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Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Abu Mansur al-Maturidi

Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (853–944) was an Islamic scholar and theologian who is the eponym of the Maturidi school of theology in Sunni Islam.

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Abu Yusuf

Ya'qub ibn Ibrahim al-Ansari, better known as Abu Yusuf (Abū Yūsuf) (729–798) was a student of jurist Abu Hanifa (d.767) who helped spread the influence of the Hanafi school of Islamic law through his writings and the government positions that he held.

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Ahmad ibn Hanbal

Ahmad ibn Hanbal (translit; November 780 – 2 August 855) was a Sunni Muslim scholar, jurist, theologian, traditionist, ascetic and eponym of the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence—one of the four major orthodox legal schools of Sunni Islam.

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Al-Fiqh al-Akbar

Al-Fiqh al-Akbar (italic) or "The Greater Knowledge" is a popular early Islamic text attributed to the Muslim jurist Abu Hanifa.

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Al-Shafi'i

Al-Shafi'i (translit;;767–820 CE) was a Sunni Muslim scholar, jurist, traditionist, theologian, ascetic, and eponym of the Shafi'i school of Islamic jurisprudence.

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Al-Tahawi

Abū Jaʿfar Aḥmad aṭ-Ṭaḥāwī (Abū Jaʿfar Aḥmad aṭ-Ṭaḥāwī) (853 – 5 November 933), commonly known as at-Tahawi (aṭ-Ṭaḥāwī), was an Egyptian Arab Hanafi jurist and Traditionalist theologian.

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Al‑Kawthari

Muhammad Zahid Hasan (–1952), commonly known by the al-Kawthari, was an Islamic scholar and theologian.

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Aqidah

Aqidah (pl.) is an Islamic term of Arabic origin that literally means "creed".

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Charles Kurzman

Charles Kurzman is a professor of sociology at University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill who specializes in Middle East and Islamic studies.

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Chiragh Ali

Moulví Cherágh Ali (1844–1895) (also spelled Chirágh) was an Indian Muslim scholar of the late 19th century.

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Companions of the Prophet

The Companions of the Prophet (lit) were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or met him during his lifetime, while being a Muslim and were physically in his presence.

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Family tree of Muhammad

This family tree is about the relatives of the Islamic prophet Muhammad as a family member of the family of Hashim and the Qurayshs tribe which is ‘Adnani.

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Faqīh

A faqīh (fuqahā, فقيه;: ‏فقهاء&lrm) is an Islamic jurist, an expert in fiqh, or Islamic jurisprudence and Islamic Law.

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Fiqh

Fiqh (فقه) is Islamic jurisprudence.

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Greater Khorasan

Greater KhorāsānDabeersiaghi, Commentary on Safarnâma-e Nâsir Khusraw, 6th Ed.

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Hadith

Hadith (translit) or Athar (أثر) is a form of Islamic oral tradition containing the purported words, actions, and the silent approvals of the prophet Muhammad.

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Ijma

Ijma (lit) is an Arabic term referring to the consensus or agreement of the Islamic community on a point of Islamic law.

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Iraq

Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.

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Istihsan

(Arabic) is an Arabic term for juristic discretion.

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Ja'far al-Sadiq

Ja'far ibn Muhammad al-Sadiq (translit; –765 CE) was a Shia Muslim scholar, jurist, and theologian, and the sixth imam of the Twelver and Isma'ili branches of Shia Islam.

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Kitab al-Athar

Kitab al-Athar (كتاب الآثار), is one of the earlier Hadith books compiled by Imam Muhammad al-Shaybani (132 AH – 189 AH), the student of Imam Abu Hanifa.

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Kojiro Nakamura

was a Japanese scholar of Islam.

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Lanham, Maryland

Lanham is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Prince George's County, Maryland.

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Malik ibn Anas

Malik ibn Anas (translit; –795) was an Islamic scholar and traditionalist who is the eponym of the Maliki school, one of the four schools of Islamic jurisprudence in Sunni Islam.

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Maturidism

Maturidism (translit) is a school of theology in Sunni Islam named after Abu Mansur al-Maturidi.

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Muhammad al-Shaybani

Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn al-Ḥasan ibn Farqad ash-Shaybānī (أبو عبد الله محمد بن الحسن بن فرقد الشيباني; 749/50 – 805), the father of Muslim international law, was a Muslim jurist and a disciple of Abu Hanifa (later being the eponym of the Hanafi school of Islamic jurisprudence), Malik ibn Anas and Abu Yusuf.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. The empire emerged from a ''beylik'', or principality, founded in northwestern Anatolia in 1299 by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. His successors conquered much of Anatolia and expanded into the Balkans by the mid-14th century, transforming their petty kingdom into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II, which marked the Ottomans' emergence as a major regional power. Under Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566), the empire reached the peak of its power, prosperity, and political development. By the start of the 17th century, the Ottomans presided over 32 provinces and numerous vassal states, which over time were either absorbed into the Empire or granted various degrees of autonomy. With its capital at Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and control over a significant portion of the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Middle East and Europe for six centuries. While the Ottoman Empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline after the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, modern academic consensus posits that the empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society and military into much of the 18th century. However, during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768, the Ottoman military system fell behind those of its chief European rivals, the Habsburg and Russian empires. The Ottomans consequently suffered severe military defeats in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, culminating in the loss of both territory and global prestige. This prompted a comprehensive process of reform and modernization known as the; over the course of the 19th century, the Ottoman state became vastly more powerful and organized internally, despite suffering further territorial losses, especially in the Balkans, where a number of new states emerged. Beginning in the late 19th century, various Ottoman intellectuals sought to further liberalize society and politics along European lines, culminating in the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 led by the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), which established the Second Constitutional Era and introduced competitive multi-party elections under a constitutional monarchy. However, following the disastrous Balkan Wars, the CUP became increasingly radicalized and nationalistic, leading a coup d'état in 1913 that established a one-party regime. The CUP allied with the Germany Empire hoping to escape from the diplomatic isolation that had contributed to its recent territorial losses; it thus joined World War I on the side of the Central Powers. While the empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it struggled with internal dissent, especially the Arab Revolt. During this period, the Ottoman government engaged in genocide against Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks. In the aftermath of World War I, the victorious Allied Powers occupied and partitioned the Ottoman Empire, which lost its southern territories to the United Kingdom and France. The successful Turkish War of Independence, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk against the occupying Allies, led to the emergence of the Republic of Turkey in the Anatolian heartland and the abolition of the Ottoman monarchy in 1922, formally ending the Ottoman Empire.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Qiyas

In Islamic jurisprudence, qiyas (قياس) is the process of deductive analogy in which the teachings of the hadith are compared and contrasted with those of the Quran, in order to apply a known injunction (nass) to a new circumstance and create a new injunction.

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Quran

The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).

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Reuben Levy

Reuben Levy (28 April 1891 – 6 September 1966) was Professor of Persian at the University of Cambridge.

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Rowman & Littlefield

Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group is an American independent academic publishing company founded in 1949.

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Shafi'i school

The Shafi'i school or Shafi'ism (translit) is one of the four major schools of Islamic jurisprudence within Sunni Islam.

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Suleiman the Magnificent

Suleiman I (Süleyman-ı Evvel; I.,; 6 November 14946 September 1566), commonly known as Suleiman the Magnificent in Western Europe and Suleiman the Lawgiver (Ḳānūnī Sulṭān Süleymān) in his Ottoman realm, was the longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 until his death in 1566.

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.

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Tabi'un

The tābiʿūn (اَلتَّابِعُونَ, also accusative or genitive tābiʿīn اَلتَّابِعِينَ, singular tābiʿ تَابِعٌ), "followers" or "successors", are the generation of Muslims who followed the companions (ṣaḥāba) of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and thus received their teachings secondhand.

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Theology

Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity.

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Ulama

In Islam, the ulama (the learned ones; singular ʿālim; feminine singular alimah; plural aalimath), also spelled ulema, are scholars of Islamic doctrine and law.

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University of Chicago Press

The University of Chicago Press is the university press of the University of Chicago, a private research university in Chicago, Illinois.

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Urf

(العرف) is an Arabic Islamic term referring to the custom, or 'knowledge', of a given society.

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