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Talysh language, the Glossary

Index Talysh language

Talysh (تؤلشه زوؤن, Tolışə Zıvon, Tолышә зывон) is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken in the northern regions of the Iranian provinces of Gilan and Ardabil and the southern regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan by around 500,000-800,000 people.[1]

Table of Contents

  1. 118 relations: Ablative case, Academy of Persian Language and Literature, Accusative case, Affricate, Alveolar consonant, Anbaran, Aorist, Approximant, Arabic script, Ardabil, Ardabil province, Asalem, Asalem District, Astara District, Astara, Azerbaijan, Astara, Iran, Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger, Azerbaijan, Azerbaijani alphabet, Azerbaijani language, Back vowel, Caspian languages, Caspian Sea, Central vowel, Close vowel, Conditional mood, Cyrillic alphabets, Cyrillic script, Ergative case, Fricative, Front vowel, Fuman, Fuman County, Future tense, Gilaki language, Gilaks, Gilan province, Glottal consonant, Grammatical number, Grammatical person, Gregorian calendar, Imperative mood, Imperfect, Indo-European languages, Indo-Iranian languages, Infinitive, International Phonetic Alphabet, Iran, Iranian calendars, Iranian languages, ... Expand index (68 more) »

  2. Caspian languages
  3. Languages of Azerbaijan
  4. Northwestern Iranian languages
  5. Talysh

Ablative case

In grammar, the ablative case (pronounced; sometimes abbreviated) is a grammatical case for nouns, pronouns, and adjectives in the grammars of various languages; it is sometimes used to express motion away from something, among other uses.

See Talysh language and Ablative case

Academy of Persian Language and Literature

The Academy of Persian Language and Literature (APLL) (فرهنگستان زبان و ادب فارسی, Farhangestân-e Zabân-o Adab-e Fârsi) is the regulatory body for the Persian language, headquartered in Tehran, Iran.

See Talysh language and Academy of Persian Language and Literature

Accusative case

In grammar, the accusative case (abbreviated) of a noun is the grammatical case used to receive the direct object of a transitive verb.

See Talysh language and Accusative case

Affricate

An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place of articulation (most often coronal).

See Talysh language and Affricate

Alveolar consonant

Alveolar (UK also) consonants are articulated with the tongue against or close to the superior alveolar ridge, which is called that because it contains the alveoli (the sockets) of the upper teeth.

See Talysh language and Alveolar consonant

Anbaran

Anbaran (عنبران) is a city in, and the capital of, Anbaran District of Namin County, Ardabil province, Iran.

See Talysh language and Anbaran

Aorist

Aorist (abbreviated) verb forms usually express perfective aspect and refer to past events, similar to a preterite.

See Talysh language and Aorist

Approximant

Approximants are speech sounds that involve the articulators approaching each other but not narrowly enough nor with enough articulatory precision to create turbulent airflow.

See Talysh language and Approximant

Arabic script

The Arabic script is the writing system used for Arabic and several other languages of Asia and Africa.

See Talysh language and Arabic script

Ardabil

Ardabil (اردبیل.) is a city in northwestern Iran.

See Talysh language and Ardabil

Ardabil province

Ardabil Province (استان اردبیل) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.

See Talysh language and Ardabil province

Asalem

Asalem (اسالم) is a city in, and the capital of, Asalem District of Talesh County, Gilan province, in northwestern Iran.

See Talysh language and Asalem

Asalem District

Asalem District (بخش اسالم) is in Talesh County, Gilan province, in northwestern Iran.

See Talysh language and Asalem District

Astara District

Astara District (Astara rayonu, script) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan.

See Talysh language and Astara District

Astara, Azerbaijan

Astara (script) is a city in and the capital of the Astara District of Azerbaijan.

See Talysh language and Astara, Azerbaijan

Astara, Iran

Astara (آستارا) is a city in the Central District of Astara County, Gilan province, Iran, serving as the capital of both the county and the district.

See Talysh language and Astara, Iran

Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

The UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger was an online publication containing a comprehensive list of the world's endangered languages.

See Talysh language and Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia.

See Talysh language and Azerbaijan

Azerbaijani alphabet

The Azerbaijani alphabet (Azərbaycan əlifbası, آذربایجان اَلیفباسؽ, Азəрбајҹан әлифбасы) has three versions which includes the Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets.

See Talysh language and Azerbaijani alphabet

Azerbaijani language

Azerbaijani or Azeri, also referred to as Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish, is a Turkic language from the Oghuz sub-branch. Talysh language and Azerbaijani language are languages of Azerbaijan and languages of Iran.

See Talysh language and Azerbaijani language

Back vowel

A back vowel is any in a class of vowel sound used in spoken languages.

See Talysh language and Back vowel

Caspian languages

The Caspian languages are a branch of Northwestern Iranian languages spoken in northern Iran and south-eastern Azerbaijan, south of the Caspian Sea. Talysh language and Caspian languages are languages of Iran and northwestern Iranian languages.

See Talysh language and Caspian languages

Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake and sometimes referred to as a full-fledged sea.

See Talysh language and Caspian Sea

Central vowel

A central vowel, formerly also known as a mixed vowel, is any in a class of vowel sound used in some spoken languages.

See Talysh language and Central vowel

Close vowel

A close vowel, also known as a high vowel (in U.S. terminology), is any in a class of vowel sounds used in many spoken languages.

See Talysh language and Close vowel

Conditional mood

The conditional mood (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood used in conditional sentences to express a proposition whose validity is dependent on some condition, possibly counterfactual.

See Talysh language and Conditional mood

Cyrillic alphabets

Numerous Cyrillic alphabets are based on the Cyrillic script.

See Talysh language and Cyrillic alphabets

Cyrillic script

The Cyrillic script, Slavonic script or simply Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia.

See Talysh language and Cyrillic script

Ergative case

In grammar, the ergative case (abbreviated) is the grammatical case that identifies a nominal phrase as the agent of a transitive verb in ergative–absolutive languages.

See Talysh language and Ergative case

Fricative

A fricative is a consonant produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together.

See Talysh language and Fricative

Front vowel

A front vowel is a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages, its defining characteristic being that the highest point of the tongue is positioned as far forward as possible in the mouth without creating a constriction that would otherwise make it a consonant.

See Talysh language and Front vowel

Fuman

Fuman (died 1542) was Chieftain of the Jianzhou Jurchens and an ancestor of the future Qing dynasty emperors.

See Talysh language and Fuman

Fuman County

Fuman County (شهرستان فومن) is in Gilan province, in northwestern Iran.

See Talysh language and Fuman County

Future tense

In grammar, a future tense (abbreviated) is a verb form that generally marks the event described by the verb as not having happened yet, but expected to happen in the future.

See Talysh language and Future tense

Gilaki language

Gilaki (گیلٚکي زٚوؤن ɡilɵki zɵvön) is an Iranian language of the Northwestern branch, spoken in south of Caspian Sea by Gilak people. Talysh language and Gilaki language are Caspian languages, languages of Iran and northwestern Iranian languages.

See Talysh language and Gilaki language

Gilaks

Gilaks (Gilaki: گيلٚکؤن) are an Iranian ethnic group native to the south of Caspian sea.

See Talysh language and Gilaks

Gilan province

Gilan province (استان گیلان) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, in the northwest of the country.

See Talysh language and Gilan province

Glottal consonant

Glottal consonants are consonants using the glottis as their primary articulation.

See Talysh language and Glottal consonant

Grammatical number

In linguistics, grammatical number is a feature of nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions (such as "one", "two" or "three or more").

See Talysh language and Grammatical number

Grammatical person

In linguistics, grammatical person is the grammatical distinction between deictic references to participant(s) in an event; typically, the distinction is between the speaker (first person), the addressee (second person), and others (third person).

See Talysh language and Grammatical person

Gregorian calendar

The Gregorian calendar is the calendar used in most parts of the world.

See Talysh language and Gregorian calendar

Imperative mood

The imperative mood is a grammatical mood that forms a command or request.

See Talysh language and Imperative mood

Imperfect

The imperfect (abbreviated) is a verb form that combines past tense (reference to a past time) and imperfective aspect (reference to a continuing or repeated event or state).

See Talysh language and Imperfect

Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.

See Talysh language and Indo-European languages

Indo-Iranian languages

The Indo-Iranian languages (also known as Indo-Iranic languages or collectively the Aryan languages) constitute the largest and southeasternmost extant branch of the Indo-European language family.

See Talysh language and Indo-Iranian languages

Infinitive

Infinitive (abbreviated) is a linguistics term for certain verb forms existing in many languages, most often used as non-finite verbs.

See Talysh language and Infinitive

International Phonetic Alphabet

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin script.

See Talysh language and International Phonetic Alphabet

Iran

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.

See Talysh language and Iran

Iranian calendars

The Iranian calendars or Iranian chronology (گاه‌شماری ایرانی, Gâh-Şomâriye Irâni) are a succession of calendars created and used for over two millennia in Iran, also known as Persia.

See Talysh language and Iranian calendars

Iranian languages

The Iranian languages, also called the Iranic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau.

See Talysh language and Iranian languages

Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting

The Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB; صدا و سيمای جمهوری اسلامی ايران) formerly called National Iranian Radio and Television until the Iranian revolution of 1979, is an Iranian state-controlled media corporation that holds a monopoly of domestic radio and television services in Iran.

See Talysh language and Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting

ISO 9

ISO 9 is an international standard establishing a system for the transliteration into Latin characters of Cyrillic characters constituting the alphabets of many Slavic and non-Slavic languages.

See Talysh language and ISO 9

Kargan Rud District

Kargan Rud District (بخش کرگان‌رود) is in Talesh County, Gilan province, in northwestern Iran.

See Talysh language and Kargan Rud District

Khoshabar Rural District

Khoshabar Rural District (دهستان خوشابر) is in the Central District of Rezvanshahr County, Gilan province, Iran.

See Talysh language and Khoshabar Rural District

Khotbeh Sara Rural District

Khotbeh Sara Rural District (دهستان خطبه سرا) is in Kargan Rud District of Talesh County, Gilan province, Iran.

See Talysh language and Khotbeh Sara Rural District

Labial consonant

Labial consonants are consonants in which one or both lips are the active articulator.

See Talysh language and Labial consonant

Language death

In linguistics, language death occurs when a language loses its last native speaker.

See Talysh language and Language death

Lankaran

Lankaran (Lənkəran,, script) is a city in Azerbaijan, on the coast of the Caspian Sea, near the southern border with Iran.

See Talysh language and Lankaran

Lankaran District

Lankaran District (script) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan.

See Talysh language and Lankaran District

Latin script

The Latin script, also known as the Roman script, is a writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae in Magna Graecia.

See Talysh language and Latin script

Lavandevil

Lavandevil (لوندويل) is a city in, and the capital of, Lavandevil District of Astara County, Gilan province, Iran.

See Talysh language and Lavandevil

Lavandevil Rural District

Lavandevil Rural District (دهستان لوندویل) is in Lavandevil District of Astara County, Gilan province, Iran.

See Talysh language and Lavandevil Rural District

Lerik District

Lerik District (Lerik rayonu, script) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan.

See Talysh language and Lerik District

Lerik, Azerbaijan

Lerik (script) is the capital city of Lerik District in the southern area of Azerbaijan not far from the Iran border.

See Talysh language and Lerik, Azerbaijan

Lisar

Lisar (ليسار) is a city in, and the capital of, Kargan Rud District of Talesh County, Gilan province, Iran.

See Talysh language and Lisar

Masal

Masal (ماسال) is a city in the Central District of Masal County, in northwestern Iran's Gilan province.

See Talysh language and Masal

Masallı

Masally (Masallı, script) is a city in and the capital of the Masally District of Azerbaijan.

See Talysh language and Masallı

Masally District

Masally District (Masallı rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan.

See Talysh language and Masally District

Masuleh

Masuleh (ماسوله) is a city in Sardar-e Jangal District of Fuman County, Gilan province, Iran.

See Talysh language and Masuleh

Mid vowel

A mid vowel (or a true-mid vowel) is any in a class of vowel sounds used in some spoken languages.

See Talysh language and Mid vowel

Mughan plain

Mughan plain (Muğan düzü, مغان دوزو) is a plain stretching from northwestern Iran to the southern part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

See Talysh language and Mughan plain

Nasal consonant

In phonetics, a nasal, also called a nasal occlusive or nasal stop in contrast with an oral stop or nasalized consonant, is an occlusive consonant produced with a lowered velum, allowing air to escape freely through the nose.

See Talysh language and Nasal consonant

Nastaliq

Nastaliq, also romanized as Nastaʿlīq or Nastaleeq, is one of the main calligraphic hands used to write the Perso-Arabic script and it is used for some Indo-Iranian languages, predominantly Classical Persian, Kashmiri, Punjabi (Shahmukhi) and Urdu.

See Talysh language and Nastaliq

Nominative case

In grammar, the nominative case (abbreviated), subjective case, straight case, or upright case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb, or (in Latin and formal variants of English) a predicative nominal or adjective, as opposed to its object, or other verb arguments.

See Talysh language and Nominative case

Null-subject language

In linguistic typology, a null-subject language is a language whose grammar permits an independent clause to lack an explicit subject; such a clause is then said to have a null subject.

See Talysh language and Null-subject language

Old Azeri

Old Azeri (also spelled Adhari, Azeri or Azari) is the extinct Iranian language that was once spoken in the northwestern Iranian historic region of Azerbaijan (Iranian Azerbaijan) before the Turkification of the region. Talysh language and Old Azeri are Caspian languages and northwestern Iranian languages.

See Talysh language and Old Azeri

Open vowel

An open vowel is a vowel sound in which the tongue is positioned as far as possible from the roof of the mouth.

See Talysh language and Open vowel

Pahlavi scripts

Pahlavi is a particular, exclusively written form of various Middle Iranian languages.

See Talysh language and Pahlavi scripts

Past tense

The past tense is a grammatical tense whose function is to place an action or situation in the past.

See Talysh language and Past tense

Perfect (grammar)

The perfect tense or aspect (abbreviated or) is a verb form that indicates that an action or circumstance occurred earlier than the time under consideration, often focusing attention on the resulting state rather than on the occurrence itself.

See Talysh language and Perfect (grammar)

Persian alphabet

The Persian alphabet (translit), also known as the Perso-Arabic script, is the right-to-left alphabet used for the Persian language.

See Talysh language and Persian alphabet

Persian language

Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages. Talysh language and Persian language are languages of Azerbaijan and languages of Iran.

See Talysh language and Persian language

Plosive

In phonetics, a plosive, also known as an occlusive or simply a stop, is a pulmonic consonant in which the vocal tract is blocked so that all airflow ceases.

See Talysh language and Plosive

Pluperfect

The pluperfect (shortening of plusquamperfect), usually called past perfect in English, is a type of verb form, generally treated as a grammatical tense in certain languages, relating to an action that occurred prior to an aforementioned time in the past.

See Talysh language and Pluperfect

Postalveolar consonant

Postalveolar (post-alveolar) consonants are consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the back of the alveolar ridge.

See Talysh language and Postalveolar consonant

Present continuous

The present continuous, also called the present progressive or present imperfect, is a verb form used in modern English that combines the present tense with the continuous aspect.

See Talysh language and Present continuous

Present tense

The present tense (abbreviated or) is a grammatical tense whose principal function is to locate a situation or event in the present time.

See Talysh language and Present tense

Preverb

Although not used in general linguistic theory, the term preverb is used in Caucasian (including all three families: Northwest Caucasian, Northeast Caucasian and Kartvelian), Caddoan, Athabaskan, and Algonquian linguistics to describe certain elements prefixed to verbs.

See Talysh language and Preverb

Realis mood

A realis mood (abbreviated) is a grammatical mood which is used principally to indicate that something is a statement of fact; in other words, to express what the speaker considers to be a known state of affairs, as in declarative sentences.

See Talysh language and Realis mood

Rezvanshahr County

Rezvanshahr County (شهرستان رضوانشهر) is in Gilan province, Iran.

See Talysh language and Rezvanshahr County

Rezvanshahr, Gilan

Rezvanshahr (رضوانشهر) is a city in the Central District of Rezvanshahr County, Gilan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.

See Talysh language and Rezvanshahr, Gilan

Romanization

In linguistics, romanization is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so.

See Talysh language and Romanization

Russian language

Russian is an East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Russia. Talysh language and Russian language are languages of Iran.

See Talysh language and Russian language

Safi-ad-Din Ardabili (صفی‌الدین اسحاق اردبیلی Ṣāfī ad-Dīn Isḥāq Ardabīlī; 1252/3 – 1334) was a poet, mystic, teacher and Sufi master.

See Talysh language and Safi-ad-Din Ardabili

Semnani language

Semnani (سمنی زفون, Semani zefön) (known also as Komisenian languages) is one of the local languages of the Semnan Province of Iran. Talysh language and Semnani language are Caspian languages and northwestern Iranian languages.

See Talysh language and Semnani language

Shaft, Iran

Shaft (شفت) is a city in the Central District of Shaft County, Gilan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.

See Talysh language and Shaft, Iran

Shanderman District

Shanderman District (بخش شاندرمن) is in Masal County in the northwestern Iranian province of Gilan.

See Talysh language and Shanderman District

Shirvan

Shirvan (from translit; Şirvan; Tat: Şirvan) is a historical region in the eastern Caucasus, as known in both pre-Islamic Sasanian and Islamic times.

See Talysh language and Shirvan

Siah Mazgi

Siah Mazgi (سياهمزگي, also Romanized as Sīāh Mazgī) is a village in Ahmadsargurab Rural District, Ahmadsargurab District, Shaft County, Gilan Province, Iran.

See Talysh language and Siah Mazgi

Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

See Talysh language and Soviet Union

Subject–object–verb word order

In linguistic typology, a subject–object–verb (SOV) language is one in which the subject, object, and verb of a sentence always or usually appear in that order.

See Talysh language and Subject–object–verb word order

Subjunctive mood

The subjunctive (also known as conjunctive in some languages) is a grammatical mood, a feature of an utterance that indicates the speaker's attitude toward it.

See Talysh language and Subjunctive mood

Talish-i Gushtasbi

Talish-i Gushtasbi (تالش گشتاسبی) is the historical name of the northern Talish area, presently a part of the Republic of Azerbaijan.

See Talysh language and Talish-i Gushtasbi

Talysh people

The Talysh people (script, تالشان) or Talyshis, Talyshes, Talyshs, Talishis, Talishes, Talishs, Talesh are an Iranian ethnic group, with the majority residing in Azerbaijan and a minority in Iran. Talysh language and Talysh people are Talysh.

See Talysh language and Talysh people

Tat language (Caucasus)

Tat, also known as Caucasian Persian, Tat/Tati Persian,Gernot Windfuhr, "Persian Grammar: history and state of its study", Walter de Gruyter, 1979. Talysh language and Tat language (Caucasus) are Caspian languages and languages of Azerbaijan.

See Talysh language and Tat language (Caucasus)

Tati language (Iran)

The Tati language (Tati: تاتی زبون, Tâti Zobun) is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken by the Tat people of Iran which is closely related to other languages such as Talysh, Zaza, Mazandarani and Gilaki. Talysh language and Tati language (Iran) are Caspian languages and northwestern Iranian languages.

See Talysh language and Tati language (Iran)

Tālesh

Tālesh (تالش) is a city in the Central District of Talesh County, Gilan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.

See Talysh language and Tālesh

Trill consonant

In phonetics, a trill is a consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the active articulator and passive articulator.

See Talysh language and Trill consonant

Tula Rud Rural District

Tula Rud Rural District (دهستان طولارود) is in the Central District of Talesh County, Gilan province, in northwestern Iran.

See Talysh language and Tula Rud Rural District

Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.

See Talysh language and Turkey

UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.

See Talysh language and UNESCO

Velar consonant

Velars are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth (also known as the "velum").

See Talysh language and Velar consonant

Voice (grammar)

In grammar, the voice (aka diathesis) of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or doer of the action, the verb is in the active voice.

See Talysh language and Voice (grammar)

Voice (phonetics)

Voice or voicing is a term used in phonetics and phonology to characterize speech sounds (usually consonants).

See Talysh language and Voice (phonetics)

Voicelessness

In linguistics, voicelessness is the property of sounds being pronounced without the larynx vibrating.

See Talysh language and Voicelessness

Western Iranian languages

The Western Iranian languages or Western Iranic languages are a branch of the Iranian languages, attested from the time of Old Persian (6th century BC) and Median.

See Talysh language and Western Iranian languages

Word stem

In linguistics, a word stem is a part of a word responsible for its lexical meaning.

See Talysh language and Word stem

Zaza language

Zaza or Zazaki is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken primarily in eastern Turkey by the Zazas, who are commonly considered as Kurds, and in many cases identify as such. Talysh language and Zaza language are northwestern Iranian languages.

See Talysh language and Zaza language

See also

Caspian languages

Languages of Azerbaijan

Northwestern Iranian languages

Talysh

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talysh_language

Also known as ISO 639:tly, North-Central Talysh, North-Central Talysh language, Taleshi, Taleshi language, Talyshi language, Tolashi, Tolish, Tolishi, Tolışi, Tolışi language, Толыши, تالشی زَوُن.

, Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, ISO 9, Kargan Rud District, Khoshabar Rural District, Khotbeh Sara Rural District, Labial consonant, Language death, Lankaran, Lankaran District, Latin script, Lavandevil, Lavandevil Rural District, Lerik District, Lerik, Azerbaijan, Lisar, Masal, Masallı, Masally District, Masuleh, Mid vowel, Mughan plain, Nasal consonant, Nastaliq, Nominative case, Null-subject language, Old Azeri, Open vowel, Pahlavi scripts, Past tense, Perfect (grammar), Persian alphabet, Persian language, Plosive, Pluperfect, Postalveolar consonant, Present continuous, Present tense, Preverb, Realis mood, Rezvanshahr County, Rezvanshahr, Gilan, Romanization, Russian language, Safi-ad-Din Ardabili, Semnani language, Shaft, Iran, Shanderman District, Shirvan, Siah Mazgi, Soviet Union, Subject–object–verb word order, Subjunctive mood, Talish-i Gushtasbi, Talysh people, Tat language (Caucasus), Tati language (Iran), Tālesh, Trill consonant, Tula Rud Rural District, Turkey, UNESCO, Velar consonant, Voice (grammar), Voice (phonetics), Voicelessness, Western Iranian languages, Word stem, Zaza language.