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Trial by combat, the Glossary

Trial by combat (also wager of battle, trial by battle or judicial duel) was a method of Germanic law to settle accusations in the absence of witnesses or a confession in which two parties in dispute fought in single combat; the winner of the fight was proclaimed to be right.^[1]

159 relations: A Song of Ice and Fire, ABA Journal, Achille Marozzo, Alemanni, American Bar Association, Anglo-Saxons, Annals of the Four Masters, Arioald, Aristocracy (class), Armour, Aromal Chekavar, Ashford v Thornton, Assize of Clarendon, Battle of the North Inch, Battle royal, BBC Four, Boston Tea Party, Burgundians, Capitulary, Champion, Charles I of England, Charles VI of France, Chekavar, Childebert II, City of London, Clan Davidson, Clan Macpherson, Club (weapon), Code of Hammurabi, Codex Wallerstein, Common law, Counter-Reformation, County Offaly, Court of King's Bench (England), Criminal appeal, Criminal law, Current Affairs (magazine), Delaware Court of Chancery, Denis Diderot, Desertion, Donald Trump, Dublin Castle, Duel, Early Irish law, Edmund Burke, Elizabeth I, Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Encyclopédie, Eric Jager, European bison, ... Expand index (109 more) »
Trials by combat

A Song of Ice and Fire

A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of high fantasy novels by the American author George R. R. Martin.

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ABA Journal

The ABA Journal (since 1984, formerly American Bar Association Journal, 1915–1983, evolved from Annual Bulletin, 1908–1914) is a monthly legal trade magazine and the flagship publication of the American Bar Association.

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Achille Marozzo

Achille Marozzo (1484–1553) was an Italian fencing master, one of the most important teachers in the Dardi or Bolognese tradition.

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Alemanni

The Alemanni or Alamanni were a confederation of Germanic tribes.

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American Bar Association

The American Bar Association (ABA) is a voluntary bar association of lawyers and law students; it is not specific to any jurisdiction in the United States.

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Anglo-Saxons

The Anglo-Saxons, the English or Saxons of Britain, were a cultural group who spoke Old English and inhabited much of what is now England and south-eastern Scotland in the Early Middle Ages.

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Annals of the Four Masters

The Annals of the Kingdom of Ireland (Annála Ríoghachta Éireann) or the Annals of the Four Masters (Annála na gCeithre Máistrí) are chronicles of medieval Irish history.

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Arioald

Arioald was the Lombard king of Italy from 626 to 636.

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Aristocracy (class)

The aristocracy is historically associated with a "hereditary" or a "ruling" social class.

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Armour

Armour (Commonwealth English) or armor (American English; see spelling differences) is a covering used to protect an object, individual, or vehicle from physical injury or damage, especially direct contact weapons or projectiles during combat, or from a potentially dangerous environment or activity (e.g.

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Aromal Chekavar

Aromal Chekavar, also known as Puthooram Veettil Aromal Chekavar, was a warrior who is believed to have lived during the 16th century in the North Malabar region of present-day Kerala, India.

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Ashford v Thornton

Ashford v Thornton (1818) 106 ER 149 is an English criminal case in the Court of King's Bench which upheld the right of the defendant to trial by battle on a private appeal from an acquittal for murder. Trial by combat and Ashford v Thornton are trials by combat.

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Assize of Clarendon

The Assize of Clarendon was an act of Henry II of England in 1166 that began a transformation of English law and led to trial by jury in common law countries worldwide, and that established assize courts. Trial by combat and assize of Clarendon are trials by combat.

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Battle of the North Inch

The Battle of the North Inch (also known as the Battle of the Clans) was a staged battle between the Clan Chattan and the "Clan Quhele" in September 1396. Trial by combat and battle of the North Inch are trials by combat.

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Battle royal

Battle royal (also battle royale) traditionally refers to a fight involving many combatants, usually conducted under either boxing or wrestling rules, where the winner is the one who registers the most wins.

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BBC Four

BBC Four is a British free-to-air public broadcast television channel owned and operated by the BBC.

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Boston Tea Party

The Boston Tea Party was an American political and mercantile protest on December 16, 1773, by the Sons of Liberty in Boston in colonial Massachusetts.

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Burgundians

The Burgundians were an early Germanic tribe or group of tribes.

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Capitulary

A capitulary (Medieval Latin) was a series of legislative or administrative acts emanating from the Frankish court of the Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties, especially that of Charlemagne, the first emperor of the Romans in the west since the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the late 5th century.

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Champion

A champion (from the late Latin campio) is the victor in a challenge, contest or competition.

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Charles I of England

Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649) was King of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.

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Charles VI of France

Charles VI (3 December 136821 October 1422), nicknamed the Beloved (le Bien-Aimé) and in the 19th century, the Mad (le Fol or le Fou), was King of France from 1380 until his death in 1422.

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Chekavar

Chekavar (Also known as Chekon or Chevakar, Cekavar) were warriors belonging to Hindu Thiyya community in Malabar of Kerala.

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Childebert II

Childebert II (c.570–596) was the Merovingian king of Austrasia (which included Provence at the time) from 575 until his death in March 596, and the king of Burgundy from 592 to his death, as the adopted son of his uncle Guntram.

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City of London

The City of London, also known as the City, is a city, ceremonial county and local government district that contains the ancient centre, and constitutes, along with Canary Wharf, the primary central business district (CBD) of London and one of the leading financial centres of the world.

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Clan Davidson

Clan Davidson is a Highland Scottish clan and a member of the Chattan Confederation.

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Clan Macpherson

Clan Macpherson is a Scottish clan from the Highlands and a member of the Chattan Confederation.

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Club (weapon)

A club (also known as a cudgel, baton, bludgeon, truncheon, cosh, nightstick, or impact weapon) is a short staff or stick, usually made of wood, wielded as a weapon since prehistory.

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Code of Hammurabi

The Code of Hammurabi is a Babylonian legal text composed during 1755–1750 BC.

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Codex Wallerstein

The so-called Codex Wallerstein or Vonn Baumanns Fechtbuch (Oettingen-Wallerstein Cod. I.6.4o.2, Augsburg University library) is a 16th-century convolution of three 15th-century fechtbuch manuscripts, with a total of 221 pages.

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Common law

Common law (also known as judicial precedent, judge-made law, or case law) is the body of law created by judges and similar quasi-judicial tribunals by virtue of being stated in written opinions.

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Counter-Reformation

The Counter-Reformation, also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time.

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County Offaly

County Offaly (Contae Uíbh Fhailí) is a county in Ireland.

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Court of King's Bench (England)

The Court of King's Bench, formally known as The Court of the King Before the King Himself, was a court of common law in the English legal system.

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Criminal appeal

An appeal was a procedure in English law to bring about a prosecution by a private party of an individual accused of a heinous crime.

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Criminal law

Criminal law is the body of law that relates to crime.

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Current Affairs (magazine)

Current Affairs is an American bimonthly magazine that discusses political and cultural topics from a left-wing perspective.

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Delaware Court of Chancery

The Delaware Court of Chancery is a court of equity in the U.S. state of Delaware.

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Denis Diderot

Denis Diderot (5 October 171331 July 1784) was a French philosopher, art critic, and writer, best known for serving as co-founder, chief editor, and contributor to the Encyclopédie along with Jean le Rond d'Alembert.

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Desertion

Desertion is the abandonment of a military duty or post without permission (a pass, liberty or leave) and is done with the intention of not returning.

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Donald Trump

Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American politician, media personality, and businessman who served as the 45th president of the United States from 2017 to 2021.

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Dublin Castle

Dublin Castle (Caisleán Bhaile Átha Cliath) is a major Irish government complex, conference centre, and tourist attraction.

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Duel

A duel is an arranged engagement in combat between two people with matched weapons.

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Early Irish law

Early Irish law, also called Brehon law (from the old Irish word breithim meaning judge), comprised the statutes which governed everyday life in Early Medieval Ireland.

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Edmund Burke

Edmund Burke (12 January 1729 – 9 July 1797) was an Anglo-Irish statesman and philosopher who spent most of his career in Great Britain.

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Elizabeth I

Elizabeth I (7 September 153324 March 1603) was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603.

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Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is a 29-volume reference work, an edition of the real Encyclopædia Britannica.

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Encyclopédie

Encyclopedia, or a Systematic Dictionary of the Sciences, Arts and Crafts, better known as Encyclopédie, was a general encyclopedia published in France between 1751 and 1772, with later supplements, revised editions, and translations.

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Eric Jager

Eric Jager (born 27 April 1957) is an American literary critic and a specialist in medieval literature.

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European bison

The European bison (bison) (Bison bonasus) or the European wood bison, also known as the wisent, the zubr, or sometimes colloquially as the European buffalo, is a European species of bison.

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Fencing

Fencing is a combat sport that features sword fighting.

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Fourth Council of the Lateran

The Fourth Council of the Lateran or Lateran IV was convoked by Pope Innocent III in April 1213 and opened at the Lateran Palace in Rome on 11 November 1215.

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Francia

The Kingdom of the Franks (Regnum Francorum), also known as the Frankish Kingdom, the Frankish Empire (Imperium Francorum) or Francia, was the largest post-Roman barbarian kingdom in Western Europe.

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Franconia

Franconia (Franken,; East Franconian: Franggn; Frankn) is a region of Germany, characterised by its culture and East Franconian dialect (German: Ostfränkisch).

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Froissart's Chronicles

Froissart's Chronicles (or Chroniques) are a prose history of the Hundred Years' War written in the 14th century by Jean Froissart.

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Game of Thrones

Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and for HBO.

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German school of fencing

The German school of fencing (Deutsche Schule; Kunst des Fechtens) is a system of combat taught in the Holy Roman Empire during the Late Medieval, German Renaissance, and early modern periods. Trial by combat and German school of fencing are trials by combat.

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Germanic law

Germanic law is a scholarly term used to describe a series of commonalities between the various law codes (the Leges Barbarorum, 'laws of the barbarians', also called Leges) of the early Germanic peoples.

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Germanic peoples

The Germanic peoples were tribal groups who once occupied Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages.

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Gero, Count of Alsleben

Gero (died 11 August 979) was a Count of Alsleben, conjectured to be the son of Siegfried and therefore grandson of Gero the Great. Trial by combat and Gero, Count of Alsleben are trials by combat.

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Gladiator

A gladiator (gladiator, "swordsman", from gladius, "sword") was an armed combatant who entertained audiences in the Roman Republic and Roman Empire in violent confrontations with other gladiators, wild animals, and condemned criminals.

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Grandes Chroniques de France

The Grandes Chroniques de France is a vernacular royal compilation of the history of the Kingdom of France, most manuscripts of which are luxury copies that are heavily illuminated.

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Gravi de pugna

is a forged letter written in the name of Augustine of Hippo which asserts that the morally superior side is always superior in battle and therefore that wars are proven to be just wars by their military success.

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Gregory of Tours

Gregory of Tours (born italic; 30 November – 17 November 594 AD) was a Gallo-Roman historian and Bishop of Tours during the Merovingian period and is known as the "father of French history".

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Gundeberga

Gundeberga or Gundeperga, (591- after 653), was queen of the Lombards in 626-652 by marriage to the kings Arioald, (king of the Lombards; 626-636) and his successor Rothari, (king of the Lombards; 636-652).

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Hans Talhoffer

Hans Talhoffer (Dalhover, Talhouer, Thalhoffer, Talhofer; – after 1482) was a German fencing master.

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Harvard Law Review

The Harvard Law Review is a law review published by an independent student group at Harvard Law School.

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Henry VI of England

Henry VI (6 December 1421 – 21 May 1471) was King of England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471, and disputed King of France from 1422 to 1453.

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Heresy

Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, particularly the accepted beliefs or religious law of a religious organization.

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History of the Lombards

The History of the Lombards or the History of the Langobards (Historia Langobardorum) is the chief work by Paul the Deacon, written in the late 8th century.

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Holmgang

Holmgang (holmganga, hólmganga, Danish and holmgang, holmgång) is a duel practiced by early medieval Scandinavians. Trial by combat and holmgang are trials by combat.

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Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

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Jacques le Gris

Sir Jacques le Gris (lit. "the Gray") (c. 1330s – 29 December 1386) was a French squire and knight who gained fame and infamy, and was ultimately killed when he engaged in one of the last judicial duels permitted by the Parlement of Paris after he was accused of rape by Marguerite de Carrouges, the wife of his neighbour and rival, Sir Jean de Carrouges. Trial by combat and Jacques le Gris are trials by combat.

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James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond

James Butler, 5th Earl of Ormond, Earl of Wiltshire (24 November 1420 – 1 May 1461) was an Anglo-Irish nobleman and soldier.

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January 6 United States Capitol attack

On January 6, 2021, the United States Capitol Building in Washington, D.C. was attacked by a mob of supporters of then-U.S. president Donald Trump, two months after his defeat in the 2020 presidential election.

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Jean de Carrouges

Sir Jean de Carrouges IV (c. 1330s – 25 September 1396) was a French knight who governed estates in Normandy as a vassal of Count Pierre d'Alençon and who served under Admiral Jean de Vienne in several campaigns against the Kingdom of England. Trial by combat and Jean de Carrouges are trials by combat.

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Joffrey Baratheon

Joffrey Baratheon is a fictional character in A Song of Ice and Fire series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin, and its HBO television adaptation, Game of Thrones.

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John Dunning, 1st Baron Ashburton

John Dunning, 1st Baron Ashburton (18 October 1731 – 18 August 1783), of Spitchwick the parish of Widecombe-in-the-Moor, Devon, was an English lawyer and politician, born in Ashburton in Devon, who served as Solicitor-General from 1768.

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John Lilburne

John Lilburne (c. 161429 August 1657), also known as Freeborn John, was an English political Leveller before, during and after the English Civil Wars 1642–1650.

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Jousting

Jousting is a medieval and renaissance martial game or hastilude between two combatants either on horse or on foot.

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Jury trial

A jury trial, or trial by jury, is a legal proceeding in which a jury makes a decision or findings of fact.

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Kalaripayattu

Kalaripayattu (also known simply as Kalari) is an Indian martial art that originated in Kerala, a state on the southwestern coast of India during the 11th–12th century CE.

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Kerala

Kerala (/), called Keralam in Malayalam, is a state on the Malabar Coast of India.

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Kidnapping

In criminal law, kidnapping is the unlawful abduction and confinement of a person against their will.

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Kingdom of England

The Kingdom of England was a sovereign state on the island of Great Britain from 886, when it emerged from various Anglo-Saxon kingdoms, until 1 May 1707, when it united with Scotland to form the Kingdom of Great Britain, which would later become the United Kingdom.

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Kingdom of Uí Failghe

The kingdom of Uí Fháilghe, Uí Failge (early spelling) or Uíbh Fhailí (modern spelling), was a Gaelic-Irish kingdom which existed to 1550, the name of which (though not the territory) is preserved in the name of County Offaly (Contae Uíbh Fhailí), Ireland.

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Legal fiction

A legal fiction is a construct used in the law where a thing is taken to be true, which is not in fact true, in order to achieve an outcome.

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Lex Alamannorum

The Lex Alamannorum and Pactus Alamannorum were two early medieval law codes of the Alamanni. Trial by combat and Lex Alamannorum are trials by combat.

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Liutprand, King of the Lombards

Liutprand was the king of the Lombards from 712 to 744 and is chiefly remembered for his multiple phases of law-giving, in fifteen separate sessions from 713 to 735 inclusive, and his long reign, which brought him into a series of conflicts, mostly successful, with most of Italy.

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Livonia

Livonia or in earlier records Livland, is a historical region on the eastern shores of the Baltic Sea.

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Lombards

The Lombards or Longobards (Longobardi) were a Germanic people who conquered most of the Italian Peninsula between 568 and 774.

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Louis the Pious

Louis the Pious (Ludwig der Fromme; Louis le Pieux; 16 April 778 – 20 June 840), also called the Fair and the Debonaire, was King of the Franks and co-emperor with his father, Charlemagne, from 813.

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Lucas Dillon (judge)

Sir Lucas Dillon (died 1593), also called Luke, was a leading Irish barrister and judge of the Elizabethan era who held the offices of Attorney General for Ireland and Chief Baron of the Irish Exchequer.

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Magna Carta

(Medieval Latin for "Great Charter of Freedoms"), commonly called Magna Carta or sometimes Magna Charta ("Great Charter"), is a royal charter of rights agreed to by King John of England at Runnymede, near Windsor, on 15 June 1215.

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Martial arts manual

Martial arts manuals are instructions, with or without illustrations, specifically designed to be learnt from a book.

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Master of the Rolls (Ireland)

The Master of the Rolls in Ireland was a senior judicial office in the Irish Chancery under English and British rule, and was equivalent to the Master of the Rolls in the English Chancery.

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Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor

Maximilian I (22 March 1459 – 12 January 1519) was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1508 until his death in 1519.

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Mayor of New York City

The mayor of New York City, officially Mayor of the City of New York, is head of the executive branch of the government of New York City and the chief executive of New York City.

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McFarland & Company

McFarland & Company, Inc., is an American independent book publisher based in Jefferson, North Carolina, that specializes in academic and reference works, as well as general-interest adult nonfiction.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.

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Might makes right

"Might makes right" or "Might is right" is an aphorism on the origin of morality, with both descriptive and prescriptive senses.

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Monumenta Germaniae Historica

The Monumenta Germaniae Historica (Latin for "Historical Monuments of Germany"), frequently abbreviated MGH, is a comprehensive series of carefully edited and published primary sources, both chronicle and archival, for the study of parts of Northwestern, Central and Southern European history from the end of the Roman Empire to 1500.

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New York City

New York, often called New York City (to distinguish it from New York State) or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States.

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Nicholas White (lawyer)

Sir Nicholas White (c.1532 – 1592) (or Whyte) was an Irish lawyer, judge, privy councillor and government official during the reign of Elizabeth I.

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Norman Conquest

The Norman Conquest (or the Conquest) was the 11th-century invasion and occupation of England by an army made up of thousands of Norman, French, Flemish, and Breton troops, all led by the Duke of Normandy, later styled William the Conqueror.

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Normans

The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; Normands; Nortmanni/Normanni) were a population arising in the medieval Duchy of Normandy from the intermingling between Norse Viking settlers and locals of West Francia.

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North Inch

North Inch is a large public park in Perth, Scotland.

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Oath

Traditionally an oath (from Anglo-Saxon āþ, also called plight) is either a statement of fact or a promise taken by a sacrality as a sign of verity.

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Old French

Old French (franceis, françois, romanz; ancien français) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France approximately between the late 8th and the mid-14th century.

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Otto the Great

Otto I (23 November 912 – 7 May 973), traditionally known as Otto the Great (Otto der Große Ottone il Grande), or Otto of Saxony (Otto von Sachsen Ottone di Sassonia), was East Frankish king from 936 and Holy Roman Emperor from 962 until his death in 973.

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Outlaw

An outlaw, in its original and legal meaning, is a person declared as outside the protection of the law.

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Parlement of Paris

The Parlement of Paris (Parlement de Paris) was the oldest parlement in the Kingdom of France, formed in the 14th century.

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Parliament of the United Kingdom

The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body of the United Kingdom, and may also legislate for the Crown Dependencies and the British Overseas Territories.

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Paul the Deacon

Paul the Deacon (720s 13 April in 796, 797, 798, or 799 AD), also known as Paulus Diaconus, Warnefridus, Barnefridus, or Winfridus, and sometimes suffixed Cassinensis (i.e. "of Monte Cassino"), was a Benedictine monk, scribe, and historian of the Lombards.

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Paulus Kal

Paulus Kal was a 15th-century German fencing master.

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Penny (English coin)

The English penny (plural "pence"), originally a coin of pure silver, was introduced by King Offa of Mercia.

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Perjury

Perjury (also known as foreswearing) is the intentional act of swearing a false oath or falsifying an affirmation to tell the truth, whether spoken or in writing, concerning matters material to an official proceeding.

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Perth, Scotland

Perth (Scottish English:; Peairt) is a centrally located Scottish city, on the banks of the River Tay.

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Pope Honorius III

Pope Honorius III (c. 1150 – 18 March 1227), born Cencio Savelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 18 July 1216 to his death.

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Privy Council of Ireland

His or Her Majesty's Privy Council in Ireland, commonly called the Privy Council of Ireland, Irish Privy Council, or in earlier centuries the Irish Council, was the institution within the Dublin Castle administration which exercised formal executive power in conjunction with the chief governor of Ireland, who was viceroy of the British monarch.

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Prosecutor

A prosecutor is a legal representative of the prosecution in states with either the adversarial system, which is adopted in common law, or inquisitorial system, which is adopted in civil law.

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Quarterstaff

A quarterstaff (plural quarterstaffs or quarterstaves), also short staff or simply staff is a traditional European polearm, which was especially prominent in England during the Early Modern period.

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Raphael Holinshed

Raphael Holinshed (before 24 April 1582) was an English chronicler, who was most famous for his work on The Chronicles of England, Scotlande, and Irelande, commonly known as Holinshed's Chronicles.

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Real property

In English common law, real property, real estate, immovable property or, solely in the US and Canada, realty, refers to parcels of land and any associated structures which are the property of a person.

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Richard Swinefield

Richard Swinefield (or Richard de Swinfield; died 15 March 1317) was a medieval Bishop of Hereford, England.

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Ripuarian Franks

Ripuarian or Rhineland Franks (Latin: Ripuarii or Ribuarii) were one of the two main groupings of early Frankish people, and specifically it was the name eventually applied to the tribes who settled in the old Roman territory of the Ubii, with its capital at Cologne on the Rhine river in modern Germany.

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Robert III of Scotland

Robert III (c. 1337 – 4 April 1406), born John Stewart, was King of Scots from 1390 to his death in 1406.

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Roman law

Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables, to the (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously.

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Rudy Giuliani

Rudolph William Louis Giuliani (born May 28, 1944) is an American politician and disbarred lawyer who served as the 107th mayor of New York City from 1994 to 2001.

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Sachsenspiegel

The Sachsenspiegel (Sassen Speyghel; modern Sassenspegel; all literally "Saxon Mirror") is one of the most important law books and custumals compiled during the Holy Roman Empire. Trial by combat and Sachsenspiegel are trials by combat.

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Samuel Shepherd

Sir Samuel Shepherd KS PC FRSE (6 April 1760 – 3 November 1840) was a British barrister, judge and politician who served as Attorney General for England and Lord Chief Baron of the Scottish Court of Exchequer.

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Scotland

Scotland (Scots: Scotland; Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Sept

A sept is a division of a family, especially of a Scottish or Irish family.

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Single combat

Single combat is a duel between two single combatants which takes place in the context of a battle between two armies.

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Squire

In the Middle Ages, a squire was the shield- or armour-bearer of a knight.

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State papers

The term State papers is used in Britain and Ireland to refer to government archives and records.

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Subpoena ad testificandum

A subpoena ad testificandum is a court summons to appear and give oral testimony for use at a hearing or trial.

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Subpoena duces tecum

A subpoena duces tecum (pronounced in English), or subpoena for production of evidence, is a court summons ordering the recipient to appear before the court and produce documents or other tangible evidence for use at a hearing or trial.

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Surcoat

A surcoat or surcote is an outer garment that was commonly worn in the Middle Ages by soldiers.

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Swabia

Swabia; Schwaben, colloquially Schwabenland or Ländle; archaic English also Suabia or Svebia is a cultural, historic and linguistic region in southwestern Germany.

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Swedes (tribe)

The Swedes (svear; Old Norse: svíar; probably from the PIE reflexive pronominal root *s(w)e, "one's own ";Bandle, Oskar. 2002. The Nordic languages: an international handbook of the history of the North Germanic languages. 2002. P.391 Swēon) were a North Germanic tribe who inhabited Svealand ("land of the Swedes") in central Sweden and one of the progenitor groups of modern Swedes, along with Geats and Gutes.

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Teutonic Order

The Teutonic Order is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.

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The Christian Science Monitor

The Christian Science Monitor (CSM), commonly known as The Monitor, is a nonprofit news organization that publishes daily articles both in electronic format and a weekly print edition.

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The Fair Maid of Perth

The Fair Maid of Perth (or St. Valentine's Day) is an 1828 novel by Sir Walter Scott, one of the Waverley novels.

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The Last Duel: A True Story of Crime, Scandal, and Trial by Combat in Medieval France

The Last Duel: A True Story of Crime, Scandal, and Trial by Combat in Medieval France is a 2004 book by American author Eric Jager about one of the last officially recognized judicial duels fought in France. Trial by combat and the Last Duel: A True Story of Crime, Scandal, and Trial by Combat in Medieval France are trials by combat.

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The Mountain and the Viper

"The Mountain and the Viper" is the eighth episode of the fourth season of HBO's medieval fantasy television series Game of Thrones. Trial by combat and the Mountain and the Viper are trials by combat.

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The Newgate Calendar

The Newgate Calendar, subtitled The Malefactors' Bloody Register, was a popular collection of moralising stories about sin, crime, and criminals who commit them in England in the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Torah

The Torah (תּוֹרָה, "Instruction", "Teaching" or "Law") is the compilation of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, namely the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.

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Tractatus de legibus et consuetudinibus regni Anglie

The Tractatus de legibus et consuetudinibus regni Angliae (Treatise on the Laws and Customs of the Kingdom of England), often called Glanvill, is the earliest treatise on English law. Trial by combat and Tractatus de legibus et consuetudinibus regni Anglie are trials by combat.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_by_combat

Also known as Combat, Trial by, Duel ordeal, Judical duel, Judicial combat, Judicial duel, Judicial duels, Marital duel, Trial by Battle, Trials by combat, Wager of battel, Wager of battle.

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Trial by combat, the Glossary

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