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Zenobia, the Glossary

Septimia Zenobia (Palmyrene Aramaic:,; 240 – c. 274) was a third-century queen of the Palmyrene Empire in Syria.^[1]

A Predicament

"A Predicament" is a humorous short story by Edgar Allan Poe, usually combined with its companion piece "How to Write a Blackwood Article".

See Zenobia and A Predicament

Adelaide O'Keeffe

Adelaide O'Keeffe (5 November 1776 – 4 September 1865) was an author and children's poet, and an amanuensis for her father, noted novelist and poet, John O’Keeffe.

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Al-Ababeed

Al-Ababeed (lit) was a Syrian soap opera and historical fiction centered around the 3rd-century Syrian Palmyrene Empire which aired in the Ramadan season of 1997.

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Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Jarīr ibn Yazīd al-Ṭabarī (أَبُو جَعْفَر مُحَمَّد بْن جَرِير بْن يَزِيد ٱلطَّبَرِيّ; 839–923 CE / 224–310 AH), commonly known as al-Ṭabarī (ٱلطَّبَرِيّ), was a Sunni Muslim scholar, polymath, traditionalist, historian, exegete, jurist, and theologian from Amol, Tabaristan, present-day Iran.

See Zenobia and Al-Tabari

Alexander Baron

Alexander Baron (–) was a British author and screenwriter.

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Alexandria

Alexandria (الإسكندرية; Ἀλεξάνδρεια, Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ - Rakoti or ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ) is the second largest city in Egypt and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast.

See Zenobia and Alexandria

Amazons

In Greek mythology, the Amazons (Ancient Greek:, singular; in Latin) are portrayed in a number of ancient epic poems and legends, such as the Labours of Heracles, the Argonautica and the Iliad.

See Zenobia and Amazons

Ammianus Marcellinus

Ammianus Marcellinus, occasionally anglicised as Ammian (Greek: Αμμιανός Μαρκελλίνος; born, died 400), was a Roman soldier and historian who wrote the penultimate major historical account surviving from antiquity (preceding Procopius).

See Zenobia and Ammianus Marcellinus

Amoraim

Amoraim (אמוראים, singular Amora אמורא; "those who say" or "those who speak over the people", or "spokesmen") refers to Jewish scholars of the period from about 200 to 500 CE, who "said" or "told over" the teachings of the Oral Torah.

See Zenobia and Amoraim

Amr ibn Adi

Amr ibn Adi ibn Nasr ibn Rabi'a (ʿAmr ibn ʿAdī ibn Naṣr ibn Rabīʿa), commonly known as Amr I, was the semi-legendary first king of the Lakhmid Kingdom.

See Zenobia and Amr ibn Adi

Anatolia

Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.

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Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.

See Zenobia and Ancient Greek

Ancient Macedonians

The Macedonians (Μακεδόνες, Makedónes) were an ancient tribe that lived on the alluvial plain around the rivers Haliacmon and lower Axios in the northeastern part of mainland Greece.

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Ancient Semitic religion

Ancient Semitic religion encompasses the polytheistic religions of the Semitic peoples from the ancient Near East and Northeast Africa.

See Zenobia and Ancient Semitic religion

Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples

Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples or Proto-Semitic people were speakers of Semitic languages who lived throughout the ancient Near East and North Africa, including the Levant, Mesopotamia, the Arabian Peninsula and Carthage from the 3rd millennium BC until the end of antiquity, with some, such as Arabs, Arameans, Assyrians, Jews, Mandaeans, and Samaritans having a continuum into the present day.

See Zenobia and Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples

Anita Ekberg

Kerstin Anita Marianne Ekberg (29 September 193111 January 2015) was a Swedish actress active in American and European films, known for her beauty and curvaceous figure.

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Ankara

Ankara, historically known as Ancyra and Angora, is the capital of Turkey. Located in the central part of Anatolia, the city has a population of 5.1 million in its urban center and 5.8 million in Ankara Province, making it Turkey's second-largest city after Istanbul, but first by the urban area (4,130 km2).

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Antioch

Antioch on the Orontes (Antiókheia hē epì Oróntou)Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ "Antioch on Daphne"; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη "Antioch the Great"; Antiochia ad Orontem; Անտիոք Antiokʽ; ܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ Anṭiokya; אנטיוכיה, Anṭiyokhya; أنطاكية, Anṭākiya; انطاکیه; Antakya.

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Antiochus IV Epiphanes

Antiochus IV Epiphanes (– November/December 164 BC) was a Greek Hellenistic king who ruled the Seleucid Empire from 175 BC until his death in 164 BC.

See Zenobia and Antiochus IV Epiphanes

Antiochus VII Sidetes

Antiochus VII Euergetes (Ἀντίοχος Ευεργέτης; c. 164/160 BC129 BC), nicknamed Sidetes (Σιδήτης) (from Side, a city in Asia Minor), also known as Antiochus the Pious, was ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire from July/August 138 to 129 BC.

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Antoninianus

The antoninianus or pre-reform radiate was a coin used during the Roman Empire thought to have been valued at 2 denarii.

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Apocrypha

Apocrypha are biblical or related writings not forming part of the accepted canon of scripture.

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Arabia Petraea

Arabia Petraea or Petrea, also known as Rome's Arabian Province (Provincia Arabia; العربية الصخرية.; Ἐπαρχία Πετραίας Ἀραβίας) or simply Arabia, was a frontier province of the Roman Empire beginning in the 2nd century.

See Zenobia and Arabia Petraea

Arabs

The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.

See Zenobia and Arabs

Arameans

The Arameans, or Aramaeans (𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀,,; אֲרַמִּים; Ἀραμαῖοι; ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ), were a tribal Semitic people in the ancient Near East, first documented in historical sources from the late 12th century BC.

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Armenians

Armenians (hayer) are an ethnic group and nation native to the Armenian highlands of West Asia.

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Art Institute of Chicago

The Art Institute of Chicago, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest art museums in the United States.

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Artemisia II of Caria

Artemisia II of Caria (Greek: Ἀρτεμισία; died 351 BC) was a naval strategist, commander and the sister (and later spouse) and the successor of Mausolus, ruler of Caria.

See Zenobia and Artemisia II of Caria

Athanasius of Alexandria

Athanasius I of Alexandria (– 2 May 373), also called Athanasius the Great, Athanasius the Confessor, or, among Coptic Christians, Athanasius the Apostolic, was a Christian theologian and the 20th patriarch of Alexandria (as Athanasius I).

See Zenobia and Athanasius of Alexandria

Augustus (title)

Augustus (plural Augusti;,; "majestic", "great" or "venerable") was the main title of the Roman emperors during Antiquity.

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Aurel Stein

Sir Marc Aurel Stein, (Stein Márk Aurél; 26 November 1862 – 26 October 1943) was a Hungarian-born British archaeologist, primarily known for his explorations and archaeological discoveries in Central Asia.

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Aurelian

Aurelian (Lucius Domitius Aurelianus; 9 September 214 – November 275) was a Roman emperor who reigned from 270 to 275 during the Crisis of the Third Century. Zenobia and Aurelian are Crisis of the Third Century.

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Aureliano in Palmira

Aureliano in Palmira is an operatic dramma serio in two acts written by Gioachino Rossini to an Italian libretto in which the librettist was credited only by the initials "G. F. R." The libretto has generally been attributed to Felice Romani, but sometimes to the otherwise unknown Gian Francesco Romanelli.

See Zenobia and Aureliano in Palmira

Aurelius Heraclianus

Marcus(?) Aurelius Heraclianus (died 268) was a Roman soldier who rose to the rank of Praetorian Prefect in the latter part of the reign of the Emperor Gallienus.

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Autocracy

Autocracy is a system of government in which absolute power is held by the ruler, known as an autocrat.

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Avienius

Postumius Rufius Festus Avienius (sometimes erroneously Avienus) was a Latin writer of the 4th century AD.

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Babylon Fortress

Babylon Fortress is an Ancient Roman fortress on the eastern bank of the Nile Delta, located in the area known today as Old Cairo or Coptic Cairo.

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Balkans

The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.

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Bar Hebraeus

Gregory Bar Hebraeus (ܓܪܝܓܘܪܝܘܣ ܒܪ ܥܒܪܝܐ, b. 1226 - d. 30 July 1286), known by his Syriac ancestral surname as Barebraya or Barebroyo, in Arabic sources by his kunya Abu'l-Faraj, and his Latinized name Abulpharagius in the Latin West, was a Maphrian (regional primate) of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 1264 to 1286.

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Battle of Edessa

The Battle of Edessa took place between the armies of the Roman Empire under the command of Emperor Valerian and the Sasanian Empire (an Iranian imperial dynasty) under Shahanshah (King of the Kings) Shapur I, in Edessa (now the Turkish city of Urfa) in 260.

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Battle of Emesa

The Battle of Emesa was fought in 272 between the Roman armies led by their emperor Aurelian and the Palmyrene forces led by their empress, Zenobia and general Zabdas.

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Battle of Immae

The Battle of Immae was fought in 272 between the Roman army of Emperor Aurelian, and the armies of the Palmyrene Empire, whose leader, Empress Zenobia, had usurped Roman control over the eastern provinces.

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Battle of Naissus

The Battle of Naissus (268 or 269 AD) was the defeat of a Gothic coalition by the Roman Empire under Emperor Gallienus (or Emperor Claudius II Gothicus) and the future Emperor Aurelian near Naissus (Niš). Zenobia and Battle of Naissus are Crisis of the Third Century.

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Bedouin

The Bedouin, Beduin, or Bedu (singular) are pastorally nomadic Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the desert regions in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, the Levant, and Mesopotamia (Iraq).

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Bel (mythology)

Bêl (from bēlu) is a title signifying 'lord' or 'master' applied to various gods in the Mesopotamian religion of Akkad, Assyria, and Babylonia.

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Bithynia

Bithynia (Bithynía) was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor (present-day Turkey), adjoining the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Black Sea.

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Black Sea

The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia.

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Blemmyes

The Blemmyes (Βλέμμυες or Βλέμυες, Blémues, Latin: Blemmyae) were an Eastern Desert people who appeared in written sources from the 7th century BC until the 8th century AD.

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Bosporus

The Bosporus or Bosphorus Strait (Istanbul strait, colloquially Boğaz) is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Istanbul, Turkey.

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Bosra

Bosra (Buṣrā), formerly Bostra (Βόστρα) and officially called Busra al-Sham (Buṣrā al-Shām), is a town in southern Syria, administratively belonging to the Daraa District of the Daraa Governorate and geographically part of the Hauran region.

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Boudica

Boudica or Boudicca (from Brythonic *boudi 'victory, win' + *-kā 'having' suffix, i.e. 'Victorious Woman', known in Latin chronicles as Boadicea or Boudicea, and in Welsh as italics) was a queen of the ancient British Iceni tribe, who led a failed uprising against the conquering forces of the Roman Empire in AD 60 or 61. Zenobia and Boudica are imperial Roman rebels.

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Byblos

Byblos (Βύβλος), also known as Jebeil, Jbeil or Jubayl (Jubayl, locally Jbeil; 𐤂𐤁𐤋,, probably Gebal), is an ancient city in the Keserwan-Jbeil Governorate of Lebanon.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

See Zenobia and Byzantine Empire

Byzantium

Byzantium or Byzantion (Βυζάντιον) was an ancient Thracian settlement and later a Greek city in classical antiquity that became known as Constantinople in late antiquity and which is known as Istanbul today.

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Cairo

Cairo (al-Qāhirah) is the capital of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, and is the country's largest city, being home to more than 10 million people.

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Callinicus (sophist)

Callinicus (Καλλίνικος), surnamed or nicknamed Sutorius or Suetorius (Σουητώριος), sometimes known as Kallinikos of Petra or Callinicus of Petra was an ancient Greek historian of Arab descent, orator, rhetorician and sophist who flourished in the 3rd century.

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Carians

The Carians (Κᾶρες, Kares, plural of Κάρ, Kar) were the ancient inhabitants of Caria in southwest Anatolia, who spoke the Carian language.

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Cassius Longinus (philosopher)

Cassius Longinus (Κάσσιος Λογγῖνος; c. 213 – 273 AD) was a Greek rhetorician and philosophical critic.

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Catherine the Great

Catherine II (born Princess Sophie Augusta Frederica von Anhalt-Zerbst; 2 May 172917 November 1796), most commonly known as Catherine the Great, was the reigning empress of Russia from 1762 to 1796.

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Chalcedon

Chalcedon (Χαλκηδών||; sometimes transliterated as Khalqedon) was an ancient maritime town of Bithynia, in Asia Minor.

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Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau

Charles Simon Clermont-Ganneau (19 February 1846 – 15 February 1923) was a noted French Orientalist and archaeologist.

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Claudius Gothicus

Marcus Aurelius Claudius "Gothicus" (10 May 214 – August/September 270), also known as Claudius II, was Roman emperor from 268 to 270. Zenobia and Claudius Gothicus are Crisis of the Third Century.

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Cleopatra

Cleopatra VII Thea Philopator (Κλεοπάτρα Θεά ΦιλοπάτωρThe name Cleopatra is pronounced, or sometimes in British English, see, the same as in American English.. Her name was pronounced in the Greek dialect of Egypt (see Koine Greek phonology);Also "Thea Neotera", lit.

See Zenobia and Cleopatra

Cleopatra Thea

Cleopatra I or Cleopatra Thea (Κλεοπάτρα Θεά, which means "Cleopatra the Goddess"; c. 164 – 121 BC), surnamed Eueteria (εὐετηρῐ́ᾱ) was a ruler of the Hellenistic Seleucid Empire.

See Zenobia and Cleopatra Thea

Colossi of Memnon

The Colossi of Memnon (italic or es-Salamat) are two massive stone statues of the Pharaoh Amenhotep III, which stand at the front of the ruined Mortuary Temple of Amenhotep III, the largest temple in the Theban Necropolis.

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Conflation

Conflation is the merging of two or more sets of information, texts, ideas, or opinions into one, often in error.

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Constitution of the late Roman Empire

The constitution of the late Roman Empire was an unwritten set of guidelines and principles passed down, mainly through precedent, which defined the manner in which the late Roman Empire was governed.

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Consul

Consul (abbrev. cos.; Latin plural consules) was the title of one of the two chief magistrates of the Roman Republic, and subsequently also an important title under the Roman Empire.

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Corrector

A corrector (English plural correctors, Latin plural correctores) is a person or object practicing correction, usually by removing or rectifying errors.

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Crisis of the Third Century

The Crisis of the Third Century, also known as the Military Anarchy or the Imperial Crisis (235–285), was a period in Roman history during which the Roman Empire had nearly collapsed under the combined pressure of repeated foreign invasions, civil wars and economic disintegration.

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Cura annonae

In Imperial Rome, Cura Annonae ("care of Annona") was the import and distribution of grain to the residents of the cities of Rome and, after its foundation, Constantinople.

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Cyzicus

Cyzicus (Κύζικος Kúzikos; آیدینجق, Aydıncıḳ) was an ancient Greek town in Mysia in Anatolia in the current Balıkesir Province of Turkey.

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David Stone Potter

David Stone Potter (born 1957) is the Francis W. Kelsey Collegiate Professor of Greek and Roman History and the Arthur F. Thurnau Professor, Professor of Greek and Latin in Ancient History at The University of Michigan.

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Diocese

In church governance, a diocese or bishopric is the ecclesiastical district under the jurisdiction of a bishop.

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Dromedary

The dromedary (Camelus dromedarius or), also known as the dromedary camel, Arabian camel, or one-humped camel, is a large camel, of the genus Camelus, with one hump on its back.

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Ducenarius

Ducenarius (pl. ducenarii) was a social and military position in ancient Rome.

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Duumviri

The duumviri (Latin for 'two men'), originally duoviri and also known in English as the duumvirs, were any of various joint magistrates of ancient Rome.

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Dux

Dux (ducēs) is Latin for "leader" (from the noun dux, ducis, "leader, general") and later for duke and its variant forms (doge, duce, etc.). During the Roman Republic and for the first centuries of the Roman Empire, dux could refer to anyone who commanded troops, both Roman generals and foreign leaders, but was not a formal military rank.

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E. Mary Smallwood

Edith Mary Smallwood (8 December 1919 – 4 September 2023) was a British historian and a professor of Romano-Jewish History at the Queen's University, Belfast.

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Early Christianity

Early Christianity, otherwise called the Early Church or Paleo-Christianity, describes the historical era of the Christian religion up to the First Council of Nicaea in 325.

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Edessa

Edessa (Édessa) was an ancient city (polis) in Upper Mesopotamia, in what is now Urfa or Şanlıurfa, Turkey.

See Zenobia and Edessa

Edgar Allan Poe

Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer, poet, author, editor, and literary critic who is best known for his poetry and short stories, particularly his tales of mystery and the macabre.

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Edward Gibbon

Edward Gibbon (8 May 173716 January 1794) was an English essayist, historian, and politician.

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Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

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Egyptian language

The Egyptian language, or Ancient Egyptian, is an extinct branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages that was spoken in ancient Egypt.

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Egyptians

Egyptians (translit,; translit,; remenkhēmi) are an ethnic group native to the Nile Valley in Egypt.

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Eunuch

A eunuch is a male who has been castrated.

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Euphrates

The Euphrates (see below) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia.

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Eusebius

Eusebius of Caesarea (Εὐσέβιος τῆς Καισαρείας; 260/265 – 30 May 339), also known as Eusebius Pamphilus (from the Εὐσέβιος τοῦ Παμφίλου), was a Greek Syro-Palestinian historian of Christianity, exegete, and Christian polemicist.

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Eutropius (historian)

Eutropius (–387) was a Roman official and historian.

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Fairuz

Nouhad Wadie Haddad (Nuhād Wadīʿ Ḥaddād,; born November 21, 1934), known as Fairuz (Fayrūz), is a Lebanese singer.

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Fergus Millar

Sir Fergus Graham Burtholme Millar, (5 July 1935 – 15 July 2019) was a British ancient historian and academic.

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François Hédelin, abbé d'Aubignac

François Hédelin, abbé d'Aubignac (4 August 1604 in Paris – 27 July 1676) was a French author and cleric.

See Zenobia and François Hédelin, abbé d'Aubignac

Galatia

Galatia (Γαλατία, Galatía, "Gaul") was an ancient area in the highlands of central Anatolia, roughly corresponding to the provinces of Ankara and Eskişehir, in modern Turkey.

See Zenobia and Galatia

Gallic Empire

The Gallic Empire or the Gallic Roman Empire are names used in modern historiography for a breakaway part of the Roman Empire that functioned de facto as a separate state from 260 to 274. Zenobia and Gallic Empire are Crisis of the Third Century.

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Gallienus

Publius Licinius Egnatius Gallienus (c. 218 – September 268) was Roman emperor with his father Valerian from 253 to 260 and alone from 260 to 268.

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Geoffrey Chaucer

Geoffrey Chaucer (– 25 October 1400) was an English poet, author, and civil servant best known for The Canterbury Tales.

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George Syncellus

George Syncellus (Γεώργιος Σύγκελλος, Georgios Synkellos; died after 810) was a Byzantine chronicler and ecclesiastical official.

See Zenobia and George Syncellus

Gioachino Rossini

Gioachino Antonio Rossini (29 February 1792 – 13 November 1868) was an Italian composer who gained fame for his 39 operas, although he also wrote many songs, some chamber music and piano pieces and some sacred music.

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Giovanni Battista Tiepolo

Giovanni Battista Tiepolo (5 March 1696 – 27 March 1770), also known as Giambattista (or Gianbattista) Tiepolo, was an Italian painter and printmaker from the Republic of Venice who painted in the Rococo style, considered an important member of the 18th-century Venetian school.

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Giovanni Boccaccio

Giovanni Boccaccio (16 June 1313 – 21 December 1375) was an Italian writer, poet, correspondent of Petrarch, and an important Renaissance humanist.

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Giovanni Paisiello

Giovanni Paisiello (or Paesiello; 9 May 1740 – 5 June 1816) was an Italian composer of the Classical era, and was the most popular opera composer of the late 1700s.

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Glen Bowersock

Glen Warren Bowersock (born January 12, 1936, in Providence, Rhode Island) is a historian of ancient Greece, Rome and the Near East, and former Chairman of Harvard’s classics department.

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Goths

The Goths (translit; Gothi, Gótthoi) were Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of medieval Europe.

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Grace Macurdy

Grace Harriet Macurdy (September 12, 1866 – October 23, 1946) was an American classicist, and the first American woman to gain a PhD from Columbia University.

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Great Colonnade at Palmyra

The Great Colonnade at Palmyra was the main colonnaded avenue in the ancient city of Palmyra in the Syrian Desert.

See Zenobia and Great Colonnade at Palmyra

Greece

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.

See Zenobia and Greece

Hadrian's Villa

Hadrian's Villa (Villa Adriana; Villa Hadriana) is a UNESCO World Heritage Site comprising the ruins and archaeological remains of a large villa complex built around AD 120 by Roman emperor Hadrian near Tivoli outside Rome.

See Zenobia and Hadrian's Villa

Hairan I

Septimius Herodianus or Hairan I (Palmyrene Aramaic:,; 240 – 267) was a son and co-king of Odaenathus of Palmyra. Zenobia and Hairan I are Palmyrene Empire, Palmyrene monarchs, Septimii and Thirty Tyrants (Roman).

See Zenobia and Hairan I

Hairan II

Hairan II was a Palmyrene prince, the son of king Odaenathus and, possibly, his second wife Zenobia. Zenobia and Hairan II are Palmyrene Empire, Palmyrene monarchs and Septimii.

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Halabiye

Halabiye (حلبيّة, Latin/Greek: Zenobia, Birtha) is an archaeological site on the right bank of the Euphrates River in Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria.

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Haley Elizabeth Garwood

Haley Elizabeth Garwood (born April 25, 1940) is an American historical novelist.

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Harriet Hosmer

Harriet Goodhue Hosmer (October 9, 1830 – February 21, 1908) was a neoclassical sculptor, considered the most distinguished female sculptor in America during the 19th century.

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Hauran

The Hauran (Ḥawrān; also spelled Hawran or Houran) is a region that spans parts of southern Syria and northern Jordan.

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Hellenistic period

In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.

See Zenobia and Hellenistic period

Heraclea Pontica

Heraclea Pontica (Hērákleia Pontikḗ), known in Byzantine and later times as Pontoheraclea (Pontohērakleia), was an ancient city on the coast of Bithynia in Asia Minor, at the mouth of the river Lycus.

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Herbert Gustave Schmalz

Herbert Gustave Schmalz, known as Herbert Carmichael after 1918 (1 June 1856, Newcastle – 24 November 1935, London) was an English painter.

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Heresy

Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, particularly the accepted beliefs or religious law of a religious organization.

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Hippodrome

Hippodrome is a term sometimes used for public entertainment venues of various types.

See Zenobia and Hippodrome

Historia Augusta

The Historia Augusta (English: Augustan History) is a late Roman collection of biographies, written in Latin, of the Roman emperors, their junior colleagues, designated heirs and usurpers from 117 to 284. Zenobia and Historia Augusta are Crisis of the Third Century.

See Zenobia and Historia Augusta

History of the Jews in the Roman Empire

The history of the Jews in the Roman Empire (Iudaeorum Romanum) traces the interaction of Jews and Romans during the period of the Roman Empire (27 BCE – 476 CE).

See Zenobia and History of the Jews in the Roman Empire

Homs

Homs (حِمْص / ALA-LC:; Levantine Arabic: حُمْص / Ḥomṣ), known in pre-Islamic Syria as Emesa (Émesa), is a city in western Syria and the capital of the Homs Governorate.

See Zenobia and Homs

Huntington Library

The Huntington Library, Art Museum and Botanical Gardens, known as The Huntington, is a collections-based educational and research institution established by Henry E. Huntington and Arabella Huntington in San Marino, California.

See Zenobia and Huntington Library

Iamblichus

Iamblichus (Iámblichos; Arabic: يَمْلِكُ, romanized: Yamlīḵū; label) was an Arab neoplatonic philosopher.

See Zenobia and Iamblichus

Imperator

The title of imperator originally meant the rough equivalent of commander under the Roman Republic.

See Zenobia and Imperator

Israeli–Palestinian conflict

The Israeli–Palestinian conflict is an ongoing military and political conflict about land and self-determination within the territory of the former Mandatory Palestine.

See Zenobia and Israeli–Palestinian conflict

Jean-Baptiste Chabot

Jean-Baptiste Chabot (16 February 1860 – 7 January 1948) was a Roman Catholic secular priest and the leading French Syriac scholar in the first half of the twentieth century.

See Zenobia and Jean-Baptiste Chabot

Jerome

Jerome (Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was an early Christian priest, confessor, theologian, translator, and historian; he is commonly known as Saint Jerome.

See Zenobia and Jerome

Jerusalem Talmud

The Jerusalem Talmud (translit, often for short) or Palestinian Talmud, also known as the Talmud of the Land of Israel, is a collection of rabbinic notes on the second-century Jewish oral tradition known as the Mishnah.

See Zenobia and Jerusalem Talmud

Jesus

Jesus (AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many other names and titles, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader.

See Zenobia and Jesus

Joannes Zonaras

Joannes or John Zonaras (Ἰωάννης Ζωναρᾶς; 1070 – 1140) was a Byzantine Greek historian, chronicler and theologian who lived in Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, Turkey).

See Zenobia and Joannes Zonaras

Johann Adolph Hasse

Johann Adolph Hasse (baptised 25 March 1699 – 16 December 1783) was an 18th-century German composer, singer and teacher of music.

See Zenobia and Johann Adolph Hasse

John Chrysostom

John Chrysostom (Ἰωάννης ὁ Χρυσόστομος; 14 September 407 AD) was an important Early Church Father who served as Archbishop of Constantinople.

See Zenobia and John Chrysostom

John Malalas

John Malalas (Iōánnēs Malálas,; – 578) was a Byzantine chronicler from Antioch (now Antakya, Turkey).

See Zenobia and John Malalas

Jordan Rift Valley

The Jordan Rift Valley, also Jordan Valley also called the Syro-African Depression, is an elongated depression located in modern-day Israel, Jordan and the West Bank.

See Zenobia and Jordan Rift Valley

Jordanes

Jordanes (Greek: Ιορδάνης), also written as Jordanis or Jornandes, was a 6th-century Eastern Roman bureaucrat, widely believed to be of Gothic descent, who became a historian later in life.

See Zenobia and Jordanes

Judaea (Roman province)

Judaea (Iudaea; translit) was a Roman province from 6 to 132 AD, which incorporated the Levantine regions of Idumea, Philistia, Judea, Samaria and Galilee, extending over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Judea.

See Zenobia and Judaea (Roman province)

Judaism

Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit.

See Zenobia and Judaism

King of Kings

King of Kings was a ruling title employed primarily by monarchs based in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent.

See Zenobia and King of Kings

Lady Hester Stanhope

Lady Hester Lucy Stanhope (12 March 1776 – 23 June 1839) was a British adventurer, writer, antiquarian, and one of the most famous travellers of her age.

See Zenobia and Lady Hester Stanhope

Lady-in-waiting

A lady-in-waiting (alternatively written lady in waiting) or court lady is a female personal assistant at a court, attending on a royal woman or a high-ranking noblewoman.

See Zenobia and Lady-in-waiting

Lakhmid kingdom

The Lakhmid Kingdom (translit), also referred to in Arabic as al-Manādhirah (المناذرة, romanized as) or Banu Lakhm (بنو لخم, romanized as) was an Arab kingdom in Southern Iraq and Eastern Arabia, with al-Hirah as their capital, from the late 3rd century to 602 AD/CE.

See Zenobia and Lakhmid kingdom

Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

See Zenobia and Latin

Legio III Cyrenaica

Legio III Cyrenaica, (Third Legion "Cyrenean") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army.

See Zenobia and Legio III Cyrenaica

Leonardo Leo

Leonardo Leo (5 August 1694 – 31 October 1744), more correctly Leonardo Ortensio Salvatore de Leo, was a Baroque composer.

See Zenobia and Leonardo Leo

Levant

The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.

See Zenobia and Levant

Levirate marriage

Levirate marriage is a type of marriage in which the brother of a deceased man is obliged to marry his brother's widow.

See Zenobia and Levirate marriage

Lingua franca

A lingua franca (for plurals see), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.

See Zenobia and Lingua franca

List of Augustae

Augusta (plural; αὐγούστα) was a Roman imperial honorific title given to empresses and women of the imperial families. Zenobia and List of Augustae are Augustae.

See Zenobia and List of Augustae

List of Palmyrene monarchs

Below is a list of Palmyrene monarchs, the monarchs that ruled and presided over the city of Palmyra and the subsequent Palmyrene Empire in the 3rd century AD, and the later vassal princes of the Al Fadl dynasty which ruled over the city in the 14th century. Zenobia and list of Palmyrene monarchs are Palmyrene monarchs.

See Zenobia and List of Palmyrene monarchs

List of papyri from ancient Egypt

This list of papyri from ancient Egypt includes some of the better known individual papyri written in hieroglyphs, hieratic, demotic or in ancient Greek.

See Zenobia and List of papyri from ancient Egypt

Maeonius

Maeonius (died 267), or Maconius, was a usurper who, according to the Historia Augusta, briefly ruled over Palmyra. Zenobia and Maeonius are Palmyrene Empire, Palmyrene monarchs and Thirty Tyrants (Roman).

See Zenobia and Maeonius

Manichaeism

Manichaeism (in New Persian آیینِ مانی) is a former major world religion,R.

See Zenobia and Manichaeism

Mansour Rahbani

Mansour Rahbani (Manṣūr Al-Raḥbāni; 17 March 1925 – 13 January 2009) was a Lebanese composer, musician, poet, philosopher, thinker and producer, known as one of the Rahbani brothers, and the brother-in-law of the singer Fairuz.

See Zenobia and Mansour Rahbani

Masekhet

A (מַסֶּכֶת, Sephardic:, Ashkenazic:; plural מַסֶּכְתּוֹת|rtl.

See Zenobia and Masekhet

Mawiyya

Mavia (ماوية, Māwiyya; also transliterated Mawia, Mawai, or Mawaiy, and sometimes referred to as Mania or Mavia of Tanukh) was an Arab queen, who ruled over the Tanukhids, a confederation of semi-nomadic Arabs, in southern Syria, in the latter half of the fourth century. Zenobia and Mawiyya are women in ancient Near Eastern warfare.

See Zenobia and Mawiyya

Michael Rostovtzeff

Mikhail Ivanovich Rostovtzeff, or Rostovtsev (Михаи́л Ива́нович Росто́вцев; – October 20, 1952), was a Russian historian whose career straddled the 19th and 20th centuries and who produced important works on ancient Roman and Greek history.

See Zenobia and Michael Rostovtzeff

Middle East

The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.

See Zenobia and Middle East

Mint (facility)

A mint is an industrial facility which manufactures coins that can be used as currency.

See Zenobia and Mint (facility)

Monumental Arch of Palmyra

The Monumental Arch, also called the Arch of Triumph (قوس النصر) or the Arch of Septimius Severus, was an ornamental archway in Palmyra, Syria.

See Zenobia and Monumental Arch of Palmyra

Mustafa Tlass

Mustafa Abdul Qadir Tlass (Musṭafā ʿAbd al-Qādir Ṭalās; 11 May 1932 – 27 June 2017) was a Syrian senior military officer and politician who was Syria's minister of defense from 1972 to 2004.

See Zenobia and Mustafa Tlass

Near East

The Near East is a transcontinental region around the East Mediterranean encompassing parts of West Asia, the Balkans, and North Africa, specifically the historical Fertile Crescent, the Levant, Anatolia, East Thrace, and Egypt.

See Zenobia and Near East

Nehardea

Nehardea or Nehardeah (nəhardəʿā "river of knowledge") was a city from the area called by ancient Jewish sources Babylonia, situated at or near the junction of the Euphrates with the Nahr Malka (the Royal Canal), one of the earliest and most prominent centers of Babylonian Judaism.

See Zenobia and Nehardea

Nick Dear

Nick Dear (born 11 June 1955) is an English writer for stage, screen and radio.

See Zenobia and Nick Dear

Numismatist

A numismatist is a specialist, researcher, and/or well-informed collector of numismatics/coins ("of coins"; from Late Latin numismatis, genitive of numisma).

See Zenobia and Numismatist

Odaenathus

Septimius Odaenathus (Palmyrene Aramaic:,; translit; 220 – 267) was the founder king (''Mlk'') of the Palmyrene Kingdom who ruled from Palmyra, Syria. Zenobia and Odaenathus are Palmyrene Empire, Palmyrene monarchs, Septimii and Thirty Tyrants (Roman).

See Zenobia and Odaenathus

Old Testament

The Old Testament (OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew and occasionally Aramaic writings by the Israelites.

See Zenobia and Old Testament

Oxyrhynchus

Oxyrhynchus (sharp-nosed,;; ⲡⲉⲙϫⲉ or |Pemdje), also known by its modern name Al-Bahnasa (el-Bahnasa), is a city in Middle Egypt located about 160 km south-southwest of Cairo in Minya Governorate.

See Zenobia and Oxyrhynchus

Paideia

Paideia (/paɪˈdeɪə/; also spelled paedeia; παιδεία) referred to the rearing and education of the ideal member of the ancient Greek polis or state.

See Zenobia and Paideia

Palestine (region)

The region of Palestine, also known as Historic Palestine, is a geographical area in West Asia.

See Zenobia and Palestine (region)

Palmyra

Palmyra (Palmyrene:, romanized: Tadmor; Tadmur) is an ancient city in the eastern part of the Levant, now in the center of modern Syria. Zenobia and Palmyra are Palmyrene Empire.

See Zenobia and Palmyra

Palmyrene alphabet

The Palmyrene alphabet was a historical Semitic alphabet used to write Palmyrene Aramaic.

See Zenobia and Palmyrene alphabet

Palmyrene Aramaic

Palmyrene Aramaic was a primarily Western Aramaic dialect, exhibiting Eastern Aramaic grammatical features and hence often regarded as a dialect continuum between the Eastern and Western Aramaic branches.

See Zenobia and Palmyrene Aramaic

Palmyrene Empire

The Palmyrene Empire was a short-lived breakaway state from the Roman Empire resulting from the Crisis of the Third Century. Zenobia and Palmyrene Empire are Crisis of the Third Century.

See Zenobia and Palmyrene Empire

Palmyrene invasion of Egypt

The Palmyrene invasion of Egypt occurred in the summer, or possibly in October, of 270 AD when the forces of Queen Zenobia of Palmyra, led by her general Zabdas and aided by an Egyptian general named Timagenes, invaded and subsequently annexed Egypt, which was under control of the Roman Empire at the time.

See Zenobia and Palmyrene invasion of Egypt

Parthia

Parthia (𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 Parθava; 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅Parθaw; 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭥 Pahlaw) is a historical region located in northeastern Greater Iran.

See Zenobia and Parthia

Pasquale Anfossi

Pasquale Anfossi (5 April 1727 – February 1797) was an Italian opera composer.

See Zenobia and Pasquale Anfossi

Pat Southern

Patricia Southern (born 1948) is an English historian of classical Rome.

See Zenobia and Pat Southern

Paul of Samosata

Paul of Samosata (Παῦλος ὁ Σαμοσατεύς, lived from 200 to 275 AD) was Bishop of Antioch from 260 to 268 and the originator of the Paulianist heresy named after him.

See Zenobia and Paul of Samosata

Pedro Calderón de la Barca

Pedro Calderón de la Barca (17 January 160025 May 1681) (full name: Pedro Calderón de la Barca y Barreda González de Henao Ruiz de Blasco y Riaño) was a Spanish dramatist, poet, and writer.

See Zenobia and Pedro Calderón de la Barca

Petra

Petra (Al-Batrāʾ; Πέτρα, "Rock"), originally known to its inhabitants as Raqmu (Nabataean: or, *Raqēmō), is a historic and archaeological city in southern Jordan.

See Zenobia and Petra

Philip Hughes (historian)

Philip Hughes (11 May 1895 – 6 October 1967) was a Roman Catholic priest and Catholic ecclesiastical historian.

See Zenobia and Philip Hughes (historian)

Philip the Arab

Philip the Arab (Marcus Julius Philippus "Arabs"; 204 – September 249) was Roman emperor from 244 to 249. Zenobia and Philip the Arab are Crisis of the Third Century.

See Zenobia and Philip the Arab

Phoenice (Roman province)

Phoenice (Syria Phoenīcē; hē Phoinī́kē Syría) was a province of the Roman Empire, encompassing the historical region of Phoenicia.

See Zenobia and Phoenice (Roman province)

Polis

Polis (πόλις), plural poleis (πόλεις), means ‘city’ in ancient Greek.

See Zenobia and Polis

Porphyry (philosopher)

Porphyry of Tyre (Πορφύριος, Porphýrios; –) was a Neoplatonic philosopher born in Tyre, Roman Phoenicia during Roman rule.

See Zenobia and Porphyry (philosopher)

Praetorian prefect

The praetorian prefect (praefectus praetorio; ἔπαρχος/ὕπαρχος τῶν πραιτωρίων) was a high office in the Roman Empire.

See Zenobia and Praetorian prefect

Procurator (ancient Rome)

Procurator (plural: Procuratores) was a title of certain officials (not magistrates) in ancient Rome who were in charge of the financial affairs of a province, or imperial governor of a minor province.

See Zenobia and Procurator (ancient Rome)

Proselyte

The biblical term "proselyte" is an anglicization of the Koine Greek term προσήλυτος (proselytos), as used in the Septuagint (Greek Old Testament) for "stranger", i.e. a "newcomer to Israel"; a "sojourner in the land", and in the Greek New Testament for a first-century convert to Judaism, generally from Ancient Greek religion.

See Zenobia and Proselyte

Ptolemaic dynasty

The Ptolemaic dynasty (Πτολεμαῖοι, Ptolemaioi), also known as the Lagid dynasty (Λαγίδαι, Lagidai; after Ptolemy I's father, Lagus), was a Macedonian Greek royal house which ruled the Ptolemaic Kingdom in Ancient Egypt during the Hellenistic period.

See Zenobia and Ptolemaic dynasty

Ptolemy III Euergetes

Ptolemy III Euergetes (Ptolemaîos Euergétēs, "Ptolemy the Benefactor"; c. 280 – November/December 222 BC) was the third pharaoh of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt from 246 to 222 BC.

See Zenobia and Ptolemy III Euergetes

Ptolemy VIII Physcon

Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II Tryphon (Πτολεμαῖος Εὐεργέτης Τρύφων, Ptolemaĩos Euergétēs Tryphōn, "Ptolemy the Benefactor, the Opulent"; c. 184 BC – 28 June 116 BC), nicknamed Physcon (Φύσκων, Physkōn, "Fatty"), was a king of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt.

See Zenobia and Ptolemy VIII Physcon

Qift

Qift (قفط; Ⲕⲉϥⲧ Keft or Kebto; Egyptian Gebtu; Κόπτος Coptos / Koptos; Roman Justinianopolis) is a city in the Qena Governorate of Egypt about north of Luxor, situated a little south of latitude 26° north, on the east bank of the Nile.

See Zenobia and Qift

Queen consort

A queen consort is the wife of a reigning king, and usually shares her spouse's social rank and status.

See Zenobia and Queen consort

Queen of Sheba

The Queen of Sheba, also called Bilqis (Yemeni and Islamic tradition) and Makeda (Ethiopian tradition), is a figure first mentioned in the Hebrew Bible.

See Zenobia and Queen of Sheba

Quintillus

Marcus Aurelius Claudius Quintillus (died 270) was a short-lived Roman emperor. Zenobia and Quintillus are Crisis of the Third Century.

See Zenobia and Quintillus

Raghda

Raghda Mahmoud Na'na (رغدة محمود نعنع, born 18 July 1957), better known by the monoynm Raghda, is a Syrian actress known for working in Egyptian cinema.

See Zenobia and Raghda

Rahbani brothers

The Rahbani brothers (Arabic: الأخوان رحباني), Assi Rahbani (4 May 1923 – 21 June 1986) and Mansour Rahbani (1925 – 13 January 2009) were Lebanese sibling musicians, composers, songwriters, authors, and playwrights/dramatists, best known for their work with the singer Fairuz, Assi's wife.

See Zenobia and Rahbani brothers

Rais

(رئيس.), plural, is an Arabic title meaning 'chief' or 'leader'.

See Zenobia and Rais

Regent

In a monarchy, a regent is a person appointed to govern a state for the time being because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been determined.

See Zenobia and Regent

Regnal year

A regnal year is a year of the reign of a sovereign, from the Latin regnum meaning kingdom, rule.

See Zenobia and Regnal year

Rex (title)

The Latin title has the meaning of "king, ruler" (monarch).

See Zenobia and Rex (title)

Roman citizenship

Citizenship in ancient Rome (civitas) was a privileged political and legal status afforded to free individuals with respect to laws, property, and governance.

See Zenobia and Roman citizenship

Roman diocese

In the Late Roman Empire, usually dated 284 AD to 641 AD, the regional governance district known as the Roman or civil diocese was made up of a grouping of provinces each headed by a Vicarius, who were the representatives of praetorian prefects (who governed directly the dioceses they were resident in).

See Zenobia and Roman diocese

Roman Egypt

Roman Egypt; was an imperial province of the Roman Empire from 30 BC to AD 641.

See Zenobia and Roman Egypt

Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

See Zenobia and Roman Empire

Roman Italy

Italia (in both the Latin and Italian languages), also referred to as Roman Italy, was the homeland of the ancient Romans.

See Zenobia and Roman Italy

Roman triumph

The Roman triumph (triumphus) was a civil ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held to publicly celebrate and sanctify the success of a military commander who had led Roman forces to victory in the service of the state or, in some historical traditions, one who had successfully completed a foreign war.

See Zenobia and Roman triumph

Royal Shakespeare Company

The Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) is a major British theatre company, based in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England.

See Zenobia and Royal Shakespeare Company

Sack of Bostra

The sack of Bostra occurred around the spring of 270 AD when Queen Zenobia of Palmyra sent her general, Zabdas, to Bostra, the capital of Arabia Petraea, to subjugate the Tanukhids who were challenging Palmyrene authority.

See Zenobia and Sack of Bostra

Saint Louis Art Museum

The Saint Louis Art Museum (SLAM) is one of the principal U.S. art museums, with paintings, sculptures, cultural objects, and ancient masterpieces from all corners of the world.

See Zenobia and Saint Louis Art Museum

Salim Al Bustani

Salim Al Bustani (1848–1884) was a Lebanese journalist, novelist and political figure who edited many publications with his father Butrus. He is known for being the pioneer of the genre of historical novel in Arabic.

See Zenobia and Salim Al Bustani

Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.

See Zenobia and Sasanian Empire

Seleucid dynasty

The Seleucid dynasty or the Seleucidae (Σελευκίδαι, Seleukídai, "descendants of Seleucus") was a Macedonian Greek royal family, which ruled the Seleucid Empire based in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.

See Zenobia and Seleucid dynasty

Semiramis

Semiramis (ܫܲܡܝܼܪܵܡ Šammīrām, Շամիրամ Šamiram, Σεμίραμις, سميراميس Samīrāmīs) was the legendary Lydian-Babylonian wife of Onnes and of Ninus, who succeeded the latter on the throne of Assyria, according to Movses Khorenatsi. Zenobia and Semiramis are women in ancient Near Eastern warfare.

See Zenobia and Semiramis

Septimius Antiochus

Septimius Antiochus (Greek: Άντίοχος; died after 273) was a Roman usurper in Syria during the 3rd century. Zenobia and Septimius Antiochus are 3rd-century people, Palmyrene Empire, Palmyrene monarchs and Septimii.

See Zenobia and Septimius Antiochus

Septimius Haddudan

Septimius Haddudan was a 3rd-century Palmyrene official, the only known Palmyrene senator other than Odaenathus, and a priest and symposiarch of the god Bel, who is known to have opposed the rule of Queen Zenobia of Palmyra and aided the Roman Empire during their wars against the queen. Zenobia and Septimius Haddudan are 3rd-century people, Palmyrene Empire and Septimii.

See Zenobia and Septimius Haddudan

Septimius Severus

Lucius Septimius Severus (11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was a Roman politician who served as emperor from 193 to 211. Zenobia and Septimius Severus are Septimii.

See Zenobia and Septimius Severus

Septimius Worod

Septimius Orodes was a Palmyrene official and a viceroy for king Odaenathus of Palmyra. Zenobia and Septimius Worod are 3rd-century people and Palmyrene Empire.

See Zenobia and Septimius Worod

Septimius Zabbai

Zabbai was a Palmyrene man who lived in the third century, and likely was a member of the Palmyrene nobility. Zenobia and Septimius Zabbai are 3rd-century people and Septimii.

See Zenobia and Septimius Zabbai

Severan dynasty

The Severan dynasty, sometimes called the Septimian dynasty, was an Ancient Roman imperial dynasty that ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235, during the Roman imperial period.

See Zenobia and Severan dynasty

Severus Alexander

Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander (1 October 208 – March 235), also known as Alexander Severus, was Roman emperor from 222 until 235. Zenobia and Severus Alexander are 3rd-century people and Crisis of the Third Century.

See Zenobia and Severus Alexander

Shapur I

Shapur I (also spelled Shabuhr I; Šābuhr) was the second Sasanian King of Kings of Iran.

See Zenobia and Shapur I

Sheba and the Gladiator

Sheba and the Gladiator or Sign of the Gladiator (Nel Segno di Roma) is a 1959 historical drama film loosely pertaining to the Palmyrene Empire and its re-annexation back into the Roman Empire.

See Zenobia and Sheba and the Gladiator

Sheikh

Sheikh (shaykh,, شُيُوخ, shuyūkh) is an honorific title in the Arabic language, literally meaning "elder".

See Zenobia and Sheikh

Siege of Tyana (272)

The Siege of Tyana occurred in 272 CE.

See Zenobia and Siege of Tyana (272)

Silas G. Pratt

Silas Gamaliel Pratt (August 4, 1846 – October 30, 1916) was an American composer, who often published under the pseudonym V. B. Aubert.

See Zenobia and Silas G. Pratt

Sogdian language

The Sogdian language was an Eastern Iranian language spoken mainly in the Central Asian region of Sogdia (capital: Samarkand; other chief cities: Panjakent, Fergana, Khujand, and Bukhara), located in modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan; it was also spoken by some Sogdian immigrant communities in ancient China.

See Zenobia and Sogdian language

Statilia gens

The gens Statilia was a plebeian family of Lucanian origin at ancient Rome.

See Zenobia and Statilia gens

Strategos

Strategos, plural strategoi, Latinized strategus, (στρατηγός, pl.; Doric Greek: στραταγός, stratagos; meaning "army leader") is used in Greek to mean military general.

See Zenobia and Strategos

Suda

The Suda or Souda (Soûda; Suidae Lexicon) is a large 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Soudas (Σούδας) or Souidas (Σουίδας).

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Synod

A synod is a council of a Christian denomination, usually convened to decide an issue of doctrine, administration or application.

See Zenobia and Synod

Syria (region)

Syria (Hieroglyphic Luwian: Sura/i; Συρία; ܣܘܪܝܐ) or Sham (Ash-Shām) is a historical region located east of the Mediterranean Sea in West Asia, broadly synonymous with the Levant.

See Zenobia and Syria (region)

Syria Palaestina

Syria Palaestina (Syría hē Palaistínē) was a Roman province in the Palestine region between the early 2nd and late 4th centuries AD.

See Zenobia and Syria Palaestina

Syriac Christianity

Syriac Christianity (ܡܫܝܚܝܘܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ / Mšiḥoyuṯo Suryoyto or Mšiḥāyūṯā Suryāytā) is a branch of Eastern Christianity of which formative theological writings and traditional liturgies are expressed in the Classical Syriac language, a variation of the old Aramaic language.

See Zenobia and Syriac Christianity

Syrian nationalism

Syrian nationalism, also known as Pan-Syrian nationalism (or pan-Syrianism), refers to the nationalism of the region of Syria, as a cultural or political entity known as "Greater Syria".

See Zenobia and Syrian nationalism

Syrian pound

The Syrian pound or lira (al-līra as-sūriyya; abbreviation: LS or SP in Latin, ل.س in Arabic, historically also £S, and £Syr; ISO code: SYP) is the currency of Syria.

See Zenobia and Syrian pound

Syrians

Syrians (سوريون) are the majority inhabitants of Syria, indigenous to the Levant, who have Arabic, especially its Levantine dialect, as a mother tongue.

See Zenobia and Syrians

Tableau vivant

A tableau vivant (often shortened to tableau; plural: tableaux vivants), French for 'living picture', is a static scene containing one or more actors or models.

See Zenobia and Tableau vivant

Talmud

The Talmud (תַּלְמוּד|Talmūḏ|teaching) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (halakha) and Jewish theology.

See Zenobia and Talmud

Tanukhids

The Tanûkhids (transl), Tanukh (translit), or Banū Tanūkh (بنو تنوخ, romanized as) were a confederation of Arab tribes, sometimes characterized as Saracens.

See Zenobia and Tanukhids

Tenagino Probus

Tenagino Probus was a Roman soldier and procuratorial official whose career reached its peak at the end of the sixth decade of the third century AD (c. 255–260).

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Terumot

Terumot (תְּרוּמוֹת, lit. "Priestly dues" and often, "heave-offering") is the sixth tractate of Seder Zeraim ("Order of Seeds") of the Mishnah and of the Jerusalem Talmud.

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Tetradrachm

The tetradrachm (tetrádrachmon) was a large silver coin that originated in Ancient Greece.

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The Monk's Tale

"The Monk's Tale" is one of the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer.

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Thrace

Thrace (Trakiya; Thráki; Trakya) is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe.

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Timolaus of Palmyra

Timolaus of Palmyra (Latin: Timolaus) was reportedly a 3rd century Palmyrene nobleman, son of the king of kings Odaenathus (r. 252-267) and augustus Zenobia (r. 267-272). Zenobia and Timolaus of Palmyra are Palmyrene Empire.

See Zenobia and Timolaus of Palmyra

Tivoli, Lazio

Tivoli (Tibur) is a town and comune in Lazio, central Italy, north-east of Rome, at the falls of the Aniene river where it issues from the Sabine hills.

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Tomaso Albinoni

Tomaso Giovanni Albinoni (8 June 1671 – 17 January 1751) was an Italian composer of the Baroque era.

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Tomboy

Tomboy is a term used for girls or young women with masculine traits.

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Trevor R. Bryce

Trevor Robert Bryce (born 1940) is an Australian Hittitologist specializing in ancient and classical Near-eastern history.

See Zenobia and Trevor R. Bryce

Turpan

Turpan (تۇرپان), generally known in English as Turfan (s), is a prefecture-level city located in the east of the autonomous region of Xinjiang, China.

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Tyana

Tyana, earlier known as Tuwana during the Iron Age, and Tūwanuwa during the Bronze Age, was an ancient city in the Anatolian region of Cappadocia, in modern Kemerhisar, Niğde Province, Central Anatolia, Turkey.

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Umm el-Jimal

Umm el-Jimal (امالجمال, "Mother of Camels"), also rendered as Umm ej Jemāl, Umm al-Jimal or Umm idj-Djimal, is a village in northern Jordan approximately 17 kilometers east of Mafraq.

See Zenobia and Umm el-Jimal

Upper Egypt

Upper Egypt (صعيد مصر, shortened to الصعيد,, locally) is the southern portion of Egypt and is composed of the Nile River valley south of the delta and the 30th parallel N. It thus consists of the entire Nile River valley from Cairo south to Lake Nasser (formed by the Aswan High Dam).

See Zenobia and Upper Egypt

Usurper

A usurper is an illegitimate or controversial claimant to power, often but not always in a monarchy.

See Zenobia and Usurper

Vaballathus

Septimius Vaballathus (Palmyrene Aramaic:,; translit; 259 – c. 274 AD) was emperor of the Palmyrene Empire centred at Palmyra in the region of Syria. Zenobia and Vaballathus are 270s deaths, Palmyrene Empire, Palmyrene monarchs and Septimii.

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Valens

Valens (Ouálēs; 328 – 9 August 378) was Roman emperor from 364 to 378.

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Valerian (emperor)

Valerian (Publius Licinius Valerianus; c. 199 – 260 or 264) was Roman emperor from 253 to spring 260 AD. Zenobia and Valerian (emperor) are monarchs taken prisoner in wartime.

See Zenobia and Valerian (emperor)

Venice

Venice (Venezia; Venesia, formerly Venexia) is a city in northeastern Italy and the capital of the Veneto region.

See Zenobia and Venice

Victor Duruy

Jean Victor Duruy (10 September 1811 – 25 November 1894) was a French historian and statesman.

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Victory title

A victory title is an honorific title adopted by a successful military commander to commemorate his defeat of an enemy nation.

See Zenobia and Victory title

Western Aramaic languages

Western Aramaic is a group of Aramaic dialects once spoken widely throughout the ancient Levant, predominantly in the south, and Sinai, including ancient Damascus, Nabatea, Judea, across the Palestine Region, Transjordan, Samaria as well as Lebanon in the north.

See Zenobia and Western Aramaic languages

Wilhelm Dittenberger

Wilhelm (William) Dittenberger (August 31, 1840 in Heidelberg – December 29, 1906 in Halle (Saale)) was a German philologist in classical epigraphy.

See Zenobia and Wilhelm Dittenberger

William Waddington

William Henry Waddington (11 December 182613 January 1894) was a French statesman who served as Prime Minister in 1879, and as an Ambassador of France to London.

See Zenobia and William Waddington

William Ware

William Ware (August 3, 1797 – February 19, 1852) was an American writer and minister.

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William Wright (orientalist)

William Wright (17 January 1830 – 22 May 1889) was a famous English Orientalist, and Professor of Arabic in the University of Cambridge.

See Zenobia and William Wright (orientalist)

Young Vic

The Young Vic Theatre is a performing arts venue located on The Cut, near the South Bank, in the London Borough of Lambeth.

See Zenobia and Young Vic

Zabdas

Zabdas was a 3rd-century Syrian general who led the forces of Empress Zenobia of Palmyra during her rule as regent of her son Vaballathus and her subsequent rebellion against the Roman Emperor under the short-lived independent Palmyrene Empire. Zenobia and Zabdas are 3rd-century people, Palmyrene Empire and Septimii.

See Zenobia and Zabdas

Zalabiye

Zalabiye (زلبيّة) is an archaeological site on the left bank of the Euphrates in Deir ez-Zor Governorate, Syria.

See Zenobia and Zalabiye

Zenobia (Albinoni)

Zenobia, regina de’ Palmireni (Zenobia, Queen of the Palmyrans) is an opera in three acts by Tomaso Albinoni with a libretto by Antonio Marchi.

See Zenobia and Zenobia (Albinoni)

Zenobia of Armenia

Zenobia of Armenia (ზენობია; fl. 1st century) was a royal Iberian princess of the Pharnavazid dynasty who was a Queen of Armenia from 51 to 53 and 54 to 55 during the reign of her husband, King Rhadamistus.

See Zenobia and Zenobia of Armenia

Zenobius of Florence

Saint Zenobius (San Zanobi, Zenobio) (337–417) is venerated as the first bishop of Florence.

See Zenobia and Zenobius of Florence

Zeus

Zeus is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion and mythology, who rules as king of the gods on Mount Olympus.

See Zenobia and Zeus

Zosimus (historian)

Zosimus (Ζώσιμος; 490s–510s) was a Greek historian who lived in Constantinople during the reign of the eastern Roman Emperor Anastasius I (491–518).

See Zenobia and Zosimus (historian)

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenobia

Also known as Bat Zabbai, Bat-Zabbai, Bath-Zabbai, Queen Zenobia, Queen Zenobia of Palmyra, Septimia Zenobia, Xenobia, Xenobia of Palmyra, Zabaina, Zenobia Septimia, Zenobia in popular culture, Zenobia of Palmyra.

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Zenobia, the Glossary

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