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Yañalif, the Glossary

100 relations: A, Alphabet, Apostrophe, Arabic, Arabic alphabet, Arabic script, Azerbaijanis, Ç, İske imlâ alphabet, Ş, Ƅ, Ə, Ɵ, B, Baku, Bashkir language, C, Catholic Church, Codex Cumanicus, Common Turkic alphabet, Cuman language, Cyrillic script, D, D with stroke, Digraph (orthography), Diphthong, E, Egyptian hieroglyphs, F, G, Genoese Gazaria, Gha, Glottal stop, Golden Horde, Greek alphabet, H, I, I with bowl, Idel-Ural, Internet, J, K, Kazan, L, Language, Latin alphabet, Latin script, Latin script in Unicode, Latinisation in the Soviet Union, Letter (alphabet), ... Expand index (50 more) »
1924 establishments in the Soviet Union
1940 disestablishments in the Soviet Union
Alphabets used by Turkic languages
Romanization
Tatar language
Writing systems introduced in 1924

A

A, or a, is the first letter and the first vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, and others worldwide.

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Alphabet

An alphabet is a standard set of letters written to represent particular sounds in a spoken language.

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Apostrophe

The apostrophe is a punctuation mark, and sometimes a diacritical mark, in languages that use the Latin alphabet and some other alphabets.

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Arabic

Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.

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Arabic alphabet

The Arabic alphabet (الْأَبْجَدِيَّة الْعَرَبِيَّة, or الْحُرُوف الْعَرَبِيَّة), or Arabic abjad, is the Arabic script as specifically codified for writing the Arabic language.

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Arabic script

The Arabic script is the writing system used for Arabic and several other languages of Asia and Africa.

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Azerbaijanis (Azərbaycanlılar, آذربایجانلیلار), Azeris (Azərilər, آذریلر), or Azerbaijani Turks (Azərbaycan Türkləri, آذربایجان تۆرکلری) are a Turkic ethnic group living mainly in the Azerbaijan region of northwestern Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan.

See Yañalif and Azerbaijanis

Ç

Ç or ç (C-cedilla) is a Latin script letter used in the Albanian, Azerbaijani, Manx, Tatar, Turkish, Turkmen, Kurdish, Kazakh, and Romance alphabets.

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İske imlâ alphabet

İske imlâ (İske imlâ: ايسكی املا, Иске имлә İske imlä,, "Old Orthography") is a variant of the Arabic script, used for the Tatar language before 1920, as well as for the Old Tatar language. Yañalif and İske imlâ alphabet are alphabets used by Turkic languages and tatar language.

See Yañalif and İske imlâ alphabet

Ş

S-cedilla (majuscule: Ş, minuscule: ş) is a letter used in some of the Turkic languages.

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Ƅ

Ƅ (minuscule: ƅ) is a letter of the Latin alphabet used in the Zhuang alphabet and Bouyei alphabet from 1957 to 1986 to indicate the sixth tone, mid-level.

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Ə

Ə, or ə, also called schwa, is an additional letter of the Latin alphabet.

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Ɵ

Barred o (capital: Ɵ, lowercase: ɵ) is a letter in several Latin-script alphabets.

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B

B, or b, is the second letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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Baku

Baku (Bakı) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and in the Caucasus region.

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Bashkir language

Bashkir or Bashkort (translit) is a Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch.

See Yañalif and Bashkir language

C

C, or c, is the third letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Codex Cumanicus

The Codex Cumanicus is a linguistic manual of the Middle Ages, designed to help Catholic missionaries communicate with the Cumans, a nomadic Turkic people.

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Common Turkic alphabet

The Common Turkic alphabet (Ortak türk alfabesi; اورتاق تورک الیفباسی; translit; Ortaq türkı älıpbiı) is a project of a single Latin alphabet for all Turkic languages based on a slightly modified Turkish alphabet, with 34 letters recognised by the Organization of Turkic States. Yañalif and Common Turkic alphabet are alphabets used by Turkic languages and latin alphabets.

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Cuman language

Cuman or Kuman (also called Kipchak, Qypchaq or Polovtsian, self referred to as Tatar (tatar til) in Codex Cumanicus) was a West Kipchak Turkic language spoken by the Cumans (Polovtsy, Folban, Vallany, Kun) and Kipchaks; the language was similar to today's various languages of the West Kipchak branch.

See Yañalif and Cuman language

Cyrillic script

The Cyrillic script, Slavonic script or simply Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia.

See Yañalif and Cyrillic script

D

D, or d, is the fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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D with stroke

Đ (lowercase: đ, Latin alphabet), known as crossed D or dyet, is a letter formed from the base character D/d overlaid with a crossbar.

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Digraph (orthography)

A digraph or digram is a pair of characters used in the orthography of a language to write either a single phoneme (distinct sound), or a sequence of phonemes that does not correspond to the normal values of the two characters combined.

See Yañalif and Digraph (orthography)

Diphthong

A diphthong, also known as a gliding vowel or a vowel glide, is a combination of two adjacent vowel sounds within the same syllable.

See Yañalif and Diphthong

E

E, or e, is the fifth letter and the second vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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Egyptian hieroglyphs

Egyptian hieroglyphs were the formal writing system used in Ancient Egypt for writing the Egyptian language.

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F

F, or f, is the sixth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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G

G, or g, is the seventh letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages, and others worldwide.

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Genoese Gazaria

Gazaria (also Cassaria, Cacsarea, and Gasaria) was the name given to the colonial possessions of the Republic of Genoa in Crimea and around the Black Sea coasts in the territories of the modern regions of Russia, Ukraine and Romania, from the mid-13th century to the late 15th century.

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Gha

The letter Ƣ (minuscule: ƣ) has been used in the Latin orthographies of various, mostly Turkic languages, such as Azeri or the Jaꞑalif orthography for Tatar.

See Yañalif and Gha

Glottal stop

The glottal stop or glottal plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract or, more precisely, the glottis.

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Golden Horde

The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus (in Kipchak Turkic), was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. Yañalif and Golden Horde are history of Tatarstan.

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Greek alphabet

The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC.

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H

H, or h, is the eighth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, including the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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I

I, or i, is the ninth letter and the third vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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I with bowl

Latin yeru or with bowl (majuscule: Ь, minuscule: ь) is an additional letter of the Latin alphabet based on the Cyrillic soft sign. Yañalif and i with bowl are latin alphabets and romanization.

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Idel-Ural

Idel-Ural (translit, Идель-Урал), literally Volga-Ural, is a historical region in Eastern Europe, in what is today Russia.

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Internet

The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices.

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J

J, or j, is the tenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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K

K, or k, is the eleventh letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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Kazan

Kazan is the largest city and capital of Tatarstan, Russia.

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L

L, or l, is the twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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Language

Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary.

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Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also known as the Roman alphabet, is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language.

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Latin script

The Latin script, also known as the Roman script, is a writing system based on the letters of the classical Latin alphabet, derived from a form of the Greek alphabet which was in use in the ancient Greek city of Cumae in Magna Graecia.

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Latin script in Unicode

Over a thousand characters from the Latin script are encoded in the Unicode Standard, grouped in several basic and extended Latin blocks.

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Latinisation in the Soviet Union

Latinisation or latinization (latinizatsiya) was a campaign in the Soviet Union to adopt the Latin script during the 1920s and 1930s. Yañalif and Latinisation in the Soviet Union are romanization.

See Yañalif and Latinisation in the Soviet Union

Letter (alphabet)

In a writing system, a letter is a grapheme that generally corresponds to a phoneme—the smallest functional unit of speech—though there is rarely total one-to-one correspondence between the two.

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M

M, or m, is the thirteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

See Yañalif and M

Modifier letter apostrophe

The modifier letter apostrophe is a letter found in Unicode encoding, used primarily for various glottal sounds.

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Moscow

Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia.

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Musa Cälil

Musa Cälil (translit,; Муса Джалиль; – 25 August 1944) was a Soviet–Tatar poet and resistance fighter.

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N

N, or n, is the fourteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages, and others worldwide.

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N with descender

Ꞑ, ꞑ (N with descender) is a letter of the Latin alphabet, used in several New Turkic alphabet orthographies in 1930s (for instance, Tatar alphabet), as well as in the 1990s orthographies invented in attempts to restore the Latin alphabet for the Tatar language and the Chechen language.

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Nazism

Nazism, formally National Socialism (NS; Nationalsozialismus), is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany.

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Nikolay Ilminsky

Nikolai Ivanovich Il'minskii (Николай Иванович Ильминский; 1822–1891) was a Russian professor of Turkic languages at the Kazan University.

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O

O, or o, is the fifteenth letter and the fourth vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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Old Italic scripts

The Old Italic scripts are a family of ancient writing systems used in the Italian Peninsula between about 700 and 100 BC, for various languages spoken in that time and place.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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P

P, or p, is the sixteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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Phoenician alphabet

The Phoenician alphabet is an abjad (consonantal alphabet) used across the Mediterranean civilization of Phoenicia for most of the 1st millennium BC.

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Propaganda

Propaganda is communication that is primarily used to influence or persuade an audience to further an agenda, which may not be objective and may be selectively presenting facts to encourage a particular synthesis or perception, or using loaded language to produce an emotional rather than a rational response to the information that is being presented.

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Proto-Sinaitic script

The Proto-Sinaitic script is a Middle Bronze Age writing system known from a small corpus of about 30-40 inscriptions and fragments from Serabit el-Khadim in the Sinai Peninsula, as well as two inscriptions from Wadi el-Hol in Middle Egypt.

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Q

Q, or q, is the seventeenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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R

R, or r, is the eighteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is an American government-funded international media organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analyses to Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Middle East.

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Romanization

In linguistics, romanization is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so.

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Romanization of Russian

The romanization of the Russian language (the transliteration of Russian text from the Cyrillic script into the Latin script), aside from its primary use for including Russian names and words in text written in a Latin alphabet, is also essential for computer users to input Russian text who either do not have a keyboard or word processor set up for inputting Cyrillic, or else are not capable of typing rapidly using a native Russian keyboard layout (JCUKEN).

See Yañalif and Romanization of Russian

Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

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Russian alphabet

The Russian alphabet (label, or label, more traditionally) is the script used to write the Russian language.

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S

S, or s, is the nineteenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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Sha (Cyrillic)

Sha, She or Shu, alternatively transliterated Ša (Ш ш; italics: Ш ш) is a letter of the Glagolitic and Cyrillic scripts.

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Soft sign

# The soft sign (Ь ь; italics: Ь ь) is a letter in the Cyrillic script that is used in various Slavic languages.

See Yañalif and Soft sign

Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Standard Zhuang

Standard Zhuang (autonym:,; pre-1982 autonym: Vaƅcueŋƅ; Sawndip: 話壯) is the official standardized form of the Zhuang languages, which are a branch of the Northern Tai languages.

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T

T, or t, is the twentieth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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Tatar alphabet

Three scripts are currently used for the Tatar language: Arabic (in China), Cyrillic (in Russia and Kazakhstan) and Latin (Tatars of Turkey, Finland, the Czech Republic, Poland, the USA and Australia use the Tatar Latin alphabet at present). Yañalif and Tatar alphabet are alphabets used by Turkic languages, latin alphabets and tatar language.

See Yañalif and Tatar alphabet

Tatar Book Publishers

Tatar Book Publishers (Татарстан китап нәшрияты) is a Soviet and Russian regional state-owned publishing house located in Tatarstan.

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Tatar language

Tatar (татар теле, tatar tele or татарча, tatarça) is a Turkic language spoken by the Volga Tatars mainly located in modern Tatarstan (European Russia), as well as Siberia and Crimea.

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Tatarstan

Tatarstan (Татарстан; Татарстан), officially the Republic of Tatarstan, sometimes also called Tataria, is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe.

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Teleprinter

A teleprinter (teletypewriter, teletype or TTY) is an electromechanical device that can be used to send and receive typed messages through various communications channels, in both point-to-point and point-to-multipoint configurations.

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Turkic languages

The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia.

See Yañalif and Turkic languages

Turkish alphabet

The Turkish alphabet (Türk alfabesi) is a Latin-script alphabet used for writing the Turkish language, consisting of 29 letters, seven of which (Ç, Ğ, I, İ, Ö, Ş and Ü) have been modified from their Latin originals for the phonetic requirements of the language. Yañalif and Turkish alphabet are alphabets used by Turkic languages and latin alphabets.

See Yañalif and Turkish alphabet

Turkology

Turkology (or Turcology or Turkic studies) is a complex of humanities sciences studying languages, history, literature, folklore, culture, and ethnology of people speaking Turkic languages and Turkic peoples in chronological and comparative context.

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Typewriter

A typewriter is a mechanical or electromechanical machine for typing characters.

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U

U, or u, is the twenty-first letter and the fifth vowel letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet and the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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Ufa

Ufa (p; Öfö) is the largest city in and the capital of Bashkortostan, Russia.

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Unicode

Unicode, formally The Unicode Standard, is a text encoding standard maintained by the Unicode Consortium designed to support the use of text in all of the world's writing systems that can be digitized.

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Unified Northern Alphabet

The Unified Northern Alphabet (UNA) (Edinyy severnyy alfavit) was a set of Latin alphabets created during the Latinisation in the Soviet Union for the "small" languages of northern Russia and used for about five years during the 1930s. Yañalif and Unified Northern Alphabet are latin alphabets and romanization.

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V

V, or v, is the twenty-second letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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Vowel

A vowel is a syllabic speech sound pronounced without any stricture in the vocal tract.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

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X

X, or x, is the twenty-fourth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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Y

Y, or y, is the twenty-fifth and penultimate letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide.

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Yaña imlâ alphabet

Yaña imlâ (Yaña imlâ: ياڭا ئيملە, Яңа имлә, Yaña imlä,, lit. "New orthography") was a modified variant of Arabic script that was in use for the Tatar language between 1920 and 1927. Yañalif and Yaña imlâ alphabet are alphabets used by Turkic languages and tatar language.

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Yañalif

Jaꞑalif, Yangalif or Yañalif (Tatar: jaꞑa əlifba/yaña älifba → jaꞑalif/yañalif,, Cyrillic: Яңалиф, "new alphabet") is the first Latin alphabet used during the latinisation in the Soviet Union in the 1930s for the Turkic languages. Yañalif and Yañalif are 1924 establishments in the Soviet Union, 1940 disestablishments in the Soviet Union, alphabets used by Turkic languages, history of Tatarstan, latin alphabets, romanization, tatar language and writing systems introduced in 1924.

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