List of popes, the Glossary
This chronological list of popes of the Catholic Church corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici Romani" (The Roman Supreme Pontiffs), excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes.[1]
Table of Contents
832 relations: Abbots Langley, Acacian schism, Achaia (Roman province), Ad extirpanda, Adoptionism, Africa (Roman province), Aidone, Alaric I, Albano Laziale, Aldobrandeschi family, Aldobrandini family, Alexandria, Alexandrian Crusade, Anagni, Anathema, Anatolia, Ancient Rome, Anno Domini, Annuario Pontificio, Antioch, Antipope, Antipope Adalbert, Antipope Anacletus II, Antipope Benedict X, Antipope Benedict XIII, Antipope Benedict XIV, Antipope Boniface VII, Antipope Callixtus III, Antipope Christopher, Antipope Clement III, Antipope Clement VIII, Antipope Dioscorus, Antipope Eulalius, Antipope Felix II, Antipope Gregory VI, Antipope Gregory VIII, Antipope Honorius II, Antipope Innocent III, Antipope John XVI, Antipope John XXIII, Antipope Laurentius, Antipope Nicholas V, Antipope Paschal III, Antipope Sylvester IV, Antipope Theodoric, Antipope Ursicinus, Antipope Victor IV (1138), Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164), Apostolic constitution, Apostolic Fathers, ... Expand index (782 more) »
- Lists of Catholic popes
- Lists of Christian religious leaders
- Lists of clerics
- Lists of patriarchs
- Portraits of popes
Abbots Langley
Abbots Langley is a large village and civil parish in the English county of Hertfordshire.
See List of popes and Abbots Langley
Acacian schism
The Acacian schism, between the Eastern and Western Christian Churches, lasted 35 years, from 484 to 519.
See List of popes and Acacian schism
Achaia (Roman province)
Achaia (Ἀχαΐα), sometimes spelled Achaea, was a province of the Roman Empire, consisting of the Peloponnese, Attica, Boeotia, Euboea, the Cyclades and parts of Phthiotis, Aetolia and Phocis.
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Ad extirpanda
Ad extirpanda ("To eradicate"; named for its Latin incipit) was a papal bull promulgated on Wednesday, May 15, 1252 by Pope Innocent IV which authorized under defined circumstances the use of torture by the Inquisition as a tool for interrogation.
See List of popes and Ad extirpanda
Adoptionism
Adoptionism, also called dynamic monarchianism, is an early Christian nontrinitarian theological doctrine, subsequently revived in various forms, which holds that Jesus was adopted as the Son of God at his baptism, his resurrection, or his ascension.
See List of popes and Adoptionism
Africa (Roman province)
Africa was a Roman province on the northern coast of the continent of Africa.
See List of popes and Africa (Roman province)
Aidone
Aidone (Gallo-Italic of Sicily: Aidungh or Dadungh; Aiduni) is a town and comune in the province of Enna, in region of Sicily in southern Italy.
Alaric I
Alaric I (𐌰𐌻𐌰𐍂𐌴𐌹𐌺𐍃, Alarīks, "ruler of all"; c. 370 – 411 AD) was the first king of the Visigoths, from 395 to 410.
See List of popes and Alaric I
Albano Laziale
Albano Laziale (Arbano; Albanum) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, on the Alban Hills, in the Italian region of Lazio.
See List of popes and Albano Laziale
Aldobrandeschi family
The Aldobrandeschi family was an Italian noble family from southern Tuscany.
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Aldobrandini family
The House of Aldobrandini is an Italian noble family originally from Florence, where in the Middle Ages they held the most important municipal offices.
See List of popes and Aldobrandini family
Alexandria
Alexandria (الإسكندرية; Ἀλεξάνδρεια, Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ - Rakoti or ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ) is the second largest city in Egypt and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast.
See List of popes and Alexandria
Alexandrian Crusade
The brief Alexandrian Crusade, also called the sack of Alexandria, occurred in October 1365 and was led by Peter I of Cyprus against Alexandria in Egypt.
See List of popes and Alexandrian Crusade
Anagni
Anagni is an ancient town and comune in the province of Frosinone, Latium, in the hills east-southeast of Rome.
Anathema
The word anathema has two main meanings.
See List of popes and Anathema
Anatolia
Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.
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Ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.
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Anno Domini
The terms anno Domini. (AD) and before Christ (BC) are used when designating years in the Julian and Gregorian calendars.
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Annuario Pontificio
The Annuario Pontificio (Italian for Pontifical Yearbook) is the annual directory of the Holy See of the Catholic Church.
See List of popes and Annuario Pontificio
Antioch
Antioch on the Orontes (Antiókheia hē epì Oróntou)Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ "Antioch on Daphne"; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη "Antioch the Great"; Antiochia ad Orontem; Անտիոք Antiokʽ; ܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ Anṭiokya; אנטיוכיה, Anṭiyokhya; أنطاكية, Anṭākiya; انطاکیه; Antakya.
Antipope
An antipope (antipapa) is a person who claims to be Bishop of Rome and leader of the Roman Catholic Church in opposition to the legitimately elected pope. List of popes and antipope are lists of Catholic popes.
See List of popes and Antipope
Antipope Adalbert
Adalbert (or Albert) was elected pope of the Catholic Church in February 1101 and served for 105 days.
See List of popes and Antipope Adalbert
Antipope Anacletus II
Anacletus II (died January 25, 1138), born Pietro Pierleoni, was an antipope who ruled in opposition to Pope Innocent II from 1130 until his death in 1138.
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Antipope Benedict X
Benedict X (died 1073/1080), born Giovanni, was elected to succeed Pope Stephen IX on 5 April 1058, but was opposed by a rival faction that elected Nicholas II.
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Antipope Benedict XIII
Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor (25 November 1328 – 23 May 1423), known as or Pope Luna, was an Aragonese nobleman who was christened antipope Benedict XIII during the Western Schism.
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Antipope Benedict XIV
Benedict XIV is a name used by two closely related minor antipopes of the 15th century.
See List of popes and Antipope Benedict XIV
Antipope Boniface VII
Antipope Boniface VII (died 20 July 985), otherwise known as Franco Ferrucci, was a Catholic prelate who claimed the Holy See in 974 and from 984 until 985.
See List of popes and Antipope Boniface VII
Antipope Callixtus III
Callixtus III (also Calixtus III or Callistus III; died between 1180 and 1184) was an antipope from September 1168 until his resignation in August 1178.
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Antipope Christopher
Christopher claimed the papacy from October 903 to January 904.
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Antipope Clement III
Guibert or Wibert of Ravenna (8 September 1100) was an Italian prelate, archbishop of Ravenna, who was elected pope in 1080 in opposition to Pope Gregory VII and took the name Clement III.
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Antipope Clement VIII
Clement VIII, born Gil Sánchez Muñoz y Carbón (1369/70 – 28 December 1445/46), was one of the antipopes of the Avignon obedience, reigning from 10 June 1423 to 26 July 1429.
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Antipope Dioscorus
Dioscorus (died 14 October 530) was a deacon of the Alexandrian and the Roman church from 506.
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Antipope Eulalius
Antipope Eulalius (died 423) was antipope from December 418 to April 419.
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Antipope Felix II
Antipope Felix II, an archdeacon of Rome, was installed as Pope in 355 AD after the Emperor Constantius II banished the reigning Pope, Liberius, for refusing to subscribe to a sentence of condemnation against Saint Athanasius.
See List of popes and Antipope Felix II
Antipope Gregory VI
On the death of Pope Sergius IV in June 1012, "a certain Gregory" opposed the party of the Theophylae (which elected Pope Benedict VIII against him), and had himself made pope, seemingly by a small faction.
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Antipope Gregory VIII
Gregory VIII (died 1137), born Mauritius Burdinus (Maurice Bourdin), was antipope from 10 March 1118 until 22 April 1121.
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Antipope Honorius II
Honorius II (1010 – 1072), born Pietro Cadalo (Latin Petrus Cadalus), was an antipope from 1061 to 1072.
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Antipope Innocent III
Innocent III (born Lando Di Sezze) was an antipope from 29 September 1179 to January 1180.
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Antipope John XVI
John XVI (born Ιωάννης Φιλάγαθος, Ioannis Philagathos; Giovanni Filagato; Johannes Philagathus) was an antipope from 997 to 998.
See List of popes and Antipope John XVI
Antipope John XXIII
Baldassarre Cossa (1370 – 22 December 1419) was Pisan antipope John XXIII (1410–1415) during the Western Schism.
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Antipope Laurentius
Laurentius (possibly Caelius) was the Archpriest of Santa Prassede and later antipope of the See of Rome.
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Antipope Nicholas V
Nicholas V, born Pietro Rainalducci (c. 125816 October 1333) was an antipope in Italy from 12 May 1328 to 25 July 1330 during the pontificate of Pope John XXII (1316–1334) at Avignon.
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Antipope Paschal III
Antipope Paschal III (or Paschal III) was a 12th-century clergyman who, from 1164 to 1168, was the second antipope to challenge the reign of Pope Alexander III.
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Antipope Sylvester IV
Sylvester IV, born Maginulf, was a claimant to the Papacy from 1105 to 1111 in opposition to Paschal II.
See List of popes and Antipope Sylvester IV
Antipope Theodoric
Theodoric was an antipope in 1100 and 1101, in the schism that began with Wibert of Ravenna in 1080, in opposition to the excesses of Pope Gregory VII and in support of the Emperor Henry IV.
See List of popes and Antipope Theodoric
Antipope Ursicinus
Ursicinus, also known as Ursinus, was elected pope in a violently contested election in 366 as a rival to Pope Damasus I. He ruled in Rome for several months in 366–367, was afterwards declared antipope, and died after 381.
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Antipope Victor IV (1138)
Victor IV (died after April 1139) was an antipope for a short time, from March to 29 May 1138.
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Antipope Victor IV (1159–1164)
Victor IV (born Octavian or Octavianus: Ottaviano dei Crescenzi Ottaviani di Monticelli) (1095 – 20 April 1164) was elected as a Ghibelline antipope in 1159, following the death of Pope Adrian IV and the election of Alexander III.
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Apostolic constitution
An apostolic constitution (constitutio apostolica) is the most solemn form of legislation issued by the Pope.
See List of popes and Apostolic constitution
Apostolic Fathers
The Apostolic Fathers, also known as the Ante-Nicene Fathers, were core Christian theologians among the Church Fathers who lived in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD who are believed to have personally known some of the Twelve Apostles or to have been significantly influenced by them.
See List of popes and Apostolic Fathers
Apulia
Apulia, also known by its Italian name Puglia, is a region of Italy, located in the southern peninsular section of the country, bordering the Adriatic Sea to the east, the Strait of Otranto and Ionian Sea to the southeast and the Gulf of Taranto to the south.
Aqua Traiana
The Aqua Traiana (later rebuilt and named the Acqua Paola) was a 1st-century Roman aqueduct built by Emperor Trajan and inaugurated in 109 AD.
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Aquileia
Aquileia is an ancient Roman city in Italy, at the head of the Adriatic at the edge of the lagoons, about from the sea, on the river Natiso (modern Natisone), the course of which has changed somewhat since Roman times.
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Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.
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Aragon
Aragon (Spanish and Aragón; Aragó) is an autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon.
Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
The Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran (Officially named the "Major Papal, Patriarchal and Roman Archbasilica, Cathedral of the Most Holy Savior and Saints John the Baptist and the Evangelist in Lateran, Mother and Head of All Churches in Rome and in the World", and commonly known as the Lateran Basilica or Saint John Lateran) is the Catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Rome in the city of Rome, and serves as the seat of the bishop of Rome, the pope.
See List of popes and Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran
Ardea, Lazio
Ardea is an ancient town and comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Rome Capital, south of Rome and about from today's Mediterranean coast.
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Arianism
Arianism (Ἀρειανισμός) is a Christological doctrine considered heretical by all modern mainstream branches of Christianity.
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Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.
See List of popes and Aristotle
Asia
Asia is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population.
Asia (Roman province)
Asia (Ἀσία) was a Roman province covering most of western Anatolia, which was created following the Roman Republic's annexation of the Attalid Kingdom in 133 BC.
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Assumption of Mary
The Assumption of Mary is one of the four Marian dogmas of the Catholic Church.
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Athanasius of Alexandria
Athanasius I of Alexandria (– 2 May 373), also called Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor, or, among Coptic Christians, Athanasius the Apostolic, was a Christian theologian and the 20th patriarch of Alexandria (as Athanasius I).
See List of popes and Athanasius of Alexandria
Athens
Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece.
Attila
Attila, frequently called Attila the Hun, was the ruler of the Huns from 434 until his death, in early 453.
August 1978 papal conclave
The papal conclave held on 25 and 26 August 1978 was the first of the two held that year.
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Augustinians
Augustinians are members of several religious orders that follow the Rule of Saint Augustine, written in about 400 AD by Augustine of Hippo.
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Avignon Papacy
The Avignon Papacy (French: Papauté d'Avignon) was the period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (at the time within the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire; now part of France) rather than in Rome.
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Barberini family
The House of Barberini is a family of the Italian nobility that rose to prominence in the 17th century Rome.
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Bari
Bari (Bare; Barium) is the capital city of the Metropolitan City of Bari and of the Apulia region, on the Adriatic Sea, southern Italy.
Battle of Lepanto
The Battle of Lepanto was a naval engagement that took place on 7 October 1571 when a fleet of the Holy League, a coalition of Catholic states arranged by Pope Pius V, inflicted a major defeat on the fleet of the Ottoman Empire in the Gulf of Patras.
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Beatific vision
In Christian theology, the beatific vision (visio beatifica) is the ultimate direct self-communication of God to the individual person.
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Belluno
Belluno (Belum; Belùn) is a town and province in the Veneto region of northern Italy.
Benedictines
The Benedictines, officially the Order of Saint Benedict (Ordo Sancti Benedicti, abbreviated as OSB), are a mainly contemplative monastic order of the Catholic Church for men and for women who follow the Rule of Saint Benedict.
See List of popes and Benedictines
Benevento
Benevento (Beneviento) is a city and comune (municipality) of Campania, Italy, capital of the province of Benevento, northeast of Naples.
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Berbers
Berbers, or the Berber peoples, also called by their endonym Amazigh or Imazighen, are a diverse grouping of distinct ethnic groups indigenous to North Africa who predate the arrival of Arabs in the Arab migrations to the Maghreb.
Bergamo
Bergamo (Bèrghem) is a city in the alpine Lombardy region of Northern Italy, approximately northeast of Milan, and about from Switzerland, the alpine lakes Como and Iseo and 70 km (43 mi) from Garda and Maggiore.
Bethlehem
Bethlehem (بيت لحم,,; בֵּית לֶחֶם) is a city in the Israeli-occupied West Bank of the State of Palestine, located about south of Jerusalem.
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Bethsaida
Bethsaida (from Bēthsaïdá; from Aramaic and House of the Fisherman' or 'House of the Hunter, from the Hebrew root צ-י-ד; Bayt Ṣaydā), also known as Julias or Julia (Ioulía), is a place mentioned in the New Testament.
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Bishop
A bishop is an ordained member of the clergy who is entrusted with a position of authority and oversight in a religious institution.
Bishops in the Catholic Church
In the Catholic Church, a bishop is an ordained minister who holds the fullness of the sacrament of holy orders and is responsible for teaching doctrine, governing Catholics in his jurisdiction, sanctifying the world and representing the Church.
See List of popes and Bishops in the Catholic Church
Black Death
The Black Death was a bubonic plague pandemic occurring in Europe from 1346 to 1353.
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Blera
Blera is a small town and comune in the northern Lazio region of Italy.
Boncompagni
The House of Boncompagni is a princely family of the Italian nobility which settled in Bologna in around the 14th century, but was probably originally from Umbria.
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Borghese family
The House of Borghese is a princely family of Italian noble and papal background, originating as the Borghese or Borghesi in Siena, where they came to prominence in the 13th century and held offices under the commune.
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Borgo Tossignano
Borgo Tossignano (Borg Tusgnàn) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Bologna in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about southeast of Bologna.
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Borgorose
Borgorose (Ju Burgu) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rieti in the Italian region of Lazio, located about northeast of Rome and about southeast of Rieti.
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Cadaver Synod
The Cadaver Synod (also called the Cadaver Trial; Synodus Horrenda) is the name commonly given to the ecclesiastical trial of Pope Formosus, who had been dead for about seven months, in the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome during January 897.
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Caetani
The House of Caetani, or Gaetani, is the name of an Italian noble family, originally from the city of Gaeta, connected by some to the lineage of the lords of the Duchy of Gaeta, as well as to the patrician Gaetani of the Republic of Pisa.
Cahors
Cahors (Caors) is a commune in the western part of Southern France.
Calabria
Calabria is a region in southern Italy.
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Calendar of saints
The calendar of saints is the traditional Christian method of organizing a liturgical year by associating each day with one or more saints and referring to the day as the feast day or feast of said saint.
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Camaldolese
The Camaldolese Hermits of Mount Corona (Congregatio Eremitarum Camaldulensium Montis Coronae), commonly called Camaldolese, is a monastic order of Pontifical Right for men founded by Saint Romuald.
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Campania
Campania is an administrative region of Italy; most of it is in the south-western portion of the Italian peninsula (with the Tyrrhenian Sea to its west), but it also includes the small Phlegraean Islands and the island of Capri.
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Canale d'Agordo
Canale d'Agordo (known as Forno di Canale until 1964; Ladin: Canal, German: Augartnerkanal) is a town and comune in the province of Belluno, in the region of Veneto, northern Italy.
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Canary Islands
The Canary Islands (Canarias), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish region, autonomous community and archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean.
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Canon regular
The Canons Regular of St. Augustine are priests who live in community under a rule (and κανών, kanon, in Greek) and are generally organised into religious orders, differing from both secular canons and other forms of religious life, such as clerics regular, designated by a partly similar terminology.
See List of popes and Canon regular
Canossa
Canossa (Reggiano: Canòsa) is a comune and castle town in the Province of Reggio Emilia, Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy.
Capriglia Irpina
Capriglia Irpina is a town and comune in the province of Avellino, Campania, Italy.
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Casalfiumanese
Casalfiumanese (Casêl Fiumanés) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Bologna in the Italian region Emilia-Romagna, located about southeast of Bologna.
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Catacombs of Rome
The Catacombs of Rome (Catacombe di Roma) are ancient catacombs, underground burial places in and around Rome, of which there are at least forty, some rediscovered only in recent decades.
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Catherine de' Medici
Catherine de' Medici (Caterina de' Medici,; Catherine de Médicis,; 13 April 1519 – 5 January 1589) was an Italian (Florentine) noblewoman born into the Medici family.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
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Catholic Encyclopedia
The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, also referred to as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia and the Original Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language encyclopedia published in the United States designed to serve the Catholic Church.
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Catholic League (French)
The Catholic League of France (Ligue catholique), sometimes referred to by contemporary (and modern) Catholics as the Holy League (La Sainte Ligue), was a major participant in the French Wars of Religion.
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Catholic Monarchs of Spain
The Catholic Monarchs were Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, whose marriage and joint rule marked the de facto unification of Spain.
See List of popes and Catholic Monarchs of Spain
Ceccano
Ceccano is a town and comune in the province of Frosinone, Lazio, central Italy, in the Latin Valley.
Celestines
The Celestines were a Roman Catholic monastic order, a branch of the Benedictines, founded in 1244.
See List of popes and Celestines
Ceprano
Ceprano (Central-Northern Latian dialect: Ceprane) is a comune in the province of Frosinone, in the Valle Latina, part of the Lazio region of Central Italy.
Cesare Borgia
Cesare Borgia (Cèsar Borja; César Borja; 13 September 1475 – 12 March 1507) was an Italian cardinal and condottiero (mercenary leader), an illegitimate son of Pope Alexander VI and member of the Spanish-Aragonese House of Borgia.
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Chambéry
Chambéry (Arpitan: Chambèri) is the prefecture and largest city of the Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of southeastern France.
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Charlemagne
Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.
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Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology.
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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V (Ghent, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.
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Château d'Annecy
The Château d'Annecy is a restored castle which dominates the old French town of Annecy in the Haute-Savoie département.
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Châtillon-sur-Marne
Châtillon-sur-Marne (literally Châtillon on Marne) is a commune in the Marne department in north-eastern France.
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Chigi family
The House of Chigi is an Italian princely family of Sienese origin descended from the counts of Ardenghesca, which possessed castles in the Maremma, southern Tuscany.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.
Chinese Rites controversy
The Chinese Rites controversy was a dispute among Catholic missionaries over the religiosity of Confucianism and Chinese rituals during the 17th and 18th centuries.
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Christ the King
Christ the King is a title of Jesus in Christianity referring to the idea of the Kingdom of God where Christ is described as being seated at the right hand of God.
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Christian democracy
Christian democracy is a political ideology inspired by Christian social teaching to respond to the challenges of contemporary society and politics.
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Christoph Grienberger
Christoph (Christophorus) Grienberger (also variously spelled Gruemberger, Bamberga, Bamberger, Banbergiera, Gamberger, Ghambergier, Granberger, Panberger) (2 July 1561 – 11 March 1636) was an Austrian Jesuit astronomer, after whom the crater Gruemberger on the Moon is named.
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Cistercians
The Cistercians, officially the Order of Cistercians ((Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis, abbreviated as OCist or SOCist), are a Catholic religious order of monks and nuns that branched off from the Benedictines and follow the Rule of Saint Benedict, as well as the contributions of the highly-influential Bernard of Clairvaux, known as the Latin Rule.
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Città di Castello
Città di Castello; "Castle Town") is a city and comune in the province of Perugia, in the northern part of Umbria. It is situated on a slope of the Apennines, on the flood plain along the upper part of the river Tiber. The city is north of Perugia and south of Cesena on the motorway SS 3 bis.
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Claudio Acquaviva
Claudio Acquaviva, SJ (14 September 1543 – 31 January 1615) was an Italian Jesuit priest.
See List of popes and Claudio Acquaviva
Clement of Rome
Clement of Rome (Clemens Romanus; Klēmēs Rōmēs) (died), also known as Pope Clement I, was a bishop of Rome in the late first century AD. List of popes and Clement of Rome are popes.
See List of popes and Clement of Rome
College of Cardinals
The College of Cardinals, more formally called the Sacred College of Cardinals, is the body of all cardinals of the Catholic Church.
See List of popes and College of Cardinals
Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum
The Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum, or simply Collegium Germanicum, is a German-speaking seminary for Catholic priests in Rome, founded in 1552.
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Colonna family
The House of Colonna, also known as Sciarrillo or Sciarra, is an Italian noble family, forming part of the papal nobility.
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Communism
Communism (from Latin label) is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need.
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Como
Como (Comasco, Cómm or Cùmm; Novum Comum) is a city and comune (municipality) in Lombardy, Italy.
Concesio
Concesio (Brescian: Consés; locally Conhè) is a town and comune in the province of Brescia, in Lombardy in Trompia valley.
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Congregatio de Auxiliis
The Congregatio de Auxiliis (Latin for "Congregation on help (by Divine Grace)") was a commission established by Pope Clement VIII to settle a theological controversy regarding divine grace that had arisen between the Dominicans and the Jesuits towards the close of the sixteenth century.
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Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples
The Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples was a congregation of the Roman Curia of the Catholic Church in Rome, responsible for missionary work and related activities.
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Constantine the Great
Constantine I (27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.
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Constantinople
Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.
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Constantius II
Constantius II (Flavius Julius Constantius; Kōnstántios; 7 August 317 – 3 November 361) was Roman emperor from 337 to 361.
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Constitutio Antoniniana
The Constitutio Antoniniana (Latin for "Constitution of Antoninus"), also called the Edict of Caracalla or the Antonine Constitution, was an edict issued in AD 212 by the Roman emperor Caracalla.
See List of popes and Constitutio Antoniniana
Conti
Conti is an Italian surname.
Copernican heliocentrism
Copernican heliocentrism is the astronomical model developed by Nicolaus Copernicus and published in 1543.
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Corsini family
The House of Corsini is the name of an old and influential Italian princely family, originally from Florence, whose members were elected to many important political and ecclesiastical positions, including that of a Pope.
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Council of Chalcedon
The Council of Chalcedon (Concilium Chalcedonense) was the fourth ecumenical council of the Christian Church.
See List of popes and Council of Chalcedon
Council of Constance
The Council of Constance was an ecumenical council of the Catholic Church that was held from 1414 to 1418 in the Bishopric of Constance (Konstanz) in present-day Germany.
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Council of Ephesus
The Council of Ephesus was a council of Christian bishops convened in Ephesus (near present-day Selçuk in Turkey) in AD 431 by the Roman Emperor Theodosius II.
See List of popes and Council of Ephesus
Council of Florence
The Council of Florence is the seventeenth ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church, held between 1431 and 1449.
See List of popes and Council of Florence
Council of Rome
The Council of Rome was a synod which took place in Rome in AD 382, under the leadership of Pope Damasus I, the then-Bishop of Rome.
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Council of Sutri
The Council of Sutri (or Synod of Sutri) was called by the Holy Roman Emperor Henry III and opened on December 20, 1046, in the hilltown of Sutri, at the edge of the Duchy of Rome.
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Council of Trent
The Council of Trent (Concilium Tridentinum), held between 1545 and 1563 in Trent (or Trento), now in northern Italy, was the 19th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church.
See List of popes and Council of Trent
Council of Vienne
The Council of Vienne was the fifteenth ecumenical council of the Catholic Church and met between 1311 and 1312 in Vienne, France.
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County of Burgundy
The Free County of Burgundy (Franche Comté de Bourgogne; Freigrafschaft Burgund) was a medieval feudal state ruled by a count from 982 to 1678.
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County of Champagne
The County of Champagne (Comitatus Campaniensis; Conté de Champaigne), or County of Champagne and Brie, was a historic territory and feudal principality in France descended from the early medieval kingdom of Austrasia.
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County of Savoy
The County of Savoy was a state of the Holy Roman Empire which emerged, along with the free communes of Switzerland, from the collapse of the Burgundian Kingdom in the 11th century.
See List of popes and County of Savoy
Crete
Crete (translit, Modern:, Ancient) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and Corsica.
Crown of Aragon
The Crown of AragonCorona d'Aragón;Corona d'Aragó,;Corona de Aragón;Corona Aragonum.
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Cuban Missile Crisis
The Cuban Missile Crisis, also known as the October Crisis (Crisis de Octubre) in Cuba, or the Caribbean Crisis, was a 13-day confrontation between the governments of the United States and the Soviet Union, when American deployments of nuclear missiles in Italy and Turkey were matched by Soviet deployments of nuclear missiles in Cuba.
See List of popes and Cuban Missile Crisis
Cuggiono
Cuggiono (Cugiònn) is a small Italian town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Milan, west of Milan on the Motorway A4 to Turin, gate of Marcallo-Mesero.
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Cum nimis absurdum
Cum nimis absurdum was a papal bull issued by Pope Paul IV dated 14 July 1555.
See List of popes and Cum nimis absurdum
Cybo
The House of Cybo, Cibo or Cibei of Italy was an old and influential aristocratic family from Genoa of Greek origin that ruled the Duchy of Massa and Carrara.
Dalmatia
Dalmatia (Dalmacija; Dalmazia; see names in other languages) is one of the four historical regions of Croatia, alongside Central Croatia, Slavonia, and Istria, located on the east shore of the Adriatic Sea in Croatia.
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Dean of the College of Cardinals
The dean of the College of Cardinals (Decanus Collegii Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae Cardinalium) presides over the College of Cardinals in the Catholic Church, serving as primus inter pares (first among equals).
See List of popes and Dean of the College of Cardinals
Death and funeral of Pope John Paul II
On 2 April 2005, Pope John Paul II died at the age of 84.
See List of popes and Death and funeral of Pope John Paul II
Della Rovere
The House of Della Rovere (literally "of the oak tree") was a powerful Italian noble family.
See List of popes and Della Rovere
Desio
Desio (Des) is a comune (municipality) in the province of Monza and Brianza, in the Italian region of Lombardy.
Dominican Order
The Order of Preachers (Ordo Prædicatorum; abbreviated OP), commonly known as the Dominican Order, is a Catholic mendicant order of pontifical right that was founded in France by a Castilian-French priest named Dominic de Guzmán.
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Donation of Constantine
The Donation of Constantine is a forged Roman imperial decree by which the 4th-century emperor Constantine the Great supposedly transferred authority over Rome and the western part of the Roman Empire to the Pope.
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Donation of Pepin
The Donation of Pepin in 756 provided a legal basis for the creation of the Papal States, thus extending the temporal rule of the popes beyond the duchy of Rome.
See List of popes and Donation of Pepin
Duchy of Bavaria
The Duchy of Bavaria was a frontier region in the southeastern part of the Merovingian kingdom from the sixth through the eighth century.
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Duchy of Benevento
The Duchy of Benevento (after 774, Principality of Benevento) was the southernmost Lombard duchy in the Italian Peninsula that was centred on Benevento, a city in Southern Italy.
See List of popes and Duchy of Benevento
Duchy of Carinthia
The Duchy of Carinthia (Herzogtum Kärnten; Vojvodina Koroška) was a duchy located in southern Austria and parts of northern Slovenia.
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Duchy of Florence
The Duchy of Florence (Ducato di Firenze) was an Italian principality that was centred on the city of Florence, in Tuscany, Italy.
See List of popes and Duchy of Florence
Duchy of Gaeta
The Duchy of Gaeta (Ducatus Caietae) was an early medieval state centered on the coastal South Italian city of Gaeta.
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Duchy of Lorraine
The Duchy of Lorraine (Lorraine; Lothringen), originally Upper Lorraine, was a duchy now included in the larger present-day region of Lorraine in northeastern France.
See List of popes and Duchy of Lorraine
Duchy of Milan
The Duchy of Milan (Ducato di Milano; Ducaa de Milan) was a state in Northern Italy, created in 1395 by Gian Galeazzo Visconti, then the lord of Milan, and a member of the important Visconti family, which had been ruling the city since 1277.
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Duchy of Rome
The Duchy of Rome (Ducatus Romanus) was a state within the Byzantine Exarchate of Ravenna.
See List of popes and Duchy of Rome
Duchy of Saxony
The Duchy of Saxony (Hartogdom Sassen, Herzogtum Sachsen) was originally the area settled by the Saxons in the late Early Middle Ages, when they were subdued by Charlemagne during the Saxon Wars from 772 and incorporated into the Carolingian Empire (Francia) by 804.
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Duchy of Swabia
The Duchy of Swabia (German: Herzogtum Schwaben; Latin: Ducatus Allemaniæ) was one of the five stem duchies of the medieval German Kingdom.
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Duke of Parma
The Duke of Parma and Piacenza was the ruler of the Duchy of Parma and Piacenza, a historical state of Northern Italy.
See List of popes and Duke of Parma
Dum Diversas
Dum Diversas (english: Until different) is a papal bull issued on 18 June 1452 by Pope Nicholas V. It authorized King Afonso V of Portugal to conquer "Saracens (Muslims) and pagans" in a disputed territory in Africa and consign them to "perpetual servitude".
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East–West Schism
The East–West Schism, also known as the Great Schism or the Schism of 1054, is the break of communion between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches since 1054.
See List of popes and East–West Schism
Easter
Easter, also called Pascha (Aramaic, Greek, Latin) or Resurrection Sunday, is a Christian festival and cultural holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial following his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary.
Eastern Christianity
Eastern Christianity comprises Christian traditions and church families that originally developed during classical and late antiquity in the Eastern Mediterranean region or locations further east, south or north.
See List of popes and Eastern Christianity
Eastern Orthodoxy
Eastern Orthodoxy, otherwise known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity or Byzantine Christianity, is one of the three main branches of Chalcedonian Christianity, alongside Catholicism and Protestantism.
See List of popes and Eastern Orthodoxy
Edict of Milan
The Edict of Milan (Edictum Mediolanense; Διάταγμα τῶν Μεδιολάνων, Diatagma tōn Mediolanōn) was the February 313 AD agreement to treat Christians benevolently within the Roman Empire.
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Eguisheim
Eguisheim (Egisheim; Alsatian: Egsa) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.
See List of popes and Eguisheim
Egypt
Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.
Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603.
See List of popes and Elizabeth I
Emperor of the French
Emperor of the French (French: Empereur des Français) was the title of the monarch and supreme ruler of the First and the Second French Empires.
See List of popes and Emperor of the French
Ephesus
Ephesus (Éphesos; Efes; may ultimately derive from Apaša) was a city in Ancient Greece on the coast of Ionia, southwest of present-day Selçuk in İzmir Province, Turkey.
Epirus
Epirus is a geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now shared between Greece and Albania.
Episcopa Theodora
Episcopa Theodora is the Greek inscription on a 9th-century Christian mosaic in the Chapel of Bishop Zeno of Verona located within the Church of Saint Praxedis the Martyr in Rome.
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Epistle to the Philippians
The Epistle to the Philippians is a Pauline epistle of the New Testament of the Christian Bible.
See List of popes and Epistle to the Philippians
Era of the Martyrs
The Era of the Martyrs (anno martyrum), also known as the Diocletian era (anno Diocletiani), is a method of numbering years based on the reign of Roman Emperor Diocletian who instigated the last major persecution against Christians in the Empire.
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Erba-Odescalchi
The House of Erba-Odescalchi and the House of Odescalchi are branches of an Italian noble family formed by the union of the Erba and Odescalchi families.
See List of popes and Erba-Odescalchi
Etruria
Etruria was a region of Central Italy delimited by the rivers Arno and Tiber, an area that covered what is now most of Tuscany, northern Lazio, and north-western Umbria.
Eusebius
Eusebius of Caesarea (Εὐσέβιος τῆς Καισαρείας; 260/265 – 30 May 339), also known as Eusebius Pamphilus (from the Εὐσέβιος τοῦ Παμφίλου), was a Greek Syro-Palestinian historian of Christianity, exegete, and Christian polemicist.
See List of popes and Eusebius
Exarchate of Ravenna
The Exarchate of Ravenna (Exarchatus Ravennatis; Εξαρχάτον τής Ραβέννας), also known as the Exarchate of Italy, was an administrative district of the Byzantine Empire comprising, between the 6th and 8th centuries, the territories under the jurisdiction of the exarch of Italy (exarchus Italiae) resident in Ravenna.
See List of popes and Exarchate of Ravenna
Excommunication
Excommunication is an institutional act of religious censure used to deprive, suspend, or limit membership in a religious community or to restrict certain rights within it, in particular those of being in communion with other members of the congregation, and of receiving the sacraments.
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Experiments on Plant Hybridization
"Experiments on Plant Hybridization" (German: "Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden") is a seminal paper written in 1865 and published in 1866 by Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian friar considered to be the founder of modern genetics.
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Fano
Fano is a town and comune of the province of Pesaro and Urbino in the Marche region of Italy.
Feast of Corpus Christi
The Feast of Corpus Christi, also known as the Solemnity of the Most Holy Body and Blood of Christ, is a liturgical solemnity celebrating the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist; the feast is observed by the Latin Church, in addition to certain Western Orthodox, Lutheran, and Anglican churches.
See List of popes and Feast of Corpus Christi
Feast of Saints Peter and Paul
The Feast of Saints Peter and Paul or Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul is a liturgical feast in honor of the martyrdom in Rome of the apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul, which is observed on 29 June.
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Feast of the Transfiguration
The Feast of the Transfiguration is celebrated by various Christian communities in honor of the transfiguration of Jesus.
See List of popes and Feast of the Transfiguration
Fieschi family
The House of Fieschi were an old Italian noble family from Genoa, Italy, from whom descend the Fieschi Ravaschieri Princes of Belmonte.
See List of popes and Fieschi family
Fifth Council of the Lateran
The Fifth Council of the Lateran, held between 1512 and 1517, was the eighteenth ecumenical council of the Catholic Church and was the last council before the Protestant Reformation and the Council of Trent.
See List of popes and Fifth Council of the Lateran
Fifth Crusade
The Fifth Crusade (September 1217 - August 29, 1221) was a campaign in a series of Crusades by Western Europeans to reacquire Jerusalem and the rest of the Holy Land by first conquering Egypt, ruled by the powerful Ayyubid sultanate, led by al-Adil, brother of Saladin.
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First Council of Constantinople
The First Council of Constantinople (Concilium Constantinopolitanum; Σύνοδος τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως) was a council of Christian bishops convened in Constantinople (now Istanbul, Turkey) in AD 381 by the Roman Emperor Theodosius I.
See List of popes and First Council of Constantinople
First Council of Lyon
The First Council of Lyon (Lyon I) was the thirteenth ecumenical council, as numbered by the Catholic Church, taking place in 1245.
See List of popes and First Council of Lyon
First Council of Nicaea
The First Council of Nicaea (Sýnodos tês Nikaías) was a council of Christian bishops convened in the Bithynian city of Nicaea (now İznik, Turkey) by the Roman Emperor Constantine I. The Council of Nicaea met from May until the end of July 325.
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First Council of the Lateran
The First Council of the Lateran was the 9th ecumenical council recognised by the Catholic Church.
See List of popes and First Council of the Lateran
First Crusade
The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the Middle Ages.
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First Epistle of Clement
The First Epistle of Clement (Clement to Corinthians) is a letter addressed to the Christians in the city of Corinth.
See List of popes and First Epistle of Clement
First Vatican Council
The First Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, commonly known as the First Vatican Council or Vatican I, was the 20th ecumenical council of the Catholic Church, held three centuries after the preceding Council of Trent which was adjourned in 1563.
See List of popes and First Vatican Council
Florence
Florence (Firenze) is the capital city of the Italian region of Tuscany.
See List of popes and Florence
Flores, Buenos Aires
Flores (Spanish for “Flowers”) is a middle-class barrio or district in the center part of Buenos Aires city, Argentina.
See List of popes and Flores, Buenos Aires
Fondi
Fondi (Fundi; Southern Laziale: Fùnn) is a city and comune in the province of Latina, Lazio, central Italy, halfway between Rome and Naples.
Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi
Fontana dei Quattro Fiumi (Fountain of the Four Rivers) is a fountain in the Piazza Navona in Rome, Italy.
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Fourth Council of the Lateran
The Fourth Council of the Lateran or Lateran IV was convoked by Pope Innocent III in April 1213 and opened at the Lateran Palace in Rome on 11 November 1215.
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Fourth Crusade
The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was a Latin Christian armed expedition called by Pope Innocent III.
See List of popes and Fourth Crusade
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.
France in the Middle Ages
The Kingdom of France in the Middle Ages (roughly, from the 10th century to the middle of the 15th century) was marked by the fragmentation of the Carolingian Empire and West Francia (843–987); the expansion of royal control by the House of Capet (987–1328), including their struggles with the virtually independent principalities (duchies and counties, such as the Norman and Angevin regions), and the creation and extension of administrative/state control (notably under Philip II Augustus and Louis IX) in the 13th century; and the rise of the House of Valois (1328–1589), including the protracted dynastic crisis against the House of Plantagenet and their Angevin Empire, culminating in the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453) (compounded by the catastrophic Black Death in 1348), which laid the seeds for a more centralized and expanded state in the early modern period and the creation of a sense of French identity.
See List of popes and France in the Middle Ages
Franciscans
The Franciscans are a group of related mendicant religious orders of the Catholic Church.
See List of popes and Franciscans
Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick III (German: Friedrich III, 21 September 1415 – 19 August 1493) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1452 until his death in 1493.
See List of popes and Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
Freemasonry
Freemasonry or Masonry refers to fraternal organisations that trace their origins to the local guilds of stonemasons that, from the end of the 14th century, regulated the qualifications of stonemasons and their interaction with authorities and clients.
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French people
The French people (lit) are a nation primarily located in Western Europe that share a common French culture, history, and language, identified with the country of France.
See List of popes and French people
French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.
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French Wars of Religion
The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars between French Catholics and Protestants (called Huguenots) from 1562 to 1598.
See List of popes and French Wars of Religion
Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel
Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel (22 July 1784 – 17 March 1846) was a German astronomer, mathematician, physicist, and geodesist.
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Frosinone
Frosinone (local dialect: Frusenone) is a comune (municipality) in the Italian region of Lazio, administrative seat of the province of Frosinone.
See List of popes and Frosinone
Gaeta
Gaeta (Cāiēta; Southern Laziale: Gaieta) is a city in the province of Latina, in Lazio, Italy.
Galactic Center
The Galactic Center is the barycenter of the Milky Way and a corresponding point on the rotational axis of the galaxy.
See List of popes and Galactic Center
Gallese
Gallese is an Italian comune (municipality) in the Province of Viterbo, from Viterbo.
Gaul
Gaul (Gallia) was a region of Western Europe first clearly described by the Romans, encompassing present-day France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and parts of Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, and Northern Italy.
Gavignano
Gavignano is a town in the Metropolitan City of Rome, Lazio, central Italy.
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Genazzano
Genazzano is a town and comune in the Metropolitan City of Rome, located on a tuff spur at above sea level that, starting from the Monti Prenestini, ends on the Sacco River valley.
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Germanic peoples
The Germanic peoples were tribal groups who once occupied Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages.
See List of popes and Germanic peoples
Golan Heights
The Golan Heights (Haḍbatu l-Jawlān or; רמת הגולן), or simply the Golan, is a basaltic plateau, at the southwest corner of Syria.
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Gospel
Gospel (εὐαγγέλιον; evangelium) originally meant the Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was reported.
Gospel of Matthew
The Gospel of Matthew is the first book of the New Testament of the Bible and one of the three synoptic Gospels.
See List of popes and Gospel of Matthew
Grand Duchy of Tuscany
The Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Granducato di Toscana; Magnus Ducatus Etruriae) was an Italian monarchy that existed, with interruptions, from 1569 to 1860, replacing the Republic of Florence.
See List of popes and Grand Duchy of Tuscany
Gratian
Gratian (Gratianus; 18 April 359 – 25 August 383) was emperor of the Western Roman Empire from 367 to 383.
Greece
Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.
Gregor Mendel
Gregor Johann Mendel OSA (Řehoř Jan Mendel; 20 July 1822 – 6 January 1884) was an Austrian-Czech biologist, meteorologist, mathematician, Augustinian friar and abbot of St. Thomas' Abbey in Brno (Brünn), Margraviate of Moravia.
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Gregorian chant
Gregorian chant is the central tradition of Western plainchant, a form of monophonic, unaccompanied sacred song in Latin (and occasionally Greek) of the Roman Catholic Church.
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Gregorian Reform
The Gregorian Reforms were a series of reforms initiated by Pope Gregory VII and the circle he formed in the papal curia, c. 1050–80, which dealt with the moral integrity and independence of the clergy.
See List of popes and Gregorian Reform
Henry II of France
Henry II (Henri II; 31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was King of France from 1547 until his death in 1559.
See List of popes and Henry II of France
Henry IV of France
Henry IV (Henri IV; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithets Good King Henry or Henry the Great, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 and King of France from 1589 to 1610.
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Henry VIII
Henry VIII (28 June 149128 January 1547) was King of England from 22 April 1509 until his death in 1547.
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Hermann of Reichenau
Blessed Hermann of Reichenau or Herman the Cripple (18 July 1013– 24 September 1054), also known by other names, was an 11th-century Benedictine monk and scholar.
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Hermas (freedman)
Hermas was a well-to-do freedman and earnest Christian, who lived in Ancient Rome.
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Hertfordshire
Hertfordshire (or; often abbreviated Herts) is a ceremonial county in the East of England and one of the home counties.
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Himerius of Tarragona
Himerius of Tarragona (fl. 385) was bishop of Tarragona during the 4th century.
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Hippolytus of Rome
Hippolytus of Rome (Romanized: Hippólytos, –) was a Bishop of Rome and one of the most important second–third centuries Christian theologians, whose provenance, identity and corpus remain elusive to scholars and historians.
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History of the papacy
According to Roman Catholicism, the history of the papacy, the office held by the pope as head of the Catholic Church, spans from the time of Peter to the present day. List of popes and history of the papacy are popes.
See List of popes and History of the papacy
Holy Land
The Holy Land is an area roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern bank of the Jordan River, traditionally synonymous both with the biblical Land of Israel and with the region of Palestine.
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Holy League (1684)
The Holy League (Latin: Sacra Ligua) of 1684 was a coalition of European nations formed during the Great Turkish War.
See List of popes and Holy League (1684)
Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.
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Homeland
A homeland is a place where a national or ethnic identity has formed.
See List of popes and Homeland
Homs
Homs (حِمْص / ALA-LC:; Levantine Arabic: حُمْص / Ḥomṣ), known in pre-Islamic Syria as Emesa (Émesa), is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate.
Honorius (emperor)
Honorius (9 September 384 – 15 August 423) was Roman emperor from 393 to 423.
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Hornburg
Hornburg is a town and a former municipality in the Wolfenbüttel district, in the German state of Lower Saxony.
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House of Borgia
The House of Borgia (Spanish and Borja; Borja) was a Spanish noble family, which rose to prominence during the Italian Renaissance.
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House of Farnese
The House of Farnese (also) was an influential family in Renaissance Italy.
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House of Medici
The House of Medici was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first consolidated power in the Republic of Florence under Cosimo de' Medici during the first half of the 15th century.
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Humanae vitae
Humanae vitae (Latin, meaning 'Of Human Life') is an encyclical written by Pope Paul VI and dated 25 July 1968.
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Humani generis
Humani generis is a papal encyclical that Pope Pius XII promulgated on 12 August 1950 "concerning some false opinions threatening to undermine the foundations of Catholic Doctrine".
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Humbert of Silva Candida
Humbert of Silva Candida, O.S.B., also known as Humbert of Moyenmoutier (1000 to 1015 – 5 May 1061) was a French Benedictine abbot and later cardinal.
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Hussite Wars
The Hussite Wars, also called the Bohemian Wars or the Hussite Revolution, were a series of civil wars fought between the Hussites and the combined Catholic forces of Holy Roman Emperor Sigismund, the Papacy, and European monarchs loyal to the Catholic Church, as well as various Hussite factions.
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Hypostatic union
Hypostatic union (from the Greek: ὑπόστασις hypóstasis, 'person, subsistence') is a technical term in Christian theology employed in mainstream Christology to describe the union of Christ's humanity and divinity in one hypostasis, or individual personhood.
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Idanha-a-Nova
Idanha-a-Nova is a town and surrounding municipality in the district of Castelo Branco, in east-central Portugal.
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Immaculate Conception
The Immaculate Conception is the belief that the Virgin Mary was free of original sin from the moment of her conception.
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In eminenti apostolatus
In eminenti apostolatus specula is a papal bull issued by Pope Clement XII on 28 April 1738, banning Catholics from becoming Freemasons.
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Index Librorum Prohibitorum
The Index Librorum Prohibitorum (English: Index of Forbidden Books) was a changing list of publications deemed heretical or contrary to morality by the Sacred Congregation of the Index (a former Dicastery of the Roman Curia); Catholics were forbidden to print or read them, subject to the local bishop.
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Indulgence
In the teaching of the Catholic Church, an indulgence (from indulgeo, 'permit') is "a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for (forgiven) sins".
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Innocenzo Ciocchi Del Monte
Innocenzo Ciocchi del Monte (– 1577) was a notorious cardinal whose relationship with Pope Julius III (born Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte) caused grave scandal in the early 16th century.
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Inter caetera
Inter caetera ('Among other ') was a papal bull issued by Pope Alexander VI on the 4 May 1493, which granted to the Catholic Monarchs King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile all lands to the "west and south" of a pole-to-pole line 100 leagues west and south of any of the islands of the Azores or the Cape Verde islands.
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Irenaeus
Irenaeus (Eirēnaîos) was a Greek bishop noted for his role in guiding and expanding Christian communities in the southern regions of present-day France and, more widely, for the development of Christian theology by combating heterodox or Gnostic interpretations of Scripture as heresy and defining proto-orthodoxy.
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Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher.
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Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.
James Bradley
James Bradley (September 1692 – 13 July 1762) was an English astronomer and priest who served as the third Astronomer Royal from 1742.
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Jansenism
Jansenism was a 17th- and 18th-century theological movement within Roman Catholicism, primarily active in France, which arose as an attempt to reconcile the theological concepts of free will and divine grace in response to certain developments in the Roman Catholic Church, but later developing political and philosophical aspects in opposition to royal absolutism.
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Jenne, Lazio
Jenne is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Rome in the Italian region Lazio, located about east of Rome.
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Jerome
Jerome (Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was an early Christian priest, confessor, theologian, translator, and historian; he is commonly known as Saint Jerome.
Jerusalem
Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.
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Jesuits
The Society of Jesus (Societas Iesu; abbreviation: SJ), also known as the Jesuit Order or the Jesuits (Iesuitae), is a religious order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men in the Catholic Church headquartered in Rome.
Jubilee in the Catholic Church
A jubilee is a special year of remission of sins, debts and universal pardon.
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Judaea (Roman province)
Judaea (Iudaea; translit) was a Roman province from 6 to 132 AD, which incorporated the Levantine regions of Idumea, Philistia, Judea, Samaria and Galilee, extending over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Judea.
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Julian calendar
The Julian calendar is a solar calendar of 365 days in every year with an additional leap day every fourth year (without exception).
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Kabylia
Kabylia or Kabylie (Kabyle: Tamurt n Leqbayel or Iqbayliyen, meaning "Land of Kabyles",, meaning "Land of the Tribes") is a mountainous coastal region in northern Algeria and the homeland of the Kabyle people.
Kiel
Kiel is the capital and most populous city in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, with a population of 246,243 (2021).
Kingdom of Aragon
The Kingdom of Aragon (Reino d'Aragón; Regne d'Aragó; Regnum Aragoniae; Reino de Aragón) or Imperial Aragon (Aragón Imperial) was a medieval and early modern kingdom on the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon, in Spain.
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Kingdom of England
The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 886, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, which would later become the United Kingdom.
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Kingdom of France
The Kingdom of France is the historiographical name or umbrella term given to various political entities of France in the medieval and early modern period.
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Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 17 March 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 10 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished, following civil discontent that led to an institutional referendum on 2 June 1946.
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Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)
The Kingdom of Italy (Regnum Italiae or Regnum Italicum; Regno d'Italia; Königreich Italien), also called Imperial Italy (Italia Imperiale, Reichsitalien), was one of the constituent kingdoms of the Holy Roman Empire, along with the kingdoms of Germany, Bohemia, and Burgundy.
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Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
The Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia (Regnum Langobardiae et Venetiae), commonly called the "Lombardo-Venetian Kingdom" (Regno Lombardo-Veneto; Königreich Lombardo-Venetien), was a constituent land (crown land) of the Austrian Empire from 1815 to 1866.
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Kingdom of Naples
The Kingdom of Naples (Regnum Neapolitanum; Regno di Napoli; Regno 'e Napule), was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816.
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Kingdom of Portugal
The Kingdom of Portugal was a monarchy in the western Iberian Peninsula and the predecessor of the modern Portuguese Republic.
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Kingdom of Sicily
The Kingdom of Sicily (Regnum Siciliae; Regno di Sicilia; Regnu di Sicilia) was a state that existed in Sicily and the south of the Italian Peninsula plus, for a time, in Northern Africa from its founding by Roger II of Sicily in 1130 until 1816.
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Kingdom of Valencia
The Kingdom of Valencia (Regne de València,; Reino de Valencia; Regnum Valentiae), located in the eastern shore of the Iberian Peninsula, was one of the component realms of the Crown of Aragon.
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Kingship and kingdom of God
The concept of the kingship of God appears in all Abrahamic religions, where in some cases the terms kingdom of God and kingdom of Heaven are also used.
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Knights Templar
The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon, mainly known as the Knights Templar, was a French military order of the Catholic faith, and one of the wealthiest and most popular military orders in Western Christianity.
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Lateran council
The Lateran councils were ecclesiastical councils or synods of the Catholic Church held at Rome in the Lateran Palace next to the Lateran Basilica.
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Lateran Treaty
The Lateran Treaty (Patti Lateranensi; Pacta Lateranensia) was one component of the Lateran Pacts of 1929, agreements between the Kingdom of Italy under King Victor Emmanuel III (with his Prime Minister Benito Mussolini) and the Holy See under Pope Pius XI to settle the long-standing Roman question.
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Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
Latin America
Latin America often refers to the regions in the Americas in which Romance languages are the main languages and the culture and Empires of its peoples have had significant historical, ethnic, linguistic, and cultural impact.
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Latium
Latium is the region of central western Italy in which the city of Rome was founded and grew to be the capital city of the Roman Empire.
The papacy has been surrounded by numerous legends.
See List of popes and Legends surrounding the papacy
Leptis Magna
Leptis or Lepcis Magna, also known by other names in antiquity, was a prominent city of the Carthaginian Empire and Roman Libya at the mouth of the Wadi Lebda in the Mediterranean.
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Liber Pontificalis
The Liber Pontificalis (Latin for 'pontifical book' or Book of the Popes) is a book of biographies of popes from Saint Peter until the 15th century.
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Liberian Catalogue
The Liberian Catalogue (Catalogus Liberianus) is a list of the bishops of Rome from Peter to Liberius (died 366).
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Libya
Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.
Lisbon
Lisbon (Lisboa) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 567,131 as of 2023 within its administrative limits and 2,961,177 within the metropolis.
List of canonised popes
This article lists the popes who have been canonised. List of popes and list of canonised popes are lists of Catholic popes and popes.
See List of popes and List of canonised popes
List of pastoral visits of Pope John Paul II
During his reign, Pope John Paul II ("The Pilgrim Pope") made 146 pastoral visits within Italy and 104 foreign trips, more than all previous popes combined.
See List of popes and List of pastoral visits of Pope John Paul II
List of popes
This chronological list of popes of the Catholic Church corresponds to that given in the Annuario Pontificio under the heading "I Sommi Pontefici Romani" (The Roman Supreme Pontiffs), excluding those that are explicitly indicated as antipopes. List of popes and list of popes are lists of Catholic popes, lists of Christian religious leaders, lists of clerics, lists of monarchs, lists of patriarchs, popes, Portraits of popes and religion and politics.
See List of popes and List of popes
List of popes (graphical)
This is a graphical list of the popes of the Catholic Church. List of popes and list of popes (graphical) are lists of Catholic popes, lists of clerics, lists of monarchs and popes.
See List of popes and List of popes (graphical)
List of popes who died violently
A collection of popes have had violent deaths through the centuries. List of popes and List of popes who died violently are lists of Catholic popes and popes.
See List of popes and List of popes who died violently
List of sexually active popes
This is a list of sexually active popes, Catholic priests who were not celibate before they became pope, and those who were legally married before becoming pope. List of popes and list of sexually active popes are lists of Catholic popes.
See List of popes and List of sexually active popes
Liutprand of Cremona
Liutprand, also Liudprand, Liuprand, Lioutio, Liucius, Liuzo, and Lioutsios (c. 920 – 972),"LIUTPRAND OF CREMONA" in The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, New York & Oxford, 1991, p. 1241.
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Lombardy
Lombardy (Lombardia; Lombardia) is an administrative region of Italy that covers; it is located in northern Italy and has a population of about 10 million people, constituting more than one-sixth of Italy's population.
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Long Turkish War
The Long Turkish War (Langer Türkenkrieg), Long War (Hosszú háború; Dugi turski rat, Дуги рат), or Thirteen Years' War was an indecisive land war between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire, primarily over the principalities of Wallachia, Transylvania, and Moldavia.
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Lorenzo de' Medici
Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici, known as Lorenzo the Magnificent (Lorenzo il Magnifico; 1 January 1449 – 8 April 1492), was an Italian statesman, the de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic, and the most powerful patron of Renaissance culture in Italy.
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Louis Philippe I
Louis Philippe I (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850), nicknamed the Citizen King, was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, and the penultimate monarch of France.
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Lucania
Lucania was a historical region of Southern Italy, corresponding to the modern-day region of Basilicata.
Lucca
Lucca is a city and comune in Tuscany, Central Italy, on the Serchio River, in a fertile plain near the Ligurian Sea.
Lucrezia Borgia
Lucrezia Borgia (Lucrècia Borja; 18 April 1480 – 24 June 1519) was an Italian noblewoman of the House of Borgia who was the illegitimate daughter of Pope Alexander VI and Vannozza dei Cattanei.
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Ludovisi (family)
The House of Ludovisi was an Italian noble family, originating from Bologna.
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Luni, Italy
Luni is a comune (municipality) in the province of La Spezia, in the easternmost end of the Liguria region of northern Italy.
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Lusitania
Lusitania was an ancient Iberian Roman province encompassing most of modern-day Portugal (south of the Douro River) and a large portion of western Spain (the present Extremadura and Province of Salamanca).
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March of Tuscany
The March of Tuscany (Marca di Tuscia) was a march of the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages.
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March of Verona
The March of Verona and Aquileia was a vast march (frontier district) of the Holy Roman Empire in the northeastern Italian Peninsula during the Middle Ages, centered on the cities of Verona and Aquileia.
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Marktl
Marktl, or often unofficially called Marktl am Inn ("little market on the River Inn"), is a village and historic market municipality in the state of Bavaria, Germany, near the Austrian border, in the Altötting district of Upper Bavaria.
Marsica
Marsica is a geographical and historical region in Abruzzo, central Italy, including 37 comuni in the province of L'Aquila.
Martin Luther
Martin Luther (10 November 1483– 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and Augustinian friar.
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Mass of Paul VI
The Mass of Paul VI, also known as the Ordinary Form or Novus Ordo, is the most commonly used liturgy in the Catholic Church.
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Maxentius
Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxentius (283 – 28 October 312) was a Roman emperor from 306 until his death in 312.
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Mental reservation
Mental reservation (or mental equivocation) is an ethical theory and a doctrine in moral theology which recognizes the "lie of necessity", and holds that when there is a conflict between justice and telling the truth, it is justice that should prevail.
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Mercury (mythology)
Mercury (Mercurius) is a major god in Roman religion and mythology, being one of the 12 Dii Consentes within the ancient Roman pantheon.
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Mesoraca
Mesoraca (Misuraca) is a comune and town in the province of Crotone, in Calabria, southern Italy.
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Michelangelo
Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564), known mononymously as Michelangelo, was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, and poet of the High Renaissance.
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Milan
Milan (Milano) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, and the second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome.
Milky Way
The Milky Way is the galaxy that includes the Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye.
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Missa Papae Marcelli
Missa Papae Marcelli, or Pope Marcellus Mass, is a mass sine nomine by Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina.
See List of popes and Missa Papae Marcelli
Modernism in the Catholic Church
Modernism in the Catholic Church describes attempts to reconcile Catholicism with modern culture, specifically an understanding of the Bible and Catholic tradition in light of the historical-critical method and new philosophical and political developments of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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Montemagno, Piedmont
Montemagno (Montmagn in Piedmontese) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Asti in the Italian region Piedmont, located about east of Turin and about northeast of Asti.
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Munificentissimus Deus
Munificentissimus Deus (The most bountiful God) is the name of an apostolic constitution written by Pope Pius XII.
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Murder
Murder is the unlawful killing of another human without justification or valid excuse committed with the necessary intention as defined by the law in a specific jurisdiction.
Muslims
Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.
Naples
Naples (Napoli; Napule) is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's administrative limits as of 2022.
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.
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Neapoli, Crete
Neapoli (Νεάπολη) is a small town and a former municipality in Lasithi, eastern Crete, Greece.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.
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New Testament
The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon.
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Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center.
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Nicopolis
Nicopolis (City of Victory) or Actia Nicopolis was the capital city of the Roman province of Epirus Vetus.
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Norman Conquest
The Norman Conquest (or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army made up of thousands of Norman, French, Flemish, and Breton troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror.
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Northern Crusades
The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were Christianization campaigns undertaken by Catholic Christian military orders and kingdoms, primarily against the pagan Baltic, Finnic and West Slavic peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, and also against Orthodox Christian East Slavs.
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Novatian
Novatian (Greek: Νοβατιανός, Latin: Novatianus) was a scholar, priest, and theologian.
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Novatianism
Novatianism or Novationism was an early Christian sect devoted to the theologian Novatian (200–258) that held a strict view that refused readmission to communion of lapsi (those baptized Christians who had denied their faith or performed the formalities of a ritual sacrifice to the pagan gods under the pressures of the persecution sanctioned by Emperor Decius in AD 250).
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Oath Against Modernism
The Oath Against Modernism was instituted by Pope Pius X in his motu proprio Sacrorum antistitum on September 1, 1910.
See List of popes and Oath Against Modernism
Occitania
Occitania (Occitània,, or, Occitanie) is the historical region in Southern Europe where the Occitan language was historically spoken and where it is sometimes used as a second language.
See List of popes and Occitania
October 1978 papal conclave
The papal conclave held from 14 to 16 October 1978 was triggered by the death of John Paul I on 28 September 1978, just 33 days after he was elected pope.
See List of popes and October 1978 papal conclave
Odoacer
Odoacer (– 15 March 493 AD), also spelled Odovacer or Odovacar, was a barbarian soldier and statesman from the Middle Danube who deposed the Western Roman child emperor Romulus Augustulus and became the ruler of Italy (476–493).
Old St. Peter's Basilica
Old St.
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On the Origin of Species
On the Origin of Species (or, more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life)The book's full original title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.
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Order of Friars Minor Capuchin
The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (postnominal abbr. OFMCap) is a religious order of Franciscan friars within the Catholic Church, one of three "First Orders" that reformed from the Franciscan Friars Minor Observant (OFMObs, now OFM), the other being the Conventuals (OFMConv).
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Order of Friars Minor Conventual
The Order of Friars Minor Conventual (O.F.M. Conv.) is a male religious fraternity in the Catholic Church and a branch of the Franciscan Order.
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Order of Saint Augustine
The Order of Saint Augustine (Ordo Fratrum Sancti Augustini), abbreviated OSA, is a religious mendicant order of the Catholic Church.
See List of popes and Order of Saint Augustine
Orsini
Orsini is a surname of Italian origin, originally derived from Latin ursinus ("bearlike") and originating as an epithet or sobriquet describing the name-bearer's purported strength.
Orsini family
The House of Orsini is an Italian noble family that was one of the most influential princely families in medieval Italy and Renaissance Rome.
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Ostia Antica (district)
Ostia Antica is the 35th zona of Rome, Italy, four kilometers away from the coast.
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Ostrogothic Kingdom
The Ostrogothic Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of Italy (Regnum Italiae), was a barbarian kingdom established by the Germanic Ostrogoths that controlled Italy and neighbouring areas between 493 and 553.
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Ostrogoths
The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi, Austrogothi) were a Roman-era Germanic people.
See List of popes and Ostrogoths
Ottoboni family
The Ottoboni were an aristocratic Venetian family, who gained prominence in Rome after the 17th century, mainly due to the papacy of Alexander VIII and his cardinal nephew, Pietro Ottoboni, known for his patronage of musicians and painters.
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Our Lady of the Rosary
Our Lady of the Rosary (Beatae Mariae Virginis a Rosario), also known as Our Lady of the Holy Rosary, is a Marian title.
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Pacem in terris
Pacem in terris is a papal encyclical issued by Pope John XXIII on 11 April 1963, on the rights and obligations of people and their states, as well as proper interstate relations.
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Palazzo Venezia
The Palazzo Venezia or Palazzo Barbo, formerly "'Palace of Saint Mark'", is a large early Renaissance palace in central Rome, Italy, situated to the north of the Capitoline Hill.
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Palermo
Palermo (Palermu, locally also Paliemmu or Palèimmu) is a city in southern Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Metropolitan City of Palermo, the city's surrounding metropolitan province.
Palestine (region)
The region of Palestine, also known as Historic Palestine, is a geographical area in West Asia.
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Pamphili family
The House of Pamphili (often with the final long i orthography, Pamphilj) was one of the papal families deeply entrenched in Catholic Church, Roman and Italian politics of the 16th and 17th centuries.
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Papal bull
A papal bull is a type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by a pope of the Catholic Church.
See List of popes and Papal bull
Papal conclave
A papal conclave is a gathering of the College of Cardinals convened to elect a bishop of Rome, also known as the pope. List of popes and papal conclave are religion and politics.
See List of popes and Papal conclave
Papal coronation
A papal coronation is the formal ceremony of the placing of the papal tiara on a newly elected pope.
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Papal inauguration
Papal inauguration is a liturgical service of the Catholic Church within Mass celebrated in the Roman Rite but with elements of Byzantine Rite for the ecclesiastical investiture of a pope.
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Papal renunciation
A papal renunciation (renuntiatio) also called a papal abdication, occurs when the current pope of the Catholic Church voluntarily resigns his position.
See List of popes and Papal renunciation
Papal States
The Papal States (Stato Pontificio), officially the State of the Church (Stato della Chiesa; Status Ecclesiasticus), were a conglomeration of territories on the Apennine Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope from 756 to 1870.
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Papal tiara
The papal tiara is a crown that is worn by popes of the Catholic Church from as early as the 8th century to the mid–20th century.
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Pavia
Pavia (Ticinum; Papia) is a town and comune of south-western Lombardy, in Northern Italy, south of Milan on the lower Ticino near its confluence with the Po.
Pazzi conspiracy
The Pazzi conspiracy (Congiura dei Pazzi) was a failed plot by members of the Pazzi family and others to displace the Medici family as rulers of Renaissance Florence.
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Petelia
Petilia or Petelia (Πετηλία) was a city name found in some ancient works of classical antiquity.
Philip II of Spain
Philip II (21 May 152713 September 1598), also known as Philip the Prudent (Felipe el Prudente), was King of Spain from 1556, King of Portugal from 1580, and King of Naples and Sicily from 1554 until his death in 1598.
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Philip IV of France
Philip IV (April–June 1268 – 29 November 1314), called Philip the Fair (Philippe le Bel), was King of France from 1285 to 1314.
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Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (English: The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) often referred to as simply the Principia, is a book by Isaac Newton that expounds Newton's laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation.
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Philosophical sin
The existence of philosophical sin was a debate waged in the Catholic Church in the late seventeenth century.
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Piacenza
Piacenza (Piaṡëinsa) is a city and comune (municipality) in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy, and the capital of the eponymous province.
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Piazza Navona
Piazza Navona is a public open space in Rome, Italy.
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Piccolomini
The House of Piccolomini (pronounced) is the name of an Italian noble family, Patricians of Siena, who were prominent from the beginning of the 13th century until the 18th century.
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Pienza
Pienza is a town and comune in the province of Siena, Tuscany, in the historical region of Val d'Orcia.
Pierleoni family
The family of the Pierleoni, meaning "sons of Peter Leo", was a great Roman patrician clan of the Middle Ages, headquartered in a tower house in the quarter of Trastevere that was home to a larger number of Roman Jews.
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Pistoia
Pistoia is a city and comune in the Italian region of Tuscany, the capital of a province of the same name, located about west and north of Florence and is crossed by the Ombrone Pistoiese, a tributary of the River Arno.
Pontifex maximus
The pontifex maximus (Latin for "supreme pontiff") was the chief high priest of the College of Pontiffs (Collegium Pontificum) in ancient Rome.
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Pontifical Academy of Sciences
The Pontifical Academy of Sciences (Pontificia accademia delle scienze, Pontificia Academia Scientiarum) is a scientific academy of the Vatican City, established in 1936 by Pope Pius XI.
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The Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences (Pontificia Academia Scientiarum Socialium, or PASS) is a pontifical academy established on 1 January 1994 by Pope John Paul II and is headquartered in the Casina Pio IV in Vatican City.
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Pope
The pope (papa, from lit) is the bishop of Rome and the visible head of the worldwide Catholic Church. List of popes and pope are popes and religion and politics.
Pope Adeodatus I
Pope Adeodatus I (570 – 8 November 618), also called Deodatus I or Deusdedit, was the bishop of Rome from 19 October 615 to his death. List of popes and Pope Adeodatus I are popes.
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Pope Adeodatus II
Pope Adeodatus II (621–17 June 676), sometimes called Deodatus, was the bishop of Rome from 672 to his death. List of popes and Pope Adeodatus II are popes.
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Pope Adrian I
Pope Adrian I (Hadrianus I; 700 – 25 December 795) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 1 February 772 to his death. List of popes and Pope Adrian I are popes.
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Pope Adrian II
Pope Adrian II (Adrianus II; also Hadrian II; 79214 December 872) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 867 to his death. List of popes and Pope Adrian II are popes.
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Pope Adrian III
Pope Adrian III or Hadrian III (Adrianus or Hadrianus; died July 885) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 17 May 884 to his death. List of popes and Pope Adrian III are popes.
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Pope Adrian IV
Pope Adrian IV (Adrianus IV; born Nicholas Breakspear (or Brekespear); 1 September 1159, also Hadrian IV) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 4 December 1154 to his death in 1159. List of popes and Pope Adrian IV are popes.
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Pope Adrian V
Pope Adrian V (Adrianus V; – 18 August 1276), born Ottobuono de' Fieschi, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 July 1276 to his death on 18 August 1276. List of popes and Pope Adrian V are popes.
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Pope Adrian VI
Pope Adrian VI (Hadrianus VI; Adriano VI; Hadrian VI.; Adrianus/Adriaan VI), born Adriaan Florensz Boeyens (2 March 1459 – 14 September 1523), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 January 1522 until his death on 14 September 1523. List of popes and Pope Adrian VI are popes.
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Pope Agapetus I
Pope Agapetus I (489/490 – 22 April 536) was the bishop of Rome from 13 May 535 to his death. List of popes and Pope Agapetus I are popes.
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Pope Agapetus II
Pope Agapetus II (died 8 November 955) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 10 May 946 to his death. List of popes and Pope Agapetus II are popes.
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Pope Agatho
Pope Agatho (574 – 10 January 681) served as the bishop of Rome from 27 June 678 until his death. He heard the appeal of Wilfrid of York, who had been displaced from his see by the division of the archdiocese ordered by Theodore of Canterbury. During Agatho's tenure, the Sixth Ecumenical Council was convened to deal with monothelitism. List of popes and Pope Agatho are popes.
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Pope Alexander I
Pope Alexander I (Αλέξανδρος, died 115) was the bishop of Rome from about 108/109 to 116/119 (according to the 2012 Annuario Pontificio). List of popes and Pope Alexander I are popes.
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Pope Alexander II
Pope Alexander II (1010/1015 – 21 April 1073), born Anselm of Baggio, was the head of the Roman Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1061 to his death in 1073. List of popes and Pope Alexander II are popes.
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Pope Alexander III
Pope Alexander III (c. 1100/1105 – 30 August 1181), born Roland (Rolando), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 September 1159 until his death in 1181. List of popes and Pope Alexander III are popes.
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Pope Alexander IV
Pope Alexander IV (1199 or 1185 – 25 May 1261) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 December 1254 to his death. List of popes and Pope Alexander IV are popes.
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Pope Alexander VI
Pope Alexander VI (born Rodrigo de Borja; 1 January 1431 – 18 August 1503) (epithet: Valentinus ("The Valencian")) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 August 1492 until his death in 1503. Born into the prominent Borgia family in Xàtiva in the Kingdom of Valencia under the Crown of Aragon (now Spain), Rodrigo studied law at the University of Bologna. List of popes and Pope Alexander VI are popes.
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Pope Alexander VII
Pope Alexander VII (Alessandro VII; 13 February 159922 May 1667), born Fabio Chigi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 April 1655 to his death, in May 1667. List of popes and Pope Alexander VII are popes.
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Pope Alexander VIII
Pope Alexander VIII (Alessandro VIII; 22 April 1610 – 1 February 1691), born Pietro Vito Ottoboni, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 October 1689 to his death in February 1691. List of popes and Pope Alexander VIII are popes.
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Pope Anacletus
Pope Anacletus (died), also known as Cletus, was the bishop of Rome, following Peter, and Linus. List of popes and Pope Anacletus are popes.
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Pope Anastasius I
Pope Anastasius I was the bishop of Rome from 27 November 399 to his death on 19 December 401. List of popes and Pope Anastasius I are popes.
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Pope Anastasius II
Pope Anastasius II (died 19 November 498) was the bishop of Rome from 24 November 496 to his death. List of popes and Pope Anastasius II are popes.
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Pope Anastasius III
Pope Anastasius III (c. 865 — June 913) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from April 911 to his death. List of popes and Pope Anastasius III are popes.
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Pope Anastasius IV
Pope Anastasius IV (– 3 December 1154), born Corrado Demetri della Suburra, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 July 1153 to his death in 1154. List of popes and Pope Anastasius IV are popes.
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Pope Anicetus
Pope Anicetus (Greek: Ανίκητος) was the bishop of Rome from c. 157 to his death in April 168. List of popes and Pope Anicetus are popes.
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Pope Anterus
Pope Anterus was the bishop of Rome from 21 November 235 until his death on 3 January 236. List of popes and Pope Anterus are popes.
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Pope Benedict I
Pope Benedict I (Benedictus I; died 30 July 579) was the bishop of Rome from 2 June 575 to his death. List of popes and Pope Benedict I are popes.
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Pope Benedict II
Pope Benedict II (Benedictus II) was the bishop of Rome from 26 June 684 to his death. List of popes and Pope Benedict II are popes.
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Pope Benedict III
Pope Benedict III (Benedictus III; died 17 April 858) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 29 September 855 to his death. List of popes and Pope Benedict III are popes.
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Pope Benedict IV
Pope Benedict IV (Benedictus IV; – 30 July 903) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 1 February 900 to his death. List of popes and Pope Benedict IV are popes.
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Pope Benedict IX
Pope Benedict IX (Benedictus IX), born Theophylactus of Tusculum in Rome, was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States for three periods between October 1032 and July 1048. List of popes and Pope Benedict IX are popes.
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Pope Benedict V
Pope Benedict V (Benedictus V; died 4 July 965) was the pope and ruler of the Papal States from 22 May to 23 June 964, in opposition to Leo VIII. List of popes and pope Benedict V are popes.
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Pope Benedict VI
Pope Benedict VI (Benedictus VI; died June 974) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 19 January 973 to his death in 974. List of popes and Pope Benedict VI are popes.
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Pope Benedict VII
Pope Benedict VII (Benedictus VII; died 10 July 983) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from October 974 to his death. List of popes and Pope Benedict VII are popes.
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Pope Benedict VIII
Pope Benedict VIII (Benedictus VIII; – 9 April 1024) was bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 18 May 1012 until his death. List of popes and Pope Benedict VIII are popes.
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Pope Benedict XI
Pope Benedict XI (Benedictus PP.; 1240 – 7 July 1304), born Nicola Boccasini (Niccolò of Treviso), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 October 1303 to his death, in 7 July 1304. List of popes and Pope Benedict XI are popes.
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Pope Benedict XII
Pope Benedict XII (Benedictus XII, Benoît XII; 1285 – 25 April 1342), born Jacques Fournier, was a cardinal and inquisitor, later head of the Catholic Church from 30 December 1334 to his death, in April 1342. List of popes and Pope Benedict XII are popes.
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Pope Benedict XIII
Pope Benedict XIII (Benedictus XIII; Benedetto XIII; 2 February 1649 – 21 February 1730), born Pietro Francesco Orsini and later called Vincenzo Maria Orsini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 May 1724 to his death in February 1730. List of popes and Pope Benedict XIII are popes.
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Pope Benedict XIV
Pope Benedict XIV (Benedictus XIV; Benedetto XIV; 31 March 1675 – 3 May 1758), born Prospero Lorenzo Lambertini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 17 August 1740 to his death in May 1758. List of popes and Pope Benedict XIV are popes.
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Pope Benedict XV
Pope Benedict XV (Latin: Benedictus XV; Benedetto XV), born Giacomo Paolo Giovanni Battista della Chiesa (21 November 185422 January 1922), was head of the Catholic Church from 1914 until his death in January 1922. List of popes and Pope Benedict XV are popes.
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Pope Benedict XVI
Pope BenedictXVI (Benedictus PP.; Benedetto XVI; Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger; 16 April 1927 – 31 December 2022) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 19 April 2005 until his resignation on 28 February 2013. List of popes and Pope Benedict XVI are popes.
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Pope Boniface I
Pope Boniface I (Bonifatius I) was the bishop of Rome from 28 December 418 to his death on 4 September 422. List of popes and Pope Boniface I are popes.
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Pope Boniface II
Pope Boniface II (Bonifatius II; died 17 October 532) was the first Germanic bishop of Rome. List of popes and Pope Boniface II are popes.
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Pope Boniface III
Pope Boniface III (Bonifatius III) was the bishop of Rome from 19 February 607 to his death on 12 November of the same year. List of popes and Pope Boniface III are popes.
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Pope Boniface IV
Pope Boniface IV, OSB (Bonifatius IV; 550 – 8 May 615) was the bishop of Rome from 608 to his death. List of popes and Pope Boniface IV are popes.
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Pope Boniface IX
Pope Boniface IX (Bonifatius IX; Bonifacio IX; c. 1350 – 1 October 1404, born Pietro Tomacelli) was head of the Catholic Church from 2 November 1389 to his death, in October 1404. List of popes and Pope Boniface IX are popes.
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Pope Boniface V
Pope Boniface V (Bonifatius V; died 25 October 625) was the bishop of Rome from 23 December 619 to his death. List of popes and Pope Boniface V are popes.
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Pope Boniface VI
Pope Boniface VI (Bonifatius VI; died 26 April 896), a native of Rome, served very briefly as the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States in April of 896. List of popes and Pope Boniface VI are popes.
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Pope Boniface VIII
Pope Boniface VIII (Bonifatius PP.; born Benedetto Caetani; – 11 October 1303) was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 December 1294 until his death in 1303. List of popes and Pope Boniface VIII are popes.
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Pope Caius
Pope Caius (died 22 April 296), also called Gaius, was the bishop of Rome from 17 December 283 to his death in 296. List of popes and Pope Caius are popes.
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Pope Callixtus I
Pope Callixtus I (Greek: Κάλλιστος), also called Callistus I, was the bishop of Rome (according to Sextus Julius Africanus) from to his death or 223. List of popes and Pope Callixtus I are popes.
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Pope Callixtus II
Pope Callixtus II or Callistus II (– 13 December 1124), born Guy of Burgundy, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1 February 1119 to his death in 1124. List of popes and Pope Callixtus II are popes.
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Pope Callixtus III
Pope Callixtus III (Callisto III, Calixt III, Calixto III; 31 December 1378 – 6 August 1458), born Alfonso de Borgia (Alfons de Borja), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 April 1455 to his death, in August 1458. List of popes and Pope Callixtus III are popes.
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Pope Celestine I
Pope Celestine I (Caelestinus I) (c. 376 – 1 August 432) was the bishop of Rome from 10 September 422 to his death on 1 August 432. List of popes and Pope Celestine I are popes.
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Pope Celestine II
Pope Celestine II (Caelestinus II; died 8 March 1144), born Guido di Castello,Thomas, pg. List of popes and Pope Celestine II are popes.
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Pope Celestine III
Pope Celestine III (Caelestinus III; c. 1105 – 8 January 1198), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 30 March or 10 April 1191 to his death in 1198. List of popes and Pope Celestine III are popes.
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Pope Celestine IV
Pope Celestine IV (Caelestinus IV; c. 1180/1187 − 10 November 1241), born Goffredo da Castiglione, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States for only a few days from 25 October 1241 to his death on 10 November 1241. List of popes and Pope Celestine IV are popes.
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Pope Celestine V
Pope Celestine V (Caelestinus V; 1215 – 19 May 1296), born Pietro Angelerio (according to some sources Angelario, Angelieri, Angelliero, or Angeleri), also known as Pietro da Morrone, Peter of Morrone, and Peter Celestine, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States for five months from 5 July to 13 December 1294, when he resigned. List of popes and Pope Celestine V are popes.
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Pope Clement II
Pope Clement II (Clemens II; born Suidger von Morsleben; died 9 October 1047) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 December 1046 until his death in 1047. List of popes and Pope Clement II are popes.
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Pope Clement III
Pope Clement III (Clemens III; 1130 – 20 March 1191), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 December 1187 to his death in 1191. List of popes and Pope Clement III are popes.
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Pope Clement IV
Pope Clement IV (Clemens IV; 23 November 1190 – 29 November 1268), born Gui Foucois (Guido Falcodius; Guy de Foulques or Guy Foulques) and also known as Guy le Gros (French for "Guy the Fat"; Guido il Grosso), was bishop of Le Puy (1257–1260), archbishop of Narbonne (1259–1261), cardinal of Sabina (1261–1265), and head of the Catholic Church from 5 February 1265 until his death. List of popes and Pope Clement IV are popes.
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Pope Clement IX
Pope Clement IX (Clemens IX; Clemente IX; 28 January 1600 – 9 December 1669), born Giulio Rospigliosi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 20 June 1667 to his death in December 1669. List of popes and Pope Clement IX are popes.
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Pope Clement V
Pope Clement V (Clemens Quintus; c. 1264 – 20 April 1314), born Raymond Bertrand de Got (also occasionally spelled de Guoth and de Goth), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 5 June 1305 to his death, in April 1314. List of popes and Pope Clement V are popes.
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Pope Clement VI
Pope Clement VI (Clemens VI; 1291 – 6 December 1352), born Pierre Roger, was head of the Catholic Church from 7 May 1342 to his death, in December 1352.
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Pope Clement VII
Pope Clement VII (Clemens VII; Clemente VII; born Giulio de' Medici; 26 May 1478 – 25 September 1534) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 November 1523 to his death on 25 September 1534. List of popes and Pope Clement VII are popes.
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Pope Clement VIII
Pope Clement VIII (Clemens VIII; Clemente VIII; 24 February 1536 – 3 March 1605), born Ippolito Aldobrandini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 February 1592 to his death, in March 1605. List of popes and Pope Clement VIII are popes.
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Pope Clement X
Pope Clement X (Clemens X; Clemente X; 13 July 1590 – 22 July 1676), born Emilio Bonaventura Altieri, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 April 1670 to his death on 22 July 1676. List of popes and Pope Clement X are popes.
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Pope Clement XI
Pope Clement XI (Clemens XI; Clemente XI; 23 July 1649 – 19 March 1721), born Giovanni Francesco Albani, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 23 November 1700 to his death in March 1721. List of popes and Pope Clement XI are popes.
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Pope Clement XII
Pope Clement XII (Clemens XII; Clemente XII; 7 April 16526 February 1740), born Lorenzo Corsini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 July 1730 to his death in February 1740. List of popes and Pope Clement XII are popes.
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Pope Clement XIII
Pope Clement XIII (Clemens XIII; Clemente XIII; 7 March 1693 – 2 February 1769), born Carlo della Torre di Rezzonico, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 July 1758 to his death in February 1769. List of popes and Pope Clement XIII are popes.
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Pope Clement XIV
Pope Clement XIV (Clemens XIV; Clemente XIV; 31 October 1705 – 22 September 1774), born Giovanni Vincenzo Antonio Ganganelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 May 1769 to his death in September 1774. List of popes and Pope Clement XIV are popes.
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Pope Conon
Pope Conon (died 21 September 687) was the bishop of Rome from 21 October 686 to his death. List of popes and Pope Conon are popes.
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Pope Constantine
Pope Constantine (Constantinus; 6649 April 715) was the bishop of Rome from 25 March 708 to his death. List of popes and Pope Constantine are popes.
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Pope Cornelius
Pope Cornelius (Κορνήλιος) was the bishop of Rome from 6th or 13th March 251 until his martyrdom in June 253. List of popes and Pope Cornelius are popes.
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Pope Damasus I
Pope Damasus I (c. 305 – 11 December 384), also known as Damasus of Rome, was the bishop of Rome from October 366 to his death. List of popes and Pope Damasus I are popes.
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Pope Damasus II
Pope Damasus II (died 9 August 1048, born Poppo de' Curagnoni) was the Bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 17 July 1048 to his death on 9 August that same year. List of popes and Pope Damasus II are popes.
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Pope Dionysius
Pope St. List of popes and Pope Dionysius are popes.
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Pope Donus
Pope Donus (died on 11 April 678) was the bishop of Rome from 676 to his death. List of popes and Pope Donus are popes.
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Pope Donus II
Pope Donus II was a non-existent pope who was at one time shown in the official lists of popes.
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Pope Eleutherius
Pope Eleutherius (Ελευθέριος; died 24 May 189), also known as Eleutherus (Ελεύθερος), was the bishop of Rome from c. 174 to his death. List of popes and Pope Eleutherius are popes.
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Pope Eugene I
Pope Eugene I (Eugenius I; died 2 June 657) was the bishop of Rome from 10 August 654 to his death. List of popes and Pope Eugene I are popes.
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Pope Eugene II
Pope Eugene II (Eugenius II; died 27 August 827) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 6 June 824 to his death. List of popes and Pope Eugene II are popes.
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Pope Eugene III
Pope Eugene III (Eugenius III; c. 1080 – 8 July 1153), born Bernardo Pignatelli, or possibly Paganelli, called Bernardo da Pisa, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 February 1145 to his death in 1153. List of popes and Pope Eugene III are popes.
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Pope Eugene IV
Pope Eugene IV (Eugenius IV; Eugenio IV; 1383 – 23 February 1447), born Gabriele Condulmer, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 March 1431 to his death, in February 1447.
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Pope Eusebius
Pope Eusebius was the bishop of Rome from 18 April 310 until his death on 17 August 310. List of popes and Pope Eusebius are popes.
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Pope Eutychian
Pope Eutychian, also called Eutychianus (Eutychianos), was the bishop of Rome from 4 January 275 to his death on 7 December 283. List of popes and Pope Eutychian are popes.
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Pope Evaristus
Pope Evaristus (Greek: Ευάριστος) was the bishop of Rome from 99/100 to his death in 107/108. List of popes and Pope Evaristus are popes.
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Pope Fabian
Pope Fabian (Fabianus) was the bishop of Rome from 10 January 236 until his death on 20 January 250, succeeding Anterus. List of popes and Pope Fabian are popes.
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Pope Felix I
Pope Felix I was the bishop of Rome from 5 January 269 to his death on 30 December 274. List of popes and Pope Felix I are popes.
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Pope Felix III
Pope Felix III (died 1 March 492) was the bishop of Rome from 13 March 483 to his death. List of popes and Pope Felix III are popes.
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Pope Felix IV
Pope Felix IV (489/490 – 22 September 530) was the bishop of Rome from 12 July 526 to his death. List of popes and Pope Felix IV are popes.
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Pope Formosus
Pope Formosus (896) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 6 October 891 until his death on 4 April 896. List of popes and Pope Formosus are popes.
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Pope Francis
Pope Francis (Franciscus; Francesco; Francisco; born Jorge Mario Bergoglio; 17 December 1936) is head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State. List of popes and Pope Francis are popes.
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Pope Gelasius I
Pope Gelasius I was the bishop of Rome from 1 March 492 to his death on 19 November 496. List of popes and Pope Gelasius I are popes.
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Pope Gelasius II
Pope Gelasius II (c. 1060/1064 – 29 January 1119), born Giovanni Caetani or Giovanni da Gaeta (also called Coniulo), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 January 1118 to his death in 1119. List of popes and Pope Gelasius II are popes.
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Pope Gregory I
Pope Gregory I (Gregorius I; – 12 March 604), commonly known as Saint Gregory the Great, was the 64th Bishop of Rome from 3 September 590 to his death. List of popes and Pope Gregory I are popes.
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Pope Gregory II
Pope Gregory II (Gregorius II; 669 – 11 February 731) was the bishop of Rome from 19 May 715 to his death. List of popes and Pope Gregory II are popes.
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Pope Gregory III
Pope Gregory III (Gregorius III; died 28 November 741) was the bishop of Rome from 11 February 731 to his death. List of popes and Pope Gregory III are popes.
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Pope Gregory IV
Pope Gregory IV (Gregorius IV; died 25 January 844) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from October 827 to his death. List of popes and Pope Gregory IV are popes.
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Pope Gregory IX
Pope Gregory IX (Gregorius IX; born Ugolino di Conti; 1145 – 22 August 1241) was head of the Catholic Church and the ruler of the Papal States from 19 March 1227 until his death in 1241. List of popes and Pope Gregory IX are popes.
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Pope Gregory V
Pope Gregory V (Gregorius V; c. 972 – 18 February 999), born Bruno of Carinthia, was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 3 May 996 to his death. List of popes and Pope Gregory V are popes.
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Pope Gregory VI
Pope Gregory VI (Gregorius VI; died 1048), born Giovanni Graziano (John Gratian) in Rome (Johannes Gratianus), was bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 1 May 1045 until his resignation at the Council of Sutri on 20 December 1046. List of popes and Pope Gregory VI are popes.
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Pope Gregory VII
Pope Gregory VII (Gregorius VII; 1015 – 25 May 1085), born Hildebrand of Sovana (Ildebrando di Soana), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 April 1073 to his death in 1085.
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Pope Gregory VIII
Pope Gregory VIII (Gregorius VIII; c. 1100/1105 – 17 December 1187), born Alberto di Morra, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States for two months in 1187. List of popes and Pope Gregory VIII are popes.
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Pope Gregory X
Pope Gregory X (Gregorius X; – 10 January 1276), born Teobaldo Visconti, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1 September 1271 to his death and was a member of the Secular Franciscan Order. List of popes and Pope Gregory X are popes.
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Pope Gregory XI
Pope Gregory XI (Gregorius XI, born Pierre Roger de Beaufort; c. 1329 – 27 March 1378) was head of the Catholic Church from 30 December 1370 to his death, in March 1378. List of popes and Pope Gregory XI are popes.
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Pope Gregory XII
Pope Gregory XII (Gregorius XII; Gregorio XII; – 18 October 1417), born Angelo Corraro, Corario," or Correr, was head of the Catholic Church from 30 November 1406 to 4 July 1415. List of popes and Pope Gregory XII are popes.
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Pope Gregory XIII
Pope Gregory XIII (Gregorius XIII; Gregorio XIII; 7 January 1502 – 10 April 1585), born Ugo Boncompagni, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 May 1572 to his death in April 1585. List of popes and Pope Gregory XIII are popes.
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Pope Gregory XIV
Pope Gregory XIV (Gregorius XIV; Gregorio XIV; 11 February 1535 – 16 October 1591), born Niccolò Sfondrato or Sfondrati, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 5 December 1590 to his death, in October 1591. List of popes and Pope Gregory XIV are popes.
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Pope Gregory XV
Pope Gregory XV (Gregorius XV; Gregorio XV; 9 January 1554 – 8 July 1623), born Alessandro Ludovisi, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 February 1621 until his death in 1623. List of popes and Pope Gregory XV are popes.
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Pope Gregory XVI
Pope Gregory XVI (Gregorius XVI; Gregorio XVI; born Bartolomeo Alberto Cappellari; 18 September 1765 – 1 June 1846) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 February 1831 to his death in June 1846. List of popes and Pope Gregory XVI are popes.
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Pope Hilarius
Pope Hilarius (also Hilarus, Hilary; died 29 February 468) was the bishop of Rome from AD 461 to 468. List of popes and Pope Hilarius are popes.
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Pope Honorius I
Pope Honorius I (died 12 October 638) was the bishop of Rome from 27 October 625 to his death. List of popes and Pope Honorius I are popes.
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Pope Honorius II
Pope Honorius II (9 February 1060 – 13 February 1130), born Lamberto Scannabecchi,Levillain, pg. List of popes and Pope Honorius II are popes.
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Pope Honorius III
Pope Honorius III (c. 1150 – 18 March 1227), born Cencio Savelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 18 July 1216 to his death. List of popes and Pope Honorius III are popes.
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Pope Honorius IV
Pope Honorius IV (c. 1210 – 3 April 1287), born Giacomo Savelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 2 April 1285 to his death, in 1287. List of popes and Pope Honorius IV are popes.
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Pope Hormisdas
Pope Hormisdas ("Hormisdas, St." in William Darrach Halsey, Collier's Encyclopedia Volume 12, Macmillan Educational Company, 1984, p. 244. c. 450 – 6 August 523) was the bishop of Rome from 20 July 514 to his death. List of popes and Pope Hormisdas are popes.
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Pope Hyginus
Pope Hyginus (Υγίνος) was the bishop of Rome from 138 to his death in 142. List of popes and Pope Hyginus are popes.
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Pope Innocent I
Pope Innocent I (Innocentius I) was the bishop of Rome from 401 to his death on 12 March 417. List of popes and Pope Innocent I are popes.
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Pope Innocent II
Pope Innocent II (Innocentius II; died 24 September 1143), born Gregorio Papareschi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 14 February 1130 to his death in 1143. List of popes and Pope Innocent II are popes.
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Pope Innocent III
Pope Innocent III (Innocentius III; 22 February 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 January 1198 until his death on 16 July 1216.
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Pope Innocent IV
Pope Innocent IV (Innocentius IV; – 7 December 1254), born Sinibaldo Fieschi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 June 1243 to his death in 1254. List of popes and Pope Innocent IV are popes.
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Pope Innocent IX
Pope Innocent IX (Innocentius IX; Innocenzo IX; 20 July 1519 – 30 December 1591), born Giovanni Antonio Facchinetti,Martin, John Jeffries. List of popes and Pope Innocent IX are popes.
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Pope Innocent V
Pope Innocent V (Innocentius V; c. 1225 – 22 June 1276), born Pierre de Tarentaise, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 21 January to 22 June 1276. List of popes and Pope Innocent V are popes.
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Pope Innocent VI
Pope Innocent VI (Innocentius VI; 1282 – 12 September 1362), born Étienne Aubert, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 18 December 1352 to his death, in September 1362. List of popes and Pope Innocent VI are popes.
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Pope Innocent VII
Pope Innocent VII (Innocentius VII; Innocenzo VII; 1339 – 6 November 1406), born Cosimo de' Migliorati, was head of the Catholic Church from 17 October 1404 to his death, in November 1406. List of popes and Pope Innocent VII are popes.
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Pope Innocent VIII
Pope Innocent VIII (Innocentius VIII; Innocenzo VIII; 1432 – 25 July 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 August 1484 to his death, in July 1492. List of popes and Pope Innocent VIII are popes.
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Pope Innocent X
Pope Innocent X (Innocentius X; Innocenzo X; 6 May 1574 – 7 January 1655), born Giovanni Battista Pamphilj (or Pamphili), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 September 1644 to his death, in January 1655. List of popes and Pope Innocent X are popes.
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Pope Innocent XI
Pope Innocent XI (Innocentius XI; Innocenzo XI; 16 May 1611 – 12 August 1689), born Benedetto Odescalchi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 21 September 1676 until his death in 12 August 1689. List of popes and Pope Innocent XI are popes.
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Pope Innocent XII
Pope Innocent XII (Innocentius XII; Innocenzo XII; 13 March 1615 – 27 September 1700), born Antonio Pignatelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 July 1691 to his death in September 1700. List of popes and Pope Innocent XII are popes.
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Pope Innocent XIII
Pope Innocent XIII (Innocentius XIII; Innocenzo XIII; 13 May 1655 – 7 March 1724), born as Michelangelo dei Conti, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 May 1721 to his death in March 1724. List of popes and Pope Innocent XIII are popes.
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Pope Joan
Pope Joan (Ioannes Anglicus, 855–857) was, according to legend, a woman who reigned as pope for two years during the Middle Ages.
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Pope John I
Pope John I (Ioannes I; died 18 May 526) was the bishop of Rome from 13 August 523 to his death. List of popes and Pope John I are popes.
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Pope John II
Pope John II (Ioannes II; 475 – 8 May 535), born Mercurius, was the Bishop of Rome from 2 January 533 to his death. List of popes and Pope John II are popes.
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Pope John III
Pope John III (Ioannes III; died 13 July 574), born Catelinus, was the bishop of Rome from 17 July 561 to his death. List of popes and Pope John III are popes.
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Pope John IV
Pope John IV (Ioannes IV; died 12 October 642) was the bishop of Rome from 24 December 640 to his death. List of popes and Pope John IV are popes.
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Pope John IX
Pope John IX (Ioannes IX; died January 900) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from January 898 to his death. List of popes and Pope John IX are popes.
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Pope John Paul I
Pope John Paul I (Ioannes Paulus I; Giovanni Paolo I; born Albino Luciani; 17 October 1912 – 28 September 1978) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City from 26 August 1978 until his death 33 days later. List of popes and Pope John Paul I are popes.
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Pope John Paul II
Pope John Paul II (Ioannes Paulus II; Jan Paweł II; Giovanni Paolo II; born Karol Józef Wojtyła,; 18 May 19202 April 2005) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 1978 until his death in 2005. List of popes and Pope John Paul II are popes.
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Pope John V
Pope John V (Ioannes V; died 2 August 686) was the bishop of Rome from 23 July 685 to his death on 2 August 686. List of popes and Pope John V are popes.
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Pope John VI
Pope John VI (Ioannes VI; 65511 January 705) was the bishop of Rome from 30 October 701 to his death. List of popes and Pope John VI are popes.
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Pope John VII
Pope John VII (Ioannes VII; c. 650 – 18 October 707) was the bishop of Rome from 1 March 705 to his death. List of popes and Pope John VII are popes.
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Pope John VIII
Pope John VIII (Ioannes VIII; died 16 December 882) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 14 December 872 to his death. List of popes and Pope John VIII are popes.
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Pope John X
Pope John X (Ioannes X; died 28 May 928) was the bishop of Rome and nominal ruler of the Papal States from March 914 to his death. List of popes and Pope John X are popes.
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Pope John XI
Pope John XI (Ioannes XI; 910 – December 935) was the bishop of Rome and nominal ruler of the Papal States from March 931 to his death. List of popes and Pope John XI are popes.
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Pope John XII
Pope John XII (Ioannes XII; 14 May 964), born Octavian, was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 16 December 955 to his death in 964. List of popes and Pope John XII are popes.
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Pope John XIII
Pope John XIII (Ioannes XIII; died 6 September 972) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 1 October 965 to his death. List of popes and Pope John XIII are popes.
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Pope John XIV
Pope John XIV (Ioannes XIV; died 20 August 984), born Peter Canepanova, was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from December 983 until his death. List of popes and Pope John XIV are popes.
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Pope John XIX
Pope John XIX (Ioannes XIX; died October 1032), born Romanus, was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 1024 to his death. List of popes and Pope John XIX are popes.
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Pope John XV
Pope John XV (Ioannes XV; died March 996) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from August 985 until his death. List of popes and Pope John XV are popes.
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Pope John XVII
Pope John XVII (Ioannes XVII; died 6 November 1003), born John Sicco, was the bishop of Rome and nominal ruler of the Papal States for about seven months in 1003. List of popes and Pope John XVII are popes.
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Pope John XVIII
Pope John XVIII (Ioannes XVIII; died June or July 1009) was the bishop of Rome and nominal ruler of the Papal States from January 1004 (25 December 1003 NS) to his abdication in July 1009. List of popes and Pope John XVIII are popes.
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Pope John XXI
Pope John XXI (Ioannes XXI, João XXI; – 20 May 1277), born Pedro Julião (Petrus Iulianus), was the bishop of Rome and head of the Catholic Church from 8 September 1276 to his death.
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Pope John XXII
Pope John XXII (Ioannes PP.; 1244 – 4 December 1334), born Jacques Duèze (or d'Euse), was head of the Catholic Church from 7 August 1316 to his death, in December 1334. List of popes and Pope John XXII are popes.
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Pope John XXIII
Pope John XXIII (Ioannes XXIII; Giovanni XXIII; born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli,; 25 November 18813 June 1963) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 28 October 1958 until his death in June 1963. List of popes and Pope John XXIII are popes.
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Pope Julius I
Pope Julius I was the bishop of Rome from 6 February 337 to his death on 12 April 352. List of popes and Pope Julius I are popes.
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Pope Julius II
Pope Julius II (Iulius II; Giulio II; born Giuliano della Rovere; 5 December 144321 February 1513) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1503 to his death, in February 1513. List of popes and Pope Julius II are popes.
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Pope Julius III
Pope Julius III (Iulius PP.; Giulio III; 10 September 1487 – 23 March 1555), born Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 February 1550 to his death, in March 1555. List of popes and Pope Julius III are popes.
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Pope Lando
Lando (also known as Landus) was the pope from September 913 to his death March 914. List of popes and pope Lando are popes.
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Pope Leo I
Pope Leo I (400 – 10 November 461), also known as Leo the Great, was Bishop of Rome from 29 September 440 until his death. List of popes and Pope Leo I are popes.
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Pope Leo II
Pope Leo II (– 28 June 683) was the Bishop of Rome from 17 August 682 to his death. One of the popes of the Byzantine Papacy, he is described by a contemporary biographer as both just and learned. He is commemorated as a saint in the Roman Martyrology on 28 June (3 July in pre-1970 calendars). List of popes and pope Leo II are popes.
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Pope Leo III
Pope Leo III (Leo III; died 12 June 816) was bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 26 December 795 to his death. List of popes and Pope Leo III are popes.
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Pope Leo IV
Pope Leo IV (died 17 July 855) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 10 April 847 to his death. List of popes and Pope Leo IV are popes.
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Pope Leo IX
Pope Leo IX (21 June 1002 – 19 April 1054), born Bruno von Egisheim-Dagsburg, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 February 1049 to his death in 1054. List of popes and Pope Leo IX are popes.
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Pope Leo V
Pope Leo V was the bishop of Rome and nominal ruler of the Papal States from July 903 to his death in February 904. List of popes and Pope Leo V are popes.
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Pope Leo VI
Pope Leo VI (died February 929) was the bishop of Rome and nominal ruler of the Papal States for just over seven months, from June 928 to his death. List of popes and Pope Leo VI are popes.
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Pope Leo VII
Pope Leo VII (died 13 July 939) was the bishop of Rome and nominal ruler of the Papal States from 3 January 936 to his death. List of popes and Pope Leo VII are popes.
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Pope Leo VIII
Pope Leo VIII (915 – 1 March 965) was a Roman prelate who claimed the Holy See from 963 until 964 in opposition to John XII and Benedict V and again from 23 June 964 to his death. List of popes and Pope Leo VIII are popes.
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Pope Leo X
Pope Leo X (Leone X; born Giovanni di Lorenzo de' Medici, 11 December 14751 December 1521) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 March 1513 to his death, in December 1521. List of popes and Pope Leo X are popes.
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Pope Leo XI
Pope Leo XI (Leone XI; 2 June 153527 April 1605), born Alessandro Ottaviano de' Medici, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 1 April 1605 to his death, on 27 April 1605. List of popes and Pope Leo XI are popes.
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Pope Leo XII
Pope Leo XII (Leone XII), born Annibale Francesco Clemente Melchiorre Girolamo Nicola della Genga (2 August 1760 – 10 February 1829), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 28 September 1823 to his death in February 1829. List of popes and Pope Leo XII are popes.
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Pope Leo XIII
Pope Leo XIII (Leone XIII; born Gioacchino Vincenzo Raffaele Luigi Pecci; 2 March 1810 – 20 July 1903) was head of the Catholic Church from 20 February 1878 until his death in July 1903. List of popes and Pope Leo XIII are popes.
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Pope Liberius
Pope Liberius (310 – 24 September 366) was the bishop of Rome from 17 May 352 until his death. List of popes and Pope Liberius are popes.
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Pope Linus
Pope Linus (Linos; died AD 80) was the bishop of Rome from AD 68 to his death. List of popes and Pope Linus are popes.
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Pope Lucius I
Pope Lucius I was the bishop of Rome from 25 June 253 to his death on 5 March 254. List of popes and Pope Lucius I are popes.
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Pope Lucius II
Pope Lucius II (died 15 February 1145), born Gherardo Caccianemici dal Orso, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 March 1144 to his death in 1145. List of popes and Pope Lucius II are popes.
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Pope Lucius III
Pope Lucius III (– 25 November 1185), born Ubaldo Allucingoli, reigned from 1 September 1181 to his death in 1185. List of popes and Pope Lucius III are popes.
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Pope Marcellinus
Pope Marcellinus was the bishop of Rome from 30 June 296 to his death in 304. List of popes and Pope Marcellinus are popes.
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Pope Marcellus I
Pope Marcellus I (6 January 255 – 16 January 309) was the bishop of Rome from May or June 308 to his death. List of popes and Pope Marcellus I are popes.
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Pope Marcellus II
Pope Marcellus II (Marcello II; 6 May 1501 – 1 May 1555), born Marcello Cervini degli Spannocchi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 10 April 1555 to his death, 22 days later. List of popes and Pope Marcellus II are popes.
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Pope Marinus I
Pope Marinus I (died 15 May 884) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 882 until his death. List of popes and Pope Marinus I are popes.
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Pope Marinus II
Pope Marinus II (died May 946) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 30 October 942 to his death. List of popes and Pope Marinus II are popes.
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Pope Mark
Pope Mark (Marcus) was the bishop of Rome from 18 January to his death on 7 October 336. List of popes and Pope Mark are popes.
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Pope Martin I
Pope Martin I (Martinus I, Πάπας Μαρτῖνος; between 590 and 600 – 16 September 655), also known as Martin the Confessor, was the bishop of Rome from 21 July 649 to his death 16 September 655. List of popes and Pope Martin I are popes.
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Pope Martin IV
Pope Martin IV (Martinus IV; c. 1210/1220 – 28 March 1285), born Simon de Brion, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 February 1281 to his death on 28 March 1285. List of popes and Pope Martin IV are popes.
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Pope Martin V
Pope Martin V (Martinus V; Martino V; January/February 1369 – 20 February 1431), born Otto (or Oddone) Colonna, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 11 November 1417 to his death in February 1431. List of popes and Pope Martin V are popes.
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Pope Miltiades
Pope Miltiades (Μιλτιάδης, Miltiádēs), also known as Melchiades the African (Μελχιάδης ὁ Ἀφρικανός Melkhiádēs ho Aphrikanós), was the bishop of Rome from 311 to his death on 10 or 11 January 314. List of popes and Pope Miltiades are popes.
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Pope Nicholas I
Pope Nicholas I (Nicolaus I; c. 800 – 13 November 867), called Nicholas the Great, was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 24 April 858 until his death. List of popes and Pope Nicholas I are popes.
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Pope Nicholas II
Pope Nicholas II (Nicholaus II; c. 990/995 – 27 July 1061), otherwise known as Gerard of Burgundy, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 January 1059 until his death in 27 July 1061. List of popes and Pope Nicholas II are popes.
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Pope Nicholas III
Pope Nicholas III (Nicolaus III; c. 1225 – 22 August 1280), born Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 November 1277 to his death on 22 August 1280. List of popes and Pope Nicholas III are popes.
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Pope Nicholas IV
Pope Nicholas IV (Nicolaus IV; born Girolamo Masci; 30 September 1227 – 4 April 1292) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 February 1288 to his death, on 4 April 1292.
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Pope Nicholas V
Pope Nicholas V (Nicholaus V; Niccolò V; 15 November 1397 – 24 March 1455), born Tommaso Parentucelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 March 1447 until his death, in March 1455. List of popes and Pope Nicholas V are popes.
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Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church
The Pope (translit; lit), also known as the Bishop of Alexandria, or Patriarch of Alexandria, is the leader of the Coptic Orthodox Church, with ancient Christian roots in Egypt.
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Pope Paschal I
Pope Paschal I (Paschalis I; died 824) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 25 January 817 to his death in 824. List of popes and Pope Paschal I are popes.
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Pope Paschal II
Pope Paschal II (Paschalis II; 1050 1055 – 21 January 1118), born Ranierius, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 August 1099 to his death in 1118. List of popes and Pope Paschal II are popes.
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Pope Paul I
Pope Paul I (Paulus I; 70028 June 767) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the emerging Papal States from 29 May 757 to his death. List of popes and Pope Paul I are popes.
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Pope Paul II
Pope Paul II (Paulus II; Paolo II; 23 February 1417 – 26 July 1471), born Pietro Barbo, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 30 August 1464 to his death. List of popes and Pope Paul II are popes.
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Pope Paul III
Pope Paul III (Paulus III; Paolo III; 29 February 1468 – 10 November 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 October 1534 to his death, in November 1549. List of popes and Pope Paul III are popes.
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Pope Paul IV
Pope Paul IV (Paulus IV; Paolo IV; 28 June 1476 – 18 August 1559), born Gian Pietro Carafa, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 23 May 1555 to his death, in August 1559. List of popes and Pope Paul IV are popes.
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Pope Paul V
Pope Paul V (Paulus V; Paolo V) (17 September 1550 – 28 January 1621), born Camillo Borghese, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 16 May 1605 to his death, in January 1621. List of popes and Pope Paul V are popes.
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Pope Paul VI
Pope Paul VI (Paulus VI; Paolo VI; born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini,; 26 September 18976 August 1978) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 21 June 1963 to his death on 6 August 1978. List of popes and Pope Paul VI are popes.
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Pope Pelagius I
Pope Pelagius I (died 3 March 561) was the bishop of Rome from 556 to his death. List of popes and Pope Pelagius I are popes.
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Pope Pelagius II
Pope Pelagius II (died 7 February 590) was the bishop of Rome from 26 November 579 to his death. List of popes and Pope Pelagius II are popes.
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Pope Pius I
Pius I (Greek: Πίος) was the bishop of Rome from 140 to his death 154, according to the Annuario Pontificio. List of popes and Pope Pius I are popes.
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Pope Pius II
Pope Pius II (Pius PP., Pio II), born Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini (Aeneas Silvius Bartholomeus; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 August 1458 to his death. List of popes and Pope Pius II are popes.
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Pope Pius III
Pope Pius III (Pio III, Pius Tertius; 9 May 1439 – 18 October 1503), born Francesco Todeschini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 22 September 1503 to his death. List of popes and Pope Pius III are popes.
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Pope Pius IV
Pope Pius IV (Pio IV; 31 March 1499 – 9 December 1565), born Giovanni Angelo Medici, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 25 December 1559 to his death, in December 1565. List of popes and Pope Pius IV are popes.
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Pope Pius IX
Pope Pius IX (Pio IX, Pio Nono; born Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878) was head of the Catholic Church from 1846 to 1878. List of popes and Pope Pius IX are popes.
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Pope Pius V
Pope Pius V, OP (Pio V; 17 January 1504 – 1 May 1572), born Antonio Ghislieri (from 1518 called Michele Ghislieri), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 January 1566 to his death, in May 1572. List of popes and Pope Pius V are popes.
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Pope Pius VI
Pope Pius VI (Pio VI; born Count Giovanni Angelo Braschi, 25 December 171729 August 1799) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 15 February 1775 to his death in August 1799. List of popes and Pope Pius VI are popes.
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Pope Pius VII
Pope Pius VII (Pio VII; born Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti; 14 August 1742 – 20 August 1823) was head of the Catholic Church from 14 March 1800 to his death in August 1823. List of popes and Pope Pius VII are popes.
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Pope Pius VIII
Pope Pius VIII (Pio VIII; born Francesco Saverio Maria Felice Castiglioni; 20 November 1761 – 30 November 1830) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 31 March 1829 to his death in November 1830. List of popes and Pope Pius VIII are popes.
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Pope Pius X
Pope Pius X (Pio X; born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto; 2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914) was head of the Catholic Church from 4 August 1903 to his death in August 1914. List of popes and Pope Pius X are popes.
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Pope Pius XI
Pope Pius XI (Pio XI), born Ambrogio Damiano Achille Ratti (31 May 1857 – 10 February 1939), was the Bishop of Rome and supreme pontiff of the Catholic Church from 6 February 1922 to 10 February 1939. List of popes and Pope Pius XI are popes.
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Pope Pius XII
Pope Pius XII (born Eugenio Maria Giuseppe Giovanni Pacelli,; 2 March 18769 October 1958) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 2 March 1939 until his death in October 1958. List of popes and Pope Pius XII are popes.
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Pope Pontian
Pope Pontian (Pontianus; died October 235) was the bishop of Rome from 21 July 230 to 28 September 235. List of popes and Pope Pontian are popes.
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Pope Romanus
Pope Romanus (867–897) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from August to November 897. List of popes and Pope Romanus are popes.
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Pope Sabinian
Pope Sabinian (Sabinianus) was the bishop of Rome from 13 September 604 to his death on 22 February 606. List of popes and Pope Sabinian are popes.
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Pope Sergius I
Pope Sergius I (8 September 701) was the bishop of Rome from 15 December 687 to his death, and is revered as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church. He was elected at a time when two rivals, Paschal and Theodore, were locked in a dispute about which of them should become pope. His papacy was dominated by his response to the Quinisext Council, the canons of which he steadfastly refused to accept. List of popes and pope Sergius I are popes.
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Pope Sergius II
Pope Sergius II (Sergius II; died 27 January 847) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from January 844 to his death in 847. List of popes and Pope Sergius II are popes.
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Pope Sergius III
Pope Sergius III (− 14 April 911) was the bishop of Rome and nominal ruler of the Papal States from 29 January 904 to his death. List of popes and Pope Sergius III are popes.
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Pope Sergius IV
Pope Sergius IV (died 12 May 1012) was the bishop of Rome and nominal ruler of the Papal States from 31 July 1009 to his death. List of popes and Pope Sergius IV are popes.
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Pope Severinus
Pope Severinus (died 2 August 640) was the bishop of Rome elected in October 638. List of popes and Pope Severinus are popes.
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Pope Silverius
Pope Silverius (died 2 December 537) was bishop of Rome from 8 June 536 to his deposition in 537, a few months before his death. List of popes and Pope Silverius are popes.
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Pope Simplicius
Pope Simplicius (died 2 or 10 March 483) was the bishop of Rome from 468 to his death. List of popes and Pope Simplicius are popes.
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Pope Siricius
Pope Siricius (334 – 26 November 399) was the bishop of Rome from December 384 to his death. List of popes and Pope Siricius are popes.
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Pope Sisinnius
Pope Sisinnius (died 4 February 708) was the bishop of Rome from 15 January 708 to his death on 4 February. List of popes and Pope Sisinnius are popes.
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Pope Sixtus I
Pope Sixtus I (Greek: Σίξτος), also spelled Xystus, a Roman of Greek descent, was the bishop of Rome from 117 or 119 to his death 126 or 128. List of popes and Pope Sixtus I are popes.
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Pope Sixtus II
Pope Sixtus II (Πάπας Σίξτος Β΄), also written as Pope Xystus II, was bishop of Rome from 31 August 257 until his death on 6 August 258. List of popes and Pope Sixtus II are popes.
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Pope Sixtus III
Pope Sixtus III was the bishop of Rome from 31 July 432 to his death on 18 August 440. List of popes and Pope Sixtus III are popes.
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Pope Sixtus IV
Pope Sixtus IV (Sisto IV; born Francesco della Rovere; 21 July 1414 – 12 August 1484) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 9 August 1471 to his death, in August 1484. List of popes and Pope Sixtus IV are popes.
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Pope Sixtus V
Pope Sixtus V (Sisto V; 13 December 1521 – 27 August 1590), born Felice Piergentile, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 April 1585 to his death, in August 1590. List of popes and Pope Sixtus V are popes.
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Pope Soter
Pope Soter (Σωτήρ Soterius) was the bishop of Rome from 167 to his death in 174. List of popes and Pope Soter are popes.
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Pope Stephen I
Pope Stephen I (Στέφανος Α΄ Stephanus I) was the Bishop of Rome from 12 May 254 to his death on 2 August 257. List of popes and Pope Stephen I are popes.
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Pope Stephen II
Pope Stephen II (Stephanus II; 714 – 26 April 757) was born a Roman aristocrat and member of the Orsini family. List of popes and Pope Stephen II are popes.
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Pope Stephen III
Pope Stephen III (Stephanus III; 720 – 24 January 772) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 7 August 768 to his death. List of popes and Pope Stephen III are popes.
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Pope Stephen IV
Pope Stephen IV (Stephanus IV; died January 817) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from June 816 to his death. List of popes and Pope Stephen IV are popes.
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Pope Stephen IX
Pope Stephen IX (Stephanus, christened Frederick; – 29 March 1058) was the Bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 3 August 1057 to his death on 29 March 1058. List of popes and Pope Stephen IX are popes.
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Pope Stephen V
Pope Stephen V (Stephanus V; died 14 September 891) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from September 885 to his death. List of popes and Pope Stephen V are popes.
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Pope Stephen VI
Pope Stephen VI (Stephanus VI; died August 897) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 22 May 896 to his death. List of popes and Pope Stephen VI are popes.
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Pope Stephen VII
Pope Stephen VII (Stephanus VII; died 15 March 931) was the bishop of Rome and nominal ruler of the Papal States from February 929 to his death in 931. List of popes and Pope Stephen VII are popes.
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Pope Stephen VIII
Pope Stephen VIII (Stephanus VIII; died October 942) was the bishop of Rome and nominal ruler of the Papal States from 14 July 939 to his death. List of popes and Pope Stephen VIII are popes.
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Pope Sylvester I
Pope Sylvester I (also Silvester, 285 – 31 December 335) was the bishop of Rome from 31 January 314 until his death on 31 December 335. List of popes and Pope Sylvester I are popes.
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Pope Sylvester II
Pope Sylvester II (Silvester II; – 12 May 1003), originally known as Gerbert of Aurillac, was a scholar and teacher who served as the bishop of Rome and ruled the Papal States from 999 to his death. List of popes and Pope Sylvester II are popes.
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Pope Sylvester III
Pope Sylvester III (c. 1000 – October 1063), born John in Rome, was Bishop of Rome and hence ruler of the Papal States from 20 January to 10 March 1045. List of popes and Pope Sylvester III are popes.
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Pope Symmachus
Pope Symmachus (died 19 July 514) was the bishop of Rome from 22 November 498 to his death. List of popes and Pope Symmachus are popes.
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Pope Telesphorus
Pope Telesphorus (Τελεσφόρος) was the bishop of Rome from 126 to his death 137, during the reigns of Roman Emperors Hadrian and Antoninus Pius. List of popes and Pope Telesphorus are popes.
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Pope Theodore I
Pope Theodore I (Theodorus I; died 14 May 649) was the bishop of Rome from 24 November 642 to his death. List of popes and Pope Theodore I are popes.
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Pope Theodore II
Pope Theodore II (Theodorus II; 840 – December 897) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States for twenty days in December 897. List of popes and Pope Theodore II are popes.
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Pope Urban I
Pope Urban I, also known as Saint Urban (175?–230) (Urbanus I), was the bishop of Rome from 222 to 23 May 230. List of popes and Pope Urban I are popes.
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Pope Urban II
Pope Urban II (Urbanus II; – 29 July 1099), otherwise known as Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 March 1088 to his death. List of popes and Pope Urban II are popes.
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Pope Urban III
Pope Urban III (Urbanus III; died 20 October 1187), born Uberto Crivelli, reigned from 25 November 1185 to his death in 1187. List of popes and Pope Urban III are popes.
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Pope Urban IV
Pope Urban IV (Urbanus IV; c. 1195 – 2 October 1264), born Jacques Pantaléon, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 29 August 1261 to his death. List of popes and Pope Urban IV are popes.
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Pope Urban V
Pope Urban V (Urbanus V; 1310 – 19 December 1370), born Guillaume de Grimoard, was the head of the Catholic Church from 28 September 1362 until his death, in December 1370 and was also a member of the Order of Saint Benedict. List of popes and Pope Urban V are popes.
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Pope Urban VI
Pope Urban VI (Urbanus VI; Urbano VI; c. 1318 – 15 October 1389), born Bartolomeo Prignano, was head of the Catholic Church from 8 April 1378 to his death, in October 1389. List of popes and Pope Urban VI are popes.
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Pope Urban VII
Pope Urban VII (Urbanus VII; Urbano VII; 4 August 1521 – 27 September 1590), born Giovanni Battista Castagna, was head of the Catholic Church, and ruler of the Papal States from 15 to 27 September 1590. List of popes and Pope Urban VII are popes.
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Pope Urban VIII
Pope Urban VIII (Urbanus VIII; Urbano VIII; baptised 5 April 1568 – 29 July 1644), born Maffeo Vincenzo Barberini, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 August 1623 to his death, in July 1644. List of popes and Pope Urban VIII are popes.
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Pope Valentine
Pope Valentine (Valentinus; died 10 October 827) was the bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States for two months in 827. List of popes and Pope Valentine are popes.
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Pope Victor I
Pope Victor I (died 199) was a Roman African prelate of the Catholic Church who served as Bishop of Rome in the late second century. List of popes and Pope Victor I are popes.
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Pope Victor II
Pope Victor II (c. 1018 – 28 July 1057), born Gebhard of Dollnstein-Hirschberg, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 13 April 1055 until his death in 1057. List of popes and Pope Victor II are popes.
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Pope Victor III
Pope Victor III (1026 – 16 September 1087), was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 24 May 1086 to his death. List of popes and Pope Victor III are popes.
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Pope Vigilius
Pope Vigilius (died 7 June 555) was the bishop of Rome from 29 March 537 to his death. List of popes and Pope Vigilius are popes.
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Pope Vitalian
Pope Vitalian (Vitalianus; died 27 January 672) was the bishop of Rome from 30 July 657 to his death. List of popes and Pope Vitalian are popes.
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Pope Zachary
Pope Zachary (Zacharias; 679 – March 752) was the bishop of Rome from 28 November 741 to his death. List of popes and Pope Zachary are popes.
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Pope Zephyrinus
Pope Zephyrinus was the bishop of Rome from 199 to his death on 20 December 217. List of popes and Pope Zephyrinus are popes.
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Pope Zosimus
Pope Zosimus was the bishop of Rome from 18 March 417 to his death on 26 December 418. List of popes and Pope Zosimus are popes.
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Pope-elect Stephen
Pope-elect Stephen (died 25 March 752) was a Roman priest selected in March 752 to succeed Pope Zachary. List of popes and Pope-elect Stephen are popes.
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Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, whose territory also includes the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira.
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Posthumous execution
Posthumous execution is the ritual or ceremonial mutilation of an already dead body as a punishment.
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Premonstratensians
The Order of Canons Regular of Prémontré, also known as the Premonstratensians, the Norbertines and, in Britain and Ireland, as the White Canons (from the colour of their habit), is a religious order of canons regular of the Catholic Church founded in Prémontré near Laon in 1120 by Norbert of Xanten, who later became Archbishop of Magdeburg.
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Pretender
A pretender is someone who claims to be the rightful ruler of a country although not recognized as such by the current government.
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Preveza
Preveza (Πρέβεζα) is a city in the region of Epirus, northwestern Greece, located on the northern peninsula of the mouth of the Ambracian Gulf.
Priest
A priest is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deities.
Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht
The Bishopric of Utrecht (Sticht Utrecht) was an ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, in the present-day Netherlands.
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Procida
Procida (Proceta) is one of the Flegrean Islands off the coast of Naples in southern Italy.
Prophecy of the Popes
The Prophecy of the Popes (Prophetia Sancti Malachiae Archiepiscopi, de Summis Pontificibus, "Prophecy of Saint-Archbishop Malachy, concerning the Supreme Pontiffs") is a series of 112 short, cryptic phrases in Latin which purport to predict the Catholic popes (along with a few antipopes), beginning with Celestine II.
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Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy (Πτολεμαῖος,; Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was an Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western European science.
Quartodecimanism
Quartodecimanism (from the Vulgate Latin quarta decima in Leviticus 23:5, meaning fourteenth) is the name given to the practice of celebrating the death of Christ on the day of Passover, the 14th of Nisan according to biblical dating, on whatever day of the week it occurs.
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Quercy
Quercy (Carcin, locally) is a former province of France located in the country's southwest, bounded on the north by Limousin, on the west by Périgord and Agenais, on the south by Gascony and Languedoc, and on the east by Rouergue and Auvergne.
Rapagnano
Rapagnano is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Fermo in the Italian region Marche, located about south of Ancona and about north of Ascoli Piceno.
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Raphael Rooms
The four Raphael Rooms (Stanze di Raffaello.) form a suite of reception rooms in the Apostolic Palace, now part of the Vatican Museums, in Vatican City.
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Rashidun Caliphate
The Rashidun Caliphate (al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
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Ravenna
Ravenna (also; Ravèna, Ravêna) is the capital city of the Province of Ravenna, in the Emilia-Romagna region of Northern Italy.
Reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X
The reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X was promulgated by that Pope with the apostolic constitution Divino afflatu of 1 November 1911.
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Regnal name
A regnal name, regnant name, or reign name is the name used by monarchs and popes during their reigns and subsequently, historically.
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Regnal number
Regnal numbers are ordinal numbers used to distinguish among persons with the same name who held the same office.
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Religious order (Catholic)
In the Catholic Church, a religious order is a community of consecrated life with members that profess solemn vows.
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Renaissance
The Renaissance is a period of history and a European cultural movement covering the 15th and 16th centuries.
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Republic of Florence
The Republic of Florence (Repubblica di Firenze), known officially as the Florentine Republic (Repubblica Fiorentina), was a medieval and early modern state that was centered on the Italian city of Florence in Tuscany, Italy.
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Republic of Genoa
The Republic of Genoa (Repúbrica de Zêna; Repubblica di Genova; Res Publica Ianuensis) was a medieval and early modern maritime republic from the years 1099 to 1797 in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast.
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Republic of Pisa
The Republic of Pisa (Repubblica di Pisa) was an independent state existing from the 11th to the 15th century and centered on the Tuscan city of Pisa.
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Republic of Siena
The Republic of Siena (Repubblica di Siena, Respublica Senensis) was a historic state consisting of the city of Siena and its surrounding territory in Tuscany, central Italy.
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Republic of Venice
The Republic of Venice, traditionally known as La Serenissima, was a sovereign state and maritime republic with its capital in Venice.
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Rerum novarum
Rerum novarum (from its incipit, with the direct translation of the Latin meaning "of revolutionary change"), or Rights and Duties of Capital and Labor, is an encyclical issued by Pope Leo XIII on 15 May 1891.
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Richard Adelbert Lipsius
Richard Adelbert Lipsius (14 February 1830 in Gera, Thuringia – 19 August 1892 in Jena, Thuringia) was a German Protestant theologian.
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Riese Pio X
Riese (Rieze), officially Riese Pio X, is a municipality in northeast Italy located in the province of Treviso in the Region of Veneto.
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Roman citizenship
Citizenship in ancient Rome (civitas) was a privileged political and legal status afforded to free individuals with respect to laws, property, and governance.
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Roman Curia
The Roman Curia (Romana Curia) comprises the administrative institutions of the Holy See and the central body through which the affairs of the Roman Catholic Church are conducted.
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Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
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Roman Ghetto
The Roman Ghetto or Ghetto of Rome (Ghetto di Roma) was a Jewish ghetto established in 1555 in the Rione Sant'Angelo, in Rome, Italy, in the area surrounded by present-day Via del Portico d'Ottavia, Lungotevere dei Cenci, Via del Progresso and Via di Santa Maria del Pianto, close to the River Tiber and the Theatre of Marcellus.
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Roman Italy
Italia (in both the Latin and Italian languages), also referred to as Roman Italy, was the homeland of the ancient Romans.
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Roman Missal
The Roman Missal (Missale Romanum) is the title of several missals used in the celebration of the Roman Rite.
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Roman Syria
Roman Syria was an early Roman province annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War following the defeat of King of Armenia Tigranes the Great, who had become the protector of the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria.
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Rome
Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.
Rose of Lima
Rose of Lima, TOSD (born Isabel Flores de Oliva; 20 April 1586 24 August 1617) was a member of the Third Order of Saint Dominic in Lima, Peru, who became known for both her life of severe penance and her care of the poverty stricken of the city through her own private efforts.
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Rossano
Rossano is a town and frazione of Corigliano-Rossano in the province of Cosenza, Calabria, southern Italy.
Sabina (region)
Sabina (Latin: Sabinum), also called the Sabine Hills, is a region in central Italy.
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Sack of Rome (1527)
The Sack of Rome, then part of the Papal States, followed the capture of Rome on 6 May 1527 by the mutinous troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, during the War of the League of Cognac.
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Sack of Rome (410)
The Sack of Rome on 24 August 410 AD was undertaken by the Visigoths led by their king, Alaric.
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Saeculum obscurum
Saeculum obscurum ("the dark age/century"), also known as the Pornocracy or the Rule of the Harlots, was a period in the history of the papacy during the first two thirds of the 10th century, following the chaos after the death of Pope Formosus in 896 which saw seven or eight papal elections in as many years. List of popes and Saeculum obscurum are lists of Catholic popes.
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Saint
In Christian belief, a saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness, likeness, or closeness to God.
Saint Cecilia
Saint Cecilia (Sancta Caecilia), also spelled Cecelia, was a Roman virgin martyr and is venerated in Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, and some Lutheran churches, such as the Church of Sweden.
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Saint-Gilles, Gard
Saint-Gilles (Provençal: Sant Geli; St.) or Saint-Gilles-du-Gard is a commune in the Gard department in southern France.
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Salona
Salona (Σάλωνα) was an ancient city and the capital of the Roman province of Dalmatia.
Samnium
Samnium (Sannio) is a Latin exonym for a region of Southern Italy anciently inhabited by the Samnites.
San Lorenzo fuori le mura
The (Papal Basilica of Saint Lawrence outside the Walls) is a Roman Catholic papal minor basilica and parish church, located in Rome, Italy.
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Sant'Angelo a Scala
Sant'Angelo a Scala is a town and comune in the province of Avellino, Campania, southern Italy.
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Santa Cecilia in Trastevere
Santa Cecilia in Trastevere is a 5th-century church in Rome, Italy, in the Trastevere rione, devoted to the Roman martyr Saint Cecilia (early 3rd century AD).
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Santa Croce in Gerusalemme
The Basilica of the Holy Cross in Jerusalem or Basilica di Santa Croce in Gerusalemme (Basilica Sanctae Crucis in Hierusalem) is a Catholic Minor basilica and titular church in rione Esquilino, Rome, Italy.
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Santa Maria in Domnica
The Minor Basilica of St.
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Santa Maria sopra Minerva
Santa Maria sopra Minerva is one of the major churches of the Order of Preachers (also known as the Dominicans) in Rome, Italy.
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Santa Severina
Santa Severina (Santa Siverina) is a town and comune in the province of Crotone, in the Calabria region of southern Italy.
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Santa Sofia, Emilia–Romagna
Santa Sofia (Santa Sfía) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Forlì-Cesena in the Italian region Emilia–Romagna, located about southeast of Bologna and about southwest of Forlì.
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Santarcangelo di Romagna
Santarcangelo di Romagna (Santarcànzul) is a comune in the province of Rimini, in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna, on the Via Emilia.
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Santi Quattro Coronati
Santi Quattro Coronati is an ancient basilica in Rome, Italy.
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Sapienza University of Rome
The Sapienza University of Rome (Sapienza – Università di Roma), formally the Università degli Studi di Roma "La Sapienza", abbreviated simply as Sapienza ("wisdom"), is a public research university located in Rome, Italy.
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Sardinia
Sardinia (Sardegna; Sardigna) is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, and one of the twenty regions of Italy.
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Savelli family
The House of Savelli (de Sabellis in documents) were a rich and influential Roman aristocratic family who rose to prominence in the 13th century, and which included several popes, senators and condottieri.
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Scientific method
The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century.
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Second Council of Constantinople
The Second Council of Constantinople is the fifth of the first seven ecumenical councils recognized by both the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church.
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Second Council of Lyon
The Second Council of Lyon was the fourteenth ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church, convoked on 31 March 1272 and convened in Lyon, Kingdom of Arles (in modern France), in 1274.
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Second Council of Nicaea
The Second Council of Nicaea is recognized as the last of the first seven ecumenical councils by the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church.
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Second Council of the Lateran
The Second Council of the Lateran was the tenth ecumenical council recognized by the Catholic Church.
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Second Crusade
The Second Crusade (1147–1150) was the second major crusade launched from Europe.
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Second Epistle to Timothy
The Second Epistle to Timothy is one of the three pastoral epistles traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle.
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Second Polish Republic
The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939.
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Second Vatican Council
The Second Ecumenical Council of the Vatican, commonly known as the or, was the 21st and most recent ecumenical council of the Catholic Church.
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Secular Franciscan Order
The Secular Franciscan Order (Ordo Franciscanus Saecularis; abbreviated OFS) is the third branch of the Franciscan Family formed by Catholic men and women who seek to observe the Gospel of Jesus by following the example of Francis of Assisi.
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Sedia gestatoria
The sedia gestatoria (literally 'chair for carrying') or gestatorial chair is a ceremonial throne on which popes were carried on shoulders until 1978, which was later replaced outdoors in part with the popemobile.
See List of popes and Sedia gestatoria
Segni
Segni is an Italian town and comune located in Lazio.
Servant of God
Servant of God is a title used in the Catholic Church to indicate that an individual is on the first step toward possible canonization as a saint.
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Servant of the servants of God
"Servant of the servants of God" (servus servorum Dei) is one of the titles of the Pope and is used at the beginning of papal bulls.
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Sezze
Sezze (from the Latin "Setia") is a town and comune in the Province of Latina, central Italy, about south of Rome and from the Mediterranean coast.
Sicilian Vespers
The Sicilian Vespers (Vespri siciliani; Vespiri siciliani) was a successful rebellion on the island of Sicily that broke out at Easter 1282 against the rule of the French-born king Charles I of Anjou, who had ruled the Kingdom of Sicily since 1266.
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Sicily
Sicily (Sicilia,; Sicilia,, officially Regione Siciliana) is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy.
Siena Cathedral
Siena Cathedral (Duomo di Siena) is a medieval church in Siena, Italy, dedicated from its earliest days as a Roman Catholic Marian church, and now dedicated to the Assumption of Mary.
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Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
Sigismund of Luxembourg (15 February 1368 – 9 December 1437) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1433 until his death in 1437.
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Sistine Chapel
The Sistine Chapel (Sacellum Sixtinum; Cappella Sistina) is a chapel in the Apostolic Palace, the pope's official residence in Vatican City.
See List of popes and Sistine Chapel
The Social War (from Latin bellum sociale, "war of the allies"), also called the Italian War or the Marsic War, was fought largely from 91 to 88 BC between the Roman Republic and several of its autonomous allies (socii) in Italy.
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Solar System
The Solar SystemCapitalization of the name varies.
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Somma Lombardo
Somma Lombardo (Suma in lombard) is a town in the province of Varese, Lombardy, Italy.
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Sotto il Monte Giovanni XXIII
Sotto il Monte (Sóta 'l Mut; "Under the Mountain"), officially Sotto il Monte Giovanni XXIII, is a comune in northern Italy.
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Sovana
Sovana is a small town in southern Tuscany, Italy, a frazione of Sorano, a comune in the province of Grosseto.
Spain
Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.
Spanish Inquisition
The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition (Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.
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Spinazzola
Spinazzola (Barese: Spenazzòle) is a town and comune in the province of Barletta-Andria-Trani, Apulia, southern Italy.
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St. Peter's Basilica
The Papal Basilica of Saint Peter in the Vatican (Basilica Papale di San Pietro in Vaticano), or simply Saint Peter's Basilica (Basilica Sancti Petri; Basilica di San Pietro), is a church of the Italian High Renaissance located in Vatican City, an independent microstate enclaved within the city of Rome, Italy.
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St. Peter's Square
Saint Peter's Square (Forum Sancti Petri, Piazza San Pietro) is a large plaza located directly in front of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City, the papal enclave in Rome, directly west of the neighborhood (rione) of Borgo.
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State of Palestine
Palestine, officially the State of Palestine, is a country in the southern Levant region of West Asia, encompassing the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Gaza Strip, within the larger historic Palestine region.
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Style of the French sovereign
The precise style of French sovereigns varied over the years.
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Suburra
The Suburra, or Subura (from the latin Subura) was a vast and populous neighborhood of Ancient Rome, located below the Murus Terreus on the Carinae and stretching on the slopes of the Quirinal and Viminal hills up to the offshoots of the Esquiline (Oppian, Cispian and Fagutal hills).
Summis desiderantes affectibus
Summis desiderantes affectibus (Latin for "desiring with supreme ardor"), sometimes abbreviated to Summis desiderantes, was a papal bull regarding witchcraft issued by Pope Innocent VIII on 5 December 1484.
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Syllabus of Errors
The Syllabus of Errors is the name given to a document issued by the Holy See under Pope Pius IX on 8 December 1864, as an appendix to his encyclical letter Quanta cura.
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Syria
Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.
Teobaldo Boccapecci
Teobaldo Boccapecci or Boccapeconai (Thebaldus Buccapecuc) was elected pope after the death of Pope Callixtus II on 13 December 1124 and took the name Celestine II, but factional violence broke out during the investment ceremony and he resigned before being consecrated or enthroned in order to avoid schism.
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Terranova da Sibari
Terranova da Sibari (Calabrian: Terranova di Sibbari) is a town and comune in the province of Cosenza in the Calabria region of southern Italy.
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Teruel
Teruel is a city in Aragon, located in eastern Spain, and is also the capital of Teruel Province.
Teutonic Order
The Teutonic Order is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.
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The Holocaust
The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II.
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The Last Judgment (Michelangelo)
The Last Judgment (Il Giudizio Universale) is a fresco by the Italian Renaissance painter Michelangelo covering the whole altar wall of the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City.
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The Washington Post
The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.
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Theatines
The Theatines, officially named the Congregation of Clerics Regular (Ordo Clericorum Regularium; abbreviated CR), is a Catholic order of clerics regular of pontifical right for men founded by Archbishop Gian Pietro Carafa on 14 September 1524.
See List of popes and Theatines
Theodoric the Great
Theodoric (or Theoderic) the Great (454 – 30 August 526), also called Theodoric the Amal, was king of the Ostrogoths (475–526), and ruler of the independent Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy between 493 and 526, regent of the Visigoths (511–526), and a patrician of the Eastern Roman Empire.
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Theodotus of Byzantium
Theodotus of Byzantium (Θεόδoτoς Theodotos; also known as Theodotus the Tanner, Theodotus the Shoemaker, Theodotus the Cobbler, and Theodotus the Fuller; flourished late 2nd century) was an Adoptionist theologian from Byzantium, one of several named Theodotus whose writings were condemned as heresy in the early church.
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Third Council of Constantinople
The Third Council of Constantinople, counted as the Sixth Ecumenical Council by the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Churches, as well as by certain other Western Churches, met in 680–681 and condemned monoenergism and monothelitism as heretical and defined Jesus Christ as having two energies and two wills (divine and human).
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Third Council of the Lateran
The Third Council of the Lateran met in Rome in March 1179.
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Third Crusade
The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was an attempt led by three European monarchs of Western Christianity (Philip II of France, Richard I of England and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor) to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187.
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Third order
The term third order signifies, in general, lay members of Christian religious orders, who do not necessarily live in a religious community such as a monastery or a nunnery, and yet can claim to wear the religious habit and participate in the good works of a great order.
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Thrace
Thrace (Trakiya; Thráki; Trakya) is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe.
Tivoli, Lazio
Tivoli (Tibur) is a town and comune in Lazio, central Italy, north-east of Rome, at the falls of the Aniene river where it issues from the Sabine hills.
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Tobacco
Tobacco is the common name of several plants in the genus Nicotiana of the family Solanaceae, and the general term for any product prepared from the cured leaves of these plants.
Todi
Todi (Tuder in antiquity) is a town and comune (municipality) of the province of Perugia (region of Umbria) in central Italy.
Tomás de Torquemada
Tomás de Torquemada (14 October 1420 – 16 September 1498), also anglicized as Thomas of Torquemada, was a Castilian Dominican friar and first Grand Inquisitor of the Tribunal of the Holy Office (otherwise known as the Spanish Inquisition).
See List of popes and Tomás de Torquemada
Totus tuus
Totus tuus is a Latin greeting which was routinely used to sign off letters written in Latin, meaning "all yours", often abbreviated as "t.t." (a variation was ex asse tuus).
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Touraine
Touraine is one of the traditional provinces of France.
See List of popes and Touraine
Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668)
The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle or Aachen ended the War of Devolution between France and Spain.
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Treaty of Brétigny
The Treaty of Brétigny was a treaty, drafted on 8 May 1360 and ratified on 24 October 1360, between Kings Edward III of England and John II of France.
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Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa.
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Trevi Fountain
The Trevi Fountain (Fontana di Trevi) is an 18th-century fountain in the Trevi district in Rome, Italy, designed by Italian architect Nicola Salvi and completed by Giuseppe Pannini in 1762 and several others.
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Treviso
Treviso (Trevizo tɾeˈʋizo) is a city and comune (municipality) in the Veneto region of northern Italy.
Tridentine Mass
The Tridentine Mass, also known as the Traditional Latin Mass, the Traditional Rite, or the Extraordinary Form, is the liturgy in the Roman Missal of the Catholic Church codified in 1570 and published thereafter with amendments up to 1962.
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Troyes
Troyes is a commune and the capital of the department of Aube in the Grand Est region of north-central France.
Tycho Brahe
Tycho Brahe (born Tyge Ottesen Brahe,; 14 December 154624 October 1601), generally called Tycho for short, was a Danish astronomer of the Renaissance, known for his comprehensive and unprecedentedly accurate astronomical observations.
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Umayyad Caliphate
The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.
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Umbria
Umbria is a region of central Italy.
Unam sanctam
Unam sanctam is a papal bull that was issued by Pope Boniface VIII on 18 November 1302.
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Valentinian II
Valentinian II (Valentinianus; 37115 May 392) was a Roman emperor in the western part of the Roman empire between AD 375 and 392.
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Vandals
The Vandals were a Germanic people who first inhabited what is now southern Poland.
Vatican Apostolic Archive
The Vatican Apostolic Archive (Archivum Apostolicum Vaticanum; Archivio Apostolico Vaticano), formerly known as the Vatican Secret Archive, is the central repository in the Vatican City of all acts promulgated by the Holy See.
See List of popes and Vatican Apostolic Archive
Vatican City
Vatican City, officially the Vatican City State (Stato della Città del Vaticano; Status Civitatis Vaticanae), is a landlocked sovereign country, city-state, microstate, and enclave within Rome, Italy. List of popes and Vatican City are religion and politics.
See List of popes and Vatican City
Vatican Library
The Vatican Apostolic Library (Bibliotheca Apostolica Vaticana, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana), more commonly known as the Vatican Library or informally as the Vat, is the library of the Holy See, located in Vatican City, and is the city-state's national library.
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Vatican Museums
The Vatican Museums (Musei Vaticani; Musea Vaticana) are the public museums of Vatican City, enclave of Rome.
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Vatican Radio
Vatican Radio (Radio Vaticana; Statio Radiophonica Vaticana) is the official broadcasting service of Vatican City.
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Venice
Venice (Venezia; Venesia, formerly Venexia) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.
Verona
Verona (Verona or Veròna) is a city on the River Adige in Veneto, Italy, with 258,031 inhabitants.
Volterra
Volterra (Latin: Volaterrae) is a walled mountaintop town in the Tuscany region of Italy.
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Vulgate
The Vulgate is a late-4th-century Latin translation of the Bible.
Wadowice
Wadowice (Frauenstadt – Wadowitz) is a town in southern Poland, southwest of Kraków with 17,455 inhabitants (2022), situated on the Skawa river, confluence of Vistula, in the eastern part of Silesian Foothills (Pogórze Śląskie).
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Weimar Republic
The Weimar Republic, officially known as the German Reich, was a historical period of Germany from 9 November 1918 to 23 March 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history; hence it is also referred to, and unofficially proclaimed itself, as the German Republic.
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Western Roman Empire
In modern historiography, the Western Roman Empire was the western provinces of the Roman Empire, collectively, during any period in which they were administered separately from the eastern provinces by a separate, independent imperial court.
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Western Schism
The Western Schism, also known as the Papal Schism, the Great Occidental Schism, the Schism of 1378, or the Great Schism, was a split within the Roman Catholic Church lasting from 20 September 1378 to 11 November 1417 in which bishops residing in Rome and Avignon simultaneously claimed to be the true pope, and were eventually joined by a third line of Pisan claimants in 1409.
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William Herschel
Frederick William Herschel (Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel; 15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822) was a German-British astronomer and composer.
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William of Ockham
William of Ockham or Occam (Gulielmus Occamus; 1287 – 10 April 1347) was an English Franciscan friar, scholastic philosopher, apologist, and Catholic theologian, who is believed to have been born in Ockham, a small village in Surrey.
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World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
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World Youth Day
World Youth Day (WYD) is an event for young people organized by the Catholic Church that was initiated by Pope John Paul II in 1985.
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Zadar
Zadar (Zara; see also other names) is the oldest continuously inhabited city in Croatia.
1799–1800 papal conclave
The papal conclave that followed the death of Pius VI on 29 August 1799 lasted from 30 November 1799 to 14 March 1800 and led to the selection of Cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti, who took the name Pius VII.
See List of popes and 1799–1800 papal conclave
1823 papal conclave
The papal conclave held from 2 to 28 September 1823 ended with the election of Annibale della Genga to succeed the death recently deceased Pius VII as pope.
See List of popes and 1823 papal conclave
1829 papal conclave
The papal conclave held from 24 February to 31 March 1829 to elect a successor to the recently deceased Leo XII resulted in the accession of Cardinal Francesco Castiglioni, who took the name Pius VIII.
See List of popes and 1829 papal conclave
1830–1831 papal conclave
The papal conclave lasting from 14 December 1830 to 2 February 1831 resulted in the election of Cardinal Bartolomeo Cappellari, who took the name Gregory XVI, to succeed Pius VIII as pope.
See List of popes and 1830–1831 papal conclave
1846 papal conclave
In the papal conclave held from 14 to 16 June 1846, Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti, Bishop of Imola, was elected on the fourth ballot to succeed the recently deceased Gregory XVI as pope.
See List of popes and 1846 papal conclave
1878 papal conclave
The papal conclave held from 18 to 20 February 1878 saw the election of Vincenzo Pecci, who took the name Leo XIII as pope.
See List of popes and 1878 papal conclave
1903 papal conclave
The papal conclave held from 31 July to 4 August 1903 saw the election of Cardinal Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto to become pope in succession to Leo XIII, who had died on 20 July after a 25-year-long pontificate.
See List of popes and 1903 papal conclave
1914 papal conclave
A papal conclave was held from 31 August to 3 September 1914 which elected Giacomo della Chiesa to succeed Pius X, who died on August 20, as pope.
See List of popes and 1914 papal conclave
1922 papal conclave
The papal conclave held from 2 to 6 February 1922 saw Cardinal Achille Ratti elected to succeed Benedict XV, who had died on 22 January 1922.
See List of popes and 1922 papal conclave
1939 papal conclave
The papal conclave held on 1 and 2 March 1939 saw Cardinal Eugenio Pacelli elected on the third ballot to succeed Pius XI, who had died on 10 February, as pope.
See List of popes and 1939 papal conclave
1958 papal conclave
A papal conclave took place from 25 to 28 October following the death of Pope Pius XII on 9 October 1958.
See List of popes and 1958 papal conclave
1963 papal conclave
A papal conclave was held from 19 to 21 June 1963 to elect a successor of John XXIII, who had died on 3 June 1963.
See List of popes and 1963 papal conclave
2005 papal conclave
A papal conclave was held on 18 and 19 April 2005 to elect a successor to John Paul II, who had died on 2 April 2005.
See List of popes and 2005 papal conclave
See also
Lists of Catholic popes
- Antipope
- Illiterate popes
- List of canonised popes
- List of popes
- List of popes (graphical)
- List of popes by country
- List of popes from the Borgia family
- List of popes from the Conti family
- List of popes from the Medici family
- List of popes who died violently
- List of sexually active popes
- List of tombs of antipopes
- Papal name
- Saeculum obscurum
Lists of Christian religious leaders
- General Superintendent (Church of the Nazarene)
- List of Christian theologians
- List of Church Fathers
- List of Malankara Metropolitans
- List of Superiors General of the Congregation of the Mission
- List of current Christian leaders
- List of members of the Council of Fifty
- List of ministers general of the Franciscans
- List of ministers general of the Trinitarian Order
- List of popes
- List of women of the Restoration Movement
- President of the Southern Baptist Convention
- Superior general of the Society of Jesus
- Valiant Sixty
Lists of clerics
- Bampton Lectures
- Joe Lipari
- List of American Catholic priests
- List of Jesuits
- List of Sephardi chief rabbis of the Land of Israel
- List of Swedish clergy and theologians
- List of ministers of Greyfriars Kirk
- List of ministers of the Universal Life Church
- List of popes
- List of popes (graphical)
- List of primates of the Orthodox Church in America
- List of princess-abbesses of Quedlinburg
- Lists of popes, patriarchs, primates, archbishops, and bishops
- Scientology officials
Lists of patriarchs
- Armenian patriarch
- Coptic Catholic Patriarchate of Alexandria
- Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem
- Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem
- List of Armenian Catholic patriarchs of Cilicia
- List of Armenian patriarchs of Constantinople
- List of Armenian patriarchs of Jerusalem
- List of Chaldean Catholic patriarchs of Baghdad
- List of Greek Orthodox patriarchs of Alexandria
- List of Greek Orthodox patriarchs of Antioch
- List of Maronite patriarchs of Antioch
- List of Syriac Catholic patriarchs of Antioch
- List of Syriac Orthodox patriarchs of Antioch
- List of abunas of Eritrea
- List of abunas of Ethiopia
- List of bishops and patriarchs of Aquileia
- List of catholicoi of all Armenians
- List of current popes and patriarchs
- List of ecumenical patriarchs of Constantinople
- List of heads of the Georgian Orthodox Church
- List of heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church
- List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Kyiv
- List of metropolitans and patriarchs of Moscow
- List of patriarchs of Alexandria
- List of patriarchs of Antioch
- List of patriarchs of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church
- List of patriarchs of the Church of the East
- List of popes
- Lists of patriarchs
- Lists of patriarchs of Jerusalem
- Lists of popes, patriarchs, primates, archbishops, and bishops
- Melkite Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch
- Patriarch of All Romania
- Patriarch of Grado
- Patriarch of Tur Abdin
- Patriarchs of the East
Portraits of popes
- Figure with Meat
- List of popes
- Pope Paul III and His Grandsons
- Portrait of Innocent X
- Portrait of Leo X (Raphael)
- Portrait of Pope Julius II
- Portrait of Pope Paul III (Titian)
- Portrait of Pope Paul III with camauro
- Portrait of Pope Paul V
- Portrait of Pope Pius VII
- Portrait of Pope Sixtus IV
- Study after Velázquez
- Study after Velázquez's Portrait of Pope Innocent X
- Study from Innocent X
- Study of Red Pope 1962. 2nd version 1971
- Untitled (Pope)
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_popes
Also known as Catalogue of Popes, German pope, German popes, List of Bishops of Rome, List of Catholic popes, List of German popes, List of Popes of Rome, List of Roman Catholic Popes, List of Roman Catholic popes by nationality, List of Sovereigns of the Vatican City State, List of Syrian popes, List of Vatican monarchs, List of sovereigns of Vatican City State, List of the popes, Pope list, Popes of the Catholic Church, Recent Pope, Syrian popes, Timeline of the Papacy.
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