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Western Regions, the Glossary

The Western Regions or Xiyu (Hsi-yü) was a historical name specified in Ancient Chinese chronicles between the 3rd century BC to the 8th century AD that referred to the regions west of the Yumen Pass, most often the Tarim Basin in present-day southern Xinjiang (also known as Altishahr) and Central Asia (specifically the easternmost portion around the Ferghana Valley), though it was sometimes used more generally to refer to other regions to the west of China as well, such as Parthia (which technically belonged to West Asia) and Tianzhu (as in the novel Journey to the West, which refers to the Indian subcontinent in South Asia).^[1]

Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Altishahr

Altishahr (romanized: Altä-şähär or Alti-şähär), also known as Kashgaria, or Yettishar is a historical name for the Tarim Basin region used in the 18th and 19th centuries. Western Regions and Altishahr are history of Xinjiang.

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An Lushan rebellion

The An Lushan rebellion was a civil war in China that lasted from 755 to 763, at the approximate midpoint of the Tang dynasty (618–907).

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Battle of Talas

The Battle of Talas (معركة نهر طلاس) was an armed confrontation between the Abbasid Caliphate and the Tibetan Empire against the Tang dynasty in 751 AD.

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Bhikkhu

A bhikkhu (Pali: भिक्खु, Sanskrit: भिक्षु, bhikṣu) is an ordained male in Buddhist monasticism.

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Buddhist texts

Buddhist texts are religious texts that belong to, or are associated with, Buddhism and its traditions.

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Central Asia

Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.

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Chang'an

Chang'an is the traditional name of Xi'an. Western Regions and Chang'an are han dynasty and Tang dynasty.

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Chief Official of the Western Regions

The chief official of the Western Regions was a Chinese military official in charge of the Western Regions during the Eastern Han, Cao Wei and Jin dynasties. Western Regions and chief Official of the Western Regions are han dynasty and history of Xinjiang.

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Chinese Tartary

Chinese Tartary is an archaic geographical term referring to the regions of Manchuria, Mongolia, Xinjiang (also referred to as Chinese Turkestan), and Tibet under the rule of the Qing dynasty of China. Western Regions and Chinese Tartary are historical regions of China.

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Chinese Turkestan

Chinese Turkestan, also spelled Chinese Turkistan, is a geographical term or historical region corresponding to the region of the Tarim Basin in Southern Xinjiang (south of the Tian Shan mountain range) or Xinjiang as a whole which was under the rule of the Qing dynasty of China. Western Regions and Chinese Turkestan are historical regions of China.

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Dayuan

Dayuan (or Tayuan;; Middle Chinese dâiC-jwɐn Schuessler, Axel. (2009) Minimal Old Chinese and Later Han Chinese.. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 233, 268) is the Chinese exonym for a country that existed in Ferghana valley in Central Asia, described in the Chinese historical works of Records of the Grand Historian and the Book of Han.

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East Asia

East Asia is a geographical and cultural region of Asia including the countries of China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.

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Eastern Iranian languages

The Eastern Iranian languages are a subgroup of the Iranian languages, having emerged during the Middle Iranian era (4th century BC to 9th century AD).

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Emperor Taizong's campaign against the Western Regions

In the years following Tang Taizong's subjugation of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate, the emperor began to exert his military power toward the oasis city-states of the Tarim Basin (part of the area known in Chinese histories as the Western Regions). Western Regions and emperor Taizong's campaign against the Western Regions are history of Xinjiang.

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Emperor Wu of Han

Emperor Wu of Han (156 – 29 March 87BC), born Liu Che and courtesy name Tong, was the seventh emperor of the Han dynasty from 141 to 87 BC. His reign lasted 54 years – a record not broken until the reign of the Kangxi Emperor more than 1,800 years later – and remains the record for ethnic Han emperors.

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Emperor Xuan of Han

Emperor Xuan of Han (91 BC – 10 January 48 BC), born Liu Bingyi (劉病已), was the tenth emperor of the Han dynasty, reigning from 74 to 48 BC, and was one of the only four Western Han emperors to receive a temple name (along with Emperor Gaozu, Emperor Wen and Emperor Wu).

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Ethnic groups in Chinese history

Ethnic groups in Chinese history refer to various or presumed ethnicities of significance to the history of China, gathered through the study of Classical Chinese literature, Chinese and non-Chinese literary sources and inscriptions, historical linguistics, and archaeological research.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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Fergana Valley

The Fergana Valley in Central Asia lies mainly in eastern Uzbekistan, but also extends into southern Kyrgyzstan and northern Tajikistan.

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Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (lit) was a Greek state of the Hellenistic period located in Central Asia.

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Han dynasty

The Han dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China (202 BC9 AD, 25–220 AD) established by Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu.

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Han dynasty in Inner Asia

The Han dynasty in Inner Asia was the expansion of the Han dynasty's realm and influence in Inner Asia with a series of Chinese military campaigns and expeditions since the reign of the Emperor Wu of Han. Western Regions and Han dynasty in Inner Asia are history of Xinjiang and Inner Asia.

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Han–Xiongnu War

The Han–Xiongnu War,.

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Hexi Corridor

The Hexi Corridor (Xiao'erjing: حْسِ ظِوْلاْ), also known as the Gansu Corridor, is an important historical region located in the modern western Gansu province of China.

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History of China

The history of China spans several millennia across a wide geographical area.

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History of the Han dynasty

The Han dynasty (206 BCE – 220 CE) was the second imperial dynasty of China. Western Regions and History of the Han dynasty are han dynasty.

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Indian subcontinent

The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.

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Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.

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Inner Asia

Inner Asia refers to the northern and landlocked regions spanning North, Central and East Asia.

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Istanbul

Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey, straddling the Bosporus Strait, the boundary between Europe and Asia.

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Jiayu Pass

Jiayu Pass or is the first frontier fortress at the west end of the Ming dynasty Great Wall, near the city of Jiayuguan in Gansu province.

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Journey to the West

Journey to the West is a Chinese novel published in the 16th century during the Ming dynasty and attributed to Wu Cheng'en.

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Kashgar

Kashgar (قەشقەر) or Kashi (c) is a city in the Tarim Basin region of southern Xinjiang, China.

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Kingdom of Khotan

The Kingdom of Khotan was an ancient Buddhist Saka kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the southern edge of the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin (modern-day Xinjiang, China). Western Regions and kingdom of Khotan are history of Xinjiang.

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Kucha

Kucha or Kuche (also: Kuçar, Kuchar; كۇچار, Кучар; p, p; translit) was an ancient Buddhist kingdom located on the branch of the Silk Road that ran along the northern edge of what is now the Taklamakan Desert in the Tarim Basin and south of the Muzat River.

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Loulan Kingdom

Loulan (樓蘭|p. Western Regions and Loulan Kingdom are history of Xinjiang.

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Mahayana sutras

The Mahāyāna sūtras are a broad genre of Buddhist scripture (sūtra) that are accepted as canonical and as ''buddhavacana'' ("Buddha word") in certain communities of Mahāyāna Buddhism.

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Ming dynasty

The Ming dynasty, officially the Great Ming, was an imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1368 to 1644 following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.

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Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire of the 13th and 14th centuries was the largest contiguous empire in history.

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Muslim world

The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Parthia

Parthia (𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 Parθava; 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅Parθaw; 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭥 Pahlaw) is a historical region located in northeastern Greater Iran.

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Protectorate General to Pacify the West

The Protectorate General to Pacify the West (Anxi Grand Protectorate), initially the Protectorate to Pacify the West (Anxi Protectorate), was a protectorate (640 –) established by the Chinese Tang dynasty in 640 to control the Tarim Basin. Western Regions and protectorate General to Pacify the West are history of Xinjiang and history of the Chinese in Central Asia.

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Protectorate of the Western Regions

The Protectorate of the Western Regions was an imperial administration (a protectorate) situated in the Western Regions administered by Han dynasty China and its successors on and off from 59 or 60 BCE until the end of the Sixteen Kingdoms period in 439 AD. Western Regions and protectorate of the Western Regions are han dynasty, history of Xinjiang and history of the Chinese in Central Asia.

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Qing dynasty

The Qing dynasty, officially the Great Qing, was a Manchu-led imperial dynasty of China and the last imperial dynasty in Chinese history.

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Qing dynasty in Inner Asia

The Qing dynasty in Inner Asia was the expansion of the Qing dynasty's realm in Inner Asia in the 17th and the 18th century AD, including both Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia, both Manchuria (Northeast China) and Outer Manchuria, Tibet, Qinghai and Xinjiang. Western Regions and Qing dynasty in Inner Asia are history of Xinjiang and Inner Asia.

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Records of the Western Regions

The Records of the Western Regions, also known by its Chinese name as the Datang Xiyuji or Da Tang Xiyu Ji and by various other translations and transcriptions, is a narrative of the Buddhist monk Xuanzang's nineteen-year journey from Tang China through the Western Regions to medieval India and back during the mid-7th century.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.

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Russian Turkestan

Russian Turkestan (Russkiy Turkestan) was the western part of Turkestan within the Russian Empire’s Central Asian territories, and was administered as a Krai or Governor-Generalship.

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Saka language

Saka, or Sakan, was a variety of Eastern Iranian languages, attested from the ancient Buddhist kingdoms of Khotan, Kashgar and Tumshuq in the Tarim Basin, in what is now southern Xinjiang, China.

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Shule Kingdom

The Shule Kingdom was an ancient oasis kingdom of the Taklamakan Desert that was on the Northern Silk Road, in the historical Western Regions of what is now Xinjiang in Northwest China.

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Silk Road

The Silk Road was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century. Western Regions and Silk Road are han dynasty.

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Sogdia

Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilization between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, and in present-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. Western Regions and Sogdia are Tang dynasty.

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South Asia

South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethnic-cultural terms.

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Southern Xinjiang

Southern Xinjiang or Nanjiang is the southern half of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Stanford University Press

Stanford University Press (SUP) is the publishing house of Stanford University.

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Tang dynasty

The Tang dynasty (唐朝), or the Tang Empire, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907, with an interregnum between 690 and 705.

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Tang dynasty in Inner Asia

The Tang dynasty in Inner Asia was the expansion of the Tang dynasty's realm in Inner Asia in the 7th and, to a lesser degree, the 8th century AD, in the Tarim Basin (Southern Xinjiang), the Mongolian Plateau, and portions of Central Asia. Western Regions and Tang dynasty in Inner Asia are history of Xinjiang, history of the Chinese in Central Asia and Inner Asia.

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Tarim Basin

The Tarim Basin is an endorheic basin in Xinjiang, Northwestern China occupying an area of about and one of the largest basins in Northwest China.

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Tianzhu (India)

Tianzhu is the historical Chinese name for India.

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Tocharian languages

The Tocharian (sometimes Tokharian) languages, also known as the Arśi-Kuči, Agnean-Kuchean or Kuchean-Agnean languages, are an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family spoken by inhabitants of the Tarim Basin, the Tocharians.

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Turkestan

Turkestan, also spelled Turkistan (from Turks), is a historical region in Central Asia corresponding to the regions of Transoxiana and East Turkestan (Xinjiang).

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Turkic migration

The Turkic migrations were the spread of Turkic tribes and Turkic languages across Eurasia between the 4th and 11th centuries.

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Turpan

Turpan (تۇرپان), generally known in English as Turfan (s), is a prefecture-level city located in the east of the autonomous region of Xinjiang, China.

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War of the Heavenly Horses

The War of the Heavenly Horses or the Han–Dayuan War was a military conflict fought in 104 BC and 102 BC between the Chinese Han dynasty and the Saka-ruled (Scythian) Greco-Bactrian kingdom known to the Chinese as Dayuan, in the Ferghana Valley at the easternmost end of the former Persian Empire (between modern-day Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan).

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West Asia

West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia.

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Xinjiang

Xinjiang, officially the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China (PRC), located in the northwest of the country at the crossroads of Central Asia and East Asia. Western Regions and Xinjiang are history of the Chinese in Central Asia and Inner Asia.

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Xinjiang under Qing rule

The Manchu-led Qing dynasty of China ruled over Xinjiang from the late 1750s to 1912. Western Regions and Xinjiang under Qing rule are history of Xinjiang.

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Xiongnu

The Xiongnu were a tribal confederation of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Western Regions and Xiongnu are han dynasty.

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Xuanzang

Xuanzang ((Hsüen Tsang); 6 April 6025 February 664), born Chen Hui / Chen Yi (/), also known by his Sanskrit Dharma name Mokṣadeva, was a 7th-century Chinese Buddhist monk, scholar, traveler, and translator.

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Yuezhi

The Yuezhi were an ancient people first described in Chinese histories as nomadic pastoralists living in an arid grassland area in the western part of the modern Chinese province of Gansu, during the 1st millennium BC. After a major defeat at the hands of the Xiongnu in 176 BC, the Yuezhi split into two groups migrating in different directions: the Greater Yuezhi (Dà Yuèzhī 大月氏) and Lesser Yuezhi (Xiǎo Yuèzhī 小月氏). Western Regions and Yuezhi are history of Xinjiang.

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Yumen Pass

Yumen Pass (قاش قوۋۇق, Qash Qowuq), or Jade Gate or Pass of the Jade Gate, is the name of a pass of the Great Wall located west of Dunhuang in today's Gansu Province of China.

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Zhang Qian

Zhang Qian (died c. 114 BC) was a Chinese diplomat, explorer, and politician who served as an imperial envoy to the world outside of China in the late 2nd century BC during the Western Han dynasty.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Regions

Also known as Hsi-yu, .

, Saka language, Shule Kingdom, Silk Road, Sogdia, South Asia, Southern Xinjiang, Soviet Union, Stanford University Press, Tang dynasty, Tang dynasty in Inner Asia, Tarim Basin, Tianzhu (India), Tocharian languages, Turkestan, Turkic migration, Turpan, War of the Heavenly Horses, West Asia, Xinjiang, Xinjiang under Qing rule, Xiongnu, Xuanzang, Yuezhi, Yumen Pass, Zhang Qian.

Western Regions, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

Historical regions of China

History of the Chinese in Central Asia

Inner Asia

References