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Theory of language, the Glossary

Theory of language is a topic in philosophy of language and theoretical linguistics.^[1]

149 relations: Adaptation, Adaptationism, Age of Enlightenment, Albert Paul Weiss, Analogy, André Martinet, Anthropology, Argument, Aristotle, Association (psychology), August Schleicher, Émile Durkheim, Behavioral ecology, Behaviorism, Bertrand Russell, Biolinguistics, Biological determinism, Biology, Botany, Branching (linguistics), Categorial grammar, Charles Darwin, Chauvinism, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Cognitive linguistics, Complex adaptive system, Concept, Conceptual metaphor, Consciousness, Constructed language, Construction grammar, Cultural evolution, Culture, Daniel Everett, Deductive reasoning, Discourse analysis, Donald Davidson (philosopher), Dual inheritance theory, Economy (linguistics), Eugenio Coșeriu, Evolutionary biology, Ferdinand de Saussure, Ferrofluid, First-order logic, Formal grammar, Formal linguistics, Franz Boas, Geist, Generative grammar, Genome, ... Expand index (99 more) »

Adaptation

In biology, adaptation has three related meanings.

Adaptationism is a scientific perspective on evolution that focuses on accounting for the products of evolution as collections of adaptive traits, each a product of natural selection with some adaptive rationale or raison d'etre.

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Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.

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Albert Paul Weiss

Albert Paul Weiss (September 15, 1879 – April 3, 1931) was a German American behavioral psychologist, theorist, scientist, and experimentalist.

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Analogy

Analogy is a comparison or correspondence between two things (or two groups of things) because of a third element that they are considered to share.

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André Martinet

André Martinet (12 April 1908 – 16 July 1999) was a French linguist, influential due to his work on structural linguistics.

See Theory of language and André Martinet

Anthropology

Anthropology is the scientific study of humanity, concerned with human behavior, human biology, cultures, societies, and linguistics, in both the present and past, including archaic humans.

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Argument

An argument is a series of sentences, statements, or propositions some of which are called premises and one is the conclusion.

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Aristotle

Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.

See Theory of language and Aristotle

Association (psychology)

Association in psychology refers to a mental connection between concepts, events, or mental states that usually stems from specific experiences.

See Theory of language and Association (psychology)

August Schleicher

August Schleicher (19 February 1821 – 6 December 1868) was a German linguist.

See Theory of language and August Schleicher

Émile Durkheim

David Émile Durkheim (or; 15 April 1858 – 15 November 1917), professionally known simply as Émile Durkheim, was a French sociologist.

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Behavioral ecology

Behavioral ecology, also spelled behavioural ecology, is the study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures.

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Behaviorism

Behaviorism (also spelled behaviourism) is a systematic approach to understand the behavior of humans and other animals.

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Bertrand Russell

Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British mathematician, logician, philosopher, and public intellectual.

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Biolinguistics

Biolinguistics can be defined as the study of biology and the evolution of language.

See Theory of language and Biolinguistics

Biological determinism

Biological determinism, also known as genetic determinism, is the belief that human behaviour is directly controlled by an individual's genes or some component of their physiology, generally at the expense of the role of the environment, whether in embryonic development or in learning.

See Theory of language and Biological determinism

Biology

Biology is the scientific study of life.

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Botany

Botany, also called plant science (or plant sciences), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology.

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Branching (linguistics)

In linguistics, branching refers to the shape of the parse trees that represent the structure of sentences.

See Theory of language and Branching (linguistics)

Categorial grammar

Categorial grammar is a family of formalisms in natural language syntax that share the central assumption that syntactic constituents combine as functions and arguments.

See Theory of language and Categorial grammar

Charles Darwin

Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology.

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Chauvinism

Chauvinism is the unreasonable belief in the superiority or dominance of one's own group or people, who are seen as strong and virtuous, while others are considered weak, unworthy, or inferior.

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Claude Lévi-Strauss

Claude Lévi-Strauss (28 November 1908 – 30 October 2009) was a French anthropologist and ethnologist whose work was key in the development of the theories of structuralism and structural anthropology.

See Theory of language and Claude Lévi-Strauss

Cognitive linguistics

Cognitive linguistics is an interdisciplinary branch of linguistics, combining knowledge and research from cognitive science, cognitive psychology, neuropsychology and linguistics.

See Theory of language and Cognitive linguistics

Complex adaptive system

A complex adaptive system is a system that is complex in that it is a dynamic network of interactions, but the behavior of the ensemble may not be predictable according to the behavior of the components.

See Theory of language and Complex adaptive system

Concept

A concept is defined as an abstract idea.

See Theory of language and Concept

In cognitive linguistics, conceptual metaphor, or cognitive metaphor, refers to the understanding of one idea, or conceptual domain, in terms of another.

See Theory of language and Conceptual metaphor

Consciousness

Consciousness, at its simplest, is awareness of internal and external existence.

See Theory of language and Consciousness

Constructed language

A constructed language (shortened to conlang) is a language whose phonology, grammar, orthography, and vocabulary, instead of having developed naturally, are consciously devised for some purpose, which may include being devised for a work of fiction.

See Theory of language and Constructed language

Construction grammar

Construction grammar (often abbreviated CxG) is a family of theories within the field of cognitive linguistics which posit that constructions, or learned pairings of linguistic patterns with meanings, are the fundamental building blocks of human language.

See Theory of language and Construction grammar

Cultural evolution

Cultural evolution is an evolutionary theory of social change.

See Theory of language and Cultural evolution

Culture

Culture is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.

See Theory of language and Culture

Daniel Everett

Daniel Leonard Everett (born July 26, 1951) is an American linguist and author best known for his study of the Amazon basin's Pirahã people and their language.

See Theory of language and Daniel Everett

Deductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning is the process of drawing valid inferences.

See Theory of language and Deductive reasoning

Discourse analysis

Discourse analysis (DA), or discourse studies, is an approach to the analysis of written, spoken, or sign language, including any significant semiotic event.

See Theory of language and Discourse analysis

Donald Davidson (philosopher)

Donald Herbert Davidson (March 6, 1917 – August 30, 2003) was an American philosopher.

See Theory of language and Donald Davidson (philosopher)

Dual inheritance theory

Dual inheritance theory (DIT), also known as gene–culture coevolution or biocultural evolution, was developed in the 1960s through early 1980s to explain how human behavior is a product of two different and interacting evolutionary processes: genetic evolution and cultural evolution.

See Theory of language and Dual inheritance theory

Economy (linguistics)

The economy principle in linguistics, also known as linguistic economy, is a functional explanation of linguistic form. Theory of language and economy (linguistics) are theories of language.

See Theory of language and Economy (linguistics)

Eugenio Coșeriu

Eugenio Coșeriu (Eugen Coșeriu,; 27 July 1921 – 7 September 2002) was a linguist who specialized in Romance languages at the University of Tübingen, author of over 50 books, honorary member of the Romanian Academy.

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Evolutionary biology

Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth.

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Ferdinand de Saussure

Ferdinand de Saussure (26 November 185722 February 1913) was a Swiss linguist, semiotician and philosopher.

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Ferrofluid

Ferrofluid is a liquid that is attracted to the poles of a magnet.

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First-order logic

First-order logic—also called predicate logic, predicate calculus, quantificational logic—is a collection of formal systems used in mathematics, philosophy, linguistics, and computer science.

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Formal grammar

A formal grammar describes which strings from an alphabet of a formal language are valid according to the language's syntax.

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Formal linguistics

Formal linguistics is the branch of linguistics which uses applied mathematical methods for the analysis of natural languages.

See Theory of language and Formal linguistics

Franz Boas

Franz Uri Boas (July 9, 1858 – December 21, 1942) was a German-American anthropologist and a pioneer of modern anthropology who has been called the "Father of American Anthropology".

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Geist

Geist is a German noun with a significant degree of importance in German philosophy.

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Generative grammar

Generative grammar is a research tradition in linguistics that aims to explain the cognitive basis of language by formulating and testing explicit models of humans' subconscious grammatical knowledge.

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Genome

In the fields of molecular biology and genetics, a genome is all the genetic information of an organism.

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George Lakoff

George Philip Lakoff (born May 24, 1941) is an American cognitive linguist and philosopher, best known for his thesis that people's lives are significantly influenced by the conceptual metaphors they use to explain complex phenomena.

See Theory of language and George Lakoff

Grammatical modifier

In linguistics, a modifier is an optional element in phrase structure or clause structure which modifies the meaning of another element in the structure.

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Herbert Spencer

Herbert Spencer (27 April 1820 – 8 December 1903) was an English polymath active as a philosopher, psychologist, biologist, sociologist, and anthropologist.

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Heymann Steinthal

Heymann, Hermann or Chajim Steinthal (16 May 1823 – 14 March 1899) was a German philologist and philosopher.

See Theory of language and Heymann Steinthal

Hilary Putnam

Hilary Whitehall Putnam (July 31, 1926 – March 13, 2016) was an American philosopher, mathematician, computer scientist, and figure in analytic philosophy in the second half of the 20th century.

See Theory of language and Hilary Putnam

Humanism

Humanism is a philosophical stance that emphasizes the individual and social potential, and agency of human beings, whom it considers the starting point for serious moral and philosophical inquiry.

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Humanities

Humanities are academic disciplines that study aspects of human society and culture, including certain fundamental questions asked by humans.

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Information structure

In linguistics, information structure, also called information packaging, describes the way in which information is formally packaged within a sentence.

See Theory of language and Information structure

International Auxiliary Language Association

The International Auxiliary Language Association, Inc. (IALA) was an American organisation founded in 1924 to "promote widespread study, discussion and publicity of all questions involved in the establishment of an auxiliary language, together with research and experiment that may hasten such establishment in an intelligent manner and on stable foundations." Although it was created to determine which auxiliary language of a wide field of contenders was best suited for international communication, it eventually determined that none of them was up to the task and developed its own language, Interlingua.

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Invention

An invention is a unique or novel device, method, composition, idea or process.

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Jacques Derrida

Jacques Derrida (born Jackie Élie Derrida;Peeters (2013), pp. 12–13. See also 15 July 1930 – 9 October 2004) was a French philosopher.

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Jesse Prinz

Jesse J. Prinz is an American philosopher who is Distinguished Professor of philosophy and Director of the Committee for Interdisciplinary Science Studies at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York.

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John A. Hawkins (linguist)

John A. Hawkins is Professor of English and Applied Linguistics at the Research Centre for English and Applied Linguistics (RCEAL) at the University of Cambridge.

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John Searle

John Rogers Searle (American English pronunciation:; born July 31, 1932) is an American philosopher widely noted for contributions to the philosophy of language, philosophy of mind, and social philosophy.

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Julia Kristeva

Julia Kristeva (born Yuliya Stoyanova Krasteva, Юлия Стоянова Кръстева; on 24 June 1941) is a Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, semiotician, psychoanalyst, feminist, and novelist who has lived in France since the mid-1960s.

See Theory of language and Julia Kristeva

Language change

Language change is the process of alteration in the features of a single language, or of languages in general, across a period of time.

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Language module

The language module or language faculty is a hypothetical structure in the human brain which is thought to contain innate capacities for language, originally posited by Noam Chomsky.

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Leonard Bloomfield

Leonard Bloomfield (April 1, 1887 – April 18, 1949) was an American linguist who led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and the 1940s.

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Linearity

In mathematics, the term linear is used in two distinct senses for two different properties.

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Linguistic description

In the study of language, description or descriptive linguistics is the work of objectively analyzing and describing how language is actually used (or how it was used in the past) by a speech community.

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Linguistic prescription

Linguistic prescription, also called prescriptivism or prescriptive grammar, is the establishment of rules defining preferred usage of language.

See Theory of language and Linguistic prescription

Linguistic typology

Linguistic typology (or language typology) is a field of linguistics that studies and classifies languages according to their structural features to allow their comparison.

See Theory of language and Linguistic typology

Linguistics

Linguistics is the scientific study of language.

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List of linguistics conferences

This is a list of recurring linguistics conferences.

See Theory of language and List of linguistics conferences

List of linguistics journals

The following is a partial list of linguistics journals.

See Theory of language and List of linguistics journals

Logical grammar

Logical grammar or rational grammar is a term used in the history and philosophy of linguistics to refer to certain linguistic and grammatical theories that were prominent until the early 19th century and later influenced 20th-century linguistic thought.

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Louis Hjelmslev

Louis Trolle Hjelmslev (3 October 189930 May 1965) was a Danish linguist whose ideas formed the basis of the Copenhagen School of linguistics.

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Lucien Tesnière

Lucien Tesnière (May 13, 1893 – December 6, 1954) was a prominent and influential French linguist.

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Ludwig Wittgenstein

Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language.

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Max Müller

Friedrich Max Müller (6 December 1823 – 28 October 1900) was a comparative philologist and Orientalist of German origin.

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Memetics

Memetics is a theory of the evolution of culture based on Darwinian principles with the meme as the unit of culture.

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Michel Foucault

Paul-Michel Foucault (15 October 192625 June 1984) was a French historian of ideas and philosopher who also served as an author, literary critic, political activist, and teacher.

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Moritz Lazarus

Moritz Lazarus (15 September 1824 – 13 April 1903), born at Filehne, in the Grand Duchy of Posen, was a German-Jewish philosopher, psychologist, and a vocal opponent of the antisemitism of his time.

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Mutation

In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.

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Nationalism

Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state.

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Nature versus nurture

Nature versus nurture is a long-standing debate in biology and society about the relative influence on human beings of their genetic inheritance (nature) and the environmental conditions of their development (nurture).

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Neo-Darwinism

Neo-Darwinism is generally used to describe any integration of Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection with Gregor Mendel's theory of genetics.

See Theory of language and Neo-Darwinism

Neurolinguistics

Neurolinguistics is the study of neural mechanisms in the human brain that control the comprehension, production, and acquisition of language.

See Theory of language and Neurolinguistics

Neurology

Neurology (from νεῦρον (neûron), "string, nerve" and the suffix -logia, "study of") is the branch of medicine dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the nervous system, which comprises the brain, the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves.

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Nicholas Evans (linguist)

Nicholas Evans (born 1956) is an Australian linguist and a leading expert on endangered languages.

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Noam Chomsky

Avram Noam Chomsky (born December 7, 1928) is an American professor and public intellectual known for his work in linguistics, political activism, and social criticism.

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Novial

Novial is an international auxiliary language (IAL) created by Danish linguist Otto Jespersen in 1928.

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Organ (biology)

In a multicellular organism, an organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function.

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Organicism

Organicism is the philosophical position that states that the universe and its various parts (including human societies) ought to be considered alive and naturally ordered, much like a living organism.

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Organism

An organism is defined in a medical dictionary as any living thing that functions as an individual.

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Origin of language

The origin of language, its relationship with human evolution, and its consequences have been subjects of study for centuries. Theory of language and origin of language are theories of language.

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Otto Jespersen

Jens Otto Harry Jespersen (16 July 1860 – 30 April 1943) was a Danish linguist who specialized in the grammar of the English language.

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Parsing

Parsing, syntax analysis, or syntactic analysis is the process of analyzing a string of symbols, either in natural language, computer languages or data structures, conforming to the rules of a formal grammar.

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Philosophy of language

In analytic philosophy, philosophy of language investigates the nature of language and the relations between language, language users, and the world.

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Physiology

Physiology is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system.

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Plato

Plato (Greek: Πλάτων), born Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς; – 348 BC), was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms.

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Population

Population is the term typically used to refer to the number of people in a single area.

See Theory of language and Population

Post-structuralism

Post-structuralism is a philosophical movement that questions the objectivity or stability of the various interpretive structures that are posited by structuralism and considers them to be constituted by broader systems of power.

See Theory of language and Post-structuralism

Prague linguistic circle

The Prague school or Prague linguistic circle is a language and literature society.

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Predicate (grammar)

The term predicate is used in two ways in linguistics and its subfields.

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Predication (philosophy)

Predication in philosophy refers to an act of judgement where one term is subsumed under another.

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Principle of compositionality

In semantics, mathematical logic and related disciplines, the principle of compositionality is the principle that the meaning of a complex expression is determined by the meanings of its constituent expressions and the rules used to combine them.

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Proposition

A proposition is a central concept in the philosophy of language, semantics, logic, and related fields, often characterized as the primary bearer of truth or falsity.

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Pseudoscience

Pseudoscience consists of statements, beliefs, or practices that claim to be both scientific and factual but are incompatible with the scientific method.

See Theory of language and Pseudoscience

Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguistics or psychology of language is the study of the interrelation between linguistic factors and psychological aspects.

See Theory of language and Psycholinguistics

Psychology

Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.

See Theory of language and Psychology

Rationalism

In philosophy, rationalism is the epistemological view that "regards reason as the chief source and test of knowledge" or "any view appealing to reason as a source of knowledge or justification",Lacey, A.R. (1996), A Dictionary of Philosophy, 1st edition, Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976.

See Theory of language and Rationalism

Ray Jackendoff

Ray Jackendoff (born January 23, 1945) is an American linguist.

See Theory of language and Ray Jackendoff

René de Saussure

René de Saussure (17 March 1868 – 2 December 1943) was a Swiss Esperantist and professional mathematician (he defended a doctoral thesis on a subject in geometry at the Johns Hopkins University in 1895 and until 1899 he was professor at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., and later in Geneva and Bern), who composed important works about Esperanto and interlinguistics from a linguistic viewpoint.

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Richard Dawkins

Richard Dawkins (born 26 March 1941) is a British evolutionary biologist, zoologist, and author.

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Roland Barthes

Roland Gérard Barthes (12 November 1915 – 26 March 1980) was a French literary theorist, essayist, philosopher, critic, and semiotician.

See Theory of language and Roland Barthes

Self-replication

Self-replication is any behavior of a dynamical system that yields construction of an identical or similar copy of itself.

See Theory of language and Self-replication

Semantics

Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning.

See Theory of language and Semantics

Semiotics

Semiotics is the systematic study of sign processes and the communication of meaning.

See Theory of language and Semiotics

Social constructionism is a term used in sociology, social ontology, and communication theory.

See Theory of language and Social constructionism

Social Darwinism is the study and implementation of various pseudoscientific theories and societal practices that purport to apply biological concepts of natural selection and survival of the fittest to sociology, economics and politics.

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Social science is one of the branches of science, devoted to the study of societies and the relationships among individuals within those societies.

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In the social sciences, social structure is the aggregate of patterned social arrangements in society that are both emergent from and determinant of the actions of individuals.

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Sociobiology

Sociobiology is a field of biology that aims to explain social behavior in terms of evolution.

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Species

A species (species) is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction.

See Theory of language and Species

Stephen Levinson

Stephen C. Levinson FBA (born 6 December 1947), Who's Who 2014, A & C Black, 2014; online edn, Oxford University Press, 2014 is a British social scientist, known for his studies of the relations between culture, language and cognition, and former scientific director of the Language and Cognition department at the Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen, the Netherlands.

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Steven Pinker

Steven Arthur Pinker (born September 18, 1954) is a Canadian-American cognitive psychologist, psycholinguist, popular science author, and public intellectual.

See Theory of language and Steven Pinker

Structural functionalism

Structural functionalism, or simply functionalism, is "a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability".

See Theory of language and Structural functionalism

Structuralism

Structuralism is an intellectual current and methodological approach, primarily in the social sciences, that interprets elements of human culture by way of their relationship to a broader system. Theory of language and Structuralism are theories of language.

See Theory of language and Structuralism

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_language

Also known as Nature of language.

, George Lakoff, Grammatical modifier, Herbert Spencer, Heymann Steinthal, Hilary Putnam, Humanism, Humanities, Information structure, International Auxiliary Language Association, Invention, Jacques Derrida, Jesse Prinz, John A. Hawkins (linguist), John Searle, Julia Kristeva, Language change, Language module, Leonard Bloomfield, Linearity, Linguistic description, Linguistic prescription, Linguistic typology, Linguistics, List of linguistics conferences, List of linguistics journals, Logical grammar, Louis Hjelmslev, Lucien Tesnière, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Max Müller, Memetics, Michel Foucault, Moritz Lazarus, Mutation, Nationalism, Nature versus nurture, Neo-Darwinism, Neurolinguistics, Neurology, Nicholas Evans (linguist), Noam Chomsky, Novial, Organ (biology), Organicism, Organism, Origin of language, Otto Jespersen, Parsing, Philosophy of language, Physiology, Plato, Population, Post-structuralism, Prague linguistic circle, Predicate (grammar), Predication (philosophy), Principle of compositionality, Proposition, Pseudoscience, Psycholinguistics, Psychology, Rationalism, Ray Jackendoff, René de Saussure, Richard Dawkins, Roland Barthes, Self-replication, Semantics, Semiotics, Social constructionism, Social Darwinism, Social science, Social structure, Sociobiology, Species, Stephen Levinson, Steven Pinker, Structural functionalism, Structuralism, Structuralism (biology), Structuralism (psychology), Subject (grammar), Syllogism, Syntax, The Language Instinct, Theoretical linguistics, Transitive verb, Two-dimensional space, Unconscious mind, Universal grammar, Usage-based models of language, Völkerpsychologie, Verb, Virus, Visual thinking, Vocal tract, Wilfrid Sellars, Wilhelm Wundt, World War I.

Theory of language, the Glossary

Table of Contents

References