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Superseded theories in science, the Glossary

This list includes well-known general theories in science and pre-scientific natural philosophy and natural history that have since been superseded by other scientific theories.^[1]

227 relations: Abiogenic petroleum origin, Airborne transmission, Albert Einstein, Alchemy, Alessandro Volta, Alternative medicine, Ammonium cyanate, Antibody, Antichthones, Antipodes, Antoine Lavoisier, Aristotelian physics, Astrology, Astronomy, Atomic orbital, Balance of nature, Barycenter (astronomy), Benjamin Thompson, Big Bang, Biochemistry, Birth defect, Blood-borne disease, Bohr model, Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory, Brain injury, Buenaventura River (legend), Caloric theory, Calorie, Catastrophe theory, Catastrophism, Cell biology, Center of mass, Chaos theory, Chemical element, Chemistry, Chlorine, Classical electromagnetism, Classical element, Classical genetics, Classical mechanics, Cognition, Continental drift, Copernican heliocentrism, Cryptoexplosion, Cycle of erosion, Darwinism, Deglaciation, Democritus, DNA, Drainage divide, ... Expand index (177 more) »
Mathematical proofs
Obsolete scientific theories
Theorems

Abiogenic petroleum origin

The abiogenic petroleum origin hypothesis proposes that most of earth's petroleum and natural gas deposits were formed inorganically, commonly known as abiotic oil.

See Superseded theories in science and Abiogenic petroleum origin

Airborne transmission

Airborne transmission or aerosol transmission is transmission of an infectious disease through small particles suspended in the air.

See Superseded theories in science and Airborne transmission

Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held as one of the most influential scientists. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence formula, which arises from relativity theory, has been called "the world's most famous equation".

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Alchemy

Alchemy (from Arabic: al-kīmiyā; from Ancient Greek: χυμεία, khumeía) is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific tradition that was historically practised in China, India, the Muslim world, and Europe.

See Superseded theories in science and Alchemy

Alessandro Volta

Alessandro Giuseppe Antonio Anastasio Volta (18 February 1745 – 5 March 1827) was an Italian physicist and chemist who was a pioneer of electricity and power and is credited as the inventor of the electric battery and the discoverer of methane.

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Alternative medicine

Alternative medicine is any practice that aims to achieve the healing effects of medicine despite lacking biological plausibility, testability, repeatability or evidence of effectiveness.

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Ammonium cyanate

Ammonium cyanate is an inorganic compound with the formula.

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Antibody

An antibody (Ab) is the secreted form of a B cell receptor; the term immunoglobulin (Ig) can refer to either the membrane-bound form or the secreted form of the B cell receptor, but they are, broadly speaking, the same protein, and so the terms are often treated as synonymous.

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Antichthones

Antichthones, in geography, are those peoples who inhabit the antipodes, regions on opposite sides of the Earth.

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Antipodes

In geography, the antipode of any spot on Earth is the point on Earth's surface diametrically opposite to it.

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Antoine Lavoisier

Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier (26 August 17438 May 1794), CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) also Antoine Lavoisier after the French Revolution, was a French nobleman and chemist who was central to the 18th-century chemical revolution and who had a large influence on both the history of chemistry and the history of biology.

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Aristotelian physics

Aristotelian physics is the form of natural philosophy described in the works of the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC).

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Astrology

Astrology is a range of divinatory practices, recognized as pseudoscientific since the 18th century, that propose that information about human affairs and terrestrial events may be discerned by studying the apparent positions of celestial objects.

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Astronomy

Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.

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Atomic orbital

In quantum mechanics, an atomic orbital is a function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in an atom.

See Superseded theories in science and Atomic orbital

Balance of nature

The balance of nature, also known as ecological balance, is a theory that proposes that ecological systems are usually in a stable equilibrium or homeostasis, which is to say that a small change (the size of a particular population, for example) will be corrected by some negative feedback that will bring the parameter back to its original "point of balance" with the rest of the system. Superseded theories in science and balance of nature are obsolete scientific theories.

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Barycenter (astronomy)

In astronomy, the barycenter (or barycentre) is the center of mass of two or more bodies that orbit one another and is the point about which the bodies orbit.

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Benjamin Thompson

Colonel Sir Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, FRS (March 26, 1753August 21, 1814) was an American-born British military officer, scientist, inventor and nobleman.

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Big Bang

The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature.

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Biochemistry

Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.

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Birth defect

A birth defect, also known as a congenital disorder, is an abnormal condition that is present at birth regardless of its cause.

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Blood-borne disease

A blood-borne disease is a disease that can be spread through contamination by blood and other body fluids.

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Bohr model

In atomic physics, the Bohr model or Rutherford–Bohr model is an obsolete model of the atom, presented by Niels Bohr and Ernest Rutherford in 1913.

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Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory

The Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory (also known as the chromosome theory of inheritance or the Sutton–Boveri theory) is a fundamental unifying theory of genetics which identifies chromosomes as the carriers of genetic material.

See Superseded theories in science and Boveri–Sutton chromosome theory

Brain injury

Brain injury (BI) is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells.

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Buenaventura River (legend)

The non-existent Buenaventura River, alternatively San Buenaventura River or Río Buenaventura, was once believed to run from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean through the Great Basin region of what is now the western United States.

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Caloric theory

The caloric theory is an obsolete scientific theory that heat consists of a self-repellent fluid called caloric that flows from hotter bodies to colder bodies.

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Calorie

The calorie is a unit of energy that originated from the caloric theory of heat.

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Catastrophe theory

In mathematics, catastrophe theory is a branch of bifurcation theory in the study of dynamical systems; it is also a particular special case of more general singularity theory in geometry.

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Catastrophism

In geology, catastrophism is the theory that the Earth has largely been shaped by sudden, short-lived, violent events, possibly worldwide in scope.

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Cell biology

Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells.

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Center of mass

In physics, the center of mass of a distribution of mass in space (sometimes referred to as the barycenter or balance point) is the unique point at any given time where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass sums to zero.

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Chaos theory

Chaos theory is an interdisciplinary area of scientific study and branch of mathematics.

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Chemical element

A chemical element is a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.

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Chemistry

Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter.

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Chlorine

Chlorine is a chemical element; it has symbol Cl and atomic number 17.

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Classical electromagnetism

Classical electromagnetism or classical electrodynamics is a branch of theoretical physics that studies the interactions between electric charges and currents using an extension of the classical Newtonian model.

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Classical element

The classical elements typically refer to earth, water, air, fire, and (later) aether which were proposed to explain the nature and complexity of all matter in terms of simpler substances.

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Classical genetics

Classical genetics is the branch of genetics based solely on visible results of reproductive acts.

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Classical mechanics

Classical mechanics is a physical theory describing the motion of objects such as projectiles, parts of machinery, spacecraft, planets, stars, and galaxies.

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Cognition

Cognition is the "mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses".

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Continental drift

Continental drift is the hypothesis, originating in the early 20th century, that Earth's continents move or drift relative to each other over geologic time.

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Copernican heliocentrism

Copernican heliocentrism is the astronomical model developed by Nicolaus Copernicus and published in 1543.

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Cryptoexplosion

In geology, a cryptoexplosion structure (or cryptovolcanic structure) is an explosion of unknown cause.

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Cycle of erosion

The geographic cycle, or cycle of erosion, is an idealized model that explains the development of relief in landscapes.

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Darwinism

Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.

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Deglaciation

Deglaciation is the transition from full glacial conditions during ice ages, to warm interglacials, characterized by global warming and sea level rise due to change in continental ice volume.

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Democritus

Democritus (Δημόκριτος, Dēmókritos, meaning "chosen of the people"; –) was an Ancient Greek pre-Socratic philosopher from Abdera, primarily remembered today for his formulation of an atomic theory of the universe.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.

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Drainage divide

A drainage divide, water divide, ridgeline, watershed, water parting or height of land is elevated terrain that separates neighboring drainage basins.

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Dynamics of the celestial spheres

Ancient, medieval and Renaissance astronomers and philosophers developed many different theories about the dynamics of the celestial spheres.

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Eclectic medicine

Eclectic medicine was a branch of American medicine that made use of botanical remedies along with other substances and physical therapy practices, popular in the latter half of the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries.

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Effects of climate change

Effects of climate change are well documented and growing for Earth's natural environment and human societies.

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Electric charge

Electric charge (symbol q, sometimes Q) is the physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.

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Electrochemical dualism

Electrochemical dualism is an obsolete scientific theory in chemistry relevant between around 1800 and around 1830 and pioneered by Jöns Jacob Berzelius.

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Electrode

An electrode is an electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e.g. a semiconductor, an electrolyte, a vacuum or air).

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Elevation crater

The elevation crater theory is a now-discredited geologic theory originating in the 18th and 19th centuries which intended to explain the origin of mountains and orogens, holding that mountains formed by vertical movements associated with volcanism.

See Superseded theories in science and Elevation crater

Elliptic orbit

In astrodynamics or celestial mechanics, an elliptic orbit or elliptical orbit is a Kepler orbit with an eccentricity of less than 1; this includes the special case of a circular orbit, with eccentricity equal to 0.

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Emission theory (relativity)

Emission theory, also called emitter theory or ballistic theory of light, was a competing theory for the special theory of relativity, explaining the results of the Michelson–Morley experiment of 1887.

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Emission theory (vision)

Emission theory or extramission theory (variants: extromission) or extromissionism is the proposal that visual perception is accomplished by eye beams emitted by the eyes.

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Energeticism

Energeticism, also called energism or energetics (Energetik), is a superseded theory in science that posits that energy is the ultimate element of physical reality.

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Environmental determinism

Environmental determinism (also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism) is the study of how the physical environment predisposes societies and states towards particular economic or social developmental (or even more generally, cultural) trajectories.

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Epigenetics

In biology, epigenetics is the study of heritable traits, or a stable change of cell function, that happen without changes to the DNA sequence.

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Erich Haarmann

Erich Haarmann (14 June 1882 – 17 April 1945) was a German geologist known for his tectonic theories.

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Eromanga Basin

The Eromanga Basin is a large Mesozoic sedimentary basin in central and northern Australia.

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Expanding Earth

The expanding Earth or growing Earth was a hypothesis attempting to explain the position and relative movement of continents by increase in the volume of Earth.

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Expansion of the universe

The expansion of the universe is the increase in distance between gravitationally unbound parts of the observable universe with time.

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Factor endowment

A factor endowment, in economics, is commonly understood to be the amount of land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship that a country possesses and can exploit for manufacturing.

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Falsifiability

Falsifiability (or refutability) is a deductive standard of evaluation of scientific theories and hypotheses, introduced by the philosopher of science Karl Popper in his book The Logic of Scientific Discovery (1934).

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Female hysteria

Female hysteria was once a common medical diagnosis for women.

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Flat Earth

Flat Earth is an archaic and scientifically disproven conception of the Earth's shape as a plane or disk.

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Flood geology

Flood geology (also creation geology or diluvial geology) is a pseudoscientific attempt to interpret and reconcile geological features of the Earth in accordance with a literal belief in the Genesis flood narrative, the flood myth in the Hebrew Bible.

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Fluid

In physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that may continuously move and deform (flow) under an applied shear stress, or external force.

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Fomite

A fomite or fomes is any inanimate object that, when contaminated with or exposed to infectious agents (such as pathogenic bacteria, viruses or fungi), can transfer disease to a new host.

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Force

A force is an influence that can cause an object to change its velocity, i.e., to accelerate, meaning a change in speed or direction, unless counterbalanced by other forces.

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Four temperaments

The four temperament theory is a proto-psychological theory which suggests that there are four fundamental personality types: sanguine, choleric, melancholic, and phlegmatic.

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Fred Hoyle

Sir Fred Hoyle (24 June 1915 – 20 August 2001) was an English astronomer who formulated the theory of stellar nucleosynthesis and was one of the authors of the influential B2FH paper.

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Friedrich Wöhler

Friedrich Wöhler FRS(For) HonFRSE (31 July 180023 September 1882) was a German chemist known for his work in both organic and inorganic chemistry, being the first to isolate the chemical elements beryllium and yttrium in pure metallic form.

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Fringe science

Fringe science refers to ideas whose attributes include being highly speculative or relying on premises already refuted.

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Galvanic cell

A galvanic cell or voltaic cell, named after the scientists Luigi Galvani and Alessandro Volta, respectively, is an electrochemical cell in which an electric current is generated from spontaneous oxidation–reduction reactions.

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Gamete

A gamete (ultimately) is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexually.

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Genetics

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.

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Genome Biology and Evolution

Genome Biology and Evolution is a monthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

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Genomic imprinting

Genomic imprinting is an epigenetic phenomenon that causes genes to be expressed or not, depending on whether they are inherited from the female or male parent.

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Geocentric model

In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, often exemplified specifically by the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center.

See Superseded theories in science and Geocentric model

Geophysical global cooling

Before the concept of plate tectonics, global cooling was a geophysical theory by James Dwight Dana, also referred to as the contracting earth theory.

See Superseded theories in science and Geophysical global cooling

Geosyncline

A geosyncline (originally called a geosynclinal) is an obsolete geological concept to explain orogens, which was developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, before the theory of plate tectonics was envisaged.

See Superseded theories in science and Geosyncline

Germ line theory

The germ-line theory was a proposed explanation for immunoglobulin diversity that proposed that each antibody was encoded in a separate germline gene.

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Germ theory of disease

The germ theory of disease is the currently accepted scientific theory for many diseases.

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Global cooling

Global cooling was a conjecture, especially during the 1970s, of imminent cooling of the Earth culminating in a period of extensive glaciation, due to the cooling effects of aerosols or orbital forcing. Superseded theories in science and Global cooling are obsolete scientific theories.

See Superseded theories in science and Global cooling

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (– 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat who invented calculus in addition to many other branches of mathematics, such as binary arithmetic, and statistics.

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Heliocentrism

Heliocentrism (also known as the heliocentric model) is a superseded astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the universe.

See Superseded theories in science and Heliocentrism

Hermann Bondi

Sir Hermann Bondi (1 November 1919 – 10 September 2005) was an Austrian-British mathematician and cosmologist.

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Heroic medicine

Heroic medicine, also referred to as heroic depletion theory, was a therapeutic method advocating for rigorous treatment of bloodletting, purging, and sweating to shock the body back to health after an illness caused by a humoral imbalance.

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History of atomic theory

Atomic theory is the scientific theory that matter is composed of particles called atoms.

See Superseded theories in science and History of atomic theory

History of evolutionary thought

Evolutionary thought, the recognition that species change over time and the perceived understanding of how such processes work, has roots in antiquity—in the ideas of the ancient Greeks, Romans, Chinese, Church Fathers as well as in medieval Islamic science.

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History of thermodynamics

The history of thermodynamics is a fundamental strand in the history of physics, the history of chemistry, and the history of science in general.

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Hollow Earth

The Hollow Earth is a concept proposing that the planet Earth is entirely hollow or contains a substantial interior space. Superseded theories in science and hollow Earth are obsolete scientific theories.

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Homeopathy

Homeopathy or homoeopathy is a pseudoscientific system of alternative medicine.

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Homunculus

A homunculus ("little person",: homunculi) is a small human being.

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Human behavior

Human behavior is the potential and expressed capacity (mentally, physically, and socially) of human individuals or groups to respond to internal and external stimuli throughout their life.

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Human evolutionary genetics

Human evolutionary genetics studies how one human genome differs from another human genome, the evolutionary past that gave rise to the human genome, and its current effects.

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Humorism

Humorism, the humoral theory, or humoralism, was a system of medicine detailing a supposed makeup and workings of the human body, adopted by Ancient Greek and Roman physicians and philosophers.

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Hypersonic speed

In aerodynamics, a hypersonic speed is one that exceeds five times the speed of sound, often stated as starting at speeds of Mach 5 and above.

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Ice age

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

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Inland sea

An inland sea (also known as an epeiric sea or an epicontinental sea) is a continental body of water which is very large in area and is either completely surrounded by dry land or connected to an ocean by a river, strait or "arm of the sea".

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Intellectual disability

Intellectual disability (ID), also known as general learning disability (in the United Kingdom) and formerly mental retardation (in the United States),Rosa's Law, Pub.

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Island of California

The Island of California (Isla de California) refers to a long-held global misconception, dating from the 16th century, that the California region was not part of mainland North America but rather a large island separated from the continent by a strait now known as the Gulf of California. Superseded theories in science and island of California are obsolete scientific theories.

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Isotope

Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element.

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James Prescott Joule

James Prescott Joule (24 December 1818 11 October 1889) was an English physicist, mathematician and brewer, born in Salford, Lancashire.

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John Dalton

John Dalton (5 or 6 September 1766 – 27 July 1844) was an English chemist, physicist and meteorologist.

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Karl Popper

Sir Karl Raimund Popper (28 July 1902 – 17 September 1994) was an Austrian–British philosopher, academic and social commentator.

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Kepler's laws of planetary motion

In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, published by Johannes Kepler between 1609 and 1619, describe the orbits of planets around the Sun.

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Lamarckism

Lamarckism, also known as Lamarckian inheritance or neo-Lamarckism, is the notion that an organism can pass on to its offspring physical characteristics that the parent organism acquired through use or disuse during its lifetime.

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Language acquisition

Language acquisition is the process by which humans acquire the capacity to perceive and comprehend language.

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Learning disability

Learning disability, learning disorder, or learning difficulty (British English) is a condition in the brain that causes difficulties comprehending or processing information and can be caused by several different factors.

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Lemuria

Lemuria, or Limuria, was a continent proposed in 1864 by zoologist Philip Sclater, theorized to have sunk beneath the Indian Ocean, later appropriated by occultists in supposed accounts of human origins.

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List of common misconceptions

Each entry on this list of common misconceptions is worded as a correction; the misconceptions themselves are implied rather than stated.

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List of discredited substances

This is a list of substances or materials generally considered discredited. Superseded theories in science and list of discredited substances are obsolete scientific theories.

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List of experiments

The following is a list of historically important scientific experiments and observations demonstrating something of great scientific interest, typically in an elegant or clever manner.

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List of lost lands

Lost lands are islands or continents believed by some to have existed during pre-history, but to have since disappeared as a result of catastrophic geological phenomena.

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List of topics characterized as pseudoscience

This is a list of topics that have, either currently or in the past, been characterized as pseudoscience by academics or researchers.

See Superseded theories in science and List of topics characterized as pseudoscience

Luminiferous aether

Luminiferous aether or ether (luminiferous meaning 'light-bearing') was the postulated medium for the propagation of light.

See Superseded theories in science and Luminiferous aether

Lysenkoism

Lysenkoism (Lysenkovshchina,; lysenkivščyna) was a political campaign led by Soviet biologist Trofim Lysenko against genetics and science-based agriculture in the mid-20th century, rejecting natural selection in favour of a form of Lamarckism, as well as expanding upon the techniques of vernalization and grafting.

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Malaria

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects vertebrates.

See Superseded theories in science and Malaria

Maternal impression

The conception of a maternal impression rests on the belief that a powerful mental (or sometimes physical) influence working on the mother's mind may produce an impression, either general or definite, on the child she is carrying.

See Superseded theories in science and Maternal impression

Mendelian inheritance

Mendelian inheritance (also known as Mendelism) is a type of biological inheritance following the principles originally proposed by Gregor Mendel in 1865 and 1866, re-discovered in 1900 by Hugo de Vries and Carl Correns, and later popularized by William Bateson.

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Mesozoic

The Mesozoic Era is the penultimate era of Earth's geological history, lasting from about, comprising the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods.

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Miasma theory

The miasma theory (also called the miasmic theory) is an abandoned medical theory that held that diseases—such as cholera, chlamydia, or the Black Death—were caused by a miasma (Ancient Greek for 'pollution'), a noxious form of "bad air", also known as night air.

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Michael Faraday

Michael Faraday (22 September 1791 – 25 August 1867) was an English scientist who contributed to the study of electromagnetism and electrochemistry.

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Michelson–Morley experiment

The Michelson–Morley experiment was an attempt to measure the motion of the Earth relative to the luminiferous aether, a supposed medium permeating space that was thought to be the carrier of light waves.

See Superseded theories in science and Michelson–Morley experiment

Microscopy

Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye).

See Superseded theories in science and Microscopy

Milky Way

The Milky Way is the galaxy that includes the Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye.

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Modern synthesis (20th century)

The modern synthesis was the early 20th-century synthesis of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution and Gregor Mendel's ideas on heredity into a joint mathematical framework.

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Molecular biology

Molecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions.

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Molecular genetics

Molecular genetics is a branch of biology that addresses how differences in the structures or expression of DNA molecules manifests as variation among organisms.

See Superseded theories in science and Molecular genetics

Mosquito-borne disease

Mosquito-borne diseases or mosquito-borne illnesses are diseases caused by bacteria, viruses or parasites transmitted by mosquitoes.

See Superseded theories in science and Mosquito-borne disease

Multiregional origin of modern humans

The multiregional hypothesis, multiregional evolution (MRE), or polycentric hypothesis, is a scientific model that provides an alternative explanation to the more widely accepted "out of Africa" model of monogenesis for the pattern of human evolution.

See Superseded theories in science and Multiregional origin of modern humans

Nascent hydrogen

Nascent hydrogen is an outdated concept in organic chemistry that was once invoked to explain dissolving-metal reactions, such as the Clemmensen reduction and the Bouveault–Blanc reduction.

See Superseded theories in science and Nascent hydrogen

Nascent state (chemistry)

Nascent state or in statu nascendi (Lat. newly formed moiety: in the state of being born or just emerging), is an obsolete theory in chemistry.

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Natural history

Natural history is a domain of inquiry involving organisms, including animals, fungi, and plants, in their natural environment, leaning more towards observational than experimental methods of study.

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Natural philosophy

Natural philosophy or philosophy of nature (from Latin philosophia naturalis) is the philosophical study of physics, that is, nature and the physical universe.

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Neocatastrophism

Neocatastrophism is the hypothesis that life-exterminating events such as gamma-ray bursts have acted as a galactic regulation mechanism in the Milky Way upon the emergence of complex life in its habitable zone.

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Neptunism

Neptunism is a superseded scientific theory of geology proposed by Abraham Gottlob Werner (1749–1817) in the late 18th century, who proposed that rocks formed from the crystallisation of minerals in the early Earth's oceans.

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Newton's law of universal gravitation

Newton's law of universal gravitation says that every particle attracts every other particle in the universe with a force that is proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.

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Newton's laws of motion

Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that describe the relationship between the motion of an object and the forces acting on it.

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Newton's sine-square law of air resistance

Isaac Newton's sine-squared law of air resistance is a formula that implies the force on a flat plate immersed in a moving fluid is proportional to the square of the sine of the angle of attack.

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Nicolaus Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center.

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Nuclear reaction

In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, a nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei, or a nucleus and an external subatomic particle, collide to produce one or more new nuclides.

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Numerology

Numerology (known before the 20th century as arithmancy) is the belief in an occult, divine or mystical relationship between a number and one or more coinciding events.

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Nutrition

Nutrition is the biochemical and physiological process by which an organism uses food to support its life.

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Open Polar Sea

The Open Polar Sea was a conjectured ice-free body of water that was believed to encircle the North Pole. Superseded theories in science and Open Polar Sea are obsolete scientific theories.

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Optics (Ptolemy)

Ptolemy's Optics is a 2nd-century book on geometrical optics, dealing with reflection, refraction, and colour.

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Organic chemistry

Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.

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Paradigm shift

A paradigm shift is a fundamental change in the basic concepts and experimental practices of a scientific discipline.

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Pathological science

Pathological science is an area of research where "people are tricked into false results...

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Periodontal disease

Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a set of inflammatory conditions affecting the tissues surrounding the teeth.

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Philosophy of science

Philosophy of science is the branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science.

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Phlogiston theory

The phlogiston theory, a superseded scientific theory, postulated the existence of a fire-like element dubbed phlogiston contained within combustible bodies and released during combustion.

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Phrenology

Phrenology or craniology is a pseudoscience that involves the measurement of bumps on the skull to predict mental traits.

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Physiognomy

Physiognomy (from the Greek φύσις,, meaning "nature", and, meaning "judge" or "interpreter") or face reading is the practice of assessing a person's character or personality from their outer appearance—especially the face. Superseded theories in science and Physiognomy are obsolete scientific theories.

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Plate tectonics

Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that Earth's lithosphere comprises a number of large tectonic plates, which have been slowly moving since 3–4 billion years ago.

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Plum pudding model

The now obsolete plum pudding model was the first scientific model of the atom with internal structure.

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Plutonism

Plutonism is the geologic theory that the igneous rocks forming the Earth originated from intrusive magmatic activity, with a continuing gradual process of weathering and erosion wearing away rocks, which were then deposited on the sea bed, re-formed into layers of sedimentary rock by heat and pressure, and raised again. Superseded theories in science and Plutonism are obsolete scientific theories.

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Polymer

A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules linked together into chains of repeating subunits.

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Polywater

Polywater was a hypothesized polymerized form of water that was the subject of much scientific controversy during the late 1960s, first described by Soviet scientist Nikolai Fedyakin.

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Preformationism

In the history of biology, preformationism (or preformism) is a formerly popular theory that organisms develop from miniature versions of themselves.

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Protoscience

In the philosophy of science, protoscience is a research field that has the characteristics of an undeveloped science that may ultimately develop into an established science.

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Pseudoscience

Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that claim to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method.

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Psychomotor patterning

Psychomotor patterning, rarely referred to as the Doman-Delacato technique, is a pseudoscientific approach to the treatment of intellectual disabilities, brain injury, learning disabilities, and other cognitive diseases.

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Ptolemy

Claudius Ptolemy (Πτολεμαῖος,; Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was an Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western European science.

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Quantum electrodynamics

In particle physics, quantum electrodynamics (QED) is the relativistic quantum field theory of electrodynamics.

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Quantum mechanics

Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms.

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Radical theory

Radical theory is an obsolete scientific theory in chemistry describing the structure of organic compounds.

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Rain follows the plow

Rain follows the plow is the conventional name for a now-discredited theory of climatology that was popular throughout the American West and Australia during the late 19th century. Superseded theories in science and Rain follows the plow are obsolete scientific theories.

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Rational choice theory

Rational choice theory refers to a set of guidelines that help understand economic and social behaviour.

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Recapitulation theory

The theory of recapitulation, also called the biogenetic law or embryological parallelism—often expressed using Ernst Haeckel's phrase "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny"—is an historical hypothesis that the development of the embryo of an animal, from fertilization to gestation or hatching (ontogeny), goes through stages resembling or representing successive adult stages in the evolution of the animal's remote ancestors (phylogeny).

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Recent African origin of modern humans

In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans or the "Out of Africa" theory (OOA) is the most widely accepted model of the geographic origin and early migration of anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens).

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Redshift

In physics, a redshift is an increase in the wavelength, and corresponding decrease in the frequency and photon energy, of electromagnetic radiation (such as light).

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Rejection of evolution by religious groups

Recurring cultural, political, and theological rejection of evolution by religious groups exists regarding the origins of the Earth, of humanity, and of other life.

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Relativistic mechanics

In physics, relativistic mechanics refers to mechanics compatible with special relativity (SR) and general relativity (GR).

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Rutherford model

The Rutherford model was devised by Ernest Rutherford to describe an atom.

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SARS-CoV-2

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19, the respiratory illness responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic.

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The scientific community is a diverse network of interacting scientists.

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Scientific consensus

Scientific consensus is the generally held judgment, position, and opinion of the majority or the supermajority of scientists in a particular field of study at any particular time.

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Scientific method

The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century.

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Scientific racism

Scientific racism, sometimes termed biological racism, is the pseudoscientific belief that the human species is divided into biologically distinct taxa called "races", and that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racial discrimination, racial inferiority, or racial superiority.

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Scientific theory

A scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world and universe that can be (or a fortiori, that has been) repeatedly tested and corroborated in accordance with the scientific method, using accepted protocols of observation, measurement, and evaluation of results.

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Snell's law

Snell's law (also known as the Snell–Descartes law, the ibn-Sahl law, and the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass, or air.

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Speed of light

The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted, is a universal physical constant that is exactly equal to). According to the special theory of relativity, is the upper limit for the speed at which conventional matter or energy (and thus any signal carrying information) can travel through space.

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Spontaneous generation

Spontaneous generation is a superseded scientific theory that held that living creatures could arise from nonliving matter and that such processes were commonplace and regular.

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State formation

State formation is the process of the development of a centralized government structure in a situation in which one did not exist.

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Static electricity

Static electricity is an imbalance of electric charges within or on the surface of a material.

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Static universe

In cosmology, a static universe (also referred to as stationary, infinite, static infinite or static eternal) is a cosmological model in which the universe is both spatially and temporally infinite, and space is neither expanding nor contracting.

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Steady state

In systems theory, a system or a process is in a steady state if the variables (called state variables) which define the behavior of the system or the process are unchanging in time.

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Steady-state model

In cosmology, the steady-state model or steady state theory is an alternative to the Big Bang theory.

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Stratigraphy

Stratigraphy is a branch of geology concerned with the study of rock layers (strata) and layering (stratification).

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Subatomic particle

In physics, a subatomic particle is a particle smaller than an atom.

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Telegony (inheritance)

Telegony is a theory of heredity holding that offspring can inherit the characteristics of a previous mate of the female parent; thus the child of a woman might partake of traits of a previous sexual partner.

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Terra Australis

Terra Australis (Latin) was a hypothetical continent first posited in antiquity and which appeared on maps between the 15th and 18th centuries.

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Testability

Testability is a primary aspect of science and the scientific method.

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Tests of general relativity

Tests of general relativity serve to establish observational evidence for the theory of general relativity.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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Theodore Schick

Theodore Schick is an American author in the field of philosophy.

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Theory of relativity

The theory of relativity usually encompasses two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity, proposed and published in 1905 and 1915, respectively.

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Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation.

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Thomas Gold

Thomas Gold (May 22, 1920 – June 22, 2004) was an Austrian-born American astrophysicist, a professor of astronomy at Cornell University, a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, and a Fellow of the Royal Society (London).

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Thrifty phenotype

Thrifty phenotype refers to the correlation between low birth weight of neonates and the increased risk of developing metabolic syndromes later in life, including type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

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Tooth decay

Tooth decay, also known as cavities or caries,The word 'caries' is a mass noun, and is not a plural of 'carie'. is the breakdown of teeth due to acids produced by bacteria.

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Tooth worm

The idea of a tooth worm is a theory of the cause of dental caries, periodontitis and toothaches.

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Toothache

Toothache, also known as dental pain or tooth pain,Segen JC.

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Torrid zone

The torrid zone was the name given by ancient Greek and Roman geographers to the equatorial area of the Earth, so hot that it was impenetrable.

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Traité Élémentaire de Chimie

Traité élémentaire de chimie (Elementary Treatise on Chemistry) is a textbook written by Antoine Lavoisier published in 1789 and translated into English by Robert Kerr in 1790 under the title Elements of Chemistry in a New Systematic Order containing All the Modern Discoveries.

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Transmutation of species

The Transmutation of species and transformism are 18th and early 19th-century ideas about the change of one species into another that preceded Charles Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection.

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Triboelectric effect

The triboelectric effect (also known as triboelectricity, triboelectric charging, triboelectrification, or tribocharging) describes electric charge transfer between two objects when they contact or slide against each other.

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Two-streams hypothesis

The two-streams hypothesis is a model of the neural processing of vision as well as hearing.

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Tychonic system

The Tychonic system (or Tychonian system) is a model of the universe published by Tycho Brahe in 1588, which combines what he saw as the mathematical benefits of the Copernican system with the philosophical and "physical" benefits of the Ptolemaic system.

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Uniformitarianism

Uniformitarianism, also known as the Doctrine of Uniformity or the Uniformitarian Principle, is the assumption that the same natural laws and processes that operate in our present-day scientific observations have always operated in the universe in the past and apply everywhere in the universe.

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Units of energy

Energy is defined via work, so the SI unit of energy is the same as the unit of work – the joule (J), named in honour of James Prescott Joule and his experiments on the mechanical equivalent of heat.

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Urea

Urea, also called carbamide (because it is a diamide of carbonic acid), is an organic compound with chemical formula.

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Vis viva

Vis viva (from the Latin for "living force") is a historical term used to describe a quantity similar to kinetic energy in an early formulation of the principle of conservation of energy.

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Visual perception

Visual perception is the ability to interpret the surrounding environment through photopic vision (daytime vision), color vision, scotopic vision (night vision), and mesopic vision (twilight vision), using light in the visible spectrum reflected by objects in the environment.

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Vitalism

Vitalism is a belief that starts from the premise that "living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than are inanimate things." Where vitalism explicitly invokes a vital principle, that element is often referred to as the "vital spark", "energy", "élan vital" (coined by vitalist Henri Bergson), "vital force", or "vis vitalis", which some equate with the soul. Superseded theories in science and vitalism are obsolete scientific theories.

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Volcanism

Volcanism, vulcanism, volcanicity, or volcanic activity is the phenomenon where solids, liquids, gases, and their mixtures erupt to the surface of a solid-surface astronomical body such as a planet or a moon.

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Voltage

Voltage, also known as (electrical) potential difference, electric pressure, or electric tension is the difference in electric potential between two points.

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Von Baer's laws (embryology)

In developmental biology, von Baer's laws of embryology (or laws of development) are four rules proposed by Karl Ernst von Baer to explain the observed pattern of embryonic development in different species.

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Waterborne disease

Waterborne diseases are conditions (meaning adverse effects on human health, such as death, disability, illness or disorders) caused by pathogenic micro-organisms that are transmitted by water.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superseded_theories_in_science

Also known as List of obsolete scientific theories, Obsolete science, Obsolete scientific theories, Obsolete scientific theory, Superceded scientific theory, Superseded scientific theories, Superseded scientific theory, Superseded theories, Superseded theories in science and results in mathematics.

, Dynamics of the celestial spheres, Eclectic medicine, Effects of climate change, Electric charge, Electrochemical dualism, Electrode, Elevation crater, Elliptic orbit, Emission theory (relativity), Emission theory (vision), Energeticism, Environmental determinism, Epigenetics, Erich Haarmann, Eromanga Basin, Expanding Earth, Expansion of the universe, Factor endowment, Falsifiability, Female hysteria, Flat Earth, Flood geology, Fluid, Fomite, Force, Four temperaments, Fred Hoyle, Friedrich Wöhler, Fringe science, Galvanic cell, Gamete, Genetics, Genome Biology and Evolution, Genomic imprinting, Geocentric model, Geophysical global cooling, Geosyncline, Germ line theory, Germ theory of disease, Global cooling, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Heliocentrism, Hermann Bondi, Heroic medicine, History of atomic theory, History of evolutionary thought, History of thermodynamics, Hollow Earth, Homeopathy, Homunculus, Human behavior, Human evolutionary genetics, Humorism, Hypersonic speed, Ice age, Inland sea, Intellectual disability, Island of California, Isotope, James Prescott Joule, John Dalton, Karl Popper, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, Lamarckism, Language acquisition, Learning disability, Lemuria, List of common misconceptions, List of discredited substances, List of experiments, List of lost lands, List of topics characterized as pseudoscience, Luminiferous aether, Lysenkoism, Malaria, Maternal impression, Mendelian inheritance, Mesozoic, Miasma theory, Michael Faraday, Michelson–Morley experiment, Microscopy, Milky Way, Modern synthesis (20th century), Molecular biology, Molecular genetics, Mosquito-borne disease, Multiregional origin of modern humans, Nascent hydrogen, Nascent state (chemistry), Natural history, Natural philosophy, Neocatastrophism, Neptunism, Newton's law of universal gravitation, Newton's laws of motion, Newton's sine-square law of air resistance, Nicolaus Copernicus, Nuclear reaction, Numerology, Nutrition, Open Polar Sea, Optics (Ptolemy), Organic chemistry, Paradigm shift, Pathological science, Periodontal disease, Philosophy of science, Phlogiston theory, Phrenology, Physiognomy, Plate tectonics, Plum pudding model, Plutonism, Polymer, Polywater, Preformationism, Protoscience, Pseudoscience, Psychomotor patterning, Ptolemy, Quantum electrodynamics, Quantum mechanics, Radical theory, Rain follows the plow, Rational choice theory, Recapitulation theory, Recent African origin of modern humans, Redshift, Rejection of evolution by religious groups, Relativistic mechanics, Rutherford model, SARS-CoV-2, Scientific community, Scientific consensus, Scientific method, Scientific racism, Scientific theory, Snell's law, Speed of light, Spontaneous generation, State formation, Static electricity, Static universe, Steady state, Steady-state model, Stratigraphy, Subatomic particle, Telegony (inheritance), Terra Australis, Testability, Tests of general relativity, The Washington Post, Theodore Schick, Theory of relativity, Thermodynamics, Thomas Gold, Thrifty phenotype, Tooth decay, Tooth worm, Toothache, Torrid zone, Traité Élémentaire de Chimie, Transmutation of species, Triboelectric effect, Two-streams hypothesis, Tychonic system, Uniformitarianism, Units of energy, Urea, Vis viva, Visual perception, Vitalism, Volcanism, Voltage, Von Baer's laws (embryology), Waterborne disease.

Superseded theories in science, the Glossary

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