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Therapsida, the Glossary

Therapsida is a clade comprising a major group of eupelycosaurian synapsids that includes mammals and their ancestors and close relatives.^[1]

92 relations: Amphibian, Anomodontia, Anteosaur, Archosaur, Axis (anatomy), Biarmosuchia, Biarmosuchus, Burnetiamorpha, Canine tooth, Carnian, Charassognathus, Chiniquodon, Circadian rhythm, Cisuralian, Clade, Coprolite, Cretaceous, Crown group, Cynodontia, Diapsid, Dicynodontia, Dinocephalia, Dinosaur, Docodonta, Early Cretaceous, Early Jurassic, Early Triassic, Endothermic process, Estemmenosuchus, Eucynodontia, Eupelycosauria, Eutheriodontia, Evolution, Evolution of mammals, Galesaurus, Glanosuchus, Gorgonopsia, Greek language, Guadalupian, Herbivore, Holocene, Incisor, Indiana University Press, Inostrancevia, Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, Jurassic, Kannemeyeriiformes, Late Triassic, Lizard, Lopingian, ... Expand index (42 more) »
Cisuralian first appearances
Extant Permian first appearances
Therapsids

Amphibian

Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia.

See Therapsida and Amphibian

Anomodontia

Anomodontia is an extinct group of non-mammalian therapsids from the Permian and Triassic periods.

See Therapsida and Anomodontia

Anteosaurs are a group of large, primitive carnivorous dinocephalian therapsids with large canines and incisors and short limbs, that are known from the Middle Permian of South Africa, Russia, China, and Brazil.

See Therapsida and Anteosaur

Archosaur

Archosauria or archosaurs is a clade of diapsid sauropsid tetrapods, with birds and crocodilians being the only extant representatives.

See Therapsida and Archosaur

Axis (anatomy)

In anatomy, the axis (from Latin axis, "axle") is the second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine, immediately inferior to the atlas, upon which the head rests.

See Therapsida and Axis (anatomy)

Biarmosuchia

Biarmosuchia is an extinct clade of non-mammalian synapsids from the Permian.

See Therapsida and Biarmosuchia

Biarmosuchus

Biarmosuchus is an extinct genus of biarmosuchian therapsids that lived around 267 mya during the Middle Permian period.

See Therapsida and Biarmosuchus

Burnetiamorpha

Burnetiamorpha is a clade of biarmosuchian therapsids. Therapsida and Burnetiamorpha are Taxa named by Robert Broom.

See Therapsida and Burnetiamorpha

Canine tooth

In mammalian oral anatomy, the canine teeth, also called cuspids, dogteeth, eye teeth, vampire teeth, or vampire fangs, are the relatively long, pointed teeth.

See Therapsida and Canine tooth

Carnian

The Carnian (less commonly, Karnian) is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic Series (or earliest age of the Late Triassic Epoch).

See Therapsida and Carnian

Charassognathus

Charassognathus (meaning 'notched jaw') is an extinct genus of Late Permian cynodonts.

See Therapsida and Charassognathus

Chiniquodon

Chiniquodon is an extinct genus of carnivorous cynodonts, which lived during the Late Triassic (Carnian) in South America (Argentina and Brazil) and Africa (Namibia and Madagascar).

See Therapsida and Chiniquodon

Circadian rhythm

A circadian rhythm, or circadian cycle, is a natural oscillation that repeats roughly every 24 hours.

See Therapsida and Circadian rhythm

Cisuralian

The Cisuralian is the first series/epoch of the Permian.

See Therapsida and Cisuralian

Clade

In biological phylogenetics, a clade, also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a grouping of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree.

See Therapsida and Clade

Coprolite

A coprolite (also known as a coprolith) is fossilized feces.

See Therapsida and Coprolite

Cretaceous

The Cretaceous is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya).

See Therapsida and Cretaceous

Crown group

In phylogenetics, the crown group or crown assemblage is a collection of species composed of the living representatives of the collection, the most recent common ancestor of the collection, and all descendants of the most recent common ancestor.

See Therapsida and Crown group

Cynodontia

Cynodontia is a clade of eutheriodont therapsids that first appeared in the Late Permian (approximately 260 mya), and extensively diversified after the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Therapsida and Cynodontia are extant Permian first appearances.

See Therapsida and Cynodontia

Diapsid

Diapsids ("two arches") are a clade of sauropsids, distinguished from more primitive eureptiles by the presence of two holes, known as temporal fenestrae, in each side of their skulls.

See Therapsida and Diapsid

Dicynodontia

Dicynodontia is an extinct clade of anomodonts, an extinct type of non-mammalian therapsid.

See Therapsida and Dicynodontia

Dinocephalia

Dinocephalians (terrible heads) are a clade of large-bodied early therapsids that flourished in the Early and Middle Permian between 279.5 and 260 million years ago (Ma), but became extinct during the Capitanian mass extinction event.

See Therapsida and Dinocephalia

Dinosaur

Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria.

See Therapsida and Dinosaur

Docodonta

Docodonta is an order of extinct Mesozoic mammaliaforms (advanced cynodonts closely related to true crown-group mammals).

See Therapsida and Docodonta

Early Cretaceous

The Early Cretaceous (geochronological name) or the Lower Cretaceous (chronostratigraphic name) is the earlier or lower of the two major divisions of the Cretaceous.

See Therapsida and Early Cretaceous

Early Jurassic

The Early Jurassic Epoch (in chronostratigraphy corresponding to the Lower Jurassic Series) is the earliest of three epochs of the Jurassic Period.

See Therapsida and Early Jurassic

Early Triassic

The Early Triassic is the first of three epochs of the Triassic Period of the geologic timescale.

See Therapsida and Early Triassic

Endothermic process

An endothermic process is a chemical or physical process that absorbs heat from its surroundings.

See Therapsida and Endothermic process

Estemmenosuchus

Estemmenosuchus (meaning "crowned crocodile" in Greek) is an extinct genus of large, early omnivorous therapsid.

See Therapsida and Estemmenosuchus

Eucynodontia

Eucynodontia ("true dog teeth") is a clade of cynodont therapsids including mammals and most non-mammalian cynodonts.

See Therapsida and Eucynodontia

Eupelycosauria

Eupelycosauria is a large clade of animals characterized by the unique shape of their skull, encompassing all mammals and their closest extinct relatives.

See Therapsida and Eupelycosauria

Eutheriodontia

Eutheriodontia is a clade of therapsids which appear during the Middle Permian and which includes therocephalians and cynodonts, this latter group including mammals and related forms. Therapsida and Eutheriodontia are therapsids.

See Therapsida and Eutheriodontia

Evolution

Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

See Therapsida and Evolution

Evolution of mammals

The evolution of mammals has passed through many stages since the first appearance of their synapsid ancestors in the Pennsylvanian sub-period of the late Carboniferous period.

See Therapsida and Evolution of mammals

Galesaurus

Galesaurus (from the Greek roots for 'weasel' and 'lizard') is an extinct genus of carnivorous cynodont therapsid that lived between the Induan and the Olenekian stages of the Early Triassic in what is now South Africa.

See Therapsida and Galesaurus

Glanosuchus

Glanosuchus is a genus of scylacosaurid therocephalian from the Late Permian of South Africa. Therapsida and Glanosuchus are Taxa named by Robert Broom.

See Therapsida and Glanosuchus

Gorgonopsia

Gorgonopsia (from the Greek Gorgon, a mythological beast, and 'aspect') is an extinct clade of sabre-toothed therapsids from the Middle to the Upper Permian, possibly even up to the Early Triassic, roughly between 265 and 252 million years ago. Therapsida and Gorgonopsia are therapsids.

See Therapsida and Gorgonopsia

Greek language

Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.

See Therapsida and Greek language

Guadalupian

The Guadalupian is the second and middle series/epoch of the Permian.

See Therapsida and Guadalupian

Herbivore

A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet.

See Therapsida and Herbivore

Holocene

The Holocene is the current geological epoch, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago.

See Therapsida and Holocene

Incisor

Incisors (from Latin incidere, "to cut") are the front teeth present in most mammals.

See Therapsida and Incisor

Indiana University Press

Indiana University Press, also known as IU Press, is an academic publisher founded in 1950 at Indiana University that specializes in the humanities and social sciences.

See Therapsida and Indiana University Press

Inostrancevia

Inostrancevia is an extinct genus of large carnivorous therapsids which lived during the Late Permian in what are now Siberia, Russia and Southern Africa.

See Therapsida and Inostrancevia

Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1980 by Jiri Zidek (University of Oklahoma).

See Therapsida and Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology

Jurassic

The Jurassic is a geologic period and stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya.

See Therapsida and Jurassic

Kannemeyeriiformes

Kannemeyeriiformes is a group of large-bodied Triassic dicynodonts.

See Therapsida and Kannemeyeriiformes

Late Triassic

The Late Triassic is the third and final epoch of the Triassic Period in the geologic time scale, spanning the time between Ma and Ma (million years ago).

See Therapsida and Late Triassic

Lizard

Lizard is the common name used for all squamate reptiles other than snakes (and to a lesser extent amphisbaenians), encompassing over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains.

See Therapsida and Lizard

Lopingian

The Lopingian is the uppermost series/last epoch of the Permian.

See Therapsida and Lopingian

Lystrosaurus

Lystrosaurus ('shovel lizard'; proper Greek is lístron ‘tool for leveling or smoothing, shovel, spade, hoe’) is an extinct genus of herbivorous dicynodont therapsids from the late Permian and Early Triassic epochs (around 250 million years ago).

See Therapsida and Lystrosaurus

Mammal

A mammal is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia.

See Therapsida and Mammal

Mammaliaformes

Mammaliaformes ("mammalian forms") is a clade that contains the crown group mammals and their closest extinct relatives; the group radiated from earlier probainognathian cynodonts.

See Therapsida and Mammaliaformes

Middle Triassic

In the geologic timescale, the Middle Triassic is the second of three epochs of the Triassic period or the middle of three series in which the Triassic system is divided in chronostratigraphy.

See Therapsida and Middle Triassic

Molar (tooth)

The molars or molar teeth are large, flat teeth at the back of the mouth.

See Therapsida and Molar (tooth)

Morganucodon

Morganucodon ("Glamorgan tooth") is an early mammaliaform genus that lived from the Late Triassic to the Middle Jurassic.

See Therapsida and Morganucodon

Moschops

Moschops (Greek for "calf face") is an extinct genus of therapsids that lived in the Guadalupian epoch, around 265–260 million years ago. Therapsida and Moschops are Taxa named by Robert Broom.

See Therapsida and Moschops

Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

See Therapsida and Oxford University Press

Pangaea

Pangaea or Pangea was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras.

See Therapsida and Pangaea

Parallel evolution

Parallel evolution is the similar development of a trait in distinct species that are not closely related, but share a similar original trait in response to similar evolutionary pressure.

See Therapsida and Parallel evolution

Parietal eye

A parietal eye (third eye, pineal eye) is a part of the epithalamus in some vertebrates.

See Therapsida and Parietal eye

Pelycosaur

Pelycosaur is an older term for basal or primitive Late Paleozoic synapsids, excluding the therapsids and their descendants.

See Therapsida and Pelycosaur

Permian

The Permian is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.902 Mya.

See Therapsida and Permian

Permian–Triassic extinction event

Approximately 251.9 million years ago, the Permian–Triassic (P–T, P–Tr) extinction event (PTME; also known as the Late Permian extinction event, the Latest Permian extinction event, the End-Permian extinction event, and colloquially as the Great Dying) forms the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods, and with them the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.

See Therapsida and Permian–Triassic extinction event

Platycraniellus

Platycraniellus is an extinct genus of carnivorous cynodonts from the Early Triassic.

See Therapsida and Platycraniellus

Probainognathia

Probainognathia is one of the two major subgroups of the clade Eucynodontia, the other being Cynognathia.

See Therapsida and Probainognathia

Pseudosuchia

Pseudosuchia (from ψεύδος (pseudos), "false" and σούχος (souchos), "crocodile") is one of two major divisions of Archosauria, including living crocodilians and all archosaurs more closely related to crocodilians than to birds.

See Therapsida and Pseudosuchia

Pterosaur

Pterosaurs (from Greek pteron and sauros, meaning "wing lizard") are an extinct clade of flying reptiles in the order Pterosauria.

See Therapsida and Pterosaur

Quadrupedalism

Quadrupedalism is a form of locomotion where animals have four legs are used to bear weight and move around.

See Therapsida and Quadrupedalism

Raranimus

Raranimus is an extinct genus of therapsids of the Middle Permian.

See Therapsida and Raranimus

Reptile

Reptiles, as commonly defined, are a group of tetrapods with usually an ectothermic ('cold-blooded') metabolism and amniotic development.

See Therapsida and Reptile

Robert Broom

Robert Broom FRS FRSE (30 November 1866 6 April 1951) was a British- South African medical doctor and palaeontologist. Therapsida and Robert Broom are Taxa named by Robert Broom.

See Therapsida and Robert Broom

Saber-toothed predator

A saber-tooth (alternatively spelled sabre-tooth) is any member of various extinct groups of predatory therapsids, predominantly carnivoran mammals, that are characterized by long, curved saber-shaped canine teeth which protruded from the mouth when closed.

See Therapsida and Saber-toothed predator

Sauropsida

Sauropsida (Greek for "lizard faces") is a clade of amniotes, broadly equivalent to the class Reptilia, though typically used in a broader sense to also include extinct stem-group relatives of modern reptiles and birds (which, as theropod dinosaurs, are nested within reptiles as more closely related to crocodilians than to lizards or turtles).

See Therapsida and Sauropsida

Sphenacodontia

Sphenacodontia is a stem-based clade of derived synapsids.

See Therapsida and Sphenacodontia

Suminia

Suminia is an extinct genus of basal anomodont that lived during the Tatarian age of the late Permian, spanning approximately from 268-252 Ma.

See Therapsida and Suminia

Synapsida

Synapsida is one of the two major clades of vertebrate animals in the group Amniota, the other being the Sauropsida (which includes reptiles and birds).

See Therapsida and Synapsida

Tapinocephalia

The Tapinocephalia are one of the major groups of dinocephalian therapsids and the major herbivorous group.

See Therapsida and Tapinocephalia

Temporal fenestra

Temporal fenestrae are openings in the temporal region of the skull of some amniotes, behind the orbit (eye socket).

See Therapsida and Temporal fenestra

Tetraceratops

Tetraceratops insignis ("four-horned face emblem") is an extinct synapsid from the Early Permian that was formerly considered the earliest known representative of Therapsida, a group that includes mammals and their close extinct relatives.

See Therapsida and Tetraceratops

Theriodontia

The theriodonts (clade Theriodontia) are a major group of therapsids which appeared during the Middle Permian and which includes the gorgonopsians and the eutheriodonts, itself including the therocephalians and the cynodonts. Therapsida and Theriodontia are therapsids.

See Therapsida and Theriodontia

Therocephalia

Therocephalia is an extinct clade of eutheriodont therapsids (mammals and their close relatives) from the Permian and Triassic periods. Therapsida and Therocephalia are therapsids.

See Therapsida and Therocephalia

Thrinaxodon

Thrinaxodon is an extinct genus of cynodonts, including the species T. liorhinus which lived in what are now South Africa and Antarctica during the Early Triassic.

See Therapsida and Thrinaxodon

Timeline of the evolutionary history of life

The timeline of the evolutionary history of life represents the current scientific theory outlining the major events during the development of life on planet Earth.

See Therapsida and Timeline of the evolutionary history of life

Titanophoneus

Titanophoneus ("titanic murderer") is an extinct genus of carnivorous dinocephalian therapsid from the Middle Permian.

See Therapsida and Titanophoneus

Tooth

A tooth (teeth) is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates and used to break down food.

See Therapsida and Tooth

Triassic

The Triassic (sometimes symbolized 🝈) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.5 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.4 Mya.

See Therapsida and Triassic

Tritheledontidae

Tritheledontidae, the tritheledontids or ictidosaurs, is an extinct family of small to medium-sized (about 10 to 20 cm long) cynodonts.

See Therapsida and Tritheledontidae

Tritylodontidae

Tritylodontidae ("three-knob teeth", named after the shape of their cheek teeth) is an extinct family of small to medium-sized, highly specialized mammal-like cynodonts, with several mammalian traits including erect limbs, endothermy and details of the skeleton.

See Therapsida and Tritylodontidae

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therapsida

Also known as Eutherapsid, Eutherapsida, Eutherapsids, Neotherapsid, Neotherapsida, Neotherapsids, Therapsid, Therapsids, Theromorph.

, Lystrosaurus, Mammal, Mammaliaformes, Middle Triassic, Molar (tooth), Morganucodon, Moschops, Oxford University Press, Pangaea, Parallel evolution, Parietal eye, Pelycosaur, Permian, Permian–Triassic extinction event, Platycraniellus, Probainognathia, Pseudosuchia, Pterosaur, Quadrupedalism, Raranimus, Reptile, Robert Broom, Saber-toothed predator, Sauropsida, Sphenacodontia, Suminia, Synapsida, Tapinocephalia, Temporal fenestra, Tetraceratops, Theriodontia, Therocephalia, Thrinaxodon, Timeline of the evolutionary history of life, Titanophoneus, Tooth, Triassic, Tritheledontidae, Tritylodontidae, Ulemosaurus, Vertebrate paleontology, Wuchiapingian.

Therapsida, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

Cisuralian first appearances

Extant Permian first appearances

Therapsids

References