regge theory
In quantum physics, Regge theory is the study of the analytic properties of scattering as a function of angular momentum, where the angular momentum is not restricted to be an integer multiple of ħ but is allowed to take any complex value.
See String theory and Regge theory
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) is the first and one of only two operating heavy-ion colliders, and the only spin-polarized proton collider ever built.
See String theory and Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
Renormalization group
In theoretical physics, the term renormalization group (RG) refers to a formal apparatus that allows systematic investigation of the changes of a physical system as viewed at different scales. String theory and renormalization group are mathematical physics.
See String theory and Renormalization group
Representation theory
Representation theory is a branch of mathematics that studies abstract algebraic structures by representing their elements as linear transformations of vector spaces, and studies modules over these abstract algebraic structures.
See String theory and Representation theory
Richard Borcherds
Richard Ewen Borcherds (born 29 November 1959) is a British mathematician currently working in quantum field theory.
See String theory and Richard Borcherds
Richard Feynman
Richard Phillips Feynman (May 11, 1918 – February 15, 1988) was an American theoretical physicist, known for his work in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics, the theory of quantum electrodynamics, the physics of the superfluidity of supercooled liquid helium, as well as his work in particle physics for which he proposed the parton model.
See String theory and Richard Feynman
Rigour
Rigour (British English) or rigor (American English; see spelling differences) describes a condition of stiffness or strictness.
Roger Penrose
Sir Roger Penrose, (born 8 August 1931) is a British mathematician, mathematical physicist, philosopher of science and Nobel Laureate in Physics.
See String theory and Roger Penrose
Ryan Rohm
Ryan Milton Rohm (born 22 December 1957, Gastonia, North Carolina) is an American string theorist.
See String theory and Ryan Rohm
S-duality
In theoretical physics, S-duality (short for strong–weak duality, or Sen duality) is an equivalence of two physical theories, which may be either quantum field theories or string theories.
See String theory and S-duality
S-matrix
In physics, the S-matrix or scattering matrix relates the initial state and the final state of a physical system undergoing a scattering process. String theory and s-matrix are mathematical physics.
See String theory and S-matrix
S-matrix theory
S-matrix theory was a proposal for replacing local quantum field theory as the basic principle of elementary particle physics.
See String theory and S-matrix theory
Schrödinger equation
The Schrödinger equation is a partial differential equation that governs the wave function of a quantum-mechanical system. String theory and Schrödinger equation are mathematical physics.
See String theory and Schrödinger equation
Sergio Fubini
Sergio Fubini (31 December 1928 – 6 January 2005) was an Italian theoretical physicist.
See String theory and Sergio Fubini
Shing-Tung Yau
Shing-Tung Yau (born April 4, 1949) is a Chinese-American mathematician.
See String theory and Shing-Tung Yau
Simon P. Norton
Simon Phillips Norton (28 February 1952 – 13 February 2019) Obituary: Daily Telegraph was a mathematician in Cambridge, England, who worked on finite simple groups.
See String theory and Simon P. Norton
Simple group
In mathematics, a simple group is a nontrivial group whose only normal subgroups are the trivial group and the group itself.
See String theory and Simple group
Spacetime
In physics, spacetime, also called the space-time continuum, is a mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum. String theory and spacetime are concepts in physics.
See String theory and Spacetime
Speed of light
The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted, is a universal physical constant that is exactly equal to). According to the special theory of relativity, is the upper limit for the speed at which conventional matter or energy (and thus any signal carrying information) can travel through space.
See String theory and Speed of light
Standard Model
The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions – excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying all known elementary particles. String theory and Standard Model are concepts in physics.
See String theory and Standard Model
Stanley Mandelstam
Stanley Mandelstam (12 December 1928 – 23 June 2016) was a South African theoretical physicist.
See String theory and Stanley Mandelstam
State of matter
In physics, a state of matter is one of the distinct forms in which matter can exist.
See String theory and State of matter
Statistical mechanics
In physics, statistical mechanics is a mathematical framework that applies statistical methods and probability theory to large assemblies of microscopic entities. String theory and statistical mechanics are mathematical physics.
See String theory and Statistical mechanics
Stephen Hawking
Stephen William Hawking, (8 January 1942 – 14 March 2018) was an English theoretical physicist, cosmologist, and author who was director of research at the Centre for Theoretical Cosmology at the University of Cambridge.
See String theory and Stephen Hawking
Stephen Shenker
Stephen Hart Shenker (born 1953) is an American theoretical physicist who works on string theory.
See String theory and Stephen Shenker
Steven Frautschi
Steven C. Frautschi (born December 6, 1933) is an American theoretical physicist, currently professor of physics emeritus at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech).
See String theory and Steven Frautschi
Steven Gubser
Steven Scott Gubser (May 4, 1972 – August 3, 2019) was a professor of physics at Princeton University.
See String theory and Steven Gubser
Steven Weinberg
Steven Weinberg (May 3, 1933 – July 23, 2021) was an American theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in physics for his contributions with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow to the unification of the weak force and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles.
See String theory and Steven Weinberg
String (physics)
In physics, a string is a physical entity postulated in string theory and related subjects.
See String theory and String (physics)
String field theory
String field theory (SFT) is a formalism in string theory in which the dynamics of relativistic strings is reformulated in the language of quantum field theory.
See String theory and String field theory
String phenomenology
String phenomenology is a branch of theoretical physics that uses tools from mathematics and computer science to study the implications of string theory for particle physics and cosmology. String theory and string phenomenology are physical cosmology and physics beyond the Standard Model.
See String theory and String phenomenology
String theory landscape
In string theory, the string theory landscape (or landscape of vacua) is the collection of possible false vacua,The number of metastable vacua is not known exactly, but commonly quoted estimates are of the order 10500. String theory and string theory landscape are physical cosmology.
See String theory and String theory landscape
Strong interaction
In nuclear physics and particle physics, the strong interaction, also called the strong force or strong nuclear force, is a fundamental interaction that confines quarks into protons, neutrons, and other hadron particles.
See String theory and Strong interaction
Subatomic particle
In physics, a subatomic particle is a particle smaller than an atom.
See String theory and Subatomic particle
Subir Sachdev
Subir Sachdev is Herchel Smith Professor of Physics at Harvard University specializing in condensed matter.
See String theory and Subir Sachdev
Superconductivity
Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in certain materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic fields are expelled from the material.
See String theory and Superconductivity
Superfluidity
Superfluidity is the characteristic property of a fluid with zero viscosity which therefore flows without any loss of kinetic energy.
See String theory and Superfluidity
Supergravity
In theoretical physics, supergravity (supergravity theory; SUGRA for short) is a modern field theory that combines the principles of supersymmetry and general relativity; this is in contrast to non-gravitational supersymmetric theories such as the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model. String theory and supergravity are physics beyond the Standard Model.
See String theory and Supergravity
Supermassive black hole
A supermassive black hole (SMBH or sometimes SBH) is the largest type of black hole, with its mass being on the order of hundreds of thousands, or millions to billions, of times the mass of the Sun.
See String theory and Supermassive black hole
Superstring theory
Superstring theory is an attempt to explain all of the particles and fundamental forces of nature in one theory by modeling them as vibrations of tiny supersymmetric strings. String theory and Superstring theory are physics beyond the Standard Model.
See String theory and Superstring theory
Supersymmetry
Supersymmetry is a theoretical framework in physics that suggests the existence of a symmetry between particles with integer spin (bosons) and particles with half-integer spin (fermions). String theory and Supersymmetry are concepts in physics and physics beyond the Standard Model.
See String theory and Supersymmetry
Swampland (physics)
In physics, the term swampland refers to effective low-energy physical theories which are not compatible with quantum gravity.
See String theory and Swampland (physics)
Symmetry
Symmetry in everyday life refers to a sense of harmonious and beautiful proportion and balance. String theory and Symmetry are concepts in physics and mathematical physics.
See String theory and Symmetry
Symmetry (physics)
The symmetry of a physical system is a physical or mathematical feature of the system (observed or intrinsic) that is preserved or remains unchanged under some transformation. String theory and symmetry (physics) are concepts in physics.
See String theory and Symmetry (physics)
Symplectic geometry
Symplectic geometry is a branch of differential geometry and differential topology that studies symplectic manifolds; that is, differentiable manifolds equipped with a closed, nondegenerate 2-form.
See String theory and Symplectic geometry
Symplectic manifold
In differential geometry, a subject of mathematics, a symplectic manifold is a smooth manifold, M, equipped with a closed nondegenerate differential 2-form \omega, called the symplectic form.
See String theory and Symplectic manifold
SYZ conjecture
The SYZ conjecture is an attempt to understand the mirror symmetry conjecture, an issue in theoretical physics and mathematics.
See String theory and SYZ conjecture
T-duality
T-duality (short for target-space duality) in theoretical physics is an equivalence of two physical theories, which may be either quantum field theories or string theories.
See String theory and T-duality
Tachyon
A tachyon or tachyonic particle is a hypothetical particle that always travels faster than light.
Tamiaki Yoneya
(born 1947) is a Japanese physicist.
See String theory and Tamiaki Yoneya
Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or coldness.
See String theory and Temperature
Tessellation
A tessellation or tiling is the covering of a surface, often a plane, using one or more geometric shapes, called tiles, with no overlaps and no gaps.
See String theory and Tessellation
The Elegant Universe
The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory is a book by Brian Greene published in 1999, which introduces string and superstring theory, and provides a comprehensive though non-technical assessment of the theory and some of its shortcomings.
See String theory and The Elegant Universe
The Road to Reality
The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe is a book on modern physics by the British mathematical physicist Roger Penrose, published in 2004.
See String theory and The Road to Reality
The Trouble with Physics
The Trouble with Physics: The Rise of String Theory, the Fall of a Science, and What Comes Next is a 2006 book by the theoretical physicist Lee Smolin about the problems with string theory.
See String theory and The Trouble with Physics
Theodor Kaluza
Theodor Franz Eduard Kaluza (9 November 1885 – 19 January 1954) was a German mathematician and physicist known for the Kaluza–Klein theory, involving field equations in five-dimensional space-time.
See String theory and Theodor Kaluza
Theoretical physics
Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain, and predict natural phenomena.
See String theory and Theoretical physics
Theory
A theory is a rational type of abstract thinking about a phenomenon, or the results of such thinking.
Theory of everything
A theory of everything (TOE), final theory, ultimate theory, unified field theory or master theory is a hypothetical, singular, all-encompassing, coherent theoretical framework of physics that fully explains and links together all aspects of the universe. String theory and theory of everything are physics beyond the Standard Model.
See String theory and Theory of everything
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation.
See String theory and Thermodynamics
Tohru Eguchi
Tohru Eguchi (江口 徹, February 2, 1948 – January 30, 2019) was a Japanese theoretical physicist.
See String theory and Tohru Eguchi
Tom Banks (physicist)
Thomas Israel Banks (born April 19, 1949 in New York City) is a theoretical physicist and professor at Rutgers University and University of California, Santa Cruz.
See String theory and Tom Banks (physicist)
Topological space
In mathematics, a topological space is, roughly speaking, a geometrical space in which closeness is defined but cannot necessarily be measured by a numeric distance.
See String theory and Topological space
Trivial group
In mathematics, a trivial group or zero group is a group consisting of a single element.
See String theory and Trivial group
Type I string theory
In theoretical physics, type I string theory is one of five consistent supersymmetric string theories in ten dimensions.
See String theory and Type I string theory
Type II string theory
In theoretical physics, type II string theory is a unified term that includes both type IIA strings and type IIB strings theories.
See String theory and Type II string theory
Umbral moonshine
In mathematics, umbral moonshine is a mysterious connection between Niemeier lattices and Ramanujan's mock theta functions.
See String theory and Umbral moonshine
Unitarity (physics)
In quantum physics, unitarity is (or a unitary process has) the condition that the time evolution of a quantum state according to the Schrödinger equation is mathematically represented by a unitary operator.
See String theory and Unitarity (physics)
Universe
The universe is all of space and time and their contents. String theory and universe are physical cosmology.
See String theory and Universe
Vacuum solution (general relativity)
In general relativity, a vacuum solution is a Lorentzian manifold whose Einstein tensor vanishes identically.
See String theory and Vacuum solution (general relativity)
Veneziano amplitude
In theoretical physics, the Veneziano amplitude refers to the discovery made in 1968 by Italian theoretical physicist Gabriele Veneziano that the Euler beta function, when interpreted as a scattering amplitude, has many of the features needed to explain the physical properties of strongly interacting mesons, such as symmetry and duality.
See String theory and Veneziano amplitude
Vibration
Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur about an equilibrium point.
See String theory and Vibration
Virasoro algebra
In mathematics, the Virasoro algebra (named after the physicist Miguel Ángel Virasoro) is a complex Lie algebra and the unique central extension of the Witt algebra. String theory and Virasoro algebra are mathematical physics.
See String theory and Virasoro algebra
Viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate.
See String theory and Viscosity
Ward–Takahashi identity
In quantum field theory, a Ward–Takahashi identity is an identity between correlation functions that follows from the global or gauge symmetries of the theory, and which remains valid after renormalization.
See String theory and Ward–Takahashi identity
Weak interaction
In nuclear physics and particle physics, the weak interaction, also called the weak force, is one of the four known fundamental interactions, with the others being electromagnetism, the strong interaction, and gravitation.
See String theory and Weak interaction
Werner Heisenberg
Werner Karl Heisenberg (5 December 1901 – 1 February 1976) was a German theoretical physicist, one of the main pioneers of the theory of quantum mechanics, and a principal scientist in the Nazi nuclear weapons program during World War II.
See String theory and Werner Heisenberg
Werner Nahm
Werner Nahm (born 21 March 1949) is a German theoretical physicist.
See String theory and Werner Nahm
Willy Fischler
Willy Fischler (born 1949 in Antwerp, Belgium) is a theoretical physicist.
See String theory and Willy Fischler
Winding number
In mathematics, the winding number or winding index of a closed curve in the plane around a given point is an integer representing the total number of times that the curve travels counterclockwise around the point, i.e., the curve's number of turns.
See String theory and Winding number
Worldsheet
In string theory, a worldsheet is a two-dimensional manifold which describes the embedding of a string in spacetime.
See String theory and Worldsheet
Xenia de la Ossa
Xenia de la Ossa Osegueda (born 30 June 1958, San José, Costa Rica) is a theoretical physicist whose research focuses on mathematical structures that arise in string theory.
See String theory and Xenia de la Ossa
Yoichiro Nambu
was a Japanese-American physicist and professor at the University of Chicago.
See String theory and Yoichiro Nambu
See also
Dimension
- 2 1/2-dimensional manufacturing
- 2.5D
- Abscissa and ordinate
- Bernstein's problem
- Codimension
- Complex dimension
- Concentration dimension
- Curse of dimensionality
- Degrees of freedom
- Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)
- Dimension
- Dimension (vector space)
- Dimension of an algebraic variety
- Dimension reduction
- Dimension theory
- Dimension theory (algebra)
- Dimensional metrology
- Eight-dimensional space
- Euclidean plane
- Exterior dimension
- Extra dimensions
- FinVect
- Five-dimensional space
- Flatland
- Four-dimensional space
- Fourth dimension in art
- Fourth dimension in literature
- Gelfand–Kirillov dimension
- Global dimension
- Interdimensional
- Isoperimetric dimension
- Kaplan–Yorke conjecture
- Kodaira dimension
- Krull dimension
- Matroid rank
- Minkowski content
- Multiple time dimensions
- One-dimensional space
- Poppy-seed bagel theorem
- Regular sequence
- Relative canonical model
- Relative dimension
- Seven-dimensional space
- Six-dimensional space
- String theory
- Time
- Two-dimensional space
- Vapnik–Chervonenkis dimension
- Zero-dimensional space
Multi-dimensional geometry
- 5D Chess with Multiverse Time Travel
- Apeirotope
- Centerpoint (geometry)
- Convex body
- Cross-polytope
- Demihypercube
- Dissection into orthoschemes
- Edge (geometry)
- Eight-dimensional space
- Euclidean plane
- Five-dimensional space
- Four-dimensional space
- Fourth dimension in art
- Hexany
- Hidden line
- Hyperboloid model
- Hypercone
- Hyperplane
- Hyperpyramid
- Hyperrectangle
- Hypersurface
- John ellipsoid
- List of regular polytope compounds
- List of regular polytopes
- Menger curvature
- N-dimensional sequential move puzzle
- N-sphere
- Newton–Okounkov body
- Parallel coordinates
- Pentagonal polytope
- Platonic solid
- Poincaré disk model
- Polytope families
- Polytopes
- Proprism
- Quasi-sphere
- Right circular cylinder
- Seven-dimensional space
- Simplex
- String theory
- Three-dimensional space
- Transversal plane
- Two-dimensional space
- Uniform 1 k2 polytope
- Uniform k 21 polytope
- Volume of an n-ball
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory
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