TATA box, the Glossary
In molecular biology, the TATA box (also called the Goldberg–Hogness box) is a sequence of DNA found in the core promoter region of genes in archaea and eukaryotes.[1]
Table of Contents
137 relations: Actin, Activator (genetics), Actomyosin ring, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Amino acid, Animal, Archaea, Atmosphere of Earth, Bacteria, Base pair, Beta sheet, Beta-actin, Biomarker, CAAT box, Cancer treatment, Cataract, Cell (biology), Cell growth, Cellular stress response, Cis-regulatory element, Cisplatin, Consensus sequence, Covalent bond, Cytokinin signaling and response regulator protein, David Hogness, Deletion (genetics), Disease, Dissociation constant, DNA, DNA replication, DNA-binding protein, Downstream promoter element, Doxorubicin, Drosophila, Drug, Earth, Electrostatics, Enhancer (genetics), Enzyme, Eukaryote, Gene, Gene duplication, Gene expression, Genome, Gilbert's syndrome, Guanine, Haemophilia B, HeLa, Hemolytic anemia, History, ... Expand index (87 more) »
- 1978 in biology
- Regulatory sequences
Actin
Actin is a family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments in the cytoskeleton, and the thin filaments in muscle fibrils.
Activator (genetics)
A transcriptional activator is a protein (transcription factor) that increases transcription of a gene or set of genes.
See TATA box and Activator (genetics)
Actomyosin ring
In molecular biology, an actomyosin ring or contractile ring, is a prominent structure during cytokinesis.
See TATA box and Actomyosin ring
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is the causal agent of crown gall disease (the formation of tumours) in over 140 species of eudicots.
See TATA box and Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.
Animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia.
Archaea
Archaea (archaeon) is a domain of single-celled organisms.
Atmosphere of Earth
The atmosphere of Earth is composed of a layer of gas mixture that surrounds the Earth's planetary surface (both lands and oceans), known collectively as air, with variable quantities of suspended aerosols and particulates (which create weather features such as clouds and hazes), all retained by Earth's gravity.
See TATA box and Atmosphere of Earth
Bacteria
Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
Base pair
A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds.
Beta sheet
The beta sheet (β-sheet, also β-pleated sheet) is a common motif of the regular protein secondary structure.
Beta-actin
Actin beta (HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee abbreviation ACTB/ACTB) is one of six different actin isoforms which have been identified in humans.
Biomarker
In biomedical contexts, a biomarker, or biological marker, is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition.
CAAT box
In molecular biology, a CCAAT box (also sometimes abbreviated a CAAT box or CAT box) is a distinct pattern of nucleotides with GGCCAATCT consensus sequence that occur upstream by 60–100 bases to the initial transcription site. TATA box and CAAT box are regulatory sequences.
Cancer treatment
Cancer treatments are a wide range of treatments available for the many different types of cancer, with each cancer type needing its own specific treatment.
See TATA box and Cancer treatment
Cataract
A cataract is a cloudy area in the lens of the eye that leads to a decrease in vision of the eye.
Cell (biology)
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life.
See TATA box and Cell (biology)
Cell growth
Cell growth refers to an increase in the total mass of a cell, including both cytoplasmic, nuclear and organelle volume.
Cellular stress response
Cellular stress response is the wide range of molecular changes that cells undergo in response to environmental stressors, including extremes of temperature, exposure to toxins, and mechanical damage.
See TATA box and Cellular stress response
Cis-regulatory element
Cis-regulatory elements (CREs) or cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) are regions of non-coding DNA which regulate the transcription of neighboring genes.
See TATA box and Cis-regulatory element
Cisplatin
Cisplatin is a chemical compound with formula cis-.
Consensus sequence
In molecular biology and bioinformatics, the consensus sequence (or canonical sequence) is the calculated sequence of most frequent residues, either nucleotide or amino acid, found at each position in a sequence alignment.
See TATA box and Consensus sequence
Covalent bond
A covalent bond is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electrons to form electron pairs between atoms.
See TATA box and Covalent bond
Cytokinin signaling and response regulator protein
A cytokinin signaling and response regulator protein is a plant protein that is involved in a two step cytokinin signaling and response regulation pathway.
See TATA box and Cytokinin signaling and response regulator protein
David Hogness
David Swenson Hogness (November 17, 1925 – December 24, 2019) was an American biochemist, geneticist, and developmental biologist and emeritus professor at the Stanford University School of Medicine in Stanford, California.
See TATA box and David Hogness
Deletion (genetics)
In genetics, a deletion (also called gene deletion, deficiency, or deletion mutation) (sign: Δ) is a mutation (a genetic aberration) in which a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is left out during DNA replication.
See TATA box and Deletion (genetics)
Disease
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that adversely affects the structure or function of all or part of an organism and is not immediately due to any external injury.
Dissociation constant
In chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology, a dissociation constant (KD) is a specific type of equilibrium constant that measures the propensity of a larger object to separate (dissociate) reversibly into smaller components, as when a complex falls apart into its component molecules, or when a salt splits up into its component ions.
See TATA box and Dissociation constant
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
See TATA box and DNA
DNA replication
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule.
See TATA box and DNA replication
DNA-binding protein
DNA-binding proteins are proteins that have DNA-binding domains and thus have a specific or general affinity for single- or double-stranded DNA.
See TATA box and DNA-binding protein
In molecular biology, a downstream promoter element (DPE) is a core promoter element. TATA box and downstream promoter element are regulatory sequences.
See TATA box and Downstream promoter element
Doxorubicin
Doxorubicin, sold under the brand name Adriamycin among others, is a chemotherapy medication used to treat cancer.
Drosophila
Drosophila is a genus of fly, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit.
Drug
A drug is any chemical substance other than a nutrient or an essential dietary ingredient, which, when administered to a living organism, produces a biological effect.
Earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.
Electrostatics
Electrostatics is a branch of physics that studies slow-moving or stationary electric charges.
See TATA box and Electrostatics
Enhancer (genetics)
In genetics, an enhancer is a short (50–1500 bp) region of DNA that can be bound by proteins (activators) to increase the likelihood that transcription of a particular gene will occur.
See TATA box and Enhancer (genetics)
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.
Eukaryote
The eukaryotes constitute the domain of Eukarya or Eukaryota, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings.
Gene duplication
Gene duplication (or chromosomal duplication or gene amplification) is a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution.
See TATA box and Gene duplication
Gene expression
Gene expression is the process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product that enables it to produce end products, proteins or non-coding RNA, and ultimately affect a phenotype.
See TATA box and Gene expression
Genome
In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism.
Gilbert's syndrome
Gilbert syndrome (GS) is a syndrome in which the liver of affected individuals processes bilirubin more slowly than the majority.
See TATA box and Gilbert's syndrome
Guanine
Guanine (symbol G or Gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).
Haemophilia B
Haemophilia B, also spelled hemophilia B, is a blood clotting disorder causing easy bruising and bleeding due to an inherited mutation of the gene for factor IX, and resulting in a deficiency of factor IX.
See TATA box and Haemophilia B
HeLa
HeLa is an immortalized cell line used in scientific research.
Hemolytic anemia
Hemolytic anemia or haemolytic anaemia is a form of anemia due to hemolysis, the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells (RBCs), either in the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis) or elsewhere in the human body (extravascular).
See TATA box and Hemolytic anemia
History
History (derived) is the systematic study and documentation of the human past.
Homology (biology)
In biology, homology is similarity due to shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa.
See TATA box and Homology (biology)
Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that is mostly inherited.
See TATA box and Huntington's disease
Hydrogen bond
In chemistry, a hydrogen bond (or H-bond) is primarily an electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen (H) atom which is covalently bonded to a more electronegative "donor" atom or group (Dn), and another electronegative atom bearing a lone pair of electrons—the hydrogen bond acceptor (Ac).
See TATA box and Hydrogen bond
Hydrophobe
In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water (known as a hydrophobe).
Immunosuppression
Immunosuppression is a reduction of the activation or efficacy of the immune system.
See TATA box and Immunosuppression
In vitro
In vitro (meaning in glass, or in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.
In vivo
Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.
Initiator element
The initiator element (Inr), sometimes referred to as initiator motif, is a core promoter that is similar in function to the Pribnow box (in prokaryotes) or the TATA box (in eukaryotes). TATA box and initiator element are regulatory sequences.
See TATA box and Initiator element
Insertion (genetics)
In genetics, an insertion (also called an insertion mutation) is the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence.
See TATA box and Insertion (genetics)
IRF1
Interferon regulatory factor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRF1 gene.
Iron
Iron is a chemical element.
Kozak consensus sequence
The Kozak consensus sequence (Kozak consensus or Kozak sequence) is a nucleic acid motif that functions as the protein translation initiation site in most eukaryotic mRNA transcripts.
See TATA box and Kozak consensus sequence
Locus (genetics)
In genetics, a locus (loci) is a specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located.
See TATA box and Locus (genetics)
Lung cancer
Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant tumor that begins in the lung.
Maize
Maize (Zea mays), also known as corn in North American English, is a tall stout grass that produces cereal grain.
Malus baccata
Malus baccata is an Asian species of apple known by the common names Siberian crab apple, Siberian crab, Manchurian crab apple and Chinese crab apple.
See TATA box and Malus baccata
Mammal
A mammal is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia.
Mediator is a multiprotein complex that functions as a transcriptional coactivator in all eukaryotes.
See TATA box and Mediator (coactivator)
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
MicroRNA
MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, single-stranded, non-coding RNA molecules containing 21 to 23 nucleotides.
Mitoxantrone
Mitoxantrone (INN, BAN, USAN; also known as Mitozantrone in Australia; trade name Novantrone) is an anthracenedione antineoplastic agent.
Molecular biology
Molecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions.
See TATA box and Molecular biology
Mouse
A mouse (mice) is a small rodent.
Mutation
In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.
Myocardial infarction
A myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops in one of the coronary arteries of the heart, causing infarction (tissue death) to the heart muscle.
See TATA box and Myocardial infarction
Neoplasm
A neoplasm is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue.
Neurodegenerative disease
A neurodegenerative disease is caused by the progressive loss of neurons, in the process known as neurodegeneration.
See TATA box and Neurodegenerative disease
Neurological disorder
A neurological disorder is any disorder of the nervous system.
See TATA box and Neurological disorder
Neuron
A neuron, neurone, or nerve cell is an excitable cell that fires electric signals called action potentials across a neural network in the nervous system.
Non-coding DNA
Non-coding DNA (ncDNA) sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences.
See TATA box and Non-coding DNA
Nucleic acid double helix
In molecular biology, the term double helix refers to the structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA.
See TATA box and Nucleic acid double helix
Nucleic acid sequence
A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule.
See TATA box and Nucleic acid sequence
Nucleosome
A nucleosome is the basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes.
Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate.
Nucleotide base
Nucleotide bases (also nucleobases, nitrogenous bases) are nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form nucleosides, which, in turn, are components of nucleotides, with all of these monomers constituting the basic building blocks of nucleic acids.
See TATA box and Nucleotide base
Pharmaceutical industry
The pharmaceutical industry is an industry involved in medicine that discovers, develops, produces, and markets pharmaceutical goods for use as drugs that function by being administered to (or self-administered by) patients using such medications with the goal of curing and/or preventing disease (as well as possibly alleviating symptoms of illness and/or injury).
See TATA box and Pharmaceutical industry
Phenotype
In genetics, the phenotype is the set of observable characteristics or traits of an organism.
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an essential α-amino acid with the formula.
See TATA box and Phenylalanine
Plant
Plants are the eukaryotes that form the kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly photosynthetic.
Point mutation
A point mutation is a genetic mutation where a single nucleotide base is changed, inserted or deleted from a DNA or RNA sequence of an organism's genome.
See TATA box and Point mutation
Pollen
Pollen is a powdery substance produced by most types of flowers of seed plants for the purpose of sexual reproduction.
Polymorphism (biology)
In biology, polymorphism is the occurrence of two or more clearly different morphs or forms, also referred to as alternative phenotypes, in the population of a species.
See TATA box and Polymorphism (biology)
Pribnow box
The Pribnow box (also known as the Pribnow-Schaller box) is a sequence of TATAAT of six nucleotides (thymine, adenine, thymine, etc.) that is an essential part of a promoter site on DNA for transcription to occur in bacteria. TATA box and Pribnow box are regulatory sequences.
In genetics, a promoter is a sequence of DNA to which proteins bind to initiate transcription of a single RNA transcript from the DNA downstream of the promoter.
See TATA box and Promoter (genetics)
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
Repressor
In molecular genetics, a repressor is a DNA- or RNA-binding protein that inhibits the expression of one or more genes by binding to the operator or associated silencers.
RNA polymerase
In molecular biology, RNA polymerase (abbreviated RNAP or RNApol), or more specifically DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactions that synthesize RNA from a DNA template.
See TATA box and RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase II (RNAP II and Pol II) is a multiprotein complex that transcribes DNA into precursors of messenger RNA (mRNA) and most small nuclear RNA (snRNA) and microRNA.
See TATA box and RNA polymerase II
RNA polymerase III
In eukaryote cells, RNA polymerase III (also called Pol III) is a protein that transcribes DNA to synthesize 5S ribosomal RNA, tRNA, and other small RNAs.
See TATA box and RNA polymerase III
Root
In vascular plants, the roots are the organs of a plant that are modified to provide anchorage for the plant and take in water and nutrients into the plant body, which allows plants to grow taller and faster.
RPA4
Replication protein A 30 kDa subunit is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RPA4 gene.
Saccharomyces
Saccharomyces is a genus of fungi that includes many species of yeasts.
See TATA box and Saccharomyces
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast or baker's yeast) is a species of yeast (single-celled fungal microorganisms).
See TATA box and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Scutellum (botany)
The Scutellum is part of the structure of a barley and rice seed—the modified seed leaf.
See TATA box and Scutellum (botany)
Serum response factor
Serum response factor, also known as SRF, is a transcription factor protein.
See TATA box and Serum response factor
Silencer (genetics)
In genetics, a silencer is a DNA sequence capable of binding transcription regulation factors, called repressors.
See TATA box and Silencer (genetics)
Single-nucleotide polymorphism
In genetics and bioinformatics, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; plural SNPs) is a germline substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome.
See TATA box and Single-nucleotide polymorphism
SN-38
SN-38 is an antineoplastic drug.
Spinocerebellar ataxia
Spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a progressive, degenerative, genetic disease with multiple types, each of which could be considered a neurological condition in its own right.
See TATA box and Spinocerebellar ataxia
Stomach cancer
Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a cancer that develops from the lining of the stomach.
See TATA box and Stomach cancer
Subtypes of HIV
The subtypes of HIV include two main subtypes, known as HIV type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV type 2 (HIV-2).
See TATA box and Subtypes of HIV
TATA-binding protein
The TATA-binding protein (TBP) is a general transcription factor that binds to a DNA sequence called the TATA box.
See TATA box and TATA-binding protein
Thalassemia
Thalassemias are inherited blood disorders that result in abnormal hemoglobin.
Three prime untranslated region
In molecular genetics, the three prime untranslated region (3′-UTR) is the section of messenger RNA (mRNA) that immediately follows the translation termination codon.
See TATA box and Three prime untranslated region
Thrombophlebitis
Thrombophlebitis is a phlebitis (inflammation of a vein) related to a thrombus (blood clot).
See TATA box and Thrombophlebitis
TOP1
DNA topoisomerase 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the TOP1 gene.
Topotecan
Topotecan, sold under the brand name Hycamtin among others, is a chemotherapeutic agent medication that is a topoisomerase inhibitor.
Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism.
Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA.
See TATA box and Transcription (biology)
Transcription factor
In molecular biology, a transcription factor (TF) (or sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that controls the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA, by binding to a specific DNA sequence.
See TATA box and Transcription factor
Transcription factor II A
Transcription factor TFIIA is a nuclear protein involved in the RNA polymerase II-dependent transcription of DNA.
See TATA box and Transcription factor II A
Transcription factor II B
Transcription factor II B (TFIIB) is a general transcription factor that is involved in the formation of the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex (PIC) and aids in stimulating transcription initiation.
See TATA box and Transcription factor II B
Transcription factor II D
Transcription factor II D (TFIID) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex.
See TATA box and Transcription factor II D
Transcription factor II E
Transcription factor II E (TFIIE) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex.
See TATA box and Transcription factor II E
Transcription factor II F
Transcription factor II F (TFIIF) is one of several general transcription factors that make up the RNA polymerase II preinitiation complex.
See TATA box and Transcription factor II F
Transcription factor II H
Transcription factor II H (TFIIH) is an important protein complex, having roles in transcription of various protein-coding genes and DNA nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathways.
See TATA box and Transcription factor II H
Transcription preinitiation complex
The preinitiation complex (abbreviated PIC) is a complex of approximately 100 proteins that is necessary for the transcription of protein-coding genes in eukaryotes and archaea.
See TATA box and Transcription preinitiation complex
Translation (biology)
In biology, translation is the process in living cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates.
See TATA box and Translation (biology)
Type II topoisomerase
Type II topoisomerases are topoisomerases that cut both strands of the DNA helix simultaneously in order to manage DNA tangles and supercoils.
See TATA box and Type II topoisomerase
University of Basel
The University of Basel (Latin: Universitas Basiliensis, German: Universität Basel) is a public research university in Basel, Switzerland.
See TATA box and University of Basel
Upstream activating sequence
An upstream activating sequence or upstream activation sequence (UAS) is a cis-acting regulatory sequence found in yeast like Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
See TATA box and Upstream activating sequence
Upstream and downstream (DNA)
In molecular biology and genetics, upstream and downstream both refer to relative positions of genetic code in DNA or RNA.
See TATA box and Upstream and downstream (DNA)
Van der Waals force
In molecular physics and chemistry, the van der Waals force (sometimes van de Waals' force) is a distance-dependent interaction between atoms or molecules.
See TATA box and Van der Waals force
Vertebrate
Vertebrates are deuterostomal animals with bony or cartilaginous axial endoskeleton — known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone — around and along the spinal cord, including all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Virus
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.
Visual impairment
Visual or vision impairment (VI or VIP) is the partial or total inability of visual perception.
See TATA box and Visual impairment
X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is the experimental science of determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract in specific directions.
See TATA box and X-ray crystallography
See also
1978 in biology
- TATA box
Regulatory sequences
- B recognition element
- CAAT box
- Downstream promoter element
- E-box
- Gene structure
- Initiator element
- Insulin regulatory sequence
- NRON
- Pribnow box
- Regulatory sequence
- TATA box
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TATA_box
Also known as Hogness box, TATA-box, TATAA, TATAAA.
, Homology (biology), Huntington's disease, Hydrogen bond, Hydrophobe, Immunosuppression, In vitro, In vivo, Initiator element, Insertion (genetics), IRF1, Iron, Kozak consensus sequence, Locus (genetics), Lung cancer, Maize, Malus baccata, Mammal, Mediator (coactivator), Metabolism, MicroRNA, Mitoxantrone, Molecular biology, Mouse, Mutation, Myocardial infarction, Neoplasm, Neurodegenerative disease, Neurological disorder, Neuron, Non-coding DNA, Nucleic acid double helix, Nucleic acid sequence, Nucleosome, Nucleotide, Nucleotide base, Pharmaceutical industry, Phenotype, Phenylalanine, Plant, Point mutation, Pollen, Polymorphism (biology), Pribnow box, Promoter (genetics), Protein, Repressor, RNA polymerase, RNA polymerase II, RNA polymerase III, Root, RPA4, Saccharomyces, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Scutellum (botany), Serum response factor, Silencer (genetics), Single-nucleotide polymorphism, SN-38, Spinocerebellar ataxia, Stomach cancer, Subtypes of HIV, TATA-binding protein, Thalassemia, Three prime untranslated region, Thrombophlebitis, TOP1, Topotecan, Toxicity, Transcription (biology), Transcription factor, Transcription factor II A, Transcription factor II B, Transcription factor II D, Transcription factor II E, Transcription factor II F, Transcription factor II H, Transcription preinitiation complex, Translation (biology), Type II topoisomerase, University of Basel, Upstream activating sequence, Upstream and downstream (DNA), Van der Waals force, Vertebrate, Virus, Visual impairment, X-ray crystallography.