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Achaemenid Empire, the Glossary

Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Achaemenid Empire and Abbasid Caliphate are former empires, historical transcontinental empires, history of North Africa, history of South Asia, history of West Asia and history of the Middle East.

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Achaemenes

Achaemenes (𐏃𐎧𐎠𐎶𐎴𐎡𐏁; Ἀχαιμένης; Achaemenēs) was the progenitor (apical ancestor) of the Achaemenid dynasty of rulers of Persia.

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Achaemenid Assyria

Athura (𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 Aθurā), also called Assyria, was a geographical area within the Achaemenid Empire in Upper Mesopotamia from 539 to 330 BC as a military protectorate state. Achaemenid Empire and Achaemenid Assyria are states and territories disestablished in the 4th century BC and states and territories established in the 6th century BC.

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Achaemenid coinage

The Achaemenid Empire issued coins from 520 BC–450 BC to 330 BC.

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Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley

Around 535 BCE, the Persian king Cyrus the Great initiated a protracted campaign to absorb parts of India into his nascent Achaemenid Empire. Achaemenid Empire and Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley are 4th century BC in Iran, 5th century BC in Iran and 6th century BC in Iran.

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Achaemenid dynasty

The Achaemenid dynasty was a royal house that ruled the Persian Empire, which eventually stretched from Egypt and Thrace in the west to Central Asia and the Indus Valley in the east. Achaemenid Empire and Achaemenid dynasty are monarchy in Persia and Iran.

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Achaemenid Empire

The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC. Achaemenid Empire and Achaemenid Empire are 330s BC, 4th century BC in Iran, 550s BC, 5th century BC in Iran, 6th century BC in Iran, countries in ancient Africa, empires and kingdoms of Iran, former empires, former empires in Africa, former empires in Asia, former monarchies of Europe, historical transcontinental empires, history of Eastern Europe, history of North Africa, history of South Asia, history of West Asia, history of Zoroastrianism, history of the Middle East, Iron Age countries in Asia, Iron Age countries in Europe, monarchy in Persia and Iran, Patronymics, states and territories disestablished in the 4th century BC and states and territories established in the 6th century BC.

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Aegean Islands

The Aegean Islands are the group of islands in the Aegean Sea, with mainland Greece to the west and north and Turkey to the east; the island of Crete delimits the sea to the south, those of Rhodes, Karpathos and Kasos to the southeast.

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Aegean Sea

The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia.

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Aeolis

Aeolis (Aiolís), or Aeolia (Aiolía), was an area that comprised the west and northwestern region of Asia Minor (modern-day Turkey), mostly along the coast, and also several offshore islands (particularly Lesbos), where the Aeolian Greek city-states were located.

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Aethiopia

Ancient Aethiopia, (Aithiopía; Aethiopia and also Ethiopia) first appears as a geographical term in classical documents in reference to the upper Nile region of Sudan, areas south of the Sahara, and certain areas in Asia. Achaemenid Empire and Aethiopia are countries in ancient Africa.

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Agesilaus II

Agesilaus II (Ἀγησίλαος; 445/4 – 360/59 BC) was king of Sparta from c. 400 to c. 360 BC.

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Akkadian language

Akkadian (translit)John Huehnergard & Christopher Woods, "Akkadian and Eblaite", The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages.

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Al-Mada'in

Al-Mada'in (المدائن,; מחוזא Māḥozā) was an ancient metropolis situated on the Tigris in what is now Iraq.

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Alexander Mosaic

The Alexander Mosaic, also known as the Battle of Issus Mosaic, is a Roman floor mosaic originally from the House of the Faun in Pompeii, Italy.

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Alexander the Great

Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.

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Amardi

The Amardians, widely referred to as the Amardi (and sometimes Mardi), were an ancient Iranian tribe living along the mountainous region bordering the Caspian Sea to the north, to whom the Iron Age culture at Marlik is attributed.

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Amasis II

Amasis II (Ἄμασις; 𐤇𐤌𐤎 ḤMS) or Ahmose II was a pharaoh (reigned 570526 BCE) of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt, the successor of Apries at Sais.

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Amu Darya

The Amu Darya, also called the Amu, the Amo, and historically the Oxus (Latin: Ōxus; Greek: Ὦξος, Ôxos), is a major river in Central Asia, which flows through Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan.

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Amyntas I of Macedon

Amyntas I (Ἀμύντας) was king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia from at least 512/511 until his death in 498/497 BC.

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Amyrtaeus

Amyrtaeus of Sais (a Hellenization of the original Egyptian name Amenirdisu) is the only pharaoh of the Twenty-eighth Dynasty of EgyptCimmino 2003, p. 385.

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Anahita

Anahita or Annahita is the Old Persian form of the name of an Iranian goddess and appears in complete and earlier form as Aradvi Sura Anahita (Arədvī Sūrā Anāhitā), the Avestan name of an Indo-Iranian cosmological figure venerated as the divinity of "the Waters" (Aban) and hence associated with fertility, healing and wisdom.

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Anatolia

Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.

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Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa. Achaemenid Empire and ancient Egypt are former empires in Africa and former empires in Asia.

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Ancient Egyptian religion

Ancient Egyptian religion was a complex system of polytheistic beliefs and rituals that formed an integral part of ancient Egyptian culture.

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Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.

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Ancient Greek religion

Religious practices in ancient Greece encompassed a collection of beliefs, rituals, and mythology, in the form of both popular public religion and cult practices.

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Ancient Libya

During the Iron Age and Classical antiquity, Libya (from Greek Λιβύη: Libyē, which came from Berber: Libu) referred to modern-day Africa west of the Nile river.

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Ancient Macedonians

The Macedonians (Μακεδόνες, Makedónes) were an ancient tribe that lived on the alluvial plain around the rivers Haliacmon and lower Axios in the northeastern part of mainland Greece.

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Ancient Mesopotamian religion

Mesopotamian religion refers to the religious beliefs (concerning the gods, creation and the cosmos, the origin of man, and so forth) and practices of the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia, particularly Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia between circa 6000 BC and 400 AD.

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Angarium

The Angarium (Latin; from Greek Ἀγγαρήιον) was the institution of the royal mounted couriers in ancient Persia.

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Anshan (Persia)

Anshan (Elamite cuneiform: 𒀭𒍝𒀭; 𒀭𒊓𒀭𒆠, 𒀭𒊭𒀭𒆠) modern Tall-e Malyan (تل ملیان), also Tall-i Malyan, was an Elamite and ancient Persian city.

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Apadana hoard

The Apadana hoard is a hoard of coins that were discovered under the stone boxes containing the foundation tablets of the Apadana Palace in Persepolis.

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Apis (deity)

In ancient Egyptian religion, Apis or Hapis, alternatively spelled Hapi-ankh, was a sacred bull or multiple sacred bulls worshiped in the Memphis region, identified as the son of Hathor, a primary deity in the pantheon of ancient Egypt.

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Arabian Peninsula

The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.

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Arachosia

Arachosia (Greek), or Harauvatis (label), was a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire.

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Aral Sea

The Aral Sea was an endorheic lake (that is, without an outlet) lying between Kazakhstan to its north and Uzbekistan to its south, which began shrinking in the 1960s and largely dried up by the 2010s.

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Aramaic

Aramaic (ˀərāmiṯ; arāmāˀiṯ) is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula, where it has been continually written and spoken in different varieties for over three thousand years.

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Aramaic alphabet

The ancient Aramaic alphabet was used to write the Aramaic languages spoken by ancient Aramean pre-Christian tribes throughout the Fertile Crescent.

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Archery

Archery is the sport, practice, or skill of using a bow to shoot arrows.

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Ardashir I

Ardashir I (𐭠𐭥𐭲𐭧𐭱𐭲𐭥; transl), also known as Ardashir the Unifier (180–242 AD), was the founder of the Persian Sasanian Empire.

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Argos, Peloponnese

Argos (Άργος; Ἄργος) is a city and former municipality in Argolis, Peloponnese, Greece and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, and one of the oldest in Europe.

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Aria (region)

Aria (Ἀρ(ε)ία Ar(e)ía, آريا; Latin Aria, representing Old Persian. 𐏃𐎼𐎡𐎺 Haraiva, Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬋𐬌𐬬𐬀 Harōiva) was an Achaemenid region centered on the city of Herat in present-day western Afghanistan.

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Aristagoras

Aristagoras of Miletus (Ἀρισταγόρας ὁ Μιλήσιος), d. 497/496 BC, was the tyrant of the Ionian city of Miletus in the late 6th century BC and early 5th century BC.

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Armenia

Armenia, officially the Republic of Armenia, is a landlocked country in the Armenian Highlands of West Asia.

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Arnold J. Toynbee

Arnold Joseph Toynbee (14 April 1889 – 22 October 1975) was an English historian, a philosopher of history, an author of numerous books and a research professor of international history at the London School of Economics and King's College London.

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Arrowhead

An arrowhead or point is the usually sharpened and hardened tip of an arrow, which contributes a majority of the projectile mass and is responsible for impacting and penetrating a target, as well as to fulfill some special purposes such as signaling.

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Arses of Persia

Arses (*R̥šā; Ἀρσής), also known by his regnal name Artaxerxes IV (𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠; Ἀρταξέρξης), was the twelfth Achaemenid King of Kings from 338 to 336 BC.

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Artabanus IV of Parthia

Artabanus IV, also known as Ardavan IV (Parthian:𐭓𐭕𐭐𐭍), incorrectly known in older scholarship as Artabanus V, was the last ruler of the Parthian Empire from c. 213 to 224.

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Artabanus of Persia

Artabanus of Persia (or Artabanus the Hyrcanian; Ἀρτάβανος) was a Persian political figure during the Achaemenid dynasty who was reportedly Regent of Persia for a few months (465 BC – 464 BC).

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Artabazos II

Artabazos II (in Greek Ἀρτάβαζος) (fl. 389 – 328 BC) was a Persian general and satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia.

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Artaxerxes I

Artaxerxes I (𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠; Ἀρταξέρξης) was the fifth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, from 465 to December 424 BC.

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Artaxerxes II

Arses (Ἄρσης; 445 – 359/8 BC), known by his regnal name Artaxerxes II (𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂; Ἀρταξέρξης), was King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 405/4 BC to 358 BC.

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Artaxerxes III

Ochus (Ὦχος), known by his dynastic name Artaxerxes III (𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠; Ἀρταξέρξης), was King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 359/58 to 338 BC.

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Ashurbanipal

Ashurbanipal (𒀸𒋩𒆕𒀀|translit.

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Asia (Roman province)

Asia (Ἀσία) was a Roman province covering most of western Anatolia, which was created following the Roman Republic's annexation of the Attalid Kingdom in 133 BC.

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Assyria

Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: x16px, māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, which eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC. Achaemenid Empire and Assyria are former empires, former empires in Asia and Iron Age countries in Asia.

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Astyages

Astyages was the last king of the Median kingdom, reigning from 585 to 550 BCE.

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Athens

Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece.

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Atossa

Atossa (Old Persian: Utauθa, or Old Iranian: Hutauθa; 550–475 BC) was an Achaemenid empress.

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Axe

An axe (sometimes ax in American English; see spelling differences) is an implement that has been used for millennia to shape, split, and cut wood, to harvest timber, as a weapon, and as a ceremonial or heraldic symbol.

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Azerbaijan

Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia.

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Babylon

Babylon was an ancient city located on the lower Euphrates river in southern Mesopotamia, within modern-day Hillah, Iraq, about 85 kilometers (55 miles) south of modern day Baghdad.

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Babylonia

Babylonia (𒆳𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠) was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Iran). Achaemenid Empire and Babylonia are former empires, former empires in Asia and history of West Asia.

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Babylonian captivity

The Babylonian captivity or Babylonian exile was the period in Jewish history during which a large number of Judeans from the ancient Kingdom of Judah were forcibly relocated to Babylonia by the Neo-Babylonian Empire.

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Babylonian revolts (484 BC)

The Babylonian revolts of 484 BC were revolts of two rebel kings of Babylon, Bel-shimanni (Akkadian: Bêl-šimânni) and Shamash-eriba (Akkadian: Šamaš-eriba), against Xerxes I, king of the Persian Achaemenid Empire.

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Bactria

Bactria (Bactrian: βαχλο, Bakhlo), or Bactriana, was an ancient Iranian civilization in Central Asia based in the area south of the Oxus River (modern Amu Darya) and north of the mountains of the Hindu Kush, an area within the north of modern Afghanistan. Achaemenid Empire and Bactria are history of South Asia.

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Baghdad

Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.

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Bagoas

Bagoas (script; Βαγώας, Bagōas; died 336 BCE) was a prominent Persian official who served as the vizier (Chief Minister) of the Achaemenid Empire until his death.

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Bahuvrihi

A bahuvrihi compound (from lit, originally referring to fertile land but later denoting the quality of being wealthy or rich) is a type of compound word that denotes a referent by specifying a certain characteristic or quality the referent possesses.

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Balkans

The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.

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Balochistan, Pakistan

Balochistan (بلۏچستان; بلوچستان) is a province of Pakistan.

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Barca (ancient city)

Barca (Latin), also known as Barke (Βάρκη, Bárkē), Barka, Barqa, Barqah (برقة), and Barce (Latin & Italian) was an ancient, medieval, and early modern city located at the site of Marj in northeastern Libya.

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Bardiya

Bardiya or Smerdis (𐎲𐎼𐎮𐎡𐎹; Σμέρδις; possibly died 522 BCE), also named as Tanyoxarces (*Tanūvazraka; Τανυοξάρκης) by Ctesias, was a son of Cyrus the Great and the younger brother of Cambyses II, both Persian kings.

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Battle of Cunaxa

The Battle of Cunaxa was fought in the late summer of 401 BC between the Persian king Artaxerxes II and his brother Cyrus the Younger for control of the Achaemenid throne. Achaemenid Empire and Battle of Cunaxa are 5th century BC in Iran.

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Battle of Gaugamela

The Battle of Gaugamela (the Camel's House), also called the Battle of Arbela (label), took place in 331 BC between the forces of the Army of Macedon under Alexander the Great and the Persian Army under King Darius III.

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Battle of Issus

The Battle of Issus (also Issos) occurred in southern Anatolia, on 5 November 333 BC between the Hellenic League led by Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid Empire, led by Darius III.

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Battle of Marathon

The Battle of Marathon took place in 490 BC during the first Persian invasion of Greece.

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Battle of Mycale

The Battle of Mycale (Μάχη τῆς Μυκάλης; Machē tēs Mykalēs) was one of the two major battles (the other being the Battle of Plataea) that ended the second Persian invasion of Greece during the Greco-Persian Wars.

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Battle of Opis

The Battle of Opis was the last major military engagement between the Achaemenid Persian Empire and the Neo-Babylonian Empire, which took place in September 539 BC, during the Persian invasion of Mesopotamia. At the time, Babylonia was the last major power in Western Asia that was not yet under Persian control. Achaemenid Empire and Battle of Opis are 6th century BC in Iran.

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Battle of Pelusium

The Battle of Pelusium was the first major battle between the Achaemenid Empire and Egypt. Achaemenid Empire and battle of Pelusium are 6th century BC in Iran.

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Battle of Plataea

The Battle of Plataea was the final land battle during the second Persian invasion of Greece.

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Battle of Salamis

The Battle of Salamis was a naval battle fought in 480 BC, between an alliance of Greek city-states under Themistocles, and the Achaemenid Empire under King Xerxes.

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Battle of the Eurymedon

The Battle of the Eurymedon was a double battle, taking place both on water and land, between the Delian League of Athens and her Allies, and the Persian Empire of Xerxes I. It took place in either 469 or 466 BCE, in the vicinity of the mouth of the Eurymedon River (now the Köprüçay) in Pamphylia, Asia Minor.

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Battle of the Granicus

The Battle of the Granicus in May 334 BC was the first of three major battles fought between Alexander the Great of Macedon and the Persian Achaemenid Empire. Achaemenid Empire and battle of the Granicus are 4th century BC in Iran.

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Battle of Thermopylae

The Battle of Thermopylae (Greek) took place during the second Persian invasion of Greece.

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Battle of Thymbra

The Battle of Thymbra was the decisive battle in the war between Croesus of the Lydian Kingdom and Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid Empire.

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Behistun Inscription

The Behistun Inscription (also Bisotun, Bisitun or Bisutun; بیستون, Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the place of god") is a multilingual Achaemenid royal inscription and large rock relief on a cliff at Mount Behistun in the Kermanshah Province of Iran, near the city of Kermanshah in western Iran, established by Darius the Great.

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Belesys II

Belesys II was the ruler of Achaemenid Syria as the satrap of Eber-Nari from 358–338 BCE.

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Bernard Lewis

Bernard Lewis, (31 May 1916 – 19 May 2018) was a British American historian specialized in Oriental studies.

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Berossus

Berossus or Berosus (translit; possibly derived from 𒁹𒀭𒂗𒉺𒇻𒋙𒉡|translit.

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Bessus

Bessus or Bessos (*Bayaçā; Βήσσος), also known by his throne name Artaxerxes V (𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠; Ἀρταξέρξης; died summer 329 BC), was a Persian satrap of the eastern Achaemenid satrapy of Bactria, as well as the self-proclaimed King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 330 to 329 BC.

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Birthday

A birthday is the anniversary of the birth of a person, or figuratively of an institution.

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Bithyni

The Bithyni (translit; Bithyni) were a Thracian tribe who lived in Bithynia.

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Bithynia

Bithynia (Bithynía) was an ancient region, kingdom and Roman province in the northwest of Asia Minor (present-day Turkey), adjoining the Sea of Marmara, the Bosporus, and the Black Sea.

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Black Sea

The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia.

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Bosporus

The Bosporus or Bosphorus Strait (Istanbul strait, colloquially Boğaz) is a natural strait and an internationally significant waterway located in Istanbul, Turkey.

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Bottiaea

Bottiaea (Greek: Βοττιαία Bottiaia) was a geographical region of ancient Macedonia and an administrative district of the Macedonian Kingdom.

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Bryges

Bryges or Briges (Βρύγοι or Βρίγες) is the historical name given to a people of the ancient Balkans.

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Bubares

Bubares (Βουβάρης, died after 480 BC) was a Persian nobleman and engineer in the service of the Achaemenid Empire of the 5th century BC.

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Bulgaria

Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north. It covers a territory of and is the 16th largest country in Europe.

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Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy is a system of organization where decisions are made by a body of non-elected officials.

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Cadusian campaign of Artaxerxes II

The Cadusian Campaign was a military campaign of King Artaxerxes II of Persia in 385 BC against the Cadusii. Achaemenid Empire and Cadusian campaign of Artaxerxes II are 4th century BC in Iran.

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Cadusii

The Cadusii (also called Cadusians; Καδούσιοι, Kadoúsioi; Latin: Cadusii) were an ancient Iranian tribe that lived in the mountains between Media and the shore of the Caspian Sea, an area bordering that of the Anariacae and Albani.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Cambyses I

Cambyses I (𐎣𐎲𐎢𐎪𐎡𐎹 Kambūjiya) was king of Anshan from c. 580 to 559 BC and the father of Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II), younger son of Cyrus I, and brother of Arukku.

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Cambyses II

Cambyses II (translit) was the second King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 530 to 522 BC.

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Camel cavalry

Camel cavalry, or camelry (méharistes), is a generic designation for armed forces using camels as a means of transportation.

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Cappadocia

Cappadocia (Kapadokya, Greek: Καππαδοκία) is a historical region in Central Anatolia, Turkey.

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Caravanserai

A caravanserai (or caravansary) was a roadside inn where travelers (caravaners) could rest and recover from the day's journey.

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Cardaces

The Cardaces (or Kardakes, meaning "foreign mercenary") were a professional heavy infantry mustering of the Achaemenid Persian army.

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Caria

Caria (from Greek: Καρία, Karia; Karya) was a region of western Anatolia extending along the coast from mid-Ionia (Mycale) south to Lycia and east to Phrygia.

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Carmania (region)

Carmania (translit, translit,Lendering (1997) Middle Persian: Kirmān) is a historical region that approximately corresponds to the current province of Kerman, Iran, and was a province of the Achaemenid, Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian Empire. Achaemenid Empire and Carmania (region) are states and territories established in the 6th century BC.

See Achaemenid Empire and Carmania (region)

Carthage

Carthage was an ancient city in Northern Africa, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia. Achaemenid Empire and Carthage are countries in ancient Africa and former empires in Africa.

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Caspian Sea

The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake and sometimes referred to as a full-fledged sea.

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Caspians

The Caspians (کاسپی‌ها, Kaspyn; Κάσπιοι, Káspioi; Aramaic: ܟܣܦܝ, kspy; Կասպք, Kaspk’; Caspi, Caspiani) were a people of antiquity who dwelt along the southwestern shores of the Caspian Sea, in the region known as Caspiane.

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Cataphract

A cataphract was a form of armored heavy cavalry that originated in Persia and was fielded in ancient warfare throughout Eurasia and Northern Africa.

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Cataracts of the Nile

The Cataracts of the Nile are shallow lengths (or whitewater rapids) of the Nile river, between Khartoum and Aswan, where the surface of the water is broken by many small boulders and stones jutting out of the river bed, as well as many rocky islets.

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Caucasian Albania

Caucasian Albania is a modern exonym for a former state located in ancient times in the Caucasus, mostly in what is now Azerbaijan (where both of its capitals were located).

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Cavalry

Historically, cavalry (from the French word cavalerie, itself derived from cheval meaning "horse") are soldiers or warriors who fight mounted on horseback.

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Central Asia

Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.

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Cersobleptes

Cersobleptes (Kersobleptēs, also found in the form Cersebleptes, Kersebleptēs), was son of Cotys I, king of the Odrysians in Thrace, on whose death in September 360 BC he inherited the throne.

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Chaldea

Chaldea was a small country that existed between the late 10th or early 9th and mid-6th centuries BC, after which the country and its people were absorbed and assimilated into the indigenous population of Babylonia. Achaemenid Empire and Chaldea are Iron Age countries in Asia.

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Chalkidiki

Chalkidiki (Chalkidikḗ, alternatively Halkidiki), also known as Chalcidice, is a peninsula and regional unit of Greece, part of the region of Central Macedonia, in the geographic region of Macedonia in Northern Greece.

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Chapar Khaneh

Chapar Khaneh (چاپارخانه) is the Persian-language term that refers to the postal service system used throughout the Achaemenid Empire.

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Chariot

A chariot is a type of cart driven by a charioteer, usually using horses to provide rapid motive power.

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Chersonesus

Chersonesus, contracted in medieval Greek to Cherson (Χερσών), was an ancient Greek colony founded approximately 2,500 years ago in the southwestern part of the Crimean Peninsula.

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Cilicia

Cilicia is a geographical region in southern Anatolia, extending inland from the northeastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea. Achaemenid Empire and Cilicia are states and territories disestablished in the 4th century BC.

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Cimon

Cimon or Kimon (Kimōn Miltiadou Lakiadēs; – 450BC) was an Athenian strategos (general and admiral) and politician.

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Classical antiquity

Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.

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Colchis

In classical antiquity and Greco-Roman geography, Colchis was an exonym for the Georgian polity of Egrisi (ეგრისი) located on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, centered in present-day western Georgia. Achaemenid Empire and Colchis are former monarchies of Europe.

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Composite bow

A composite bow is a traditional bow made from horn, wood, and sinew laminated together, a form of laminated bow.

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Corinth

Corinth (Kórinthos) is a municipality in Corinthia in Greece.

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Corinthian War

The Corinthian War (395–387 BC) was a conflict in ancient Greece which pitted Sparta against a coalition of city-states comprising Thebes, Athens, Corinth and Argos, backed by the Achaemenid Empire.

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Croesus

Croesus (Lydian: 𐤨𐤭𐤬𐤥𐤦𐤮𐤠𐤮; Phrygian:; Kroisos; Latin: Croesus; reigned) was the king of Lydia, who reigned from 585 BC until his defeat by the Persian king Cyrus the Great in 547 or 546 BC.

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Ctesias

Ctesias (Κτησίᾱς; fl. fifth century BC), also known as Ctesias of Cnidus, was a Greek physician and historian from the town of Cnidus in Caria, then part of the Achaemenid Empire.

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Ctesiphon

Ctesiphon (𐭲𐭩𐭮𐭯𐭥𐭭, Tyspwn or Tysfwn; تیسفون; Κτησιφῶν,; ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢThomas A. Carlson et al., “Ctesiphon — ܩܛܝܣܦܘܢ ” in The Syriac Gazetteer last modified July 28, 2014, http://syriaca.org/place/58.) was an ancient Mesopotamian city, located on the eastern bank of the Tigris, and about southeast of present-day Baghdad.

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Cylinders of Nabonidus

The Cylinders of Nabonidus refers to cuneiform inscriptions of king Nabonidus of Babylonia (556-539 BC).

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Cyprus

Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

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Cyrenaica

Cyrenaica or Kyrenaika (Barqah, Kurēnaïkḗ, after the city of Cyrene), is the eastern region of Libya. Achaemenid Empire and Cyrenaica are countries in ancient Africa.

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Cyrene, Libya

Cyrene, also sometimes anglicized as Kyrene, was an ancient Greek colony and Roman city near present-day Shahhat in northeastern Libya in North Africa.

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Cyropaedia

The Cyropaedia, sometimes spelled Cyropedia, is a partly fictional biography of Cyrus the Great, the founder of Persia's Achaemenid Empire.

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Cyropolis

Cyreschata (Old Persian), better known by its Latin name Cyropolis (Κυρούπολις or Κύρουπόλις), both meaning "City of Cyrus", was an ancient city founded by Cyrus the Great to mark the northeastern border of his Achaemenid Empire.

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Cyrus Cylinder

The Cyrus Cylinder is an ancient clay cylinder, now broken into several pieces, on which is written an Achaemenid royal inscription in Akkadian cuneiform script in the name of the Persian king Cyrus the Great.

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Cyrus I

Cyrus I (Old Persian: Kuruš) or Cyrus I of Anshan or Cyrus I of Persia, was King of Anshan in Persia from to 580 BC or, according to others, from to 600 BC.

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Cyrus the Great

Cyrus II of Persia (𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁), commonly known as Cyrus the Great, was the founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.

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Cyrus the Younger

Cyrus the Younger (𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁 Kūruš; Κῦρος; died 401 BC) was an Achaemenid prince and general.

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Dahae

The Dahae, also known as the Daae, Dahas or Dahaeans (translit; translit; Δααι,; Δαι,; Δασαι,; Dahae; p; Persian: داه‍ان) were an ancient Eastern Iranian nomadic tribal confederation, who inhabited the steppes of Central Asia.

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Danube

The Danube (see also other names) is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia.

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Daradas

Daradas were an ancient people who lived north and north-west to the Kashmir Valley.

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Darayan I

Darayan I (also spelled Darew I, Darev I and Darius I; Aramaic: 𐡃𐡀𐡓𐡉𐡅d’ryw) was the first king of Persis, most likely invested with kingship of the region by his overlord, the Parthian monarch Phraates II sometime after 132 BC.

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Dardanelles

The Dardanelles (lit; translit), also known as the Strait of Gallipoli (after the Gallipoli peninsula) and in Classical Antiquity as the Hellespont (Helle), is a narrow, natural strait and internationally significant waterway in northwestern Turkey that forms part of the continental boundary between Asia and Europe and separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey.

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Daric

The daric was a gold coin which, along with a similar silver coin, the siglos, represented the bimetallic monetary standard of the Achaemenid Empire.

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Darius II

Darius II (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁; Δαρεῖος), also known by his given name Ochus (Greek: Ὦχος), was King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 423 BC to 405 or 404 BC.

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Darius III

Darius III (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁; Δαρεῖος; c. 380 – 330 BC) was the last Achaemenid King of Kings of Persia, reigning from 336 BC to his death in 330 BC.

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Darius the Great

Darius I (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁; Δαρεῖος; – 486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was a Persian ruler who served as the third King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE.

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Darius Vase

The Darius Vase is a famous vase painted by an anonymous Magna Graecia Apulian vase painter, commonly called the Darius Painter, the most eminent representative at the end of the "Ornate Style" in South Italian red-figure vase painting.

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Death of Alexander the Great

The death of Alexander the Great and subsequent related events have been the subjects of debates.

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Delian League

The Delian League was a confederacy of Greek city-states, numbering between 150 and 330, founded in 478 BC under the leadership (hegemony) of Athens, whose purpose was to continue fighting the Persian Empire after the Greek victory in the Battle of Plataea at the end of the Second Persian invasion of Greece.

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Delos

Delos (Δήλος; Δῆλος, Δᾶλος), is a small Greek island near Mykonos, close to the centre of the Cyclades archipelago.

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Demosthenes

Demosthenes (translit;; 384 – 12 October 322 BC) was a Greek statesman and orator in ancient Athens.

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Diadochi

The Diadochi (singular: Diadochos; from Successors) were the rival generals, families, and friends of Alexander the Great who fought for control over his empire after his death in 323 BC.

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Dorians

The Dorians (Δωριεῖς, Dōrieîs, singular Δωριεύς, Dōrieús) were one of the four major ethnic groups into which the Hellenes (or Greeks) of Classical Greece divided themselves (along with the Aeolians, Achaeans, and Ionians).

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Drangiana

Drangiana or Zarangiana (Δραγγιανή, Drangianē; also attested in Old Western Iranian as 𐏀𐎼𐎣, Zraka or Zranka, was a historical region and administrative division of the Achaemenid Empire. This region comprises territory around Hamun Lake, wetlands in endorheic Sistan Basin on the Iran-Afghan border, and its primary watershed Helmand river in what is nowadays southwestern region of Afghanistan. Achaemenid Empire and Drangiana are history of Zoroastrianism.

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Dropici

The Dropici were a nomadic people who lived in Iran according to Herodotus.

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Ecbatana

Ecbatana (translit or, literally "the place of gathering" according to Darius the Great's inscription at Bisotun; هگمتانه; 𐭠𐭧𐭬𐭲𐭠𐭭; translit; 𒆳𒀀𒃵𒋫𒉡|translit.

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Edict of Cyrus

The Edict of Cyrus usually refers to the biblical account of a proclamation by Cyrus the Great, the founding king of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, in 539 BCE.

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Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

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Egyptians

Egyptians (translit,; translit,; remenkhēmi) are an ethnic group native to the Nile Valley in Egypt.

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Elam

Elam (Linear Elamite: hatamti; Cuneiform Elamite:; Sumerian:; Akkadian:; עֵילָם ʿēlām; 𐎢𐎺𐎩 hūja) was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq. Achaemenid Empire and Elam are Iron Age countries in Asia.

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Elamite language

Elamite, also known as Hatamtite and formerly as Susian, is an extinct language that was spoken by the ancient Elamites.

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Elephantine

Elephantine (جزيرة الفنتين; Ἐλεφαντίνη Elephantíne) is an island on the Nile, forming part of the city of Aswan in Upper Egypt.

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Empire

An empire is a political unit made up of several territories, military outposts, and peoples, "usually created by conquest, and divided between a dominant center and subordinate peripheries".

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Encyclopædia Iranica

Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English-language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times.

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Eordea

Eordea is a monotypic genus of Southeast Asian dwarf spiders containing the single species, Eordea bicolor.

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Ethiopia

Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa.

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Eunuch

A eunuch is a male who has been castrated.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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Evagoras I

Evagoras or Euagoras (Εὐαγόρας) was the king of Salamis (411–374 BC) in Cyprus, known especially from the work of Isocrates, who presents him as a model ruler.

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Fall of Babylon

The fall of Babylon was the decisive event that marked the total defeat of the Neo-Babylonian Empire to the Achaemenid Empire in 539 BCE.

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Fars province

Fars province (استان فارس) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.

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Fergana Valley

The Fergana Valley in Central Asia lies mainly in eastern Uzbekistan, but also extends into southern Kyrgyzstan and northern Tajikistan.

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Frataraka

Frataraka (Aramaic: Prtkr’𐡐𐡓𐡕𐡊𐡓’, "governor", or more specifically "sub-satrapal governor") is an ancient Persian title, interpreted variously as “leader, governor, forerunner”.

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Free will in theology

Free will in theology is an important part of the debate on free will in general.

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Frieze

In classical architecture, the frieze is the wide central section of an entablature and may be plain in the Ionic or Doric order, or decorated with bas-reliefs.

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Furlong

A furlong is a measure of distance in imperial units and United States customary units equal to one-eighth of a mile, equivalent to any of 660 feet, 220 yards, 40 rods, 10 chains or approximately 201 metres.

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Gandhara

Gandhara was an ancient Indo-Aryan civilization centred in present-day north-west Pakistan and north-east Afghanistan.

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Garrison

A garrison (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, "to equip") is any body of troops stationed in a particular location, originally to guard it.

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Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a German philosopher and one of the most influential figures of German idealism and 19th-century philosophy.

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Gold coin

A gold coin is a coin that is made mostly or entirely of gold.

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Great Satraps' Revolt

The Great Satraps' Revolt, or the Revolts of the Satraps (c. 370-c.360 BCE), was a rebellion in the Achaemenid Empire of several satraps in western Anatolia against the authority of the Great King Artaxerxes II (r. 404-389/8).

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Greco-Buddhism

Greco-Buddhism or Graeco-Buddhism denotes a supposed cultural syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism developed between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD in Gandhara, in present-day Pakistan and parts of north-east Afghanistan.

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Greco-Persian Wars

The Greco-Persian Wars (also often called the Persian Wars) were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire and Greek city-states that started in 499 BC and lasted until 449 BC. Achaemenid Empire and Greco-Persian Wars are 5th century BC in Iran.

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Greece

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.

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Greek Cypriots

Greek Cypriots (Ellinokýprioi, Kıbrıs Rumları) are the ethnic Greek population of Cyprus, forming the island's largest ethnolinguistic community.

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Greeks

The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Anatolia, parts of Italy and Egypt, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities established around the world..

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Harem

Harem (lit) refers to domestic spaces that are reserved for the women of the house in a Muslim family.

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Harpagus

Harpagus, also known as Harpagos (Ancient Greek Ἅρπαγος; Akkadian: Arbaku), was a Median general during the 6th century BC, credited by Herodotus as having put Cyrus the Great on the throne through his defection during the Battle of Pasargadae.

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Hebrew Bible

The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Hebrew), also known in Hebrew as Miqra (Hebrew), is the canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures, comprising the Torah, the Nevi'im, and the Ketuvim.

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Hellenistic period

In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.

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Hephaestion

Hephaestion (Ἡφαιστίων Hephaistíon; c. 356 BC – October 324 BC), son of Amyntor, was an ancient Macedonian nobleman of probable "Attic or Ionian extraction" and a general in the army of Alexander the Great.

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Herodotus

Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος||; BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, part of the Persian Empire (now Bodrum, Turkey) and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy.

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Hierarchy

A hierarchy (from Greek:, from, 'president of sacred rites') is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) that are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another.

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Hindu Kush

The Hindu Kush is an mountain range on the Iranian Plateau in Central and South Asia to the west of the Himalayas.

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Hindush

Hindush was an administrative division of the Achaemenid Empire.

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Histiaeus

Histiaeus (died 493 BC), the son of Lysagoras, was a Greek ruler of Miletus in the late 6th century BC.

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Histories (Herodotus)

The Histories (Ἱστορίαι, Historíai; also known as The History) of Herodotus is considered the founding work of history in Western literature.

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History

History (derived) is the systematic study and documentation of the human past.

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History of ancient Lebanon

The history of ancient Lebanon traces the course of events related to the geographic area in the Eastern Mediterranean of what is now known as Lebanon from the beginning of antiquity to the beginning of Arab rule.

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History of Persian Egypt

The history of Persian Egypt is divided into two eras following the first Achaemenid conquest of Egypt punctuated by an interval of independence.

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History of the Kurds

The Kurds are an Iranian ethnic group in the Middle East.

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Hoplite

Hoplites (hoplîtai) were citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greek city-states who were primarily armed with spears and shields.

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Hydarnes the Younger

Hydarnes II (Vidṛna), also known as Hydarnes the Younger (by contrast with his father Hydarnes the Old) was a Persian commander of the Achaemenid Empire in the 5th century BC.

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Hyrcania

Hyrcania (Ὑρκανία Hyrkanía, Old Persian: 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 Varkâna,Lendering (1996) Middle Persian: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭 Gurgān, Akkadian: Urqananu) is a historical region composed of the land south-east of the Caspian Sea in modern-day Iran and Turkmenistan, bound in the south by the Alborz mountain range and the Kopet Dag in the east. Achaemenid Empire and Hyrcania are states and territories established in the 6th century BC.

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Idrieus

Idrieus, or Hidrieus (Hidrieús; died 344 BC) was a ruler of Caria as a Satrap under the Achaemenid Empire.

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Immortals (Achaemenid Empire)

Immortals (Athánatoi) or Persian Immortals was the name given by Herodotus to an elite heavy infantry unit of 10,000 soldiers in the army of the Achaemenid Empire.

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Imperial Aramaic

Imperial Aramaic is a linguistic term, coined by modern scholars in order to designate a specific historical variety of Aramaic language.

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Indo-Greek Kingdom

The Indo-Greek Kingdom, or Graeco-Indian Kingdom, also known as the Yavana Kingdom (also Yavanarajya after the word Yona, which comes from Ionians), was a Hellenistic-era Greek kingdom covering various parts of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and northwestern India.

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Indus River

The Indus is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South and Central Asia.

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Infantry

Infantry is a specialization of military personnel who engage in warfare combat.

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Infobase

Infobase is an American publisher of databases, reference book titles and textbooks geared towards the North American library, secondary school, and university-level curriculum markets.

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Ionia

Ionia was an ancient region on the western coast of Anatolia, to the south of present-day İzmir, Turkey.

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Ionian Revolt

The Ionian Revolt, and associated revolts in Aeolis, Doris, Cyprus and Caria, were military rebellions by several Greek regions of Asia Minor against Persian rule, lasting from 499 BC to 493 BC.

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Ionian Sea

The Ionian Sea (Iónio Pélagos,; Mar Ionio or Mar Jonio,; Deti Jon) is an elongated bay of the Mediterranean Sea.

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Ionians

The Ionians (Ἴωνες, Íōnes, singular Ἴων, Íōn) were one of the four major tribes that the Greeks considered themselves to be divided into during the ancient period; the other three being the Dorians, Aeolians, and Achaeans.

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Iran

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. Achaemenid Empire and Iran are states and territories established in the 6th century BC.

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Iran–America Society

The Iran–America Society was founded in the 1950s in Tehran, Iran to promote understanding between the people of Iran and the people of the United States of America.

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Iranian peoples

The Iranian peoples or Iranic peoples are a diverse grouping of peoples who are identified by their usage of the Iranian languages (branch of the Indo-European languages) and other cultural similarities.

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Iranian Plateau

The Iranian Plateau or Persian Plateau is a geological feature spanning parts of the Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, and West Asia. It makes up part of the Eurasian Plate, and is wedged between the Arabian Plate and the Indian Plate. The plateau is situated between the Zagros Mountains to the west, the Caspian Sea and the Köpet Dag to the north, the Armenian Highlands and the Caucasus Mountains to the northwest, the Strait of Hormuz and the Persian Gulf to the south, and the Indian subcontinent to the east.

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Islamic Golden Age

The Islamic Golden Age was a period of scientific, economic and cultural flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.

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Isocrates

Isocrates (Ἰσοκράτης; 436–338 BC) was an ancient Greek rhetorician, one of the ten Attic orators.

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Israel Exploration Journal

The Israel Exploration Journal is a biannual academic journal which has been published by the Israel Exploration Society since 1950.

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Isthmus of Corinth

The Isthmus of Corinth (Greek: Ισθμός της Κορίνθου) is the narrow land bridge which connects the Peloponnese peninsula with the rest of the mainland of Greece, near the city of Corinth.

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James A. Farley Building

The James A. Farley Building is a mixed-use structure in Midtown Manhattan, New York City, which formerly served as the city's main United States Postal Service (USPS) branch.

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Jerusalem

Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.

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Jews

The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.

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Justin (historian)

Justin (Marcus Junianus Justinus Frontinus; fl. century) was a Latin writer and historian who lived under the Roman Empire.

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Karun

The Karun (کارون) is the Iranian river with the highest water flow, and the country's only navigable river.

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Kausia

The kausia or causia (via) was an ancient Macedonian flat hat.

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Khurasan Road

The (Great) Khurasan Road was the great trunk road connecting Mesopotamia to the Iranian Plateau and thence to Central Asia, China, and the Indus Valley.

See Achaemenid Empire and Khurasan Road

Khuzestan province

Khuzestan Province (استان خوزستان) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.

See Achaemenid Empire and Khuzestan province

Khwarazm

Khwarazm (Hwârazmiya; خوارزم, Xwârazm or Xârazm) or Chorasmia is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the east by the Kyzylkum Desert, on the south by the Karakum Desert, and on the west by the Ustyurt Plateau. Achaemenid Empire and Khwarazm are empires and kingdoms of Iran.

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King of Kings

King of Kings was a ruling title employed primarily by monarchs based in the Middle East and the Indian subcontinent.

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Kingdom of Kush

The Kingdom of Kush (Egyptian: 𓎡𓄿𓈙𓈉 kꜣš, Assyrian: Kûsi, in LXX Χους or Αἰθιοπία; ⲉϭⲱϣ Ecōš; כּוּשׁ Kūš), also known as the Kushite Empire, or simply Kush, was an ancient kingdom in Nubia, centered along the Nile Valley in what is now northern Sudan and southern Egypt. Achaemenid Empire and kingdom of Kush are countries in ancient Africa, former empires and former empires in Africa.

See Achaemenid Empire and Kingdom of Kush

Kingdom of Pontus

Pontus (Πόντος) was a Hellenistic kingdom centered in the historical region of Pontus in modern-day Turkey, and ruled by the Mithridatic dynasty of Persian origin, which may have been directly related to Darius the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty. Achaemenid Empire and kingdom of Pontus are former empires in Asia.

See Achaemenid Empire and Kingdom of Pontus

Kings of Persis

The Kings of Persis, also known as the Darayanids, were a series of Persian kings, who ruled the region of Persis in southwestern Iran, from the 2nd century BCE to 224 CE.

See Achaemenid Empire and Kings of Persis

Knidos

Knidos or Cnidus (Κνίδος,,, Knídos) was a Greek city in ancient Caria and part of the Dorian Hexapolis, in south-western Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey.

See Achaemenid Empire and Knidos

Kushan Empire

The Kushan Empire (– AD) was a syncretic empire formed by the Yuezhi in the Bactrian territories in the early 1st century. Achaemenid Empire and Kushan Empire are former empires in Asia.

See Achaemenid Empire and Kushan Empire

Kutaisi

Kutaisi (ქუთაისი) is a city in the Imereti region of the Republic of Georgia.

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Lampsacus

Lampsacus (translit) was an ancient Greek city strategically located on the eastern side of the Hellespont in the northern Troad.

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Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Leather

Leather is a strong, flexible and durable material obtained from the tanning, or chemical treatment, of animal skins and hides to prevent decay.

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Lectures on the Philosophy of History

Lectures on the Philosophy of History, also translated as Lectures on the Philosophy of World History (LPH;, VPW), is a major work by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831), originally given as lectures at the University of Berlin in 1822, 1828, and 1830.

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Levant

The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.

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Libya

Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.

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Linen

Linen is a textile made from the fibers of the flax plant.

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Lingua franca

A lingua franca (for plurals see), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.

See Achaemenid Empire and Lingua franca

List of monarchs of Persia

This article lists the monarchs of Iran (Persia) from the establishment of the Medes around 678 BC until the deposition of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979.

See Achaemenid Empire and List of monarchs of Persia

List of pharaohs

The title "pharaoh" is used for those rulers of Ancient Egypt who ruled after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer during the Early Dynastic Period, approximately 3100 BC.

See Achaemenid Empire and List of pharaohs

List of rulers of the pre-Achaemenid kingdoms of Iran

The Elamites settlement was in southwestern Iran, where is modern Khuzestan, Ilam, Fars, Bushehr, Lorestan, Bakhtiari and Kohgiluyeh provinces.

See Achaemenid Empire and List of rulers of the pre-Achaemenid kingdoms of Iran

List of Zoroastrian states and dynasties

This is a list of historical states and dynasties that were notable for their predominant observance of Zoroastrianism, an Iranian religion founded by the spiritual leader Zoroaster. Achaemenid Empire and list of Zoroastrian states and dynasties are history of Zoroastrianism.

See Achaemenid Empire and List of Zoroastrian states and dynasties

Louvre

The Louvre, or the Louvre Museum, is a national art museum in Paris, France, and one of the most famous museums in the world.

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Lycia

Lycia (Lycian: 𐊗𐊕𐊐𐊎𐊆𐊖 Trm̃mis; Λυκία,; Likya) was a historical region in Anatolia from 15–14th centuries BC (as Lukka) to 546 BC.

See Achaemenid Empire and Lycia

Lydia

Lydia (translit; Lȳdia) was an Iron Age historical region in western Anatolia, in modern-day Turkey. Achaemenid Empire and Lydia are Iron Age countries in Asia.

See Achaemenid Empire and Lydia

Macedonia (ancient kingdom)

Macedonia (Μακεδονία), also called Macedon, was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, which later became the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece. Achaemenid Empire and Macedonia (ancient kingdom) are former empires, former monarchies of Europe and historical transcontinental empires.

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Macedonia (Greece)

Macedonia (Makedonía) is a geographic and former administrative region of Greece, in the southern Balkans.

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Macrones

The Macrones (მაკრონები,; Μάκρωνες, Makrōnes) were an ancient Colchian tribe in the east of Pontus, about the Moschici Mountains (modern Yalnizçam Dağlari, Turkey).

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Magi

Magi, or magus, is the term for priests in Zoroastrianism and earlier Iranian religions.

See Achaemenid Empire and Magi

Magnesia on the Maeander

Magnesia or Magnesia on the Maeander (Μαγνησία ἡ πρὸς Μαιάνδρῳ or Μαγνησία ἡ ἐπὶ Μαιάνδρῳ; Magnesia ad Maeandrum) was an ancient Greek city in Ionia, considerable in size, at an important location commercially and strategically in the triangle of Priene, Ephesus and Tralles.

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Magnesia Prefecture

Magnesia Prefecture (Νομός Μαγνησίας) was one of the prefectures of Greece.

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Mail

The mail or post is a system for physically transporting postcards, letters, and parcels.

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Maka (satrapy)

Maka (𐎶𐎣 Maka-) was a satrapy (province) of the Achaemenid Empire and later a satrapy of the Parthian and Sassanian empires (known as Mazun), corresponding to Greek Gedrosia, in the barren coastal areas of modern Pakistan and Iranian Baluchistan.

See Achaemenid Empire and Maka (satrapy)

Mandane (Greek: Μανδάνη, Mandánē) was a Median princess and, later, the queen consort of the Persian king Cambyses I and the mother of Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid Empire.

See Achaemenid Empire and Mandane of Media

Mangonel

The mangonel, also called the traction trebuchet, was a type of trebuchet used in Ancient China starting from the Warring States period, and later across Eurasia by the 6th century AD.

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Maraphii

The Maraphii (Old Persian: Marafiya) were an Iranian tribe from Persis (Parsa in Old Persian) or Persia, in modern southwestern Iran.

See Achaemenid Empire and Maraphii

Mardonius (nephew of Darius I)

Mardonius (𐎶𐎼𐎯𐎢𐎴𐎡𐎹; Μαρδόνιος; died 479 BC) was a Persian military commander during the Greco-Persian Wars.

See Achaemenid Empire and Mardonius (nephew of Darius I)

Marduk

Marduk (Cuneiform: ᵈAMAR.UTU; Sumerian: "calf of the sun; solar calf") is a god from ancient Mesopotamia and patron deity of the city of Babylon who eventually rose to power in the First Millennium BC.

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Marvdasht

Marvdasht (مرودشت) is a city in the Central District of Marvdasht County, Fars province, Iran, serving as both capital of the district and of the county.

See Achaemenid Empire and Marvdasht

Maspii

The Maspii were an Iranian tribe from Persis (Parsa in Old Persian) or Persia, in modern southwestern Iran.

See Achaemenid Empire and Maspii

Massagetae

The Massagetae or Massageteans, also known as Sakā tigraxaudā or Orthocorybantians, were an ancient Eastern Iranian Saka people who inhabited the steppes of Central Asia and were part of the wider Scythian cultures.

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Matiene

Matiene was the name of a kingdom in northwestern Iran on the lands of the earlier kingdom of the Mannae.

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Mausoleum

A mausoleum is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the burial chamber of a deceased person or people.

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Mazaeus

Mazaeus or Mazday (Aramaic: 𐡌𐡆𐡃𐡉 MZDY, Greek: Μαζαῖος Mazaios) (died 328 BC) was an Achaemenid Persian noble, satrap (a type of governor) of Cilicia and later satrap of Babylon for the Achaemenid Empire.

See Achaemenid Empire and Mazaeus

Mazandaran province

Mazandaran Province (استان مازندران) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.

See Achaemenid Empire and Mazandaran province

Mazares

Mazares (Median: Mazdara, Μαζάρης) was a Median general who defected to Cyrus the Great when the latter overthrew the Median king Astyages and formed the Persian Empire.

See Achaemenid Empire and Mazares

Medes

The Medes (Old Persian: 𐎶𐎠𐎭; Akkadian: 13px, 13px; Ancient Greek: Μῆδοι; Latin: Medi) were an ancient Iranian people who spoke the Median language and who inhabited an area known as Media between western and northern Iran. Around the 11th century BC, they occupied the mountainous region of northwestern Iran and the northeastern and eastern region of Mesopotamia in the vicinity of Ecbatana (present-day Hamadan). Achaemenid Empire and Medes are empires and kingdoms of Iran and former empires in Asia.

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Median (also Medean or Medic) was the language of the Medes.

See Achaemenid Empire and Median language

Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.

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Medo-Persian conflict

The Medo-Persian conflict was a military campaign led by the Median king Astyages against Persis in the mid 6th-century BCE.

See Achaemenid Empire and Medo-Persian conflict

Megabazus

Megabazus (Old Persian: Bagavazdā or Bagabāzu, Μεγαβάζος and Μεγάβυζος), son of Megabates, was a highly regarded Persian general under Darius, to whom he was a first-degree cousin.

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Memphis, Egypt

Memphis (Manf,; Bohairic ⲙⲉⲙϥⲓ; Μέμφις), or Men-nefer, was the ancient capital of Inebu-hedj, the first nome of Lower Egypt that was known as mḥw ("North").

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Mentor of Rhodes

Mentor of Rhodes (Μέντωρ Ῥόδιος) was a Greek mercenary and later Satrap of the Asiatic coast.

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Merv

Merv (Merw, Мерв, مرو; translit), also known as the Merve Oasis, was a major Iranian city in Central Asia, on the historical Silk Road, near today's Mary, Turkmenistan.

See Achaemenid Empire and Merv

Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.

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Messiah

In Abrahamic religions, a messiah or messias is a saviour or liberator of a group of people.

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Miletus

Miletus (Mī́lētos; 𒈪𒅋𒆷𒉿𒀭𒁕 Mīllawānda or 𒈪𒆷𒉿𒋫 Milawata (exonyms); Mīlētus; Milet) was an ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia, near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Ionia.

See Achaemenid Empire and Miletus

Mithra

Mithra (𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 Miθra, 𐎷𐎰𐎼 Miθra), commonly known as Mehr or Mithras among Romans, is an ancient Iranian deity of covenants, light, oath, justice, the sun, contracts, and friendship.

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Mithridates I of Parthia

Mithridates I (also spelled Mithradates I or Mihrdad I; 𐭌𐭄𐭓𐭃𐭕 Mihrdāt), also known as Mithridates I the Great, was king of the Parthian Empire from 165 BC to 132 BC.

See Achaemenid Empire and Mithridates I of Parthia

Mithridates I of Pontus

Mithridates I Ctistes (Mιθριδάτης Kτίστης; reigned 281–266 BC), also known as Mithridates III of Cius, was a Persian nobleman and the founder (this is the meaning of the word Ctistes, literally Builder) of the Kingdom of Pontus in Anatolia.

See Achaemenid Empire and Mithridates I of Pontus

Mithridates VI Eupator

Mithridates or Mithradates VI Eupator (-->Μιθριδάτης; 135–63 BC) was the ruler of the Kingdom of Pontus in northern Anatolia from 120 to 63 BC, and one of the Roman Republic's most formidable and determined opponents.

See Achaemenid Empire and Mithridates VI Eupator

Monarch

A monarch is a head of stateWebster's II New College Dictionary.

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Monarchy

A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication.

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Monetary system

A monetary system is a system by which a government provides money in a country's economy.

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Mossynoeci

Mossynoeci (მოსინიკები, Μοσσύνοικοι, Mossünoikoi, modern Greek Mossyniki, "dwellers in wooden towers") is a name that the Greeks of the Euxine Sea (Black Sea) applied to the peoples of Pontus, the northern Anatolian coast west of Trebizond.

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Mughal Empire

The Mughal Empire was an early modern empire in South Asia.

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Muhammad Dandamayev

Muhammad Abdulkadyrovich Dandamayev (Мухаммад Абдулкадырович Дандамаев; September 2, 1928 – August 28, 2017), Chief Researcher at the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IOM-RAS), was a historian who focused on the ancient Persian Empire, and the social institutions of Babylonia during the first millennium BCE.

See Achaemenid Empire and Muhammad Dandamayev

Mullissu

Mullissu is a goddess who is the consort of the Assyrian god Asshur.

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Mushki

The Mushki (sometimes transliterated as Muški) were an Iron Age people of Anatolia who appear in sources from Assyria but not from the Hittites.

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Mysia

Mysia (UK, US or; Μυσία; Mysia; Misya) was a region in the northwest of ancient Asia Minor (Anatolia, Asian part of modern Turkey).

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Myus

Myus (Μυοῦς), sometimes Myous or Myos, or Myes, was an ancient Greek city in Caria.

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Nabonidus

Nabonidus (Babylonian cuneiform: Nabû-naʾid, meaning "May Nabu be exalted" or "Nabu is praised") was the last king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, ruling from 556 BC to the fall of Babylon to the Achaemenian Empire under Cyrus the Great in 539 BC.

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Nabonidus Chronicle

The Nabonidus Chronicle is an ancient Babylonian text, part of a larger series of Babylonian Chronicles inscribed in cuneiform script on clay tablets.

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Naqsh-e Rostam

Naqsh-e Rostam (نقش رستم) is an ancient archeological site and necropolis located about 13 km northwest of Persepolis, in Fars Province, Iran.

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National Archaeological Museum, Naples

The National Archaeological Museum of Naples (italic, abbr. MANN) is an important Italian archaeological museum, particularly for ancient Roman remains.

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National Museum of Iran

The National Museum of Iran (موزهٔ ملی ایران) is located in Tehran, Iran.

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Naxos

Naxos (Νάξος) is a Greek island and the largest of the Cyclades.

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Nectanebo II

Nectanebo II (Egyptian: Nḫt-Ḥr-Ḥbt; Νεκτανεβώς) was the last native ruler of ancient Egypt, as well as the third and last pharaoh of the Thirtieth Dynasty, reigning from 358 to 340 BC.

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Neo-Assyrian Empire

The Neo-Assyrian Empire was the fourth and penultimate stage of ancient Assyrian history. Achaemenid Empire and Neo-Assyrian Empire are countries in ancient Africa, former empires in Asia, history of West Asia and Iron Age countries in Asia.

See Achaemenid Empire and Neo-Assyrian Empire

Neo-Babylonian Empire

The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire, historically known as the Chaldean Empire, was the last polity ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia until Faisal II in the 20th century. Achaemenid Empire and Neo-Babylonian Empire are former empires and former empires in Asia.

See Achaemenid Empire and Neo-Babylonian Empire

Neurofibromatosis

Neurofibromatosis (NF) refers to a group of three distinct genetic conditions in which tumors grow in the nervous system.

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Nile

The Nile (also known as the Nile River) is a major north-flowing river in northeastern Africa.

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Nile Delta

The Nile Delta (دلتا النيل, or simply الدلتا) is the delta formed in Lower Egypt where the Nile River spreads out and drains into the Mediterranean Sea.

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Nomad

Nomads are communities without fixed habitation who regularly move to and from areas.

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Nomadic pastoralism

Nomadic pastoralism is a form of pastoralism in which livestock are herded in order to seek for fresh pastures on which to graze.

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North Caucasus

The North Caucasus, or Ciscaucasia, is a region in Europe governed by Russia.

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Official language

An official language is a language having certain rights to be used in defined situations.

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Old Greek

Old Greek is the Greek language as spoken from Late Antiquity to.

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Old Persian

Old Persian is one of two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of the Sasanian Empire).

See Achaemenid Empire and Old Persian

Old Testament

The Old Testament (OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew and occasionally Aramaic writings by the Israelites.

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Oman

Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country in West Asia.

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Opis

Opis (Akkadian Upî or Upija/Upiya; Ὦπις) was an ancient Near East city near the Tigris, not far from modern Baghdad.

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Orontid dynasty

The Orontid dynasty, also known as the Eruandids or Eruandunis, ruled the Satrapy of Armenia until 330 BC and the Kingdom of Armenia from 321 BC to 200 BC.

See Achaemenid Empire and Orontid dynasty

Ostracism

Ostracism (ὀστρακισμός, ostrakismos) was an Athenian democratic procedure in which any citizen could be expelled from the city-state of Athens for ten years.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. Achaemenid Empire and Ottoman Empire are former empires, former empires in Africa, former empires in Asia, former monarchies of Europe and historical transcontinental empires.

See Achaemenid Empire and Ottoman Empire

Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Oxus Treasure

The Oxus treasure (Persian: گنجینه آمودریا) is a collection of about 180 surviving pieces of metalwork in gold and silver, most relatively small, and around 200 coins, from the Achaemenid Persian period which were found by the Oxus river about 1877–1880.

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Pabag

Pabag (𐭯𐭠𐭯𐭪𐭩, Pāpak/Pābag; New Persian: بابک Bābak) was an Iranian prince who ruled Istakhr, the capital of Pars, from 205 or 206 until his death sometime between 207 and 210.

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Pactyes

Pactyes was the Lydian put in charge of civil administration and gathering Croesus's gold when Lydia was conquered by Cyrus the Great of Persia around 546 BC: He led a revolt against Cyrus and Tabalus, the Persian military commander or satrap whom Cyrus had put in charge of Lydia: When Pactyes discovered that Cyrus intended to send an army against him, he fled to Cyme, whose citizens considered handing him over to the Persians but were dissuaded by Aristodicus of Cyme, who then passed him on to Mytilene, from which he fled to Chios, and was finally captured by the Persians.

See Achaemenid Empire and Pactyes

Paeonia (kingdom)

In antiquity, Paeonia or Paionia (Paionía) was the land and kingdom of the Paeonians or Paionians (Paíones). Achaemenid Empire and Paeonia (kingdom) are former monarchies of Europe.

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Paeonians

Paeonians were an ancient Indo-European people that dwelt in Paeonia.

See Achaemenid Empire and Paeonians

Pahlavi scripts

Pahlavi is a particular, exclusively written form of various Middle Iranian languages.

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Pakistan

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

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Palace of Darius in Susa

The Palace of Darius in Susa was a palace complex that was built at the site of Susa, Iran, during the reign of Darius I over the Achaemenid Empire.

See Achaemenid Empire and Palace of Darius in Susa

Pamphylia

Pamphylia (Παμφυλία, Pamphylía) was a region in the south of Asia Minor, between Lycia and Cilicia, extending from the Mediterranean to Mount Taurus (all in modern-day Antalya province, Turkey).

See Achaemenid Empire and Pamphylia

Pantheon (religion)

A pantheon is the particular set of all gods of any individual polytheistic religion, mythology, or tradition.

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Paphlagonia

Paphlagonia (Paphlagonía, modern translit. Paflagonía; Paflagonya) was an ancient region on the Black Sea coast of north-central Anatolia, situated between Bithynia to the west and Pontus to the east, and separated from Phrygia (later, Galatia) by a prolongation to the east of the Bithynian Olympus.

See Achaemenid Empire and Paphlagonia

Parthia

Parthia (𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 Parθava; 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅Parθaw; 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭥 Pahlaw) is a historical region located in northeastern Greater Iran.

See Achaemenid Empire and Parthia

Parthian Empire

The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD. Achaemenid Empire and Parthian Empire are empires and kingdoms of Iran, former empires, former empires in Asia and history of West Asia.

See Achaemenid Empire and Parthian Empire

Partition of Triparadisus

The Partition of Triparadisus was a power-sharing agreement passed at Triparadisus in 321 BC between the generals (Diadochi) of Alexander the Great, in which they named a new regent and arranged the repartition of the satrapies of Alexander's empire among themselves.

See Achaemenid Empire and Partition of Triparadisus

Parysatis

Parysatis (Parušyātiš, Παρύσατις; 5th-century BC) was a Persian queen, consort of Darius II and had a large influence during the reign of Artaxerxes II.

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Pasargadae

Pasargadae /pə'sɑrgədi/ (from,; Modern Persian: پاسارگاد Pāsārgād) was the capital of the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great (559–530 BC).

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Pasargadae (Persian tribe)

The Pasargadae were an Iranian tribe from Persis (Parsa in Old Persian) or Persia Proper, in modern southwestern Iran (this ancient country roughly matches with the modern Iranian provinces of Fars or Pars, Bushehr and western Hormozgan).

See Achaemenid Empire and Pasargadae (Persian tribe)

Pashtuns

Pashtuns (translit), also known as Pakhtuns, or Pathans, are a nomadic, pastoral, Eastern Iranic ethnic group primarily residing in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan. They historically were also referred to as Afghans until the 1970s after the term's meaning had become a demonym for members of all ethnic groups in Afghanistan.

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Peace of Antalcidas

The King's Peace (387 BC) was a peace treaty guaranteed by the Persian King Artaxerxes II that ended the Corinthian War in ancient Greece.

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Peace of Callias

The Peace of Callias is a purported peace treaty that supposedly was established around 449 BC between the Delian League (led by Athens) and the Achaemenid Empire and ended the Greco-Persian Wars.

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Peltast

A peltast (πελταστής) was a type of light infantry originating in Thrace and Paeonia and named after the kind of shield he carried.

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Pelusium

Pelusium (Ancient Egyptian:; Ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲙⲟⲩⲛ/Ⲡⲉⲣⲉⲙⲟⲩⲏ, romanized:, or Ⲥⲓⲛ, romanized:; sin; Pēlousion; Pēlūsium; Tell el-Farama) was an important city in the eastern extremes of Egypt's Nile Delta, to the southeast of the modern Port Said.

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Percote

Percote or Perkote (Περκώτη) was a town or city of ancient Mysia on the southern (Asian) side of the Hellespont, to the northeast of Troy.

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Perdiccas

Perdiccas (Περδίκκας, Perdikkas; 355 BC – 321/320 BC) was a general of Alexander the Great.

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Pericles

Pericles (Περικλῆς; – 429 BC) was a Greek politician and general during the Golden Age of Athens.

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Perinthus

Perinthus or Perinthos (ἡ Πέρινθος) was a great and flourishing town of ancient Thrace, situated on the Propontis.

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Perrhaebi

The Perrhaebi were an ancient Greek people who lived on the western slopes of Olympus, on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia.

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Persepolis

Persepolis (Pārsa) was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire.

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Persepolis Administrative Archives

The Persepolis Administrative Archive (also Fortification Archive or Treasury Archive) are two groups of clay administrative archives — sets of records physically stored together – found in Persepolis dating to the Achaemenid Persian Empire.

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Persian Gulf

The Persian Gulf (Fars), sometimes called the (Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī), is a mediterranean sea in West Asia.

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Persian war elephants

War elephants were used in Iranian military history, most notably in Achaemenid, Seleucid, and Sasanian periods.

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Persianate society

A Persianate society is a society that is based on or strongly influenced by the Persian language, culture, literature, art and/or identity.

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Persians

The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran.

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Persis

Persis (Περσίς, Persís; Old Persian: 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿, Parsa; پارس, Pârs), also called Persia proper, is the Fars region, located in southwest Iran, now a province.

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Phalanx

The phalanx (phalanxes or phalanges) was a rectangular mass military formation, usually composed entirely of heavy infantry armed with spears, pikes, sarissas, or similar polearms tightly packed together.

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Pharaoh

Pharaoh (Egyptian: pr ꜥꜣ; ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ|Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: Parʿō) is the vernacular term often used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt, who ruled from the First Dynasty until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Republic in 30 BCE.

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Philip II of Macedon

Philip II of Macedon (Φίλιππος; 382 BC – October 336 BC) was the king (basileus) of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia from 359 BC until his death in 336 BC.

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Phocaea

Phocaea or Phokaia (Ancient Greek: Φώκαια, Phókaia; modern-day Foça in Turkey) was an ancient Ionian Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia.

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Phocion

Phocion (Φωκίων ΦώκουἈθηναῖος Phokion; c. 402 – c. 318 BC), nicknamed The Good (ὁ χρηστός, was an Athenian statesman and strategos, and the subject of one of Plutarch's Parallel Lives.

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Phoenicia

Phoenicia, or Phœnicia, was an ancient Semitic thalassocratic civilization originating in the coastal strip of the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon. Achaemenid Empire and Phoenicia are history of West Asia.

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Phrygia

In classical antiquity, Phrygia (Φρυγία, Phrygía) was a kingdom in the west-central part of Anatolia, in what is now Asian Turkey, centered on the Sangarios River.

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Pieres

The Pieres (Ancient Greek,"Πίερες") were a Thracian tribe connected with the Brygi, that long before the archaic period in Greece occupied the narrow strip of plain land, or low hill, between the mouths of the Peneius and the Haliacmon rivers, at the foot of the great woody steeps of Mount Olympus.

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Pierre Briant

Pierre Briant (born 30 September 1940 in Angers) is a French Iranologist, Professor of History and Civilisation of the Achaemenid World and the Empire of Alexander the Great at the Collège de France (1999 onwards), Doctor Honoris Causa at the University of Chicago, and founder of the website achemenet.com.

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Pisidia

Pisidia (Πισιδία,; Pisidya) was a region of ancient Asia Minor located north of Pamphylia, northeast of Lycia, west of Isauria and Cilicia, and south of Phrygia, corresponding roughly to the modern-day province of Antalya in Turkey.

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Plutarch

Plutarch (Πλούταρχος, Ploútarchos;; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi.

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Polis

Polis (πόλις), plural poleis (πόλεις), means ‘city’ in ancient Greek.

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Politics

Politics is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status.

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Pontus (region)

Pontus or Pontos (translit) is a region on the southern coast of the Black Sea, located in the modern-day eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey.

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Psamtik III

Psamtik III (Ancient Egyptian:, pronounced), known by the Graeco-Romans as Psammetichus or Psammeticus (Ancient Greek: Ψαμμήτιχος), or Psammenitus (Ancient Greek: Ψαμμήνιτος), was the last Pharaoh of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt from 526 BC to 525 BC.

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Ptolemaic Kingdom

The Ptolemaic Kingdom (Ptolemaïkḕ basileía) or Ptolemaic Empire was an Ancient Greek polity based in Egypt during the Hellenistic period. Achaemenid Empire and Ptolemaic Kingdom are countries in ancient Africa.

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Red Sea

The Red Sea is a sea inlet of the Indian Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.

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Regent

In a monarchy, a regent is a person appointed to govern a state for the time being because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been determined.

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Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia

Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia included indigenous Arabian polytheism, ancient Semitic religions, Christianity, Judaism, Mandaeism, and Zoroastrianism.

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Religious tolerance

Religious tolerance or religious toleration may signify "no more than forbearance and the permission given by the adherents of a dominant religion for other religions to exist, even though the latter are looked on with disapproval as inferior, mistaken, or harmful".

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Return to Zion

The return to Zion (שִׁיבָת צִיּוֹן or שבי ציון) is an event recorded in Ezra–Nehemiah of the Hebrew Bible, in which the Jews of the Kingdom of Judah—subjugated by the Neo-Babylonian Empire—were freed from the Babylonian captivity following the Persian conquest of Babylon.

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Right of asylum

The right of asylum, sometimes called right of political asylum (asylum), is an ancient juridical concept, under which people persecuted by their own rulers might be protected by another sovereign authority, such as a second country or another entity which in medieval times could offer sanctuary.

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Roman Republic

The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium. Achaemenid Empire and Roman Republic are countries in ancient Africa and states and territories established in the 6th century BC.

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Romania

Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.

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Royal Road

The Royal Road was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the Persian king Darius the Great (Darius I) of the first (Achaemenid) Persian Empire in the 5th century BC.

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Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

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Safavid Iran

Safavid Iran, Safavid Persia or the Safavid Empire,, officially known as the Guarded Domains of Iran, was one of the largest and long-standing Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Persia, which was ruled from 1501 to 1736 by the Safavid dynasty. Achaemenid Empire and Safavid Iran are empires and kingdoms of Iran, historical transcontinental empires and monarchy in Persia and Iran.

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Sagartians

The Sagartians (Sagartii; Σαγάρτιοι Sagártioi; Old Persian: 𐎠𐎿𐎥𐎼𐎫𐎡𐎹 Asagartiya "Sagartian"; Elamite: 𒀾𒐼𒋼𒀀𒋾𒅀 Aš-šá-kar-ti-ia, Babylonian: 𒆳𒊓𒂵𒅈𒋫𒀀𒀀 KURSa-ga-ar-ta-a-a) were an ancient Iranian tribe, dwelling in the Iranian plateau.

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Saka

The Saka were a group of nomadic Eastern Iranian peoples who historically inhabited the northern and eastern Eurasian Steppe and the Tarim Basin.

See Achaemenid Empire and Saka

Sales tax

A sales tax is a tax paid to a governing body for the sales of certain goods and services.

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Samarkand

Samarkand or Samarqand (Uzbek and Tajik: Самарқанд / Samarqand) is a city in southeastern Uzbekistan and among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia.

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Samarra

Samarra (سَامَرَّاء) is a city in Iraq.

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Sardis

Sardis or Sardes (Lydian: 𐤳𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣, romanized:; Sárdeis; script) was an ancient city best known as the capital of the Lydian Empire.

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Saronic Gulf

The Saronic Gulf (Greek: Σαρωνικός κόλπος, Saronikós kólpos) or Gulf of Aegina in Greece is formed between the peninsulas of Attica and Argolis and forms part of the Aegean Sea.

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Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries. Achaemenid Empire and Sasanian Empire are countries in ancient Africa, empires and kingdoms of Iran, former empires and former empires in Asia.

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Satrap

A satrap was a governor of the provinces of the ancient Median and Persian (Achaemenid) Empires and in several of their successors, such as in the Sasanian Empire and the Hellenistic empires.

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Scale armour

Scale armour is an early form of armour consisting of many individual small armour scales (plates) of various shapes attached to each other and to a backing of cloth or leather in overlapping rows.

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Scepsis

Scepsis or Skepsis (Σκῆψις or Σκέψις) was an ancient settlement in the Troad, Asia Minor that is at the present site of the village of Kurşunlutepe, near the town of Bayramiç in Turkey.

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Scythia

Scythia (Scythian: Skulatā; Old Persian: Skudra; Ancient Greek: Skuthia; Latin: Scythia) or Scythica (Ancient Greek: Skuthikē; Latin: Scythica), also known as Pontic Scythia, was a kingdom created by the Scythians during the 6th to 3rd centuries BC in the Pontic–Caspian steppe. Achaemenid Empire and Scythia are Iron Age countries in Europe.

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Scythian campaign of Darius I

The Scythian campaign of Darius I was a military expedition into parts of European Scythia by Darius I, the king of the Achaemenid Empire, in 513 BC. Achaemenid Empire and Scythian campaign of Darius I are 6th century BC in Iran.

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Scythians

The Scythians or Scyths (but note Scytho- in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the Pontic Scythians, were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people who had migrated during the 9th to 8th centuries BC from Central Asia to the Pontic Steppe in modern-day Ukraine and Southern Russia, where they remained established from the 7th century BC until the 3rd century BC.

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Sea of Marmara

The Sea of Marmara, also known as the Sea of Marmora or the Marmara Sea, is a small inland sea located entirely within the borders of Turkey.

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Second Achaemenid conquest of Egypt

The second Achaemenid conquest of Egypt took place in 340 or 339 BC.

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Second Persian invasion of Greece

The second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece.

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Second Temple

The Second Temple was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem, in use between and its destruction in 70 CE.

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Second Temple Judaism

Second Temple Judaism is the Jewish religion as it developed during the Second Temple period, which began with the construction of the Second Temple around 516 BCE and ended with the Roman siege of Jerusalem in 70CE.

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Seleucia

Seleucia (Σελεύκεια), also known as or or Seleucia ad Tigrim, was a major Mesopotamian city, located on the west bank of the Tigris River within the present-day Baghdad Governorate in Iraq.

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Seleucid Empire

The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period. Achaemenid Empire and Seleucid Empire are empires and kingdoms of Iran, former empires and former empires in Asia.

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Seleucus I Nicator

Seleucus I Nicator (Σέλευκος Νικάτωρ) was a Macedonian Greek general, officer and successor of Alexander the Great who went on to found the eponymous Seleucid Empire, led by the Seleucid dynasty.

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Seljuk Empire

The Seljuk Empire, or the Great Seljuk Empire, was a high medieval, culturally Turco-Persian, Sunni Muslim empire, established and ruled by the Qïnïq branch of Oghuz Turks. Achaemenid Empire and Seljuk Empire are empires and kingdoms of Iran, former empires and former empires in Asia.

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Shahbaz (bird)

Shahbaz (شَهباز) is the name of a fabled bird in Persian mythology.

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Shield

A shield is a piece of personal armour held in the hand, which may or may not be strapped to the wrist or forearm.

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Shield wall

A shield wall (scieldweall or bordweall in Old English, skjaldborg in Old Norse) is a military formation that was common in ancient and medieval warfare.

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Sidon

Sidon or Saida (Ṣaydā) is the third-largest city in Lebanon.

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Silk Road

The Silk Road was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century.

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Sin (mythology)

Sin or Suen (𒀭𒂗𒍪, dEN.ZU) also known as Nanna (𒀭𒋀𒆠 DŠEŠ.KI, DNANNA) is the Mesopotamian god representing the moon.

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Sindh

Sindh (سِنْدھ,; abbr. SD, historically romanized as Sind) is a province of Pakistan.

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Sippar

Sippar (Sumerian:, Zimbir) was an ancient Near Eastern Sumerian and later Babylonian city on the east bank of the Euphrates river.

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Sistan and Baluchestan province

Sistan and Baluchestan Province (استان سيستان و بلوچستان) is the second largest of the 31 Provinces of Iran, after Kerman Province, with an area of 180,726 km2.

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Sogdia

Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilization between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, and in present-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.

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Sogdianus

Sogdianus (or; Σογδιανός) was briefly a ruler of the Achaemenid Empire for a period in 424–423 BC.

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South Caucasus

The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains.

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Sparabara

The sparabara, meaning "shield bearers" in Old Persian, were the front line infantry of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.

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Sparta

Sparta was a prominent city-state in Laconia in ancient Greece.

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State (polity)

A state is a political entity that regulates society and the population within a territory.

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Stateira (wife of Artaxerxes II)

Stateira (Στάτειρα; died about 400 BC) was an Achaemenid queen, consort of the Persian king Artaxerxes II and mother of his successor, Artaxerxes III.

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Suffocation in ash

Suffocation in ash was a method of capital punishment in which the individual is suffocated by being in some way immersed into ash to cause asphyxiation.

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Susa

Susa (Middle translit; Middle and Neo-translit; Neo-Elamite and Achaemenid translit; Achaemenid translit; شوش; שׁוּשָׁן; Σοῦσα; ܫܘܫ; 𐭮𐭥𐭱𐭩 or 𐭱𐭥𐭮; 𐏂𐎢𐏁𐎠) was an ancient city in the lower Zagros Mountains about east of the Tigris, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers in Iran.

See Achaemenid Empire and Susa

Syr Darya

The Syr Darya, historically known as the Jaxartes (Ἰαξάρτης), is a river in Central Asia.

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Tabal (state)

Tabal (𒆳𒋫𒁄 and 𒌷𒋫𒁄), later reorganised into Bīt-Burutaš (𒆳𒂍𒁹𒁍𒊒𒋫𒀾) or Bīt-Paruta (𒂍𒁹𒉺𒊒𒋫), was a Luwian-speaking Syro-Hittite state which existed in southeastern Anatolia in the Iron Age.

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Tajikistan

Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia.

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Takabara

Takabara was a unit in the Persian Achaemenid army.

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Talent (measurement)

The talent (Ancient Greek: τάλαντον, talanton, Latin talentum) was a unit of weight used in the ancient world, often used for weighing gold and silver, but also mentioned in connection with other metals, ivory, and frankincense.

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Tehran

Tehran (تهران) or Teheran is the capital and largest city of Iran as well as the largest in Tehran Province.

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Teispes

Teïspes (from Greek Τεΐσπης; in 𐎨𐎡𐏁𐎱𐎡𐏁 Cišpiš; Akkadian: 𒅆𒅖𒉿𒅖 Šîšpîš, Elamite: Zi-iš-pi-iš) ruled Anshan in 675–640 BC.

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Ten Thousand

The Ten Thousand (οἱ Μύριοι, hoi Myrioi) were a force of mercenary units, mainly Greeks, employed by Cyrus the Younger to attempt to wrest the throne of the Persian Empire from his brother, Artaxerxes II.

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Thebes, Greece

Thebes (Θήβα, Thíva; Θῆβαι, Thêbai.) is a city in Boeotia, Central Greece, and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.

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Themistocles

Themistocles (Θεμιστοκλῆς) was an Athenian politician and general.

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Thessaly

Thessaly (translit; ancient Thessalian: Πετθαλία) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name.

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Thrace

Thrace (Trakiya; Thráki; Trakya) is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe.

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Thracians

The Thracians (translit; Thraci) were an Indo-European speaking people who inhabited large parts of Southeast Europe in ancient history.

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Tigris

The Tigris (see below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates.

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Tissaphernes

Tissaphernes (*Ciçafarnāʰ; Τισσαφέρνης; 𐊋𐊆𐊈𐊈𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀, 𐊈𐊆𐊖𐊀𐊓𐊕𐊑𐊏𐊀; 445395 BC) was a Persian commander and statesman, Satrap of Lydia and Ionia.

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Tomb of Cyrus the Great

The Tomb of Cyrus the Great (Ârâmgâh-e Kuroš-e Bozorg) is the final resting place of Cyrus the Great, the founder of the ancient Achaemenid Empire.

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Tomb of Darius the Great

The tomb of Darius the Great (or Darius I) is one of the four tombs for Achaemenid kings at the historical site of Naqsh-e Rostam, located about northwest of Persepolis in Iran.

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Trabzon

Trabzon, historically known as Trebizond, is a city on the Black Sea coast of northeastern Turkey and the capital of Trabzon Province.

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Trireme

A trireme (derived from trirēmis, "with three banks of oars"; cf. Ancient Greek: triērēs, literally "three-rower") was an ancient vessel and a type of galley that was used by the ancient maritime civilizations of the Mediterranean Sea, especially the Phoenicians, ancient Greeks and Romans.

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Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt

The Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt (notated Dynasty XXVII, alternatively 27th Dynasty or Dynasty 27), also known as the First Egyptian Satrapy, was a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire between 525 and 404 BC. Achaemenid Empire and Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt are states and territories established in the 6th century BC.

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Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.

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United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates (UAE), or simply the Emirates, is a country in West Asia, in the Middle East.

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University of California Press

The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.

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Urania

Urania (Οὐρανία |Ouranía; modern Greek shortened name Ράνια Ránia; meaning "heavenly" or "of heaven") was, in Greek mythology, the muse of astronomy and astrology.

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Urartu

Urartu (Ուրարտու; Assyrian:,Eberhard Schrader, The Cuneiform inscriptions and the Old Testament (1885), p. 65. Babylonian: Urashtu, אֲרָרָט Ararat) was an Iron Age kingdom centered around Lake Van in the Armenian Highlands. Achaemenid Empire and Urartu are Iron Age countries in Asia.

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Utians

The Utians or Utii were ancient western Iranic nomadic camel-driving people, known to us primarily through the writings of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus.

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Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia.

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Wadfradad I

Wadfradad I, Hellenized as Autophradates I was a dynast (frataraka) of Persis in the late 2nd-century BC, ruling from 146 to 138 BC.

See Achaemenid Empire and Wadfradad I

Wahbarz

Wahbarz (also spelled Vahbarz), known in Greek sources as Oborzos, was a dynast (frataraka) of Persis in the 1st half of the 2nd century BC, ruling from possibly to 164 BC.

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Wars of Alexander the Great

The wars of Alexander the Great (Greek: Πόλεμοι τουΜεγάλουΑλεξάνδρου) were a series of conquests that were carried out by Alexander III of Macedon from 336 BC to 323 BC.

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West Asia

West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia.

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Wicker

Wicker is a method of weaving used to make products such as furniture and baskets, as well as a descriptor to classify such products.

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Will Durant

William James Durant (November 5, 1885 – November 7, 1981) was an American historian and philosopher, best known for his 11-volume work, The Story of Civilization, which contains and details the history of Eastern and Western civilizations.

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Xenophon

Xenophon of Athens (Ξενοφῶν||; probably 355 or 354 BC) was a Greek military leader, philosopher, and historian, born in Athens.

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Xerxes I

Xerxes I (– August 465 BC), commonly known as Xerxes the Great, was a Persian ruler who served as the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 486 BC until his assassination in 465 BC.

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Xerxes II

Xerxes II (𐎧𐏁𐎹𐎠𐎼𐏁𐎠; Ξέρξης; died 424 BC) was a Persian king who was very briefly a ruler of the Achaemenid Empire, as the son and successor of Artaxerxes I. After a reign of forty-five days—where he only had control over the Persian heartlands—he was assassinated in 424 BC by his half-brother Sogdianus, who in turn was murdered by Darius II six months later.

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Yahweh

Yahweh was an ancient Levantine deity, and the national god of the Israelite kingdoms of Israel and Judah, later the god of Judaism and its other descendant Abrahamic religions.

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Yehud Medinata

Yehud Medinata, also called Yehud Medinta or simply Yehud, was an autonomous administrative division of the Achaemenid Empire. Achaemenid Empire and Yehud Medinata are states and territories disestablished in the 4th century BC and states and territories established in the 6th century BC.

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Yona

The word Yona in Pali and the Prakrits, and the analogue Yavana in Sanskrit and Yavanar in Tamil, were words used in Ancient India to designate Greek speakers.

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Zagros Mountains

The Zagros Mountains (Kuh hā-ye Zāgros; translit; translit;; Luri: Kûya Zagrus کویا زاگرس or کوه یل زاگرس) are a long mountain range in Iran, northern Iraq, and southeastern Turkey.

See Achaemenid Empire and Zagros Mountains

Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism (Din-e Zartoshti), also known as Mazdayasna and Behdin, is an Iranian religion.

See Achaemenid Empire and Zoroastrianism

550 BC

The year 550 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar. Achaemenid Empire and 550 BC are 550s BC.

See Achaemenid Empire and 550 BC

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire

Also known as Aachaemenid, Achaemenia, Achaemenian, Achaemenian Art, Achaemenian Empire, Achaemenian dynasty, Achaemenians, Achaemenid, Achaemenid Army, Achaemenid Art, Achaemenid Dynasty, Achaemenid Emperor, Achaemenid Iran, Achaemenid Iraq, Achaemenid Persia, Achaemenid Persian Empire, Achaemenid cavalry, Achaemenid era, Achaemenid military, Achaemenid period, Achaemenidae, Achaemenidian Empire, Achaemid, Achaemid Empire, Achamaenids, Achamenian, Achamenid, Achamenids, Achemenid Persia, Acheminid Empire, Akhemenid, Ancient Iranian, Ancient Persians, Beisi, Cambyses (I), Cyrus (I), Early Achaemenid kings, First Persian Empire, Hakhamaneshian, Iranian Civilisation, List of Achaemenid rulers, Medo-Persian Empire, Medo-persia, Old Persian Empire, Persian Empire, Persian period, Perso-Babylonian Empire, Teispes (I), Timeline of the Achaemenid Empire, Women in the Achaemenid Empire, Xsaca.

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Achaemenid Empire, the Glossary

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