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Yamnaya culture, the Glossary

The Yamnaya culture or the Yamna culture, also known as the Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture, is a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic–Caspian steppe), dating to 3300–2600 BCE.^[1]

137 relations: Afanasievo culture, Afontova Gora, Agriculture, Anatolian languages, Ancient North Eurasian, Andronovo culture, Animal husbandry, Archaeological culture, Autosome, Baden culture, Bell Beaker culture, Botai culture, Brill Publishers, Bronze Age, Bronze Age Europe, Burial, Butmir culture, Cart, Catacomb culture, Caucasus, Caucasus hunter-gatherer, Central Asia, Central Europe, Ceramic, Cernavodă culture, Chalcolithic, Chalcolithic Europe, Chiefdom, Colin Renfrew, Common Era, Corded Ware culture, Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, Current Biology, David Reich (geneticist), David W. Anthony, Dnieper, Dnieper–Donets culture, Dniester, Don (river), Donets, Dravidian peoples, Early European Farmers, East Asia, East Asian people, Eastern Europe, Eastern hunter-gatherer, Europe, Finland, Fishing, Foraging, ... Expand index (87 more) »
4th millennium BC
Archaeological cultures in Kazakhstan
Archaeological cultures in Moldova
Archaeological cultures in Russia
Chalcolithic cultures of Europe
Prehistoric Russia

Afanasievo culture

The Afanasievo culture, or Afanasevo culture (Afanasevan culture) (Афанасьевская культура Afanas'yevskaya kul'tura), is an early archaeological culture of south Siberia, occupying the Minusinsk Basin and the Altai Mountains during the eneolithic era, 3300 to 2500 BCE. Yamnaya culture and Afanasievo culture are archaeological cultures in Kazakhstan.

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Afontova Gora

Afontova Gora (Афонтова гора, "Afont Mountain") is a Late Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Siberian complex of archaeological sites located on the left bank of the Yenisey River near the city of Krasnoyarsk, Russia.

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Agriculture

Agriculture encompasses crop and livestock production, aquaculture, fisheries, and forestry for food and non-food products.

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Anatolian languages

The Anatolian languages are an extinct branch of Indo-European languages that were spoken in Anatolia, part of present-day Turkey.

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Ancient North Eurasian

In archaeogenetics, the term Ancient North Eurasian (ANE) is the name given to an ancestral component that represents the lineage of the people of the Mal'ta–Buret' culture and populations closely related to them, such as the Upper Paleolithic individuals from Afontova Gora in Siberia.

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Andronovo culture

The Andronovo culture is a collection of similar local Late Bronze Age cultures that flourished 2000–1150 BC,Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). Yamnaya culture and Andronovo culture are archaeological cultures in Kazakhstan.

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Animal husbandry

Animal husbandry is the branch of agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fibre, milk, or other products.

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Archaeological culture

An archaeological culture is a recurring assemblage of types of artifacts, buildings and monuments from a specific period and region that may constitute the material culture remains of a particular past human society.

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Autosome

An autosome is any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

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Baden culture

The Baden culture or Baden-Pécel culture is a Chalcolithic archaeological culture dating to 3520–2690 BC. Yamnaya culture and Baden culture are archaeological cultures of Europe.

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Bell Beaker culture

The Bell Beaker culture, also known as the Bell Beaker complex or Bell Beaker phenomenon, is an archaeological culture named after the inverted-bell beaker drinking vessel used at the very beginning of the European Bronze Age, arising from around 2800 BC. Yamnaya culture and Bell Beaker culture are bronze Age cultures of Europe and Chalcolithic cultures of Europe.

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Botai culture

The Botai culture is an archaeological culture (c. 3700–3100 BC) of prehistoric northern Central Asia. Yamnaya culture and Botai culture are archaeological cultures in Kazakhstan.

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Brill Publishers

Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.

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Bronze Age

The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC. Yamnaya culture and Bronze Age are 4th millennium BC.

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Bronze Age Europe

The European Bronze Age is characterized by bronze artifacts and the use of bronze implements.

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Burial

Burial, also known as interment or inhumation, is a method of final disposition whereby a dead body is placed into the ground, sometimes with objects.

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Butmir culture

The Butmir culture was a major Neolithic culture in central Bosnia, developed along the shores of the river Bosna, spanning from Sarajevo to Zavidovići. Yamnaya culture and Butmir culture are archaeological cultures of Europe and bronze Age cultures of Europe.

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Cart

A cart or dray (Australia and New Zealand) is a vehicle designed for transport, using two wheels and normally pulled by draught animals such as horses, donkeys, mules and oxen, or even smaller animals such as goats or large dogs.

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Catacomb culture

The Catacomb culture (Katakombnaya kul'tura, Katakombna kul'tura) was a Bronze Age culture which flourished on the Pontic steppe in 2,500–1,950 BC. Yamnaya culture and Catacomb culture are archaeological cultures in Russia, archaeological cultures in Ukraine, archaeological cultures of Europe and bronze Age cultures of Europe.

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Caucasus

The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.

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Caucasus hunter-gatherer

Caucasus hunter-gatherer (CHG), also called Satsurblia cluster, is an anatomically modern human genetic lineage, first identified in a 2015 study, based on the population genetics of several modern Western Eurasian (European, Caucasian and Near Eastern) populations.

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Central Asia

Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.

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Central Europe

Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe.

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Ceramic

A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant, and corrosion-resistant materials made by shaping and then firing an inorganic, nonmetallic material, such as clay, at a high temperature.

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Cernavodă culture

The Cernavodă culture, ca. Yamnaya culture and Cernavodă culture are 4th millennium BC, archaeological cultures in Moldova, archaeological cultures in Ukraine, archaeological cultures of Europe and Chalcolithic cultures of Europe.

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Chalcolithic

The Chalcolithic (also called the Copper Age and Eneolithic) was an archaeological period characterized by the increasing use of smelted copper.

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Chalcolithic Europe

The European Chalcolithic, the Chalcolithic (also Eneolithic, Copper Age) period of Prehistoric Europe, lasted roughly from 5000 to 2000 BC, developing from the preceding Neolithic period and followed by the Bronze Age.

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Chiefdom

A chiefdom is a political organization of people represented or governed by a chief.

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Colin Renfrew

Andrew Colin Renfrew, Baron Renfrew of Kaimsthorn, (born 25 July 1937) is a British archaeologist, paleolinguist and Conservative peer noted for his work on radiocarbon dating, the prehistory of languages, archaeogenetics, neuroarchaeology, and the prevention of looting at archaeological sites.

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Common Era

Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era.

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Corded Ware culture

The Corded Ware culture comprises a broad archaeological horizon of Europe between – 2350 BC, thus from the late Neolithic, through the Copper Age, and ending in the early Bronze Age. Yamnaya culture and Corded Ware culture are archaeological cultures in Russia, archaeological cultures in Ukraine, archaeological cultures of Europe, bronze Age cultures of Europe and Chalcolithic cultures of Europe.

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Cucuteni–Trypillia culture

The Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, also known as the Cucuteni culture, Trypillia culture or Tripolye culture is a Neolithic–Chalcolithic archaeological culture (5500 to 2750 BC) of Southeast Europe. Yamnaya culture and Cucuteni–Trypillia culture are archaeological cultures in Moldova, archaeological cultures in Ukraine, archaeological cultures of Europe and Chalcolithic cultures of Europe.

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Current Biology

Current Biology is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers all areas of biology, especially molecular biology, cell biology, genetics, neurobiology, ecology, and evolutionary biology.

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David Reich (geneticist)

David Emil Reich (born July 14, 1974) is an American geneticist known for his research into the population genetics of ancient humans, including their migrations and the mixing of populations, discovered by analysis of genome-wide patterns of mutations.

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David W. Anthony

David W. Anthony is an American anthropologist who is Professor Emeritus of Anthropology at Hartwick College.

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Dnieper

The Dnieper, also called Dnepr or Dnipro, is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea.

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Dnieper–Donets culture

The Dnieper–Donets culture complex (DDCC) (ca. 5th—4th millennium BC) is a Mesolithic and later Neolithic archaeological culture found north of the Black Sea and dating to ca. Yamnaya culture and Dnieper–Donets culture are archaeological cultures in Russia, archaeological cultures in Ukraine, archaeological cultures of Europe and prehistoric Russia.

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Dniester

The Dniester is a transboundary river in Eastern Europe.

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Don (river)

The Don (p) is the fifth-longest river in Europe.

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Donets

The Seversky Donets or Siverskyi Donets, usually simply called the Donets, is a river on the south of the East European Plain.

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Dravidian peoples

The Dravidian peoples are an ethnolinguistic supraethnicity composed of many distinct ethnolinguistic groups native to South Asia (predominantly India).

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Early European Farmers

Early European Farmers (EEF) were a group of the Anatolian Neolithic Farmers (ANF) who brought agriculture to Europe and Northwest Africa.

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East Asia

East Asia is a geographical and cultural region of Asia including the countries of China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.

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East Asian people

East Asian people (also East Asians or Northeast Asians) are the people from East Asia, which consists of China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.

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Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.

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Eastern hunter-gatherer

In archaeogenetics, eastern hunter-gatherer (EHG), sometimes east European hunter-gatherer or eastern European hunter-gatherer, is a distinct ancestral component that represents Mesolithic hunter-gatherers of Eastern Europe.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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Finland

Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe.

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Fishing

Fishing is the activity of trying to catch fish.

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Foraging

Foraging is searching for wild food resources.

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Genetic admixture

Genetic admixture occurs when previously isolated populations interbreed resulting in a population that is descended from multiple sources.

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Haplogroup C (mtDNA)

In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup C is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

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Haplogroup I-M438

Haplogroup I-M438, also known as I2 (ISOGG 2019), is a human DNA Y-chromosome haplogroup, a subclade of haplogroup I-M170.

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Haplogroup R1b

Haplogroup R1b (R-M343), previously known as Hg1 and Eu18, is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup.

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Haplogroup T (mtDNA)

Haplogroup T is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.

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Haplogroup U

Haplogroup U is a human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup (mtDNA).

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Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome (called Y-DNA).

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Indigenous peoples of Siberia

Siberia is a vast region spanning the northern part of the Asian continent and forming the Asiatic portion of Russia.

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Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.

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Indo-European migrations

The Indo-European migrations are hypothesized migrations of Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) speakers, and subsequent migrations of people speaking derived Indo-European languages, which took place approx. Yamnaya culture and Indo-European migrations are 4th millennium BC.

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Indo-Gangetic Plain

The Indo-Gangetic Plain, also known as the North Indian River Plain, is a fertile plain encompassing northern regions of the Indian subcontinent, including most of modern-day northern and eastern India, most of eastern-Pakistan, virtually all of Bangladesh and southern plains of Nepal.

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Indo-Hittite

In Indo-European linguistics, the term Indo-Hittite (also Indo-Anatolian) is Edgar Howard Sturtevant's 1926 hypothesis that the Anatolian languages split off a Pre-Proto-Indo-European language considerably earlier than the separation of the remaining Indo-European languages.

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Indo-Iranian languages

The Indo-Iranian languages (also known as Indo-Iranic languages or collectively the Aryan languages) constitute the largest and southeasternmost extant branch of the Indo-European language family.

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Jats

The Jat people are a traditionally agricultural community in Northern India and Pakistan.

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Journal of Indo-European Studies

The Journal of Indo-European Studies (JIES) is a peer-reviewed academic journal of Indo-European studies.

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Kernosivsky idol

The Kernosivskyi idol, or Kernosivsky idol (Керносівський ідол) is a Kurgan stele dating from the mid–3rd millennium BC.

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Khvalynsk culture

The Khvalynsk culture is a Middle Copper Age Eneolithic culture (c. 4,900 – 3,500 BC) of the middle Volga region. Yamnaya culture and Khvalynsk culture are archaeological cultures in Russia, archaeological cultures of Europe, Chalcolithic cultures of Europe and prehistoric Russia.

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Kurgan

A kurgan is a type of tumulus constructed over a grave, often characterized by containing a single human body along with grave vessels, weapons and horses.

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Kurgan hypothesis

The Kurgan hypothesis (also known as the Kurgan theory, Kurgan model, or steppe theory) is the most widely accepted proposal to identify the Proto-Indo-European homeland from which the Indo-European languages spread out throughout Europe and parts of Asia.

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Kurgan stelae

Kurgan stelae or Balbals (балбал, most probably from Turkic word balbal meaning "ancestor" or "grandfather") are anthropomorphic stone stelae, images cut from stone, installed atop, within or around kurgans (i.e. tumuli), in kurgan cemeteries, or in a double line extending from a kurgan.

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Lactase persistence

Lactase persistence or lactose tolerance is the continued activity of the lactase enzyme in adulthood, allowing the digestion of lactose in milk.

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Lactose intolerance

Lactose intolerance is caused by a lessened ability or a complete inability to digest lactose, a sugar found in dairy products.

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Leo Klejn

Lev Samuilovich Kleyn (1 July 1927 – 7 November 2019), better known in English as Leo Klejn and Leo S. Klein, was a Russian archaeologist, anthropologist and philologist.

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Linguistic homeland

In historical linguistics, the homeland or Urheimat (from German ur- "original" and Heimat, home) of a proto-language is the region in which it was spoken before splitting into different daughter languages.

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Mal'ta–Buret' culture

The Mal'ta–Buret' culture (also Maltinsko-buretskaya culture) is an archaeological culture of the Upper Paleolithic (generally dated to 24,000-23,000 BP but also sometimes to 15,000 BP).

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Mamai-Hora

Mamai–Hora is the largest multicomplex burial mound of national importance in the Northern Black Sea region.

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Marija Gimbutas

Marija Gimbutas (Marija Birutė Alseikaitė-Gimbutienė,; January 23, 1921 – February 2, 1994) was a Lithuanian archaeologist and anthropologist known for her research into the Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures of "Old Europe" and for her Kurgan hypothesis, which located the Proto-Indo-European homeland in the Pontic Steppe.

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Maykop culture

The Maykop culture (scientific transliteration: Majkop), c. 3700 BC–3000 BC, is a major Bronze Age archaeological culture in the western Caucasus region. Yamnaya culture and Maykop culture are 4th millennium BC, archaeological cultures in Russia, archaeological cultures of Europe and bronze Age cultures of Europe.

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Mead

Mead, also called hydromel (particularly when low in alcohol content), is an alcoholic beverage made by fermenting honey mixed with water, and sometimes with added ingredients such as fruits, spices, grains, or hops.

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Mikhaylovka culture

The Mykhailivka Culture, Mikhaylovka culture, Lower Mykhaylivka culture (3600—3000 BCE) is a Copper Age archaeological culture which flourished on the Pontic steppe from 3600 BC to 3000 BC. Yamnaya culture and Mikhaylovka culture are archaeological cultures in Ukraine, archaeological cultures of Europe and Chalcolithic cultures of Europe.

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Mitochondrial DNA

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA and mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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Moldova

Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, on the northeastern corner of the Balkans.

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Nature (journal)

Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.

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Nature Communications

Nature Communications is a peer-reviewed, open access, scientific journal published by Nature Portfolio since 2010.

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Nature Ecology and Evolution

Nature Ecology and Evolution is an online-only monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Portfolio covering all aspects of research on ecology and evolutionary biology.

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Nature Portfolio

Nature Portfolio (formerly known as Nature Publishing Group and Nature Research) is a division of the international scientific publishing company Springer Nature that publishes academic journals, magazines, online databases, and services in science and medicine.

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Near East

The Near East is a transcontinental region around the East Mediterranean encompassing parts of West Asia, the Balkans, and North Africa, specifically the historical Fertile Crescent, the Levant, Anatolia, East Thrace, and Egypt.

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Neolithic Revolution

The Neolithic Revolution, also known as the First Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period in Afro-Eurasia from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly large population possible.

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Nganasan people

The Nganasans (Nganasan: ӈәнә"са(нә") ŋənəhsa(nəh), ня(") ńæh) are a Uralic people of the Samoyedic branch native to the Taymyr Peninsula in north Siberia.

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Nomad

Nomads are communities without fixed habitation who regularly move to and from areas.

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Northern Europe

The northern region of Europe has several definitions.

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Novosvobodnaya culture

Novosvobodnaya culture (Russian: Новосвободненская культура Novosvobodnenskaya kultura, also Novosvobodna, Novosvobodnaja) is an archaeological culture of the Early Bronze Age in the foothills of the North Caucasus (3500-3100 BC). Yamnaya culture and Novosvobodnaya culture are 4th millennium BC, archaeological cultures in Russia, archaeological cultures of Europe and bronze Age cultures of Europe.

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Ochre

Ochre, iron ochre, or ocher in American English, is a natural clay earth pigment, a mixture of ferric oxide and varying amounts of clay and sand.

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Pastoralism

Pastoralism is a form of animal husbandry where domesticated animals (known as "livestock") are released onto large vegetated outdoor lands (pastures) for grazing, historically by nomadic people who moved around with their herds.

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Pavel Dolukhanov

Pavel Dolukhanov (January 1, 1937, Leningrad, USSR – December 6, 2009, Newcastle, UK) was a doctor of geographical sciences, professor, emeritus professor (2002), Russian and British paleogeographer and archaeologist at the Institute of History of Material Culture (IHMC), RAS (1959–1989) and the University of Newcastle, United Kingdom (1990–2009), a specialist in archaeology and paleoenvironment of Northern Eurasia.

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Petrovka settlement

The Petrovka fortified settlement, namesake of the 2nd millennium BC Sintashta-Petrovka culture lies at the Ishim River, near the modern village of Petrovka in Zhambyl District, North Kazakhstan Region, Kazakhstan.

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Poltavka culture

Poltavka culture was an early to middle Bronze Age archaeological culture which flourished on the Volga-Ural steppe and the forest steppe in 2800—2100 BCE. Yamnaya culture and Poltavka culture are archaeological cultures in Russia, archaeological cultures of Europe and bronze Age cultures of Europe.

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Pontic–Caspian steppe

The Pontic–Caspian Steppe is a steppe extending across Eastern Europe to Central Asia, formed by the Caspian and Pontic steppes.

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal.

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Proto-Indo-European language

Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.

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Proto-Indo-Europeans

The Proto-Indo-Europeans are a hypothetical prehistoric ethnolinguistic group of Eurasia who spoke Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Yamnaya culture and Proto-Indo-Europeans are 4th millennium BC.

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Repin culture

The Repin culture (sometimes wrongly Repino culture) is a 4th millennium BC Eneolithic archaeological culture of the Pontic–Caspian steppe and East European forest steppe. Yamnaya culture and Repin culture are 4th millennium BC, archaeological cultures in Russia, archaeological cultures in Ukraine, archaeological cultures of Europe, Chalcolithic cultures of Europe and prehistoric Russia.

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Romanization

In linguistics, romanization is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so.

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Ror

Ror is a caste found primarily in the Indian state of Haryana.

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Russians

Russians (russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe.

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Samara culture

The Samara culture is an Eneolithic (Copper Age) culture dating to the turn of the 5th millennium BCE, at the Samara Bend of the Volga River (modern Russia). Yamnaya culture and Samara culture are archaeological cultures in Russia, archaeological cultures of Europe, Chalcolithic cultures of Europe and prehistoric Russia.

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Sardinian people

The Sardinians, or Sards (Sardos or; Italian and Sassarese: Sardi; Gallurese: Saldi), are an Italic Romance language-speaking ethnic group native to Sardinia, from which the western Mediterranean island and autonomous region of Italy derives its name.

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Scientific Reports

Scientific Reports is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific mega journal published by Nature Portfolio, covering all areas of the natural sciences.

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Scythians

The Scythians or Scyths (but note Scytho- in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the Pontic Scythians, were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people who had migrated during the 9th to 8th centuries BC from Central Asia to the Pontic Steppe in modern-day Ukraine and Southern Russia, where they remained established from the 7th century BC until the 3rd century BC.

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Siberia

Siberia (Sibir') is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.

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Sicilians

The Sicilians (Siciliani), or Sicilian people, are a Romance-speaking European ethnic group who are indigenous to the island of Sicily, the largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the largest and most populous of the autonomous regions of Italy.

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Sintashta

Sintashta is an archaeological site in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russia.

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Sintashta culture

The Sintashta culture is a Middle Bronze Age archaeological culture of the Southern Urals, dated to the period 2200–1900 BCE.

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Southeast Europe

Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe (SEE) is a geographical sub-region of Europe, consisting primarily of the region of the Balkans, as well as adjacent regions and archipelagos.

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Southern Bug

The Southern Bug, also called Southern Buh (Pivdennyi Buh; Yuzhny Bug; Bugul de Sud or just Bug), and sometimes Boh River (Бог; Boh), at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine is a navigable river located in Ukraine.

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Sredny Stog culture

The Sredny Stog culture or Serednii Stih culture is a pre-Kurgan archaeological culture from the 5th–4th millennia BC. Yamnaya culture and Sredny Stog culture are archaeological cultures in Russia, archaeological cultures in Ukraine, archaeological cultures of Europe and Chalcolithic cultures of Europe.

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Srubnaya culture

The Srubnaya culture (Srubnaya kul'tura, Zrubna kul'tura), also known as Timber-grave culture, was a Late Bronze Age 1900–1200 BC culture in the eastern part of the Pontic–Caspian steppe. Yamnaya culture and Srubnaya culture are archaeological cultures in Russia, archaeological cultures in Ukraine, archaeological cultures of Europe and bronze Age cultures of Europe.

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Supine position

The supine position means lying horizontally with the face and torso facing up, as opposed to the prone position, which is face down.

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Tocharian languages

The Tocharian (sometimes Tokharian) languages, also known as the Arśi-Kuči, Agnean-Kuchean or Kuchean-Agnean languages, are an extinct branch of the Indo-European language family spoken by inhabitants of the Tarim Basin, the Tocharians.

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A tool is an object that can extend an individual's ability to modify features of the surrounding environment or help them accomplish a particular task.

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Tumulus

A tumulus (tumuli) is a mound of earth and stones raised over a grave or graves.

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Ukrainians

Ukrainians (ukraintsi) are a civic nation and an ethnic group native to Ukraine.

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Ural (river)

The Ural (Урал), known before 1775 as the Yaik, is a river flowing through Russia and Kazakhstan in the continental border between Europe and Asia.

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Usatove culture

The Usatove culture (Usatove in Ukrainian, Usatovo in Russian) is an Eneolithic group of the North Pontic region with influences from the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture as well as the Eneolithic steppe cultures of the North Pontic. Yamnaya culture and Usatove culture are archaeological cultures in Ukraine and Chalcolithic cultures of Europe.

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Vasily Gorodtsov

Vasily Alekseyevich Gorodtsov (Василий Алексеевич Городцов) (23 March (O.S. 11 March), 1860, village of Dubrovichi, Ryazan Oblast — 3 February 1945, Moscow) was a Russian archaeologist.

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Vinča culture

The Vinča culture (ʋîːntʃa), also known as Turdaș culture, Turdaș–Vinča culture or Vinča-Turdaș culture, is a Neolithic archaeological culture of Southeast Europe, dated to the period 5400–4500 BC. Yamnaya culture and Vinča culture are 4th millennium BC and archaeological cultures of Europe.

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Volga

The Volga (p) is the longest river in Europe. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of, and a catchment area of., Russian State Water Registry It is also Europe's largest river in terms of average discharge at delta – between and – and of drainage basin.

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Vučedol culture

The Vučedol culture (Вучедолска култура) flourished between 3000 and 2200 BC (the Eneolithic period of earliest copper-smithing), centered in Syrmia and eastern Slavonia on the right bank of the Danube river, but possibly spreading throughout the Pannonian plain and western Balkans and southward. Yamnaya culture and Vučedol culture are archaeological cultures in Ukraine, archaeological cultures of Europe, bronze Age cultures of Europe and Chalcolithic cultures of Europe.

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Weapon

A weapon, arm, or armament is any implement or device that is used to deter, threaten, inflict physical damage, harm, or kill.

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West Asia

West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia.

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Western Europe

Western Europe is the western region of Europe.

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Western hunter-gatherer

In archaeogenetics, western hunter-gatherer (WHG, also known as west European hunter-gatherer, western European hunter-gatherer or Oberkassel cluster) is a distinct ancestral component of modern Europeans, representing descent from a population of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers who scattered over western, southern and central Europe, from the British Isles in the west to the Carpathians in the east, following the retreat of the ice sheet of the Last Glacial Maximum.

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Western Steppe Herders

In archaeogenetics, the term Western Steppe Herders (WSH), or Western Steppe Pastoralists, is the name given to a distinct ancestral component first identified in individuals from the Chalcolithic steppe around the turn of the 5th millennium BC, subsequently detected in several genetically similar or directly related ancient populations including the Khvalynsk, Repin, Sredny Stog, and Yamnaya cultures, and found in substantial levels in contemporary European, Central Asian, South Asian and West Asian populations.

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Wiley-Blackwell

Wiley-Blackwell is an international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of John Wiley & Sons.

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Yamna language

Yamna, also known as Sunum, is an Austronesian language spoken on the coast and an island of Jayapura Bay in Papua province, Indonesia.

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Yenisey

The Yenisey (Енисе́й) is the fifth-longest river system in the world, and the largest to drain into the Arctic Ocean.

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Yersinia pestis

Yersinia pestis (Y. pestis; formerly Pasteurella pestis) is a gram-negative, non-motile, coccobacillus bacterium without spores that is related to both Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, the pathogen from which Y. pestis evolved and responsible for the Far East scarlet-like fever.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamnaya_culture

Also known as Ochre Grave culture, Ochre-Grave, Pit Grave, Pit Grave culture, Pit-Grave, Pit-grave culture, Yamna culture, Yamna region, Yamnaia, Yamnaya, Yamnaya horizon.

, Genetic admixture, Haplogroup C (mtDNA), Haplogroup I-M438, Haplogroup R1b, Haplogroup T (mtDNA), Haplogroup U, Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup, Indigenous peoples of Siberia, Indo-European languages, Indo-European migrations, Indo-Gangetic Plain, Indo-Hittite, Indo-Iranian languages, Jats, Journal of Indo-European Studies, Kernosivsky idol, Khvalynsk culture, Kurgan, Kurgan hypothesis, Kurgan stelae, Lactase persistence, Lactose intolerance, Leo Klejn, Linguistic homeland, Mal'ta–Buret' culture, Mamai-Hora, Marija Gimbutas, Maykop culture, Mead, Mikhaylovka culture, Mitochondrial DNA, Moldova, Nature (journal), Nature Communications, Nature Ecology and Evolution, Nature Portfolio, Near East, Neolithic Revolution, Nganasan people, Nomad, Northern Europe, Novosvobodnaya culture, Ochre, Pastoralism, Pavel Dolukhanov, Petrovka settlement, Poltavka culture, Pontic–Caspian steppe, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Proto-Indo-European language, Proto-Indo-Europeans, Repin culture, Romanization, Ror, Russians, Samara culture, Sardinian people, Scientific Reports, Scythians, Siberia, Sicilians, Sintashta, Sintashta culture, Southeast Europe, Southern Bug, Sredny Stog culture, Srubnaya culture, Supine position, Tocharian languages, Tool, Tumulus, Ukrainians, Ural (river), Usatove culture, Vasily Gorodtsov, Vinča culture, Volga, Vučedol culture, Weapon, West Asia, Western Europe, Western hunter-gatherer, Western Steppe Herders, Wiley-Blackwell, Yamna language, Yenisey, Yersinia pestis.

Yamnaya culture, the Glossary

Table of Contents

See also

4th millennium BC

Archaeological cultures in Kazakhstan

Archaeological cultures in Moldova

Archaeological cultures in Russia

Chalcolithic cultures of Europe

Prehistoric Russia

References