Virama, the Glossary
Virama (्) is a Sanskrit phonological concept to suppress the inherent vowel that otherwise occurs with every consonant letter, commonly used as a generic term for a codepoint in Unicode, representing either.[1]
Table of Contents
45 relations: Anusvara, Arabic diacritics, Assamese language, Balinese language, Bengali language, Bengali–Assamese script, Bindu (symbol), Brahmic scripts, Burmese language, Character encoding, Devanagari, Diacritic, Gujarati language, Hindi, Indian Script Code for Information Interchange, Inherent vowel, Javanese language, Kannada script, Khün language, Khmer language, Lhasa Tibetan, Ligature (writing), Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area, Malayalam script, Maldivian language, Marathi language, Mon–Burmese script, Nepali language, Northern Thai language, Odia language, Old Khmer, Punjabi language, Sanskrit, Satya, Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages, Semantics, Sinhala language, Sylheti language, Tai Lue language, Tamil language, Telugu language, Thai language, Tibetan script, Unicode, Zero consonant.
- Brahmic diacritics
Anusvara
Anusvara (अनुस्वार), also known as Bindu (बिंदु), is a symbol used in many Indic scripts to mark a type of nasal sound, typically transliterated or in standards like ISO 15919 and IAST. Virama and Anusvara are Brahmic diacritics.
Arabic diacritics
The Arabic script has numerous diacritics, which include consonant pointing known as (إِعْجَام), and supplementary diacritics known as (تَشْكِيل).
See Virama and Arabic diacritics
Assamese language
Assamese or Asamiya (অসমীয়া) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken mainly in the north-eastern Indian state of Assam, where it is an official language.
See Virama and Assamese language
Balinese language
Balinese is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken on the Indonesian island of Bali, as well as Northern Nusa Penida, Western Lombok, Eastern Java, Southern Sumatra, and Sulawesi.
See Virama and Balinese language
Bengali language
Bengali, also known by its endonym Bangla (বাংলা), is an Indo-Aryan language from the Indo-European language family native to the Bengal region of South Asia.
See Virama and Bengali language
Bengali–Assamese script
The Bengali–Assamese script, sometimes also known as Eastern Nagari, is an eastern Brahmic script, primarily used today for the Bengali and Assamese language spoken in eastern South Asia.
See Virama and Bengali–Assamese script
Bindu (symbol)
Bindu (बिंदु) is a Sanskrit word meaning "point", "drop" or "dot".
Brahmic scripts
The Brahmic scripts, also known as Indic scripts, are a family of abugida writing systems.
See Virama and Brahmic scripts
Burmese language
Burmese is a Sino-Tibetan language spoken in Myanmar, where it is the official language, lingua franca, and the native language of the Bamar, the country's principal ethnic group.
See Virama and Burmese language
Character encoding
Character encoding is the process of assigning numbers to graphical characters, especially the written characters of human language, allowing them to be stored, transmitted, and transformed using digital computers.
See Virama and Character encoding
Devanagari
Devanagari (देवनागरी) is an Indic script used in the northern Indian subcontinent.
Diacritic
A diacritic (also diacritical mark, diacritical point, diacritical sign, or accent) is a glyph added to a letter or to a basic glyph.
Gujarati language
Gujarati (label) is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Indian state of Gujarat and spoken predominantly by the Gujarati people.
See Virama and Gujarati language
Hindi
Modern Standard Hindi (आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी, Ādhunik Mānak Hindī), commonly referred to as Hindi, is the standardised variety of the Hindustani language written in Devanagari script.
See Virama and Hindi
Indian Script Code for Information Interchange
Indian Standard Code for Information Interchange (ISCII) is a coding scheme for representing various writing systems of India.
See Virama and Indian Script Code for Information Interchange
Inherent vowel
An inherent vowel is part of an abugida (or alphasyllabary) script.
Javanese language
Javanese (basa Jawa, Javanese script: ꦧꦱꦗꦮ, Pegon: باسا جاوا, IPA) is a Malayo-Polynesian language spoken by the Javanese people from the central and eastern parts of the island of Java, Indonesia.
See Virama and Javanese language
Kannada script
The Kannada script (IAST: Kannaḍa lipi; obsolete: Kanarese or Canarese script in English) is an abugida of the Brahmic family, used to write Kannada, one of the Dravidian languages of South India especially in the state of Karnataka.
Khün language
Khün, or Tai Khün (Tai Khün:,; တႆးၶိုၼ် ไทเขิน), also known as Kengtung tai, Kengtung Shan, is the language of the Tai Khün people of Kengtung, Shan State, Myanmar.
Khmer language
Khmer (ខ្មែរ, UNGEGN) is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Khmer people and the official and national language of Cambodia.
Lhasa Tibetan
Lhasa Tibetan, or Standard Tibetan, is the Tibetan dialect spoken by educated people of Lhasa, the capital of the Tibetan Autonomous Region.
Ligature (writing)
In writing and typography, a ligature occurs where two or more graphemes or letters are joined to form a single glyph.
See Virama and Ligature (writing)
Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
The Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area is a sprachbund including languages of the Sino-Tibetan, Hmong–Mien (or Miao–Yao), Kra–Dai, Austronesian and Austroasiatic families spoken in an area stretching from Thailand to China.
See Virama and Mainland Southeast Asia linguistic area
Malayalam script
Malayalam script (/ മലയാള ലിപി) is a Brahmic script used commonly to write Malayalam, which is the principal language of Kerala, India, spoken by 45 million people in the world.
See Virama and Malayalam script
Maldivian language
Dhivehi or Divehi (ދިވެހި), is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the South Asian island country of Maldives and on Minicoy Island, Lakshadweep, a union territory of India.
See Virama and Maldivian language
Marathi language
Marathi (मराठी) is an Indo-Aryan language predominantly spoken by Marathi people in the Indian state of Maharashtra.
See Virama and Marathi language
Mon–Burmese script
The Mon–Burmese script (မွန်မြန်မာအက္ခရာ; အက္ခရ်မန်ဗၟာ,, อักษรมอญพม่า; also called the Mon script, Old Mon script and Burmese script) is an abugida that derives from the Pallava Grantha script of southern India and later of Southeast Asia.
See Virama and Mon–Burmese script
Nepali language
Nepali is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Himalayas region of South Asia.
See Virama and Nepali language
Northern Thai language
Kam Mueang (ᨣᩴᩤᨾᩮᩬᩥᨦ, กำเมือง) or Northern Thai language (ภาษาไทยถิ่นเหนือ) is the language of the Northern Thai people of Lanna, Thailand.
See Virama and Northern Thai language
Odia language
Odia (ଓଡ଼ିଆ, ISO:,; formerly rendered as Oriya) is an Indo-Aryan classical language spoken in the Indian state of Odisha.
Old Khmer
Old Khmer is the oldest attested stage of the Khmer language, an Austroasiatic language historically and presently spoken across Cambodia, Southern Vietnam, and parts of Thailand and Laos.
Punjabi language
Punjabi, sometimes spelled Panjabi, is an Indo-Aryan language native to the Punjab region of Pakistan and India.
See Virama and Punjabi language
Sanskrit
Sanskrit (attributively संस्कृत-,; nominally संस्कृतम्) is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages.
Satya
(Sanskrit: सत्य; IAST) is a Sanskrit word translated as truth or essence.
See Virama and Satya
Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages
Schwa deletion, or schwa syncope, is a phenomenon that sometimes occurs in Assamese, Hindi, Urdu, Bengali, Kashmiri, Punjabi, Gujarati, and several other Indo-Aryan languages with schwas that are implicit in their written scripts.
See Virama and Schwa deletion in Indo-Aryan languages
Semantics
Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning.
Sinhala language
Sinhala (Sinhala: සිංහල), sometimes called Sinhalese, is an Indo-Aryan language primarily spoken by the Sinhalese people of Sri Lanka, who make up the largest ethnic group on the island, numbering about 16 million.
See Virama and Sinhala language
Sylheti language
Sylheti (Sylheti Nagri:, síloṭi,; সিলেটি, sileṭi) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by an estimated 11 million people, primarily in the Sylhet Division of Bangladesh, Barak Valley of Assam, and northern parts of Tripura in India.
See Virama and Sylheti language
Tai Lue language
Tai Lue (New Tai Lü:, Tai Tham:, kam tai lue) or Xishuangbanna Dai is a Tai language of the Lu people, spoken by about 700,000 people in Southeast Asia.
See Virama and Tai Lue language
Tamil language
Tamil (தமிழ்) is a Dravidian language natively spoken by the Tamil people of South Asia.
Telugu language
Telugu (తెలుగు|) is a Dravidian language native to the Indian states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, where it is also the official language.
See Virama and Telugu language
Thai language
Thai,In ภาษาไทย| ''Phasa Thai'' or Central Thai (historically Siamese;Although "Thai" and "Central Thai" have become more common, the older term, "Siamese", is still used by linguists, especially when it is being distinguished from other Tai languages (Diller 2008:6).
Tibetan script
The Tibetan script is a segmental writing system, or abugida, derived from of Brahmic scripts and Gupta script, and used to write certain Tibetic languages, including Tibetan, Dzongkha, Sikkimese, Ladakhi, Jirel and Balti.
Unicode
Unicode, formally The Unicode Standard, is a text encoding standard maintained by the Unicode Consortium designed to support the use of text in all of the world's writing systems that can be digitized.
Zero consonant
In orthography, a zero consonant, silent initial, or null-onset letter is a consonant letter that does not correspond to a consonant sound, but is required when a word or syllable starts with a vowel (i.e. has a null onset).
See also
Brahmic diacritics
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virama
Also known as A that, A.sat, Adeg-adeg, Candrakkala, Chandrakkala, Halant, Halanta, Hasanta, Haḷanta, Hôshonto, Hosonto, Killer stroke, Oshonto, Pangkon (diacritic), Pulli (Tamil), Puḷḷi, Thanthakhat, Virāma, Vowel killer, .