Al-Biruni & Islamic philosophy - Unionpedia, the concept map

Abu Hanifa Dinawari

Abū Ḥanīfa Aḥmad ibn Dāwūd Dīnawarī (ابوحنيفه دينوری; died 895) was an Islamic Golden Age polymath: astronomer, agriculturist, botanist, metallurgist, geographer, mathematician, and historian.

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Al-Ghazali

Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ṭūsiyy al-Ghazali (أَبُو حَامِد مُحَمَّد بْن مُحَمَّد ٱلطُّوسِيّ ٱلْغَزَّالِيّ), known commonly as Al-Ghazali (ٱلْغَزَالِيُّ;,; – 19 December 1111), known in Medieval Europe by the Latinized Algazelus or Algazel, was a Persian Sunni Muslim polymath.

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Al-Jahiz

Abu Uthman Amr ibn Bahr al-Kinani al-Basri (translit), commonly known as al-Jahiz (lit), was an Arabic polymath and author of works of literature (including theory and criticism), theology, zoology, philosophy, grammar, dialectics, rhetoric, philology, linguistics, and politico-religious polemics.

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Al-Khazini

Abū al-Fath Abd al-Rahman Mansūr al-Khāzini or simply al-Khāzini (flourished 1115–1130) was an Iranian astronomer, during the Seljuk Empire.

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Arabic

Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.

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Aristotle

Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.

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Ash'arism

Ash'arism (translit) is a school of theology in Sunni Islam named after Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari, a Shāfiʿī jurist, reformer (mujaddid), and scholastic theologian, in the 9th–10th century.

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Astronomy

Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.

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Avicenna

Ibn Sina (translit; – 22 June 1037 CE), commonly known in the West as Avicenna, was a preeminent philosopher and physician of the Muslim world, flourishing during the Islamic Golden Age, serving in the courts of various Iranian rulers.

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Brill Publishers

Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Comparative sociology

Comparative sociology involves comparison of the social processes between nation states, or across different types of society (for example capitalist and socialist).

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Empiricism

In philosophy, empiricism is an epistemological view which holds that true knowledge or justification comes only or primarily from sensory experience and empirical evidence.

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Fiqh

Fiqh (فقه) is Islamic jurisprudence.

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Hindus

Hindus (also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma.

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Indology

Indology, also known as South Asian studies, is the academic study of the history and cultures, languages, and literature of the Indian subcontinent, and as such is a subset of Asian studies.

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Iran

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south. With a mostly Persian-ethnic population of almost 90 million in an area of, Iran ranks 17th globally in both geographic size and population. It is the sixth-largest country entirely in Asia and one of the world's most mountainous countries. Officially an Islamic republic, Iran has a Muslim-majority population. The country is divided into five regions with 31 provinces. Tehran is the nation's capital, largest city and financial center. A cradle of civilization, Iran has been inhabited since the Lower Palaeolithic. It was first unified as a state by Deioces in the seventh century BC, and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BC, when Cyrus the Great founded the Achaemenid Empire, one of the largest in ancient history. Alexander the Great conquered the empire in the fourth century BC. An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BC and liberated the country, which was succeeded by the Sasanian Empire in the third century AD. Ancient Iran saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, religion and central government. Muslims conquered the region in the seventh century AD, leading to Iran's Islamization. The blossoming literature, philosophy, mathematics, medicine, astronomy and art became major elements for Iranian civilization during the Islamic Golden Age. A series of Iranian Muslim dynasties ended Arab rule, revived the Persian language and ruled the country until the Seljuk and Mongol conquests of the 11th to 14th centuries. In the 16th century, the native Safavids re-established a unified Iranian state with Twelver Shi'ism as the official religion. During the Afsharid Empire in the 18th century, Iran was a leading world power, though by the 19th century, it had lost significant territory through conflicts with the Russian Empire. The early 20th century saw the Persian Constitutional Revolution and the establishment of the Pahlavi dynasty. Attempts by Mohammad Mosaddegh to nationalize the oil industry led to an Anglo-American coup in 1953. After the Iranian Revolution, the monarchy was overthrown in 1979 and the Islamic Republic of Iran was established by Ruhollah Khomeini, who became the country's first Supreme Leader. The forces of Saddam Hussein invaded in 1980, initiating the 8-year-long Iran-Iraq War. Iran is officially governed as a unitary Islamic Republic with a Presidential system, with ultimate authority vested in a Supreme Leader. The government is authoritarian and has attracted widespread criticism for its significant violations of human rights and civil liberties. Iran is a major regional power, due to its large reserves of fossil fuels, including the world's second largest natural gas supply, third largest proven oil reserves, its geopolitically significant location, military capabilities, cultural hegemony, regional influence, and role as the world's focal point of Shia Islam. The Iranian economy is the world's 19th-largest by PPP. Iran is an active and founding member of the United Nations, OIC, OPEC, ECO, NAM, SCO and BRICS. Iran is home to 27 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, the 10th highest in the world, and ranks 5th in Intangible Cultural Heritage, or human treasures. Iran was the world's third fastest-growing tourism destination in 2019.

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Isis (journal)

Isis is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal published by the University of Chicago Press.

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Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

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Islamic Golden Age

The Islamic Golden Age was a period of scientific, economic and cultural flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the 8th century to the 13th century.

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Islamic philosophy

Islamic philosophy is philosophy that emerges from the Islamic tradition.

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Maturidism

Maturidism (translit) is a school of theology in Sunni Islam named after Abu Mansur al-Maturidi.

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Mechanics

Mechanics (from Ancient Greek: μηχανική, mēkhanikḗ, "of machines") is the area of physics concerned with the relationships between force, matter, and motion among physical objects.

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Mu'tazilism

Mu'tazilism (translit, singular translit) was an Islamic sect that appeared in early Islamic history and flourished in Basra and Baghdad.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Physics

Physics is the natural science of matter, involving the study of matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force.

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Polymath

A polymath (lit; lit) or polyhistor (lit) is an individual whose knowledge spans many different subjects, known to draw on complex bodies of knowledge to solve specific problems.

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Psychology

Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.

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Ptolemy

Claudius Ptolemy (Πτολεμαῖος,; Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was an Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western European science.

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Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

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Schools of Islamic theology

Schools of Islamic theology are various Islamic schools and branches in different schools of thought regarding creed.

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Scientific method

The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century.

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.

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