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Alexander the Great, the Glossary

Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.^[1]

Aśvaka

Asvakas (Sanskrit: Aśvaka) were an ancient Indo-Aryan people from Gandhara in the present-day Pakistan and Afghanistan.

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Abdalonymus

Abdalonymus (Ἀβδαλώνιμος|lit.

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Achaemenid Assyria

Athura (𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼𐎠 Aθurā), also called Assyria, was a geographical area within the Achaemenid Empire in Upper Mesopotamia from 539 to 330 BC as a military protectorate state.

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The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC. Alexander the Great and Achaemenid Empire are ancient Persia.

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Achilles

In Greek mythology, Achilles or Achilleus (Achilleús) was a hero of the Trojan War who was known as being the greatest of all the Greek warriors.

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Achilles and Patroclus

The relationship between Achilles and Patroclus is a key element of the stories associated with the Trojan War.

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Acropolis of Athens

The Acropolis of Athens (Akrópoli Athinón) is an ancient citadel located on a rocky outcrop above the city of Athens, Greece, and contains the remains of several ancient buildings of great architectural and historical significance, the most famous being the Parthenon.

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Acute pancreatitis

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a sudden inflammation of the pancreas.

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Ada of Caria

Ada of Caria (Ἄδα) (fl. 377 – 326 BC)377 BC is the date of her father's death: was a member of the House of Hecatomnus (the Hecatomnids) and ruler of Caria during the mid-4th century BC, first as Persian Satrap and later as Queen under the auspices of Alexander III (the Great) of Macedon.

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Adriatic Sea

The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula.

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Afghanistan

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.

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Agis III

Agis III (Greek: Ἄγις, died 331 BC) was the eldest son of Archidamus III, and the 21st Eurypontid king of Sparta between 338 and 331 BC.

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Ai-Khanoum

Ai-Khanoum (meaning Lady Moon; Oyxonim) is the archaeological site of a Hellenistic city in Takhar Province, Afghanistan.

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Alauddin Khalji

Alauddin Khalji (علاء الدین خلجی), born Ali Gurshasp, was a ruler from the Khalji dynasty that ruled the Delhi Sultanate in the Indian subcontinent.

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Albania

Albania (Shqipëri or Shqipëria), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeast Europe.

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Alexander (2004 film)

Alexander is a 2004 epic historical drama film based on the life of the ancient Macedonian general and king Alexander the Great.

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Alexander I of Epirus

Alexander I of Epirus (Ἀλέξανδρος Α'; c. 370 BC – 331 BC), also known as Alexander Molossus (Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μολοσσός), was a king of Epirus (343/2–331 BC) of the Aeacid dynasty.

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Alexander IV of Macedon

Alexander IV (Greek: Ἀλέξανδρος; 323/322– 309 BC), sometimes erroneously called Aegus in modern times, was the son of Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon) and Princess Roxana of Bactria. Alexander the Great and Alexander IV of Macedon are 4th-century BC Macedonian monarchs, 4th-century BC pharaohs, Argead kings of Macedonia, monarchs of Persia and pharaohs of the Argead dynasty.

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Alexander Mosaic

The Alexander Mosaic, also known as the Battle of Issus Mosaic, is a Roman floor mosaic originally from the House of the Faun in Pompeii, Italy.

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Alexander of Lyncestis

Alexander (Αλέξανδρος) (d. 330 BC), son of Aeropus of Lyncestis, was a native of the upper Macedonian district called Lyncestis, whence he is usually called Alexander of Lynkestis or Alexander Lyncestes. Alexander the Great and Alexander of Lyncestis are ancient Macedonian generals.

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Alexander Romance

The Alexander Romance, once described as "antiquity's most successful novel", is an account of the life and exploits of Alexander the Great.

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Alexander Sarcophagus

The Alexander Sarcophagus is a late 4th century BC Hellenistic stone sarcophagus from the Royal necropolis of Ayaa near Sidon, Lebanon.

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Alexander the Great (1956 film)

Alexander the Great is a CinemaScope and Technicolor 1956 epic historical drama film about the life of Macedonian general and king Alexander the Great written, produced and directed by Robert Rossen.

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Alexander the Great in Islamic tradition

Alexander the Great was a king of ancient Greece and Macedon who forged one of the largest empires in world history.

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Alexander the Great in the Shahnameh

The eleventh-century Shahnameh of Ferdowsi (d. 1020) preserves the earliest version of the Alexander Romance in the Persian language, following closely the text in its Syriac translation.

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Alexander the Great, a Dramatic Poem

Alexander the Great, a Dramatic Poem is a work by Irish poet and playwright Aubrey Thomas de Vere.

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Alexander's Balkan campaign

The Balkan campaign of Alexander the Great took place in 335 BC, against a number of rebellious vassals of the Macedonian kingdom.

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Alexandria

Alexandria (الإسكندرية; Ἀλεξάνδρεια, Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ - Rakoti or ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ) is the second largest city in Egypt and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast.

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Alexandria Eschate

Alexandria Eschate (Ἀλεξάνδρεια Ἐσχάτη, Alexandria Eschata, "Furthest Alexandria") was a city founded by Alexander the Great, at the south-western end of the Fergana Valley (modern Tajikistan) in August 329 BC.

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Alexandropolis Maedica

Alexandropolis (Alexander's city) in the Thracian region of Maedians, was the first town founded by Alexander the Great after he defeated a local Thracian tribe as a regent (epitropos) of Macedon in 340 BC.

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Amazons

In Greek mythology, the Amazons (Ancient Greek:, singular; in Latin) are portrayed in a number of ancient epic poems and legends, such as the Labours of Heracles, the Argonautica and the Iliad.

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American Journal of Archaeology

The American Journal of Archaeology (AJA), the peer-reviewed journal of the Archaeological Institute of America, has been published since 1897 (continuing the American Journal of Archaeology and of the History of the Fine Arts founded by the institute in 1885).

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Amfissa

Amfissa (Άμφισσα, also mentioned in classical sources as Amphissa) is a town in Phocis, Greece, part of the municipality of Delphi, of which it is the seat and a municipal unit.

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Amir Khusrau

Abu'l Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrau (1253 – 1325 AD), better known as Amīr Khusrau, was an Indo-Persian Sufi singer, musician, poet and scholar who lived during the period of the Delhi Sultanate.

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Amminapes

Amminapes was a Parthian who was appointed satrap of the Parthians and Hyrcanii by Alexander the Great in 330 BCE.

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Amphictyonic league

In Archaic Greece, an amphictyony (ἀμφικτυονία, a "league of neighbors"), or Amphictyonic League, was an ancient religious association of tribes formed before the rise of the Greek polis.

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Amphipolis

Amphipolis (translit; translit) was an important ancient Greek polis (city), and later a Roman city, whose large remains can still be seen.

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Amun

Amun was a major ancient Egyptian deity who appears as a member of the Hermopolitan Ogdoad.

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Amyntas (son of Andromenes)

Amyntas (Ἀμύντας; died 330 BC) was a Macedonian officer in Alexander the Great's army, son of Andromenes from Tymphaia. Alexander the Great and Amyntas (son of Andromenes) are ancient Macedonian generals.

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Amyntas IV

Amyntas IV (Greek: Ἀμύντας Δ΄) was a titular king of the Hellenistic kingdom of Macedonia in 359 BC and member of the Argead dynasty. Alexander the Great and Amyntas IV are 4th-century BC Macedonian monarchs and Argead kings of Macedonia.

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Anabasis of Alexander

The Anabasis of Alexander (ἈλεξάνδρουἈνάβασις, Alexándrou Anábasis; Anabasis Alexandri) was composed by Arrian of Nicomedia in the second century AD, most probably during the reign of Hadrian.

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Anatolia

Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.

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Anaximenes of Lampsacus

Anaximenes of Lampsacus (Ἀναξιμένης ὁ Λαμψακηνός; 320 BC) was a Greek rhetorician and historian.

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Ancient Carthage

Ancient Carthage (𐤒𐤓𐤕𐤟𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕) was an ancient Semitic civilisation based in North Africa.

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Ancient Corinth

Corinth (Κόρινθος; Ϙόρινθος; Corinthus) was a city-state (polis) on the Isthmus of Corinth, the narrow stretch of land that joins the Peloponnese peninsula to the mainland of Greece, roughly halfway between Athens and Sparta.

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Ancient drachma

In ancient Greece, the drachma (drachmḗ,; pl. drachmae or drachmas) was an ancient currency unit issued by many city-states during a period of ten centuries, from the Archaic period throughout the Classical period, the Hellenistic period up to the Roman period.

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Ancient Egypt

Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.

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Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.

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Ancient Greek

Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.

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Ancient Greek calendars

Various ancient Greek calendars began in most states of ancient Greece between autumn and winter except for the Attic calendar, which began in summer.

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Ancient Greek coinage

The history of ancient Greek coinage can be divided (along with most other Greek art forms) into four periods: the Archaic, the Classical, the Hellenistic and the Roman.

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Ancient Greek religion

Religious practices in ancient Greece encompassed a collection of beliefs, rituals, and mythology, in the form of both popular public religion and cult practices.

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Ancient Libya

During the Iron Age and Classical antiquity, Libya (from Greek Λιβύη: Libyē, which came from Berber: Libu) referred to modern-day Africa west of the Nile river.

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Ancient Macedonian army

The Kingdom of Macedon possessed one of the greatest armies in the ancient world.

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Ancient Macedonian calendar

The Ancient Macedonian calendar is a lunisolar calendar that was in use in ancient Macedon in the It consisted of 12 synodic lunar months (i.e. 354 days per year), which needed intercalary months to stay in step with the seasons.

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Ancient Olympic Games

The ancient Olympic Games (τὰ Ὀλύμπια, ta Olympia.

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Antigonid dynasty

The Antigonid dynasty (Ἀντιγονίδαι) was a Macedonian Greek royal house which ruled the kingdom of Macedon during the Hellenistic period.

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Antioch

Antioch on the Orontes (Antiókheia hē epì Oróntou)Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ "Antioch on Daphne"; or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη "Antioch the Great"; Antiochia ad Orontem; Անտիոք Antiokʽ; ܐܢܛܝܘܟܝܐ Anṭiokya; אנטיוכיה, Anṭiyokhya; أنطاكية, Anṭākiya; انطاکیه; Antakya.

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Antipater

Antipater (Ἀντίπατρος|translit. Alexander the Great and Antipater are ancient Macedonian generals.

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Antiquities of the Jews

Antiquities of the Jews (Antiquitates Iudaicae; Ἰουδαϊκὴ ἀρχαιολογία, Ioudaikē archaiologia) is a 20-volume historiographical work, written in Greek, by historian Josephus in the 13th year of the reign of Roman emperor Domitian, which was 94 CE.

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Aornos

Aornos (Ἄορνος) was the site of Alexander the Great's last siege, which took place on April 326 BC, at a mountain site located in modern Pakistan.

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Apelles

Apelles of Kos (Ἀπελλῆς; fl. 4th century BC) was a renowned painter of ancient Greece.

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Apollo

Apollo is one of the Olympian deities in classical Greek and Roman religion and Greek and Roman mythology.

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Arabian Peninsula

The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.

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Arabic

Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.

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Arachosia

Arachosia (Greek), or Harauvatis (label), was a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire.

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Archelaus of Cappadocia

Archelaus (Ἀρχέλαος; fl. 1st century BC and 1st century, died 17 AD) was a Roman client prince and the last king of Cappadocia.

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Architecture

Architecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction.

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Argead dynasty

The Argead dynasty (Argeádai), also known as the Temenid dynasty (Τημενίδαι, Tēmenídai) was an ancient Macedonian royal house of Dorian Greek provenance.

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Argos, Peloponnese

Argos (Άργος; Ἄργος) is a city and former municipality in Argolis, Peloponnese, Greece and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, and one of the oldest in Europe.

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Aria (region)

Aria (Ἀρ(ε)ία Ar(e)ía, آريا; Latin Aria, representing Old Persian. 𐏃𐎼𐎡𐎺 Haraiva, Avestan 𐬵𐬀𐬭𐬋𐬌𐬬𐬀 Harōiva) was an Achaemenid region centered on the city of Herat in present-day western Afghanistan.

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Ariobarzanes of Persis

Ariobarzanes (*Aryābr̥zaⁿs; Ἀριοβαρζάνης; آریوبرزن; died 330 BC), was an Achaemenid prince, satrap and a Persian military commander who led an ambush of the Persian army at the Battle of the Persian Gate against Macedonian King Alexander the Great in January 330 BC.

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Aristobulus of Cassandreia

Aristobulus of Cassandreia (Ἀριστόβουλος ὁ Κασσανδρεὺς.; 375 BC – 301 BC), Greek historian, son of Aristobulus, probably a Phocian settled in Cassandreia, accompanied Alexander the Great on his campaigns.

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Aristotelianism

Aristotelianism is a philosophical tradition inspired by the work of Aristotle, usually characterized by deductive logic and an analytic inductive method in the study of natural philosophy and metaphysics.

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Aristotle

Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.

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Arrian

Arrian of Nicomedia (Greek: Ἀρριανός Arrianos; Lucius Flavius Arrianus) was a Greek historian, public servant, military commander, and philosopher of the Roman period.

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Artabazos II

Artabazos II (in Greek Ἀρτάβαζος) (fl. 389 – 328 BC) was a Persian general and satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia.

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Artaxerxes III

Ochus (Ὦχος), known by his dynastic name Artaxerxes III (𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠; Ἀρταξέρξης), was King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 359/58 to 338 BC. Alexander the Great and Artaxerxes III are 4th-century BC pharaohs.

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Artemis

In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Artemis (Ἄρτεμις) is the goddess of the hunt, the wilderness, wild animals, nature, vegetation, childbirth, care of children, and chastity.

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Athena

Athena or Athene, often given the epithet Pallas, is an ancient Greek goddess associated with wisdom, warfare, and handicraft who was later syncretized with the Roman goddess Minerva.

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Athenaeus

Athenaeus of Naucratis (Ἀθήναιος ὁ Nαυκρατίτης or Nαυκράτιος, Athēnaios Naukratitēs or Naukratios; Athenaeus Naucratita) was a Greek rhetorician and grammarian, flourishing about the end of the 2nd and beginning of the 3rd century AD.

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Athens

Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece.

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Attalus (general)

Attalus (Greek: Ἄτταλος; c. 390 BC – 336 BC), a Macedonian from Lower Macedonia, was an important courtier and soldier of Philip II of Macedonia. Alexander the Great and Attalus (general) are ancient Macedonian generals.

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Attic calendar

The Attic calendar or Athenian calendar is the lunisolar calendar beginning in midsummer with the lunar month of Hekatombaion, in use in ancient Attica, the ancestral territory of the Athenian polis.

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Attic Greek

Attic Greek is the Greek dialect of the ancient region of Attica, including the polis of Athens.

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Attic talent

The Attic talent (a talent of the Attic standard), also known as the Athenian talent or Greek talent (τάλαντον, talanton), is an ancient unit of weight equal to about, as well as a unit of value equal to this amount of pure silver.

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Aubrey Thomas de Vere

Aubrey Thomas de Vere (10 January 181420 January 1902) was an Irish poet and critic.

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Augustus

Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire.

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Autocracy

Autocracy is a system of government in which absolute power is held by the ruler, known as an autocrat.

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Autograph (manuscript)

An autograph or holograph is a manuscript or document written in its author's or composer's hand.

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Šanta

Šanta (Santa) was a god worshiped in Bronze Age Anatolia by Luwians and Hittites.

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Baaltars

Baaltars (combination of "Baal" and "Tarsus"; Aramaic: בעלתרז B‘LTRZ) was the tutelary deity of the city of Tarsus in the Persian Empire.

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Babylon

Babylon was an ancient city located on the lower Euphrates river in southern Mesopotamia, within modern-day Hillah, Iraq, about 85 kilometers (55 miles) south of modern day Baghdad.

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Babylonian astronomical diaries

The Babylonian astronomical diaries are a collection of Babylonian cuneiform texts that contain systematic records of astronomical observations and political events as well as predictions, based on astronomical observations.

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Bactria

Bactria (Bactrian: βαχλο, Bakhlo), or Bactriana, was an ancient Iranian civilization in Central Asia based in the area south of the Oxus River (modern Amu Darya) and north of the mountains of the Hindu Kush, an area within the north of modern Afghanistan.

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Baghdad

Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.

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Bagoas (courtier)

Bagoas (script; Βαγώας, Bagōas) was a eunuch in the court of the Persian Empire in the 4th century BC. Alexander the Great and Bagoas (courtier) are 4th-century BC people.

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Baiae

Baiae (Baia; Baia) was an ancient Roman town situated on the northwest shore of the Gulf of Naples and now in the comune of Bacoli.

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Banquet

A banquet is a formal large meal where a number of people consume food together.

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Barsine

Barsine (Βαρσίνη; c. 363–309 BC) was the daughter of a Persian father, Artabazus, satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, and a Greek Rhodian mother, the sister of mercenaries Mentor of Rhodes and Memnon of Rhodes.

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Basileus

Basileus (βασιλεύς) is a Greek term and title that has signified various types of monarchs throughout history.

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Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC)

The Battle of Chaeronea was fought in 338 BC, near the city of Chaeronea in Boeotia, between Macedonia under Philip II and an alliance of city-states led by Athens and Thebes.

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Battle of Gaugamela

The Battle of Gaugamela (the Camel's House), also called the Battle of Arbela (label), took place in 331 BC between the forces of the Army of Macedon under Alexander the Great and the Persian Army under King Darius III.

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Battle of Issus

The Battle of Issus (also Issos) occurred in southern Anatolia, on 5 November 333 BC between the Hellenic League led by Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid Empire, led by Darius III.

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Battle of Jaxartes

The Battle of Jaxartes was fought in 329 BC by Alexander the Great and his Hellenic (Greek) army against the Saka at the River Jaxartes, now known as the Syr Darya River.

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Battle of Megalopolis

The Battle of Megalopolis was fought in 331 BC between Spartan-led forces and Macedonia.

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Battle of the Granicus

The Battle of the Granicus in May 334 BC was the first of three major battles fought between Alexander the Great of Macedon and the Persian Achaemenid Empire.

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Battle of the Hydaspes

The Battle of the Hydaspes also known as Battle of Jhelum, or First Battle of Jhelum, was fought between Alexander the Great and Porus in May of 326 BCE.

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Battle of the Persian Gate

The Battle of the Persian Gate took place as part of the Wars of Alexander the Great.

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Battle of the Uxian Defile

The Battle of Uxian Defile was fought by Alexander the Great against the Uxian tribe of the Persian Empire.

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Battle of Thebes

The Battle of Thebes took place between Alexander the Great and the Greek city-state of Thebes in 335 BC immediately outside of and in the city proper in Boeotia.

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Beas City

Beas is a riverfront city in the Amritsar district of the Indian state of Punjab.

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Beas River

The Beas River is a river in north India.

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Bengal

Geographical distribution of the Bengali language Bengal (Bôṅgo) or endonym Bangla (Bāṅlā) is a historical geographical, ethnolinguistic and cultural term referring to a region in the eastern part of the Indian subcontinent at the apex of the Bay of Bengal.

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Bessus

Bessus or Bessos (*Bayaçā; Βήσσος), also known by his throne name Artaxerxes V (𐎠𐎼𐎫𐎧𐏁𐏂𐎠; Ἀρταξέρξης; died summer 329 BC), was a Persian satrap of the eastern Achaemenid satrapy of Bactria, as well as the self-proclaimed King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 330 to 329 BC.

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Bible

The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία,, 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures, some, all, or a variant of which are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, Islam, the Baha'i Faith, and other Abrahamic religions.

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Bibliotheca historica

Bibliotheca historica (Βιβλιοθήκη Ἱστορική) is a work of universal history by Diodorus Siculus.

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Biga Çayı

The Biga River (Biga Çayı) is a small river in Çanakkale Province in northwestern Turkey.

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Bloomsbury Publishing

Bloomsbury Publishing plc is a British worldwide publishing house of fiction and non-fiction.

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Bodhisattva

In Buddhism, a bodhisattva (English:; translit) or bodhisatva is a person who is on the path towards bodhi ('awakening') or Buddhahood.

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Boeotia

Boeotia, sometimes Latinized as Boiotia or Beotia (Βοιωτία; modern:; ancient) is one of the regional units of Greece.

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Book of Daniel

The Book of Daniel is a 2nd-century BC biblical apocalypse with a 6th century BC setting.

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Boukephala and Nikaia

Boukephala and Nikaia (Νίκαια) were two cities founded by Alexander the Great on either side of the Hydaspes (modern-day Jhelum River, Pakistan) during his invasion of the Indian subcontinent.

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British Museum

The British Museum is a public museum dedicated to human history, art and culture located in the Bloomsbury area of London.

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Bronze

Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids, such as arsenic or silicon.

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Bucephalus

Bucephalus or Bucephalas (Βουκεφάλας; – June 326 BC) was the horse of Alexander the Great, and one of the most famous horses of classical antiquity.

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Buddhism

Buddhism, also known as Buddha Dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophical tradition based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a wandering teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE.

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Buddhist texts

Buddhist texts are religious texts that belong to, or are associated with, Buddhism and its traditions.

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Bulgaria

Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north. It covers a territory of and is the 16th largest country in Europe.

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Buner District

Buner District (بونېر ولسوالۍ, ضلع بونیر) is a district in the Malakand Division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

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Byzantine Greeks

The Byzantine Greeks were the Greek-speaking Eastern Romans throughout Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

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Calicheamicin

The calicheamicins are a class of enediyne antitumor antibiotics derived from the bacterium Micromonospora echinospora, with calicheamicin γ1 being the most notable.

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Caligula

Gaius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (31 August 12 – 24 January 41), better known by his nickname Caligula, was Roman emperor from AD 37 until his assassination in AD 41.

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Callisthenes

Callisthenes of Olynthus (/kəˈlɪsθəˌniːz/; Greek: Καλλισθένης; 360 – 327 BCE) was a Greek historian in Macedon with connections to both Aristotle and Alexander the Great.

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Capital (architecture)

In architecture, the capital or chapiter forms the topmost member of a column (or a pilaster).

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Caracalla

Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Lucius Septimius Bassianus, 4 April 188 – 8 April 217), better known by his nickname Caracalla, was Roman emperor from 198 to 217 AD.

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Caria

Caria (from Greek: Καρία, Karia; Karya) was a region of western Anatolia extending along the coast from mid-Ionia (Mycale) south to Lycia and east to Phrygia.

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Cassander

Cassander (Kássandros; c. 355 BC – 297 BC) was king of the Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia from 305 BC until 297 BC, and de facto ruler of southern Greece from 317 BC until his death. Alexander the Great and Cassander are 4th-century BC Macedonian monarchs and ancient Macedonian generals.

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Central Asia

Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.

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Chaeronea

Chaeronea (English: or; Χαιρώνεια) is a village and a former municipality in Boeotia, Greece, located about 35 kilometers east of Delphi.

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Chalkidiki

Chalkidiki (Chalkidikḗ, alternatively Halkidiki), also known as Chalcidice, is a peninsula and regional unit of Greece, part of the region of Central Macedonia, in the geographic region of Macedonia in Northern Greece.

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Chandragupta Maurya

Chandragupta Maurya (350–295 BCE) was the Emperor of Magadha from 322 BC to 297 BC and founder of the Maurya dynasty which ruled over a geographically-extensive empire based in Magadha.

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Charisma

Charisma is a personal quality of presence or charm that other people find psychologically compelling.

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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Ghent, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.

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Chenab River

The Chenab River is a major river that flows in India and Pakistan, and is one of the 5 major rivers of the Punjab region. It is formed by the union of two headwaters, Chandra and Bhaga, which rise in the upper Himalayas in the Lahaul region of Himachal Pradesh, India. The Chenab flows through the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir, India, into the plains of Punjab, Pakistan, before ultimately flowing into the Indus River.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.

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Chivalry

Chivalry, or the chivalric language, is an informal and varying code of conduct developed in Europe between 1170 and 1220.

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Chronology of European exploration of Asia

This is a chronology of the early European exploration of Asia.

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Cilicia

Cilicia is a geographical region in southern Anatolia, extending inland from the northeastern coasts of the Mediterranean Sea.

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Classical Association

The Classical Association (CA) is an educational organisation which aims to promote and widen access to the study of classical subjects in the United Kingdom.

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Claudius Aelianus

Claudius Aelianus (Κλαύδιος Αἰλιανός, Greek transliteration Kláudios Ailianós), commonly Aelian, born at Praeneste, was a Roman author and teacher of rhetoric who flourished under Septimius Severus and probably outlived Elagabalus, who died in 222.

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Cleitus (son of Bardylis)

Cleitus (Ancient Greek: Κλεῖτος; ruled 356335 BC) was an Illyrian ruler, the son of the King Bardylis and the father of Bardylis II.

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Cleitus the Black

Cleitus the Black (Κλεῖτος ὁ μέλας; c. 375 BC – 328 BC) was an officer of the Macedonian army led by Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great and Cleitus the Black are ancient Macedonian generals.

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Cleopatra Eurydice

Eurydice (Greek: Εὐρυδίκη), born Cleopatra (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα) was a mid-4th century BC Macedonian noblewoman, niece of Attalus, and last of the seven wives of Philip II of Macedon, but the first Macedonian one.

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Cleopatra of Macedon

Cleopatra of Macedonia (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα της Μακεδονίας; 355/354 BC – 308 BC), or Cleopatra of Epirus (Greek: Κλεοπάτρα της Ηπείρου) was an ancient Macedonian princess and later queen regent of Epirus. Alexander the Great and Cleopatra of Macedon are ancient Pellaeans.

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Clinical Toxicology

Clinical Toxicology (until 2005, Journal of Toxicology: Clinical Toxicology) is a peer-reviewed medical journal of clinical toxicology.

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Coenus (general)

Coenus (Greek: Koῖνος; died 326 BC), a son of Polemocrates and son-in-law of Parmenion, was one of the ablest and most faithful of Alexander the Great's generals during his eastern expedition. Alexander the Great and Coenus (general) are ancient Macedonian generals.

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Colin Farrell

Colin James Farrell (born 31 May 1976) is an Irish actor.

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Cophen campaign

The Cophen campaign was conducted by Alexander the Great in the Kabul (Sanskrit: "Kubha") Valley between May 327 BCDodge 1890, p. 509 and March 326 BC.

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Corinth

Corinth (Kórinthos) is a municipality in Corinthia in Greece.

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Corinthian order

The Corinthian order (Κορινθιακὸς ῥυθμός, Korinthiakós rythmós; Ordo Corinthius) is the last developed and most ornate of the three principal classical orders of Ancient Greek architecture and Roman architecture.

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Craterus

Craterus or Krateros (Κρατερός; 370 BC – 321 BC) was a Macedonian general under Alexander the Great and one of the Diadochi. Alexander the Great and Craterus are ancient Macedonian generals.

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Cultural diffusion

In cultural anthropology and cultural geography, cultural diffusion, as conceptualized by Leo Frobenius in his 1897/98 publication Der westafrikanische Kulturkreis, is the spread of cultural items—such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, languages—between individuals, whether within a single culture or from one culture to another.

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Culture of Greece

The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Minoan and later in Mycenaean Greece, continuing most notably into Classical Greece, while influencing the Roman Empire and its successor the Byzantine Empire.

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Culture of Iran

The culture of Iran or culture of PersiaYarshater, Ehsan, Iranian Studies, vol.

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Cyclopes

In Greek mythology and later Roman mythology, the Cyclopes (Κύκλωπες, Kýklōpes, "Circle-eyes" or "Round-eyes"; singular Cyclops; Κύκλωψ, Kýklōps) are giant one-eyed creatures.

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Cyropaedia

The Cyropaedia, sometimes spelled Cyropedia, is a partly fictional biography of Cyrus the Great, the founder of Persia's Achaemenid Empire.

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Cyropolis

Cyreschata (Old Persian), better known by its Latin name Cyropolis (Κυρούπολις or Κύρουπόλις), both meaning "City of Cyrus", was an ancient city founded by Cyrus the Great to mark the northeastern border of his Achaemenid Empire.

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Cyrus the Great

Cyrus II of Persia (𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁), commonly known as Cyrus the Great, was the founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire. Alexander the Great and Cyrus the Great are city founders.

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Da Capo Press

Da Capo Press is an American publishing company with headquarters in Boston, Massachusetts.

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Danube

The Danube (see also other names) is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia.

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Dardanelles

The Dardanelles (lit; translit), also known as the Strait of Gallipoli (after the Gallipoli peninsula) and in Classical Antiquity as the Hellespont (Helle), is a narrow, natural strait and internationally significant waterway in northwestern Turkey that forms part of the continental boundary between Asia and Europe and separates Asian Turkey from European Turkey.

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Darius III

Darius III (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁; Δαρεῖος; c. 380 – 330 BC) was the last Achaemenid King of Kings of Persia, reigning from 336 BC to his death in 330 BC. Alexander the Great and Darius III are 4th-century BC pharaohs, people in the deuterocanonical books and Shahnameh characters.

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Death of Alexander the Great

The death of Alexander the Great and subsequent related events have been the subjects of debates.

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Deity

A deity or god is a supernatural being considered to be sacred and worthy of worship due to having authority over the universe, nature or human life.

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Delhi Sultanate

The Delhi Sultanate or the Sultanate of Delhi was a late medieval empire primarily based in Delhi that stretched over large parts of the Indian subcontinent, for 320 years (1206–1526).

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Delos

Delos (Δήλος; Δῆλος, Δᾶλος), is a small Greek island near Mykonos, close to the centre of the Cyclades archipelago.

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Delphi

Delphi, in legend previously called Pytho (Πυθώ), was an ancient sacred precinct and the seat of Pythia, the major oracle who was consulted about important decisions throughout the ancient classical world.

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Demades

Demades (Dēmádēs Dēméou Paianieús, BC) was an Athenian orator and demagogue.

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Demaratus (hetairos)

Demaratus (Δημάρατος) was a Corinthian prominent amongst the pro-Macedonians and connected by hospitality with the family of Philip II of Macedon.

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Demetrius I Poliorcetes

Demetrius I Poliorcetes (Δημήτριος Πολιορκητής) was a Macedonian Greek nobleman and military leader who became king of Asia between 306 – 301 BC and king of Macedon between 294–288 BC.

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Demosthenes

Demosthenes (translit;; 384 – 12 October 322 BC) was a Greek statesman and orator in ancient Athens.

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Description of Greece

Description of Greece (Helládos Periḗgēsis) is a work by the ancient geographer Pausanias (c. 110 – c. 180).

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Dhu al-Qarnayn

, (Dhū l-Qarnayn,; "The Two-Horned One") appears in the Qur'an, Surah al-Kahf (18), Ayahs 83–101, as one who travels to the east and west and sets up a barrier between a certain people and Gog and Magog (Yaʾjūj wa-Maʾjūj).

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Diadochi

The Diadochi (singular: Diadochos; from Successors) were the rival generals, families, and friends of Alexander the Great who fought for control over his empire after his death in 323 BC.

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Dicaearchus

Dicaearchus of Messana (Δικαίαρχος Dikaiarkhos), also written Dikaiarchos, was a Greek philosopher, geographer and author.

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Diodorus Siculus

Diodorus Siculus or Diodorus of Sicily (Diódōros; 1st century BC) was an ancient Greek historian.

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Diogenes and Alexander

The meeting of Diogenes of Sinope and Alexander the Great is one of the most discussed anecdotes from philosophical history.

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Dion, Pieria

Dion (Δίον; Δῖον; Dium) is a village and municipal unit in the municipality of Dion-Olympos in the Pieria regional unit, Greece.

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Dodona

Dodona (Ionic and, script) in Epirus in northwestern Greece was the oldest Hellenic oracle, possibly dating to the 2nd millennium BCE according to Herodotus.

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Drangiana

Drangiana or Zarangiana (Δραγγιανή, Drangianē; also attested in Old Western Iranian as 𐏀𐎼𐎣, Zraka or Zranka, was a historical region and administrative division of the Achaemenid Empire. This region comprises territory around Hamun Lake, wetlands in endorheic Sistan Basin on the Iran-Afghan border, and its primary watershed Helmand river in what is nowadays southwestern region of Afghanistan.

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Eastern world

The Eastern world, also known as the East or historically the Orient, is an umbrella term for various cultures or social structures, nations and philosophical systems, which vary depending on the context.

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Ecbatana

Ecbatana (translit or, literally "the place of gathering" according to Darius the Great's inscription at Bisotun; هگمتانه; 𐭠𐭧𐭬𐭲𐭠𐭭; translit; 𒆳𒀀𒃵𒋫𒉡|translit.

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Edicts of Ashoka

The Edicts of Ashoka are a collection of more than thirty inscriptions on the Pillars of Ashoka, as well as boulders and cave walls, attributed to Emperor Ashoka of the Maurya Empire who ruled most of the Indian subcontinent from 268 BCE to 232 BCE.

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Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

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Egyptian pyramids

The Egyptian pyramids are ancient masonry structures located in Egypt.

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Elateia

Elateia (Ελάτεια; Ἐλάτεια) was an ancient Greek city of Phthiotis, and the most important place in that region after Delphi.

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Ephesus

Ephesus (Éphesos; Efes; may ultimately derive from Apaša) was a city in Ancient Greece on the coast of Ionia, southwest of present-day Selçuk in İzmir Province, Turkey.

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Epirus (ancient state)

Epirus (Epirote Greek: Ἄπειρος,; Attic Greek: Ἤπειρος) was an ancient Greek kingdom, and later republic, located in the geographical region of Epirus, in parts of north-western Greece and southern Albania. Home to the ancient Epirotes, the state was bordered by the Aetolian League to the south, Ancient Thessaly and Ancient Macedonia to the east, and Illyrian tribes to the north.

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Equestrian statue

An equestrian statue is a statue of a rider mounted on a horse, from the Latin eques, meaning 'knight', deriving from equus, meaning 'horse'.

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Erbil

Erbil (أربيل,; ܐܲܪܒܹܝܠ), also called Hawler, is the capital and most populated city in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq.

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Erigyius

Erigyius (in Greek Ἐριγυιoς; died 328 BC), a Mytilenaean, son of Larichus, was an officer in Alexander the Great's army.

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Ernst Badian

Ernst Badian (8 August 1925 – 1 February 2011) was an Austrian-born classical scholar who served as a professor at Harvard University from 1971 to 1998.

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Eunuch

A eunuch is a male who has been castrated.

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Euripides

Euripides was a tragedian of classical Athens.

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Expansion of Macedonia under Philip II

Under the reign of Philip II (359–336 BC), the ancient kingdom of Macedonia, initially at the periphery of classical Greek affairs, came to dominate Ancient Greece in the span of just 25 years, largely thanks to the character and policies of its king.

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Faber & Faber

Faber and Faber Limited, commonly known as Faber & Faber or simply Faber, is an independent publishing house in London.

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Ferdowsi

Abul-Qâsem Ferdowsi Tusi (ابوالقاسمفردوسی توسی; 940 – 1019/1025), also Firdawsi or Ferdowsi (فردوسی), was a Persian poet and the author of Shahnameh ("Book of Kings"), which is one of the world's longest epic poems created by a single poet, and the greatest epic of Persian-speaking countries.

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Fidel Castro

Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (13 August 1926 – 25 November 2016) was a Cuban revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Cuba from 1959 to 2008, serving as the prime minister of Cuba from 1959 to 1976 and president from 1976 to 2008.

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Fire from Heaven

Fire from Heaven is a 1969 historical novel by Mary Renault about the childhood and youth of Alexander the Great.

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Fountain of Youth

The Fountain of Youth is a mythical spring which allegedly restores the youth of anyone who drinks or bathes in its waters.

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Funeral Games (novel)

Funeral Games is a 1981 historical novel by Mary Renault, dealing with the death of Alexander the Great and its aftermath, the gradual disintegration of his empire and the start of the Wars of the Diadochi.

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Gandhara

Gandhara was an ancient Indo-Aryan civilization centred in present-day north-west Pakistan and north-east Afghanistan.

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Gangaridai

Gangaridai (Γαγγαρίδαι; Latin: Gangaridae) is a term used by the ancient Greco-Roman writers (1st century BCE-2nd century AD) to describe people or a geographical region of the ancient Indian subcontinent.

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Ganges

The Ganges (in India: Ganga,; in Bangladesh: Padma). "The Ganges Basin, known in India as the Ganga and in Bangladesh as the Padma, is an international river which goes through India, Bangladesh, Nepal and China." is a trans-boundary river of Asia which flows through India and Bangladesh. The -long river rises in the western Himalayas in the Indian state of Uttarakhand.

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Gastrointestinal perforation

Gastrointestinal perforation, also known as gastrointestinal rupture, is a hole in the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. The gastrointestinal tract is composed of hollow digestive organs leading from the mouth to the anus.

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Gates of Alexander

The Gates of Alexander, also known as the Caspian Gates, are one of several mountain passes in eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Persia separating the Greco-Roman world from the Persian world.

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Gaza City

Gaza, also called Gaza City, is a Palestinian city in the Gaza Strip.

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Gedrosia

Gedrosia (Γεδρωσία or گِد رۏچ) is the Hellenized name of the part of coastal Balochistan that roughly corresponds to today's Makran.

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Getae

The Getae or Gets (Γέται, singular Γέτης) were a Thracian-related tribe that once inhabited the regions to either side of the Lower Danube, in what is today northern Bulgaria and southern Romania.

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Girsu

Girsu (Sumerian Ĝirsu; cuneiform 𒄈𒋢𒆠) was a city of ancient Sumer, situated some northwest of Lagash, at the site of what is now Tell Telloh in Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq.

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Glaucias of Taulantii

Glaucias (Γλαυκίας; ruled c. 335 – c. 295 BC) was a ruler of the Taulantian kingdom which dominated southern Illyrian affairs in the second half of the 4th century BC.

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Gog and Magog

Gog and Magog (Gōg ū-Māgōg) or Ya'juj and Ma'juj (Yaʾjūju wa-Maʾjūju) are a pair of names that appear in the Bible and the Qur'an, variously ascribed to individuals, tribes, or lands.

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Gordian Knot

The cutting of the Gordian Knot is an Ancient Greek legend associated with Alexander the Great in Gordium in Phrygia, regarding a complex knot that tied an oxcart.

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Gordion

Gordion (Phrygian:; translit; Gordion or Gordiyon; Gordium) was the capital city of ancient Phrygia.

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Gorgons

The Gorgons (Γοργώνες), in Greek mythology, are three monstrous sisters, Stheno, Euryale, and Medusa, said to be the daughters of Phorcys and Ceto.

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Grandiose delusions

Grandiose delusions (GDs), also known as delusions of grandeur or expansive delusions, are a subtype of delusion characterized by extraordinary belief that one is famous, omnipotent, wealthy, or otherwise very powerful.

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Greater Iran

Greater Iran or Greater Persia (ایران بزرگ), also called the Iranosphere or the Persosphere, is an expression that denotes a wide socio-cultural region comprising parts of West Asia, the South Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, and East Asia (specifically Xinjiang)—all of which have been affected, to some degree, by the Iranian peoples and the Iranian languages.

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Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

The Greco-Bactrian Kingdom (lit) was a Greek state of the Hellenistic period located in Central Asia.

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Greco-Buddhism

Greco-Buddhism or Graeco-Buddhism denotes a supposed cultural syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism developed between the 4th century BC and the 5th century AD in Gandhara, in present-day Pakistan and parts of north-east Afghanistan.

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Greco-Buddhist art

The Greco-Buddhist art or Gandhara art is the artistic manifestation of Greco-Buddhism, a cultural syncretism between Ancient Greek art and Buddhism.

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Greco-Buddhist monasticism

The role of Greek Buddhist monks in the development of the Buddhist faith under the patronage of Emperor Ashoka around 260 BCE and subsequently during the reign of the Indo-Greek king Menander (r. 165/155–130 BCE) is described in the Mahavamsa, an important non-canonical Theravada Buddhist historical text compiled in Sri Lanka in the 6th century in the Pali language.

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Greco-Persian Wars

The Greco-Persian Wars (also often called the Persian Wars) were a series of conflicts between the Achaemenid Empire and Greek city-states that started in 499 BC and lasted until 449 BC.

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Greece

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.

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Greek Anthology

The Greek Anthology (Anthologia Graeca) is a collection of poems, mostly epigrams, that span the Classical and Byzantine periods of Greek literature.

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Greek colonisation

Greek colonisation refers to the expansion of Archaic Greeks, particularly during the 8th–6th centuries BC, across the Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea.

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Greek language

Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Greek mythology

Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the ancient Greeks, and a genre of ancient Greek folklore, today absorbed alongside Roman mythology into the broader designation of classical mythology.

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Greeks

The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Anatolia, parts of Italy and Egypt, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities established around the world..

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Guerrilla warfare

Guerrilla warfare is a form of unconventional warfare in which small groups of irregular military, such as rebels, partisans, paramilitary personnel or armed civilians including recruited children, use ambushes, sabotage, terrorism, raids, petty warfare or hit-and-run tactics in a rebellion, in a violent conflict, in a war or in a civil war to fight against regular military, police or rival insurgent forces.

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Guillain–Barré syndrome

Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rapid-onset muscle weakness caused by the immune system damaging the peripheral nervous system.

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Haemus Mons

In earlier times, the Balkan Mountains were known as the Haemus Mons. It is believed that the name is derived from a Thracian word *saimon, 'mountain ridge', which is unattested but conjectured as the original Thracian form of Greek Emos.

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Hajj

Hajj (translit; also spelled Hadj, Haj or Haji) is an annual Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, the holiest city for Muslims.

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Halicarnassus

Halicarnassus (Latin: Halicarnassus or Halicarnāsus; Ἁλῐκαρνᾱσσός, Halikarnāssós; Halikarnas; Carian: 𐊠𐊣𐊫𐊰 𐊴𐊠𐊥𐊵𐊫𐊰 alos k̂arnos) was an ancient Greek city in Caria, in Anatolia.

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Hamadan

Hamedan (همدان) is a city in western Iran.

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Hannibal

Hannibal (translit; 247 – between 183 and 181 BC) was a Carthaginian general and statesman who commanded the forces of Carthage in their battle against the Roman Republic during the Second Punic War.

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Harpalus

Harpalus (Greek: Ἅρπαλος), son of Machatas, was a Macedonian aristocrat and childhood friend of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BC. Alexander the Great and Harpalus are 323 BC deaths.

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Harvard University Press

Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.

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Hecataeus of Miletus

Hecataeus of Miletus (Ἑκαταῖος ὁ Μιλήσιος;Named after the Greek goddess Hecate--> c. 550 – c. 476 BC), son of Hegesander, was an early Greek historian and geographer.

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Hegemony

Hegemony is the political, economic, and military predominance of one state over other states, either regional or global.

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Hegesias of Magnesia

Hegesias of Magnesia (Ἡγησίας ὁ Μάγνης, Hēgēsias ho Magnēs), Greek rhetorician, and historian, flourished about 300 BC.

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Heir apparent

An heir apparent (heiress apparent) or simply heir is a person who is first in an order of succession and cannot be displaced from inheriting by the birth of another person.

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Helios

In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Helios (Ἥλιος ||Sun; Homeric Greek: Ἠέλιος) is the god who personifies the Sun.

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Hellenistic influence on Indian art

Hellenistic influence on Indian art and architecture reflects the artistic and architectural influence of the Greeks on Indian art following the conquests of Alexander the Great, from the end of the 4th century BCE to the first centuries of the common era.

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Hellenistic Judaism

Hellenistic Judaism was a form of Judaism in classical antiquity that combined Jewish religious tradition with elements of Hellenistic culture.

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Hellenistic period

In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.

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Hephaestion

Hephaestion (Ἡφαιστίων Hephaistíon; c. 356 BC – October 324 BC), son of Amyntor, was an ancient Macedonian nobleman of probable "Attic or Ionian extraction" and a general in the army of Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great and Hephaestion are ancient Macedonian generals.

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Heracles

Heracles (glory/fame of Hera), born Alcaeus (Ἀλκαῖος, Alkaios) or Alcides (Ἀλκείδης, Alkeidēs), was a divine hero in Greek mythology, the son of Zeus and Alcmene, and the foster son of Amphitryon.

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Heracles of Macedon

Heracles of Macedon (Ἡρακλῆς; c. 327 – 309 BC) was a reputed illegitimate son of Alexander the Great of Macedon by Barsine, daughter of Satrap Artabazus of Phrygia.

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Hetaira

A,, also, (ἑταίρα, 'companion';: ἑταῖραι; hetaera;: hetaerae), was a type of courtesan or prostitute in ancient Greece, who served as an artist, entertainer and conversationalist in addition to providing sexual service.

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Heterochromia iridum

Heterochromia is a variation in coloration most often used to describe color differences of the iris, but can also be applied to color variation of hair or skin.

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Hindi

Modern Standard Hindi (आधुनिक मानक हिन्दी, Ādhunik Mānak Hindī), commonly referred to as Hindi, is the standardised variety of the Hindustani language written in Devanagari script.

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Histories (Herodotus)

The Histories (Ἱστορίαι, Historíai; also known as The History) of Herodotus is considered the founding work of history in Western literature.

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Histories of Alexander the Great

The Histories of Alexander the Great (Historiae Alexandri Magni) is the only surviving extant Latin biography of Alexander the Great.

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History of Greece

The history of Greece encompasses the history of the territory of the modern nation-state of Greece as well as that of the Greek people and the areas they inhabited and ruled historically.

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History of India

Anatomically modern humans first arrived on the Indian subcontinent between 73,000 and 55,000 years ago.

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History of Syria

The history of Syria covers events which occurred on the territory of the present Syrian Arab Republic and events which occurred in the region of Syria.

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Homer

Homer (Ὅμηρος,; born) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature.

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Hoplite

Hoplites (hoplîtai) were citizen-soldiers of Ancient Greek city-states who were primarily armed with spears and shields.

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Horns of Alexander

The Horns of Alexander represent an artistic tradition that depicted Alexander the Great with two horns on his head, a form of expression that was associated originally as the Horns of Ammon.

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Horns of Ammon

The horns of Ammon were curling ram horns, used as a symbol of the Egyptian deity Ammon (also spelled Amun or Amon).

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Houghton Mifflin Harcourt

Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (HMH) is an American publisher of textbooks, instructional technology materials, assessments, and reference works.

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Hund, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Hund (Pashto: هنډ), known in antiquity as Udabhandapura, is a small village in Swabi district, situated on the right bank of the Indus River in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

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Iliad

The Iliad (Iliás,; " about Ilion (Troy)") is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Homer.

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Illyria

In classical and late antiquity, Illyria (Ἰλλυρία, Illyría or Ἰλλυρίς, Illyrís; Illyria, Illyricum) was a region in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula inhabited by numerous tribes of people collectively known as the Illyrians.

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Illyrians

The Illyrians (Ἰλλυριοί, Illyrioi; Illyrii) were a group of Indo-European-speaking people who inhabited the western Balkan Peninsula in ancient times.

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Incense

Incense is an aromatic biotic material that releases fragrant smoke when burnt.

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Incitatus

Incitatus (meaning "swift" or "at full gallop") was the favourite horse of Roman Emperor Caligula.

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India

India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.

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Indian campaign of Alexander the Great

The Indian campaign of Alexander the Great began in 327BC and lasted until 325BC.

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Indian subcontinent

The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas.

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Indo-Corinthian capital

Indo-Corinthian capitals are capitals crowning columns or pilasters, which can be found in the northwestern Indian subcontinent, and usually combine Hellenistic and Indian elements.

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Indo-Greek Kingdom

The Indo-Greek Kingdom, or Graeco-Indian Kingdom, also known as the Yavana Kingdom (also Yavanarajya after the word Yona, which comes from Ionians), was a Hellenistic-era Greek kingdom covering various parts of modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan and northwestern India.

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Indus River

The Indus is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South and Central Asia.

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Ionia

Ionia was an ancient region on the western coast of Anatolia, to the south of present-day İzmir, Turkey.

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Ionic order

The Ionic order is one of the three canonic orders of classical architecture, the other two being the Doric and the Corinthian.

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Iran

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.

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Iranian languages

The Iranian languages, also called the Iranic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau.

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Iranian peoples

The Iranian peoples or Iranic peoples are a diverse grouping of peoples who are identified by their usage of the Iranian languages (branch of the Indo-European languages) and other cultural similarities.

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Iranian studies

Iranian studies (ايران‌شناسی), also referred to as Iranology and Iranistics, is an interdisciplinary field dealing with the research and study of the civilization, history, literature, art and culture of Iranian peoples.

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Iraq

Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.

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Iron Maiden

Iron Maiden are an English heavy metal band formed in Leyton, East London, in 1975 by bassist and primary songwriter Steve Harris.

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Iskandar (name)

Iskandar, Iskander, Skander, Askander, Eskinder, or Scandar (إسكندر (اسکندر Eskandar or سکندر Skandar), is a variant of the given name Alexander in cultures such as Iran (Persia), Arabia and others throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Caucasus and Central Asia. In Egypt, its bearers are mostly of Christian (Coptic) descent.

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Iskandarnameh

The Iskandarnameh (or Iskandarnamah, Iskandarnama; "Book of Alexander"), not to be confused with the Iskandarnameh of Nizami, is the oldest Persian recension of the ''Alexander Romance'' tradition, anonymous and dated to some time between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries, although recently its compilation has been placed in the eleventh century by Evangelos Venetis, during the reign of Mahmud of Ghazni in the court of the Ghaznavid Empire.

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Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

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Ismail I

Ismail I (translit; 14 July 1487 – 23 May 1524) was the founder and first shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1501 until his death in 1524.

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Isocrates

Isocrates (Ἰσοκράτης; 436–338 BC) was an ancient Greek rhetorician, one of the ten Attic orators.

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Issus (Cilicia)

Issus (Latin; Phoenician: Sissu) or Issos (Ἰσσός, Issós, or Ἰσσοί, Issoí) was an ancient settlement on the strategic coastal plain straddling the small Pinarus river (a fast melt-water stream several metres wide) below the navigationally difficult inland mountains towering above to the east in the Turkish Province of Hatay, near the border with Syria.

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Istanbul Archaeology Museums

The Istanbul Archaeology Museums (İstanbul Arkeoloji Müzeleri) are a group of three archaeological museums located in the Eminönü quarter of Istanbul, Turkey, near Gülhane Park and Topkapı Palace.

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Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars

The Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars (1792–1801) were a series of conflicts fought principally in Northern Italy between the French Revolutionary Army and a Coalition of Austria, Russia, Piedmont-Sardinia, and a number of other Italian states.

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Itinerarium Alexandri

The Itinerarium Alexandri ("The Journey of Alexander") is a 4th-century Latin itinerarium, a travel guide in the form of a listing of cities, villages (vici) and other stops, on a journey with the intervening distances given.

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Jandial

Jandial near the city of Taxila in Pakistan is the site of an ancient temple well known for its Ionic columns.

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Javelin

A javelin is a light spear designed primarily to be thrown, historically as a ranged weapon.

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Jhelum River

The Jhelum River is a river in the northern Indian subcontinent.

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Johann Gustav Droysen

Johann Gustav Bernhard Droysen (6 July 180819 June 1884) was a German historian.

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Jona Lendering

Jona Lendering (born 29 October 1964) is a Dutch historian and the author of books on antiquity, Dutch history and modern management.

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Josephus

Flavius Josephus (Ἰώσηπος,; AD 37 – 100) was a Roman–Jewish historian and military leader.

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Julian (emperor)

Julian (Flavius Claudius Julianus; Ἰουλιανός; 331 – 26 June 363) was the Caesar of the West from 355 to 360 and Roman emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher and author in Greek.

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Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.

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Justin (historian)

Justin (Marcus Junianus Justinus Frontinus; fl. century) was a Latin writer and historian who lived under the Roman Empire.

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Kaaba

The Kaaba, sometimes referred to as al-Ka'ba al-Musharrafa, is a stone building at the center of Islam's most important mosque and holiest site, the Masjid al-Haram in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.

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Kabul River

The Kabul River (د کابل سیند, دریای کابل), the classical Cophen, is a river that emerges in the Sanglakh Range of the Hindu Kush mountains in the northeastern part of Maidan Wardak Province, Afghanistan.

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Kambojas

The Kambojas were a southeastern Iranian people who inhabited the northeastern most part of the territory populated by Iranian tribes, which bordered the Indian lands.

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Kandahar

Kandahar is a city in Afghanistan, located in the south of the country on the Arghandab River, at an elevation of.

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Karagiozis

Karagiozis or Karaghiozis (Καραγκιόζης, Karagöz) is a shadow puppet and fictional character of Greek folklore, originating in the Turkish shadow play Karagöz and Hacivat.

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Karl Schefold

Karl Schefold (26 January 1905 – 16 April 1999) was a classical archaeologist based in Basel, Switzerland.

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Kasta Tomb

The Kasta Tomb (Τύμβος Καστά), also known as the Amphipolis Tomb (Τάφος της Αμφίπολης), is the largest ancient tumulus (burial mound) ever discovered in Greece, and by comparison dwarfs that of Philip II of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great, in Vergina.

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Kerman province

Kerman Province (استان کرمان) is the largest of the 31 provinces of Iran.

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King

King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts.

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Koine Greek

Koine Greek (Koine the common dialect), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek, Septuagint Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-regional form of Greek spoken and written during the Hellenistic period, the Roman Empire and the early Byzantine Empire.

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Kunar Valley

Kunar Valley is a valley in Afghanistan and Pakistan.

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Lanike

Lanike or Lanice pronounced (Lan iss) (Greek: Λανίκη), also called Hellanike or Alacrinis, daughter of Dropidas, who was son of Critias, was the sister of Cleitus the Black, and the nurse of Alexander the Great.

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Late antiquity

Late antiquity is sometimes defined as spanning from the end of classical antiquity to the local start of the Middle Ages, from around the late 3rd century up to the 7th or 8th century in Europe and adjacent areas bordering the Mediterranean Basin depending on location.

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League of Corinth

The League of Corinth, also referred to as the Hellenic League (koinòn tõn Hellḗnōn; or simply, the Héllēnes), was a federation of Greek states created by Philip IIDiodorus Siculus, Book 16, 89.

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Lebanon

Lebanon (Lubnān), officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia.

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Legio II Parthica

Legio II Parthica ("Parthian-conquering Second Legion") was a legion of the Imperial Roman army founded in AD 197 by the emperor Septimius Severus (r. 193–211), for his campaign against the Parthian Empire, hence the cognomen Parthica.

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Leonidas of Epirus

Leonidas of Epirus (Greek: Λεωνίδας ο Ηπειρώτης) or Leuconides (Greek: Λευκονίδης), was a tutor of Alexander the Great.

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Leonnatus

Leonnatus (Λεοννάτος; 356 BC – 322 BC) was a Macedonian officer of Alexander the Great and one of the diadochi. He was a member of the royal house of Lyncestis, a small Greek kingdom that had been included in Macedonia by King Philip II of Macedon. Alexander the Great and Leonnatus are 356 BC births and ancient Macedonian generals.

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Levant

The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.

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Libanius

Libanius (Libanios) was a teacher of rhetoric of the Sophist school in the Eastern Roman Empire.

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Life of Apollonius of Tyana

Life of Apollonius of Tyana (Τὰ ἐς τὸν Τυανέα Ἀπολλώνιον), also known by its Latin title Vita Apollonii, is a text in eight books written in Ancient Greece by Philostratus (c. 170 – c. 245 AD).

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Lingua franca

A lingua franca (for plurals see), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.

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These are biblical figures unambiguously identified in contemporary sources according to scholarly consensus.

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List of cities founded by Alexander the Great

Alexander the Great (356 – 323 BC), a king of ancient Macedon, created one of the largest empires in history by waging an extensive military campaign throughout Asia.

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List of kings of Macedonia

Macedonia, also called Macedon, was ruled continuously by kings from its inception around the middle of the seventh century BC until its conquest by the Roman Republic in 168 BC.

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List of largest empires

Several empires in human history have been contenders for the largest of all time, depending on definition and mode of measurement.

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List of monarchs of Persia

This article lists the monarchs of Iran (Persia) from the establishment of the Medes around 678 BC until the deposition of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. Alexander the Great and list of monarchs of Persia are monarchs of Persia.

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List of people known as the Great

This is a list of people known as the Great, or the equivalent, in their own language.

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List of pharaohs

The title "pharaoh" is used for those rulers of Ancient Egypt who ruled after the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt by Narmer during the Early Dynastic Period, approximately 3100 BC.

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List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire

The sultans of the Ottoman Empire (Osmanlı padişahları), who were all members of the Ottoman dynasty (House of Osman), ruled over the transcontinental empire from its perceived inception in 1299 to its dissolution in 1922.

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List of tributaries of the Danube

This is a list of tributaries of the Danube by order of entrance.

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Live Science

Live Science is a science news website.

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Loeb Classical Library

The Loeb Classical Library (LCL; named after James Loeb) is a series of books originally published by Heinemann in London, but is currently published by Harvard University Press.

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Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne

Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne (July 9, 1769 – February 7, 1834) was a French diplomat, born in Sens.

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Lycia

Lycia (Lycian: 𐊗𐊕𐊐𐊎𐊆𐊖 Trm̃mis; Λυκία,; Likya) was a historical region in Anatolia from 15–14th centuries BC (as Lukka) to 546 BC.

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Lynkestis

Lynkestis, Lyncestis, Lyngistis, Lynkos or Lyncus (Λυγκηστίς or Λύγκος Lyncestis or Lyncus) was a region and principality traditionally located in Upper Macedonia.

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Lyre

The lyre is a stringed musical instrument that is classified by Hornbostel–Sachs as a member of the lute family of instruments.

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Lysimachus

Lysimachus (Greek: Λυσίμαχος,meaning: "the one that terminates the battle". Lysimachos; c. 360 BC – 281 BC) was a Thessalian officer and successor of Alexander the Great, who in 306 BC, became king of Thrace, Asia Minor and Macedon. Alexander the Great and Lysimachus are ancient Macedonian generals and ancient Pellaeans.

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Lysimachus of Acarnania

Lysimachus of Acarnania (Greek: Λυσίμαχος, Lysimachos) was one of the tutors of Alexander the Great.

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Lysippos

Lysippos (Λύσιππος) was a Greek sculptor of the 4th century BC.

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Macedonia (ancient kingdom)

Macedonia (Μακεδονία), also called Macedon, was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, which later became the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece.

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Macedonian phalanx

The Macedonian phalanx (Μακεδονική φάλαγξ) was an infantry formation developed by Philip II from the classical Greek phalanx, of which the main innovation was the use of the sarissa, a 6-metre pike.

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Macrinus

Marcus Opellius Macrinus (– June 218) was a Roman emperor who reigned from April 217 to June 218, jointly with his young son Diadumenianus.

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Maedi

The Maedi (also Maidans, Maedans, or Medi; Μαῖδοι or Μαιδοί) were a Thracian tribe in antiquity.

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Magadha

Magadha also called the Kingdom of Magadha or the Magadha Empire, was a kingdom and empire, and one of the sixteen lit during the Second Urbanization period, based in southern Bihar in the eastern Ganges Plain, in Ancient India.

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Magnesia on the Maeander

Magnesia or Magnesia on the Maeander (Μαγνησία ἡ πρὸς Μαιάνδρῳ or Μαγνησία ἡ ἐπὶ Μαιάνδρῳ; Magnesia ad Maeandrum) was an ancient Greek city in Ionia, considerable in size, at an important location commercially and strategically in the triangle of Priene, Ephesus and Tralles.

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Mahayana

Mahāyāna is a term for a broad group of Buddhist traditions, texts, philosophies, and practices developed in ancient India (onwards).

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Makran

Makran (مكران), also mentioned in some sources as Mecran and Mokrān, is the southern coastal region of Balochistan.

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Malaria

Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease that affects vertebrates.

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Malhi (clan)

Malhi (also spelled as Mallhi,Malli) is a clan of the Jat tribe in the Punjab region of Pakistan and India.

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Mallian campaign

The Mallian campaign was conducted by Alexander the Great from November 326 to February 325 BC, against the Mallians of the Punjab.

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Man-at-arms

A man-at-arms was a soldier of the High Medieval to Renaissance periods who was typically well-versed in the use of arms and served as a fully-armoured heavy cavalryman.

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Manner of death

In many legal jurisdictions, the manner of death is a determination, typically made by the coroner, medical examiner, police, or similar officials, and recorded as a vital statistic.

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Mary Renault

Eileen Mary Challans (4 September 1905 – 13 December 1983), known by her pen name Mary Renault ("She always pronounced it 'Ren-olt', though almost everyone would come to speak of her as if she were a French car."), was a British writer best known for her historical novels set in ancient Greece.

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Maurya Empire

The Maurya Empire (Ashokan Prakrit: 𑀫𑀸𑀕𑀥𑁂, Māgadhe) was a geographically extensive Iron Age historical power in South Asia based in Magadha (present day Bihar).

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Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus or Tomb of Mausolus (Μαυσωλεῖον τῆς Ἁλικαρνασσοῦ; Halikarnas Mozolesi) was a tomb built between 353 and 350 BC in Halicarnassus (present Bodrum, Turkey) for Mausolus, an Anatolian from Caria and a satrap in the Achaemenid Persian Empire, and his sister-wife Artemisia II of Caria.

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Mavroneri

Mavronéri (Greek: “Black Water”) is a river identified with the River Styx of Greek mythology according to Hesiod’s description in Theogony.

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Mazaeus

Mazaeus or Mazday (Aramaic: 𐡌𐡆𐡃𐡉 MZDY, Greek: Μαζαῖος Mazaios) (died 328 BC) was an Achaemenid Persian noble, satrap (a type of governor) of Cilicia and later satrap of Babylon for the Achaemenid Empire.

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Mecca

Mecca (officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah) is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia and the holiest city according to Islam.

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Media (Māda, Middle Persian: Mād) is a region of north-western Iran, best known for having been the political and cultural base of the Medes.

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Medieval India

Medieval India refers to a long period of post-classical history of the Indian subcontinent between the "ancient period" and "modern period".

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Medius of Larissa

Medius or Medeios (Μήδιος, Mήδειoς), son of Oxythemis, was a native of Larissa in Thessaly, an officer and friend of Alexander the Great, and a senior commander under Antigonus I Monophthalmus.

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Mehmed II

Mehmed II (translit; II.,; 30 March 14323 May 1481), commonly known as Mehmed the Conqueror (lit; Fâtih Sultan Mehmed), was twice the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from August 1444 to September 1446 and then later from February 1451 to May 1481.

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Meleager (general)

Meleager (Mελέαγρος, Meléagros; died 323 BC) was a Macedonian officer who served under Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great and Meleager (general) are 323 BC deaths.

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Memnon of Rhodes

Memnon of Rhodes (Greek: Μέμνων ὁ Ῥόδιος; 380 – 333 BC) was a prominent Rhodian Greek commander in the service of the Achaemenid Empire.

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Menander I

Menander I Soter (Ménandros Sōtḗr,; italic; sometimes called Menander the Great) was a Greco-Bactrian and later Indo-Greek King (reigned /155Bopearachchi (1998) and (1991), respectively. The first date is estimated by Osmund Bopearachchi and R. C. Senior, the other Boperachchi –130 BC) who administered a large territory in the Northwestern regions of the Indian Subcontinent and Central Asia.

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Meningitis

Meningitis is acute or chronic inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, collectively called the meninges.

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Mental health

Mental health encompasses emotional, psychological, and social well-being, influencing cognition, perception, and behavior.

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Mermaid

In folklore, a mermaid is an aquatic creature with the head and upper body of a female human and the tail of a fish.

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Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.

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Middle Ages

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.

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Middle Persian

Middle Persian, also known by its endonym Pārsīk or Pārsīg (Pahlavi script: 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪, Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫀𐫡𐫘𐫏𐫐, Avestan script: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬯𐬍𐬐) in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasanian Empire.

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Mieza (Macedonia)

Mieza (Μίεζα), "shrine of the Nymphs", was a town in ancient Macedonia, where Aristotle taught the boy Alexander the Great between 343 and 340 BCE.

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Miletus

Miletus (Mī́lētos; 𒈪𒅋𒆷𒉿𒀭𒁕 Mīllawānda or 𒈪𒆷𒉿𒋫 Milawata (exonyms); Mīlētus; Milet) was an ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia, near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Ionia.

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Military academy

A military academy or service academy is an educational institution which prepares candidates for service in the officer corps.

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Military campaign

A military campaign is large-scale long-duration significant military strategy plan incorporating a series of interrelated military operations or battles forming a distinct part of a larger conflict often called a war.

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Military tactics of Alexander the Great

The military tactics of Alexander the Great (356 BC - 323 BC) have been widely regarded as evidence that he was one of the greatest generals in history.

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Mithridatic Wars

The Mithridatic Wars were three conflicts fought by the Roman Republic against the Kingdom of Pontus and its allies between 88 – 63 BCE.

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Modern Greek

Modern Greek (Νέα Ελληνικά, Néa Elliniká, or Κοινή Νεοελληνική Γλώσσα, Kiní Neoellinikí Glóssa), generally referred to by speakers simply as Greek (Ελληνικά, italic), refers collectively to the dialects of the Greek language spoken in the modern era, including the official standardized form of the language sometimes referred to as Standard Modern Greek.

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Molossians

The Molossians were a group of ancient Greek tribes which inhabited the region of Epirus in classical antiquity.

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Mong, Punjab

Mong or Mung (مونگ) is a village and Union Council of Mandi Bahauddin District in the Punjab province of Pakistan.

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Mostellaria

Mostellaria is a play by the Roman author Plautus.

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Mount Olympus

Mount Olympus (Ólympos) is an extensive massif near the Thermaic Gulf of the Aegean Sea, located on the border between Thessaly and Macedonia, between the regional units of Larissa and Pieria, about southwest from Thessaloniki.

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Mount Ossa (Greece)

Mount Ossa (Όσσα), alternatively Kissavos (Κίσσαβος), is a mountain in the Larissa regional unit, in Thessaly, Greece.

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Multan

Multan is a city in Punjab, Pakistan, located on the bank of river Chenab.

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Nanda Empire

The Nanda dynasty was the Third ruling dynasty of Magadha in the northern Indian subcontinent during the fourth century BCE and possibly also during the fifth.

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Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.

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Nearchus

Nearchus or Nearchos (Νέαρχος; – 300 BC) was one of the Greek officers, a navarch, in the army of Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great and Nearchus are Hellenistic-era people.

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Nebuchadnezzar II

Nebuchadnezzar II (Babylonian cuneiform: Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, meaning "Nabu, watch over my heir"; Biblical Hebrew: Nəḇūḵaḏneʾṣṣar), also spelled Nebuchadrezzar II, was the second king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, ruling from the death of his father Nabopolassar in 605 BC to his own death in 562 BC.

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Nectanebo II

Nectanebo II (Egyptian: Nḫt-Ḥr-Ḥbt; Νεκτανεβώς) was the last native ruler of ancient Egypt, as well as the third and last pharaoh of the Thirtieth Dynasty, reigning from 358 to 340 BC.

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Neoptolemus I of Epirus

Neoptolemus I of Epirus (Νεοπτόλεμος Α' Ηπείρου) (370–357 BC) was a Greek king of Epirus and son of Alcetas I, and father of Troas, Alexander I of Epirus and Queen Olympias.

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Nero

Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68) was a Roman emperor and the final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 until his death in AD 68.

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New Testament

The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon.

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Nike (mythology)

In Greek mythology and ancient religion, Nike (lit;, modern) is the goddess who personifies victory in any field including art, music, war, and athletics.

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Nine Worthies

The Nine Worthies are nine historical, scriptural, and legendary men of distinction who personify the ideals of chivalry established in the Middle Ages, whose lives were deemed a valuable study for aspirants to chivalric status.

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Offering (Buddhism)

In Buddhism, symbolic offerings are made to the Triple Gem, giving rise to contemplative gratitude and inspiration.

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Oliver Stone

William Oliver Stone (born September 15, 1946) is an American filmmaker.

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Olympias

Olympias (Ὀλυμπιάς; c. 375–316 BC) was a Greek princess of the Molossians, the eldest daughter of king Neoptolemus I of Epirus, the sister of Alexander I of Epirus, the fourth wife of Philip II, the king of Macedonia and the mother of Alexander the Great.

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Olynthus

Olynthus (Ὄλυνθος Olynthos, named for the ὄλυνθος olunthos, "the fruit of the wild fig tree") is an ancient city in present-day Chalcidice, Greece.

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Onesicritus

Onesicritus (Ὀνησίκριτος; c. 360 BC – c. 290 BC), a Greek historical writer and Cynic philosopher, who accompanied Alexander the Great on his campaigns in Asia.

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Online Etymology Dictionary

The Online Etymology Dictionary or Etymonline, sometimes abbreviated as OED (not to be confused with the Oxford English Dictionary, which the site often cites), is a free online dictionary that describes the origins of English words, written and compiled by Douglas R. Harper.

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Opis

Opis (Akkadian Upî or Upija/Upiya; Ὦπις) was an ancient Near East city near the Tigris, not far from modern Baghdad.

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Orontobates

Orontobates (Old Persian: *Arvantapātaʰ, Ancient Greek: Ὀροντοβάτης; lived 4th century BC) was a Persian, who married the daughter of Pixodarus, the usurping satrap of Caria, and was sent by the king of Persia to succeed him.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Oxyartes

Oxyartes (Old Persian: 𐎢𐎺𐎧𐏁𐎫𐎼, Greek: Ὀξυάρτης, in وخش‌ارد ("Vaxš-ard"), from an unattested form in an Old Iranian language: *Huxšaθra-) was a Sogdian or Bactrian nobleman of Bactria, father of Roxana, the wife of Alexander of Macedon.

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Paeonia (kingdom)

In antiquity, Paeonia or Paionia (Paionía) was the land and kingdom of the Paeonians or Paionians (Paíones).

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Page (servant)

A page or page boy is traditionally a young male attendant or servant, but may also have been a messenger in the service of a nobleman.

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Pakistan

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

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Palestine (region)

The region of Palestine, also known as Historic Palestine, is a geographical area in West Asia.

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Pamphylia

Pamphylia (Παμφυλία, Pamphylía) was a region in the south of Asia Minor, between Lycia and Cilicia, extending from the Mediterranean to Mount Taurus (all in modern-day Antalya province, Turkey).

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Pangaion Hills

The Pangaion Hills (Homeric Greek: Nysa; also called Pangaeon, Pangaeum) are a mountain range in Greece, approximately 40 km from Kavala.

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Panjkora River

The Panjkora River (دریائے پنجکوڑہ) is a river in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province in north-west Pakistan.

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Paolo Giovio

Paolo Giovio (also spelled Paulo Jovio; Latin: Paulus Jovius; 19 April 1483 – 11 December 1552) was an Italian physician, historian, biographer, and prelate.

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Paralysis

Paralysis (paralyses; also known as plegia) is a loss of motor function in one or more muscles.

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Paranoia

Paranoia is an instinct or thought process that is believed to be heavily influenced by anxiety, suspicion, or fear, often to the point of delusion and irrationality.

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Parmenion

Parmenion (also Parmenio; Παρμενίων; 400 – 330 BC), son of Philotas, was a Macedonian general in the service of Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great and Parmenion are ancient Macedonian generals.

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Parthia

Parthia (𐎱𐎼𐎰𐎺 Parθava; 𐭐𐭓𐭕𐭅Parθaw; 𐭯𐭫𐭮𐭥𐭡𐭥 Pahlaw) is a historical region located in northeastern Greater Iran.

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Partition of Babylon

The Partition of Babylon was the first of the conferences and ensuing agreements that divided the territories of Alexander the Great.

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Partition of Triparadisus

The Partition of Triparadisus was a power-sharing agreement passed at Triparadisus in 321 BC between the generals (Diadochi) of Alexander the Great, in which they named a new regent and arranged the repartition of the satrapies of Alexander's empire among themselves.

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Parysatis II

Parysatis, the youngest daughter of Artaxerxes III of Persia, married Alexander the Great in 324 BC at the Susa weddings.

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Pasargadae

Pasargadae /pə'sɑrgədi/ (from,; Modern Persian: پاسارگاد Pāsārgād) was the capital of the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great (559–530 BC).

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Pataliputra capital

The Pataliputra capital is a monumental rectangular capital with volutes and Classical Greek designs, that was discovered in the palace ruins of the ancient Mauryan Empire capital city of Pataliputra (modern Patna, northeastern India).

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Patna

Patna, historically known as Pataliputra, is the capital and largest city of the state of Bihar in India. According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Patna had a population of 2.35 million, making it the 19th largest city in India. Covering and over 2.5 million people, its urban agglomeration is the 15th largest in India.

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Patroclus

In Greek mythology, Patroclus (generally pronounced; glory of the father) was a Greek hero of the Trojan War and an important character in Homer's Iliad.

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Paulisa Siddhanta

The Pauliṣa Siddhānta (literally, "The scientific-treatise of Pauliṣa Muni") refers to multiple Indian astronomical treatises, at least one of which is based on a Western source.

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Pausanias of Orestis

Pausanias of Orestis (Παυσανίας ἐκ τῆς Ὀρεστίδος) was a member of Philip II of Macedon's personal bodyguard (somatophylakes). Alexander the Great and Pausanias of Orestis are ancient Macedonian generals.

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Peace treaty

A peace treaty is an agreement between two or more hostile parties, usually countries or governments, which formally ends a state of war between the parties.

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Pella

Pella (Πέλλα) is an ancient city located in Central Macedonia, Greece.

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Peloponnese

The Peloponnese, Peloponnesus (Pelopónnēsos) or Morea (Mōrèas; Mōriàs) is a peninsula and geographic region in Southern Greece, and the southernmost region of the Balkans.

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Penguin Books

Penguin Books Limited is a British publishing house.

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Perdiccas

Perdiccas (Περδίκκας, Perdikkas; 355 BC – 321/320 BC) was a general of Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great and Perdiccas are ancient Macedonian generals.

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Perinthus

Perinthus or Perinthos (ἡ Πέρινθος) was a great and flourishing town of ancient Thrace, situated on the Propontis.

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Persepolis

Persepolis (Pārsa) was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire.

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Perseus Digital Library

The Perseus Digital Library, formerly known as the Perseus Project, is a free-access digital library founded by Gregory Crane in 1987 and hosted by the Department of Classical Studies of Tufts University.

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Persian Gates

Persian Gate or the Susian Gate was the ancient name of the pass now known as Tang-e Meyran, connecting Yasuj with Sedeh Eghlid to the east, crossing the border of the modern Kohgiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad and Fars provinces of Iran, passing south of the Kuh-e-Dinar massif, part of the Zagros Mountains.

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Persian Gulf

The Persian Gulf (Fars), sometimes called the (Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī), is a mediterranean sea in West Asia.

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Persians

The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran.

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Peter Green (historian)

Peter Morris Green (born 22 December 1924), Contemporary Authors, New Revision Series.

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Phalanx

The phalanx (phalanxes or phalanges) was a rectangular mass military formation, usually composed entirely of heavy infantry armed with spears, pikes, sarissas, or similar polearms tightly packed together.

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Pharaoh

Pharaoh (Egyptian: pr ꜥꜣ; ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ|Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: Parʿō) is the vernacular term often used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt, who ruled from the First Dynasty until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Republic in 30 BCE.

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Philip (son of Machatas)

Philip (Φίλιππoς; died 325 BC), son of Machatas and brother of Harpalus, was an officer in the service of Alexander the Great, who in 327 BC was appointed by Alexander as satrap of India, including the provinces westward of the Hydaspes (Jhelum river), as far south as the junction of the Indus with the Acesines (Chenab river). Alexander the Great and Philip (son of Machatas) are ancient Macedonian generals.

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Philip and Alexander: Kings and Conquerors

Philip and Alexander: Kings and Conquerors is a single volume dual biography of Philip II of Macedon and his son, Alexander the Great.

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Philip II of Macedon

Philip II of Macedon (Φίλιππος; 382 BC – October 336 BC) was the king (basileus) of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia from 359 BC until his death in 336 BC. Alexander the Great and Philip II of Macedon are 4th-century BC Macedonian monarchs, ancient Pellaeans, Argead kings of Macedonia and people in the deuterocanonical books.

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Philip III of Macedon

Philip III Arrhidaeus (Phílippos Arrhidaîos; BC – 317 BC) was king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedonia from 323 until his execution in 317 BC. Alexander the Great and Philip III of Macedon are 4th-century BC Macedonian monarchs, 4th-century BC pharaohs, Argead kings of Macedonia, monarchs of Persia and pharaohs of the Argead dynasty.

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Philostratus of Lemnos

Philostratus of Lemnos (Φιλόστρατος ὁ Λήμνιος; c. 190 – c. 230 AD), also known as Philostratus the Elder to distinguish him from Philostratus the Younger who was also from Lemnos, was a Greek sophist of the Roman imperial period.

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Philotas

Philotas (Φιλώτας; 365 BC – October 330 BC) was the eldest son of Parmenion, one of Alexander the Great's most experienced and talented generals. Alexander the Great and Philotas are ancient Macedonian generals.

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Pierre Briant

Pierre Briant (born 30 September 1940 in Angers) is a French Iranologist, Professor of History and Civilisation of the Achaemenid World and the Empire of Alexander the Great at the Collège de France (1999 onwards), Doctor Honoris Causa at the University of Chicago, and founder of the website achemenet.com.

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Pike (weapon)

A pike is a long thrusting spear formerly used in European warfare from the Late Middle Ages and most of the early modern period, and wielded by foot soldiers deployed in pike square formation, until it was largely replaced by bayonet-equipped muskets.

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Pillars of Hercules

The Pillars of Hercules are the promontories that flank the entrance to the Strait of Gibraltar.

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Pisidia

Pisidia (Πισιδία,; Pisidya) was a region of ancient Asia Minor located north of Pamphylia, northeast of Lycia, west of Isauria and Cilicia, and south of Phrygia, corresponding roughly to the modern-day province of Antalya in Turkey.

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Pixodarus

Pixodarus or Pixodaros (in Lycian 𐊓𐊆𐊜𐊁𐊅𐊀𐊕𐊀 Pixedara; in Greek Πιξώδαρoς; ruled 340–334 BC), was a satrap of Caria, nominally the Achaemenid Empire Satrap, who enjoyed the status of king or dynast by virtue of the powerful position his predecessors of the House of Hecatomnus (the Hecatomnids) created when they succeeded the assassinated Persian Satrap Tissaphernes in the Carian satrapy.

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Plato

Plato (Greek: Πλάτων), born Aristocles (Ἀριστοκλῆς; – 348 BC), was an ancient Greek philosopher of the Classical period who is considered a foundational thinker in Western philosophy and an innovator of the written dialogue and dialectic forms.

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Platonic Academy

The Academy (Akadēmía), variously known as Plato's Academy, the Platonic Academy, and the Academic School, was founded at Athens by Plato circa 387 BC.

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Plautus

Titus Maccius Plautus (254 – 184 BC) was a Roman playwright of the Old Latin period.

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Plutarch

Plutarch (Πλούταρχος, Ploútarchos;; – after AD 119) was a Greek Middle Platonist philosopher, historian, biographer, essayist, and priest at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi.

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Polyaenus

Polyaenus or Polyenus (see ae (æ) vs. e; Polyainos, "much-praised") was a 2nd-century CE Greek author, known best for his Stratagems in War (Strategemata), which has been preserved.

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Polybius

Polybius (Πολύβιος) was a Greek historian of the middle Hellenistic period.

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Polychrome

Polychrome is the "practice of decorating architectural elements, sculpture, etc., in a variety of colors." The term is used to refer to certain styles of architecture, pottery, or sculpture in multiple colors.

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Pompey

Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (29 September 106 BC – 28 September 48 BC), known in English as Pompey or Pompey the Great, was a general and statesman of the Roman Republic.

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Pontoon boat

A pleasure boat with two lengthwise pontoons A pontoon boat is a flattish boat that relies on floats to remain buoyant.

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Pontoon bridge

A pontoon bridge (or ponton bridge), also known as a floating bridge, uses floats or shallow-draft boats to support a continuous deck for pedestrian and vehicle travel.

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Porus

Porus or Poros (Πῶρος; 326–321 BC) was an ancient Indian king whose territory spanned the region between the Jhelum River (Hydaspes) and Chenab River (Acesines), in the Punjab region of what is now India and Pakistan.

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Potidaea

Potidaea (Ποτίδαια, Potidaia, also Ποτείδαια, Poteidaia) was a colony founded by the Corinthians around 600 BC in the narrowest point of the peninsula of Pallene, the westernmost of three peninsulas at the southern end of Chalcidice in northern Greece.

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Pozzuoli

Pozzuoli is a city and comune of the Metropolitan City of Naples, in the Italian region of Campania.

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Priene

Priene (Priēnē; Prien) was an ancient Greek city of Ionia (and member of the Ionian League) located at the base of an escarpment of Mycale, about north of what was then the course of the Maeander River (now called the ''Büyük Menderes'' or "Big Maeander").

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Priene inscription of Alexander the Great

The Priene inscription is a dedicatory inscription by Alexander the Great, which was discovered at the Temple of Athena Polias in Priene (modern Turkey), in the nineteenth century.

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Primary source

In the study of history as an academic discipline, a primary source (also called an original source) is an artifact, document, diary, manuscript, autobiography, recording, or any other source of information that was created at the time under study.

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Prince

A prince is a male ruler (ranked below a king, grand prince, and grand duke) or a male member of a monarch's or former monarch's family.

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Proskynesis

Proskynesis, also called proscynesis or proskinesis, was a solemn gesture of respect towards gods and people in many societies.

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Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great

The Ptolemaic cult of Alexander the Great was an imperial cult in ancient Egypt during the Hellenistic period (323–31 BC), promoted by the Ptolemaic dynasty.

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Ptolemaic Kingdom

The Ptolemaic Kingdom (Ptolemaïkḕ basileía) or Ptolemaic Empire was an Ancient Greek polity based in Egypt during the Hellenistic period.

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Ptolemy I Soter

Ptolemy I Soter (Πτολεμαῖος Σωτήρ, Ptolemaîos Sōtḗr "Ptolemy the Savior"; c. 367 BC – January 282 BC) was a Macedonian Greek general, historian, and successor of Alexander the Great who went on to found the Ptolemaic Kingdom centered on Egypt and led by his progeny from 305 BC – 30 BC. Alexander the Great and Ptolemy I Soter are 4th-century BC pharaohs.

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Ptolemy II Philadelphus

Ptolemy II Philadelphus (Ptolemaîos Philádelphos, "Ptolemy, sibling-lover"; 309 – 28 January 246 BC) was the pharaoh of Ptolemaic Egypt from 284 to 246 BC.

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Ptolemy IX Soter

Ptolemy IX Soter II Ptolemy IX also took the same title 'Soter' as Ptolemy I.

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Punjab

Punjab (also romanised as Panjāb or Panj-Āb), also known as the Land of the Five Rivers, is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia. It is specifically located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of modern-day eastern-Pakistan and northwestern-India.

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Punjabi University

Punjabi University is a collegiate state public university located in Patiala, Punjab, India.

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Pyre

A pyre (πυρά||), also known as a funeral pyre, is a structure, usually made of wood, for burning a body as part of a funeral rite or execution.

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Pyrgoteles

Pyrgoteles (Πυργοτέλης.) was one of the most celebrated gem-engravers of ancient Greece, living in the latter half of the 4th century BC.

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Pythius of Priene

Pythius (Πύθιος), also known as Pytheos (Πυθεός) or Pythis, was a Greek architect, architecture theorist, and sculptor of the 4th century BC.

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Quintus Curtius Rufus

Quintus Curtius Rufus was a Roman historian, probably of the 1st century, author of his only known and only surviving work, Historiae Alexandri Magni, "Histories of Alexander the Great", or more fully Historiarum Alexandri Magni Macedonis Libri Qui Supersunt, "All the Books That Survive of the Histories of Alexander the Great of Macedon." Much of it is missing.

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Quran

The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).

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Rack (torture)

The rack is a torture device consisting of a rectangular, usually wooden frame, slightly raised from the ground, with a roller at one or both ends. Alexander the Great and rack (torture) are temple of Artemis.

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Regent

In a monarchy, a regent is a person appointed to govern a state for the time being because the actual monarch is a minor, absent, incapacitated or unable to discharge their powers and duties, or the throne is vacant and a new monarch has not yet been determined.

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Relief

Relief is a sculptural method in which the sculpted pieces remain attached to a solid background of the same material.

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Richard Burton

Richard Burton (born Richard Walter Jenkins Jr.; 10 November 1925 – 5 August 1984) was a Welsh actor.

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Robert Malcolm Errington

Robert Malcolm Errington (born 5 July 1939 in Howdon-on-Tyne), also known as R. Malcolm Errington, is a retired British historian who studied ancient Greece and the Classical world.

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Robin Lane Fox

Robin James Lane Fox, (born 5 October 1946) is an English classicist, ancient historian, and gardening writer known for his works on Alexander the Great.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Roman Republic

The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.

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Rositsa (river)

The Rositsa (Росица) is a river in central northern Bulgaria, the most important tributary (a left one) of the Yantra.

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Roxana

Roxana (dead 310 BC, Ῥωξάνη; Old Iranian: *Raṷxšnā- "shining, radiant, brilliant") sometimes known as Roxanne, Roxanna and Roxane was a Sogdian or a Bactrian princess whom Alexander the Great married after defeating Darius, ruler of the Achaemenid Empire, and invading Persia.

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Royal prerogative

The royal prerogative is a body of customary authority, privilege, and immunity recognized in common law (and sometimes in civil law jurisdictions possessing a monarchy) as belonging to the sovereign, and which have become widely vested in the government.

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Royal Road

The Royal Road was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the Persian king Darius the Great (Darius I) of the first (Achaemenid) Persian Empire in the 5th century BC.

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Samarkand

Samarkand or Samarqand (Uzbek and Tajik: Самарқанд / Samarqand) is a city in southeastern Uzbekistan and among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in Central Asia.

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Sarcophagus

A sarcophagus (sarcophagi or sarcophaguses) is a coffin, most commonly carved in stone, and usually displayed above ground, though it may also be buried.

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Sardis

Sardis or Sardes (Lydian: 𐤳𐤱𐤠𐤭𐤣, romanized:; Sárdeis; script) was an ancient city best known as the capital of the Lydian Empire.

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Sarissa

The sarissa or sarisa was a long spear or pike about in length.

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Satrap

A satrap was a governor of the provinces of the ancient Median and Persian (Achaemenid) Empires and in several of their successors, such as in the Sasanian Empire and the Hellenistic empires.

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Scimitar

A scimitar is a single-edged sword with a convex curved blade associated with Middle Eastern, South Asian, or North African cultures.

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Scythia

Scythia (Scythian: Skulatā; Old Persian: Skudra; Ancient Greek: Skuthia; Latin: Scythia) or Scythica (Ancient Greek: Skuthikē; Latin: Scythica), also known as Pontic Scythia, was a kingdom created by the Scythians during the 6th to 3rd centuries BC in the Pontic–Caspian steppe.

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Scythians

The Scythians or Scyths (but note Scytho- in composition) and sometimes also referred to as the Pontic Scythians, were an ancient Eastern Iranic equestrian nomadic people who had migrated during the 9th to 8th centuries BC from Central Asia to the Pontic Steppe in modern-day Ukraine and Southern Russia, where they remained established from the 7th century BC until the 3rd century BC.

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Seal (emblem)

A seal is a device for making an impression in wax, clay, paper, or some other medium, including an embossment on paper, and is also the impression thus made.

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Second Persian invasion of Greece

The second Persian invasion of Greece (480–479 BC) occurred during the Greco-Persian Wars, as King Xerxes I of Persia sought to conquer all of Greece.

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Seleucia

Seleucia (Σελεύκεια), also known as or or Seleucia ad Tigrim, was a major Mesopotamian city, located on the west bank of the Tigris River within the present-day Baghdad Governorate in Iraq.

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Seleucid Empire

The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.

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Self-control

Self-control is an aspect of inhibitory control, one of the core executive functions.

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Selim I

Selim I (سليماول; I.; 10 October 1470 – 22 September 1520), known as Selim the Grim or Selim the Resolute (Yavuz Sultan Selim), was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520.

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Septimius Severus

Lucius Septimius Severus (11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was a Roman politician who served as emperor from 193 to 211.

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Serapis

Serapis or Sarapis is a Graeco-Egyptian god.

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Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, also known as the Seven Wonders of the World or simply the Seven Wonders, is a list of seven notable structures present during classical antiquity.

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Shah

Shah (شاه) is a royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of Indian and Iranian monarchies.

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Shahnameh

The Shahnameh (lit), also transliterated Shahnama, is a long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between and 1010 CE and is the national epic of Greater Iran.

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Sidon

Sidon or Saida (Ṣaydā) is the third-largest city in Lebanon.

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Siege

A siege (lit) is a military blockade of a city, or fortress, with the intent of conquering by attrition, or by well-prepared assault.

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Siege of Cyropolis

Cyropolis was the largest of seven towns in the region that Alexander the Great targeted for conquest in 329 BC.

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Siege of Gaza (332 BCE)

The siege of Gaza, as part of the Wars of Alexander the Great, took place in October of 332 BCE.

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Siege of Halicarnassus

The siege of Halicarnassus was fought between Alexander the Great and the Achaemenid Persian Empire in 334 BC.

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Siege of Miletus

The siege of Miletus was Alexander the Great's first siege and naval encounter with the Achaemenid Empire.

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Siege of Pelium

The siege of Pelium was undertaken by Alexander the Great against the Illyrian tribes in parts of what is modern-day Albania.

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Siege of the Sogdian Rock

The Sogdian Rock or Rock of Ariamazes, a fortress located north of Bactria in Sogdiana (near Samarkand), ruled by Arimazes, was captured by the forces of Alexander the Great in the early spring of 327 BC as part of his conquest of the Achaemenid Empire.

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Siege of Tyre (332 BC)

The Siege of Tyre was orchestrated by Alexander the Great in 332 BC during his campaigns against the Persians.

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Sikandar (1941 film)

Sikandar or Sikander is a 1941 epic Bollywood film directed by Sohrab Modi and starring Prithviraj Kapoor as Alexander the Great.

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Silk Road

The Silk Road was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century.

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Sisygambis

Sisygambis (Σισύγαμβις; died 323 BCE) was the mother of Darius III of Persia, whose reign was ended during the wars of Alexander the Great.

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Siwa Oasis

The Siwa Oasis (واحة سيوة) is an urban oasis in Egypt.

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Skirmisher

Skirmishers are light infantry or light cavalry soldiers deployed as a vanguard, flank guard or rearguard to screen a tactical position or a larger body of friendly troops from enemy advances.

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Slavery

Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour.

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Socrates

Socrates (– 399 BC) was a Greek philosopher from Athens who is credited as the founder of Western philosophy and as among the first moral philosophers of the ethical tradition of thought.

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Sogdia

Sogdia or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilization between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya, and in present-day Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan.

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Sohrab Modi

Sohrab Merwanji Modi (2 November 1897 – 28 January 1984) was an Indian stage and film actor, director and producer.

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Somatophylakes

Somatophylakes (Σωματοφύλακες; singular: somatophylax, σωματοφύλαξ) were the bodyguards of high-ranking people in ancient Greece.

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South Asia

South Asia is the southern subregion of Asia, which is defined in both geographical and ethnic-cultural terms.

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Speusippus

Speusippus (Σπεύσιππος; c. 408 – 339/8 BC) was an ancient Greek philosopher.

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Spherical Earth

Spherical Earth or Earth's curvature refers to the approximation of the figure of the Earth as a sphere.

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Sphinx

A sphinx (σφίγξ,; phíx,; or sphinges) is a mythical creature with the head of a human, the body of a lion, and the wings of an eagle.

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Spitamenes

Spitamenes (Old Persian Spitamana; Greek Σπιταμένης; 370 BC – 328 BC) was a Sogdian warlord and the leader of the uprising in Sogdiana and Bactria against Alexander the Great, King of Macedon, in 329 BC.

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Spondylitis

Spondylitis is an inflammation of the vertebrae.

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Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka, historically known as Ceylon, and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia.

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Stagira (ancient city)

Stagira, Stagirus, or Stageira (Στάγειρα or Στάγειρος) was an ancient Greek city located near the eastern coast of the peninsula of Chalkidice, which is now part of the Greek province of Central Macedonia.

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Stateira (wife of Alexander the Great)

Stateira (Στάτειρα; died 323 BC), possibly also known as Homa, was the daughter of Stateira and Darius III of Persia. Alexander the Great and Stateira (wife of Alexander the Great) are 323 BC deaths.

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Stater

The stater (στατήρ, |statḗr|weight) was an ancient coin used in various regions of Greece.

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Steven Pressfield

Steven Pressfield (born September 1, 1943) is an American author of historical fiction, nonfiction, and screenplays, including his 1995 novel The Legend of Bagger Vance and 2002 nonfiction book The War of Art.

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Suda

The Suda or Souda (Soûda; Suidae Lexicon) is a large 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia of the ancient Mediterranean world, formerly attributed to an author called Soudas (Σούδας) or Souidas (Σουίδας).

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SUNY Press

The State University of New York Press (more commonly referred to as the SUNY Press) is a university press affiliated with the State University of New York system.

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Susa

Susa (Middle translit; Middle and Neo-translit; Neo-Elamite and Achaemenid translit; Achaemenid translit; شوش; שׁוּשָׁן; Σοῦσα; ܫܘܫ; 𐭮𐭥𐭱𐭩 or 𐭱𐭥𐭮; 𐏂𐎢𐏁𐎠) was an ancient city in the lower Zagros Mountains about east of the Tigris, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers in Iran.

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Susa weddings

The Susa weddings were arranged by Alexander the Great in 324 BCE, shortly after he conquered the Achaemenid Empire.

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Swat District

Swat District (سوات ولسوالۍ), also known as the Swat Valley, is a district in the Malakand Division of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.

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Syncretism

Syncretism is the practice of combining different beliefs and various schools of thought.

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Synoecism

Synoecism or synecism (συνοικισμóς, sunoikismos), also spelled synoikism, was originally the amalgamation of villages in Ancient Greece into poleis, or city-states.

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Syr Darya

The Syr Darya, historically known as the Jaxartes (Ἰαξάρτης), is a river in Central Asia.

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Syriac language

The Syriac language (Leššānā Suryāyā), also known natively in its spoken form in early Syriac literature as Edessan (Urhāyā), the Mesopotamian language (Nahrāyā) and Aramaic (Aramāyā), is an Eastern Middle Aramaic dialect. Classical Syriac is the academic term used to refer to the dialect's literary usage and standardization, distinguishing it from other Aramaic dialects also known as 'Syriac' or 'Syrian'.

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Tajikistan

Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia.

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Tarsus, Mersin

Tarsus (Hittite: 𒋫𒅈𒊭 Tārša; Greek Tarsós; Armenian Tarson; طَرسُوس Ṭarsūs) is a municipality and district of Mersin Province, Turkey.

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Taulantii

Taulantii or Taulantians ('swallow-men'; Ancient Greek:, or,; Taulantii) were an Illyrian people that lived on the Adriatic coast of southern Illyria (modern Albania).

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Taurus Mountains

The Taurus Mountains (Turkish: Toros Dağları or Toroslar, Greek: Ταύρος) are a mountain complex in southern Turkey, separating the Mediterranean coastal region from the central Anatolian Plateau.

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Taxila

Taxila or Takshashila (Takṣaśilā; Takkasilā) is a city in the Pothohar region of Punjab, Pakistan.

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Taxiles

Taxiles or Taxilas (Tαξίλης, Taxílēs or Ταξίλας, Taxílas lived 4th century BC) was the Greek chroniclers' name for the ruler who reigned over the tract between the Indus and the Jhelum (Hydaspes) Rivers in the Punjab region at the time of Alexander the Great's expedition.

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In Greek mythology, Temenus (Τήμενος, Tḗmenos) was a son of Aristomachus and brother of Cresphontes and Aristodemus.

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Temple of Artemis

The Temple of Artemis or Artemision (Ἀρτεμίσιον; Artemis Tapınağı), also known as the Temple of Diana, was a Greek temple dedicated to an ancient, localised form of the goddess Artemis (equalized to Diana, a Roman goddess).

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Termessos

Termessos (Greek Τερμησσός Termēssós) was a Pisidian city built at an altitude of about 1000 metres at the south-west side of Solymos Mountain (modern Güllük Dağı) in the Taurus Mountains (modern Korkuteli, Antalya Province, Turkey).

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Tetradrachm

The tetradrachm (tetrádrachmon) was a large silver coin that originated in Ancient Greece.

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Thaïs

Thaïs (Θαΐς) was a Greek who accompanied Alexander the Great on his military campaigns.

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Thalestris

According to the mythological Greek Alexander Romance, Queen Thalestris (Θάληστρις) of the Amazons brought 300 women to Alexander the Great, hoping to breed a race of children as strong and intelligent as he.

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Thasos

Thasos or Thassos (Θάσος, Thásos) is a Greek island in the North Aegean Sea.

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The Afghan Campaign

The Afghan Campaign is a historical novel by the American writer Steven Pressfield.

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The Buddha

Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha ('the awakened'), was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism.

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The Histories (Polybius)

Polybius' Histories (Ἱστορίαι Historíai) were originally written in 40 volumes, only the first five of which are extant in their entirety.

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The Nature of Alexander

The Nature of Alexander (1975) is a nonfiction work by novelist Mary Renault (1905–1983).

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The New England Journal of Medicine

The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) is a weekly medical journal published by the Massachusetts Medical Society.

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The New York Review of Books

The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semi-monthly magazine with articles on literature, culture, economics, science and current affairs.

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The Persian Boy

The Persian Boy is a 1972 historical novel written by Mary Renault and narrated by Bagoas, a young Persian from an aristocratic family who is captured by his father's enemies, castrated, and sold as a slave to king Darius III, who makes him his favourite.

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The Virtues of War

The Virtues of War is a 2004 historical fiction novel by Steven Pressfield that follows the life of Alexander the Great, told through the eyes of a Hellenic-Persian scribe serving under him during his campaigns into India.

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Thebes, Greece

Thebes (Θήβα, Thíva; Θῆβαι, Thêbai.) is a city in Boeotia, Central Greece, and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.

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Theories about Alexander the Great in the Quran

The story of Dhu al-Qarnayn (in Arabic ذو القرنين, literally "The Two-Horned One"; also transliterated as Zul-Qarnain or Zulqarnain) is mentioned in Surah al-Kahf of the Quran.

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Thermopylae

Thermopylae (Thermopylai; Ancient:, Katharevousa:; Thermopyles; "hot gates") is a narrow pass and modern town in Lamia, Phthiotis, Greece.

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Thessalus (actor)

Thessalus was an eminent tragic actor (hypocrites) in the time of Alexander the Great, whose especial favour he enjoyed, and whom he served before his accession to the throne, and afterwards accompanied on his expedition into Asia.

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Thessaly

Thessaly (translit; ancient Thessalian: Πετθαλία) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name.

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Third Macedonian War

The Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC) was a war fought between the Roman Republic and King Perseus of Macedon.

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Thrace

Thrace (Trakiya; Thráki; Trakya) is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe.

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Thracians

The Thracians (translit; Thraci) were an Indo-European speaking people who inhabited large parts of Southeast Europe in ancient history.

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Thrasyllus of Mendes

Thrasyllus of Mendes (Θράσυλλος), also known as Thrasyllus of AlexandriaLevick, Tiberius: The Politician, p. 7 and by his Roman name Tiberius Claudius ThrasyllusLevick, Tiberius: The Goat, p. 137 (fl. second half of the 1st century BC and first half of the 1st century – died 36,Holden, A History of Horoscopic Astrology, p.

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Tigris

The Tigris (see below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates.

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Tomb of Cyrus the Great

The Tomb of Cyrus the Great (Ârâmgâh-e Kuroš-e Bozorg) is the final resting place of Cyrus the Great, the founder of the ancient Achaemenid Empire.

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Trajan

Trajan (born Marcus Ulpius Traianus, adopted name Caesar Nerva Traianus; 18 September 53) was a Roman emperor from AD 98 to 117, remembered as the second of the Five Good Emperors of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty.

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Triarii

Triarii (triarius) were one of the elements of the early Roman military manipular legions of the early Roman Republic (509 BC – 107 BC).

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Tribal chief

A tribal chief, chieftain, or headman is the leader of a tribal society or chiefdom.

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Triballi

The Triballi (Triballoí, Triballi) were an ancient people who lived in northern Bulgaria in the region of Roman Oescus up to southeastern Serbia, possibly near the territory of the Morava Valley in the late Iron Age.

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Troy

Troy (translit; Trōia; 𒆳𒌷𒋫𒊒𒄿𒊭|translit.

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Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.

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Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.

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Tutoring

Tutoring is private academic help, usually provided by an expert teacher; someone with deep knowledge or defined expertise in a particular subject or set of subjects.

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Typhoid fever

Typhoid fever, also known simply as typhoid, is a disease caused by Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi bacteria, also called Salmonella typhi.

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Tyre, Lebanon

Tyre (translit; translit; Týros) or Tyr, Sur, or Sour is a city in Lebanon, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, though in medieval times for some centuries by just a small population.

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University of Illinois Press

The University of Illinois Press (UIP) is an American university press and is part of the University of Illinois system.

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University of Pittsburgh Press

The University of Pittsburgh Press is a scholarly publishing house and a major American university press, part of the University of Pittsburgh.

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Upper Mesopotamia

Upper Mesopotamia constitutes the uplands and great outwash plain of northwestern Iraq, northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey, in the northern Middle East.

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Urban planning

Urban planning, also known as town planning, city planning, regional planning, or rural planning in specific contexts, is a technical and political process that is focused on the development and design of land use and the built environment, including air, water, and the infrastructure passing into and out of urban areas, such as transportation, communications, and distribution networks, and their accessibility.

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Urdu

Urdu (اُردُو) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken chiefly in South Asia.

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Uxii

The Uxii (Οὔξιοι) were a tribal confederation of non-Iranian semi-nomadic people who lived somewhere in the Zagros Mountains.

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Uzbekistan

Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia.

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Valerio Massimo Manfredi

Valerio Massimo Manfredi (born 8 March 1943) is an Italian historian, writer, essayist, archaeologist and journalist.

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Veratrum album

Veratrum album, the false helleborine, white hellebore, European white hellebore, or white veratrum (syn. Veratrum lobelianum Bernh.) is a poisonous plant in the family Melanthiaceae.

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Vergina

Vergina (Βεργίνα, Vergína) is a small town in Northern Greece, part of Veria municipality in Imathia, Central Macedonia.

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Victoria (mythology)

In ancient Roman religion Victoria was the deified personification of victory.

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War elephant

A war elephant was an elephant that was trained and guided by humans for combat.

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Wars of the Diadochi

The Wars of the Diadochi (Πόλεμοι τῶν Διαδόχων, literally War of the Crown Princes), or Wars of Alexander's Successors, were a series of conflicts fought between the generals of Alexander the Great, known as the Diadochi, over who would rule his empire following his death.

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West Asia

West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia.

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West Nile virus

West Nile virus (WNV) is a single-stranded RNA virus that causes West Nile fever.

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Western culture

Western culture, also known as Western civilization, European civilization, Occidental culture, or Western society, includes the diverse heritages of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems, artifacts and technologies of the Western world.

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Western world

The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in the regions of Australasia, Western Europe, and Northern America; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West.

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Xerxes I

Xerxes I (– August 465 BC), commonly known as Xerxes the Great, was a Persian ruler who served as the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 486 BC until his assassination in 465 BC.

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Xerxes' pontoon bridges

Xerxes' pontoon bridges were constructed in 480 BC during the second Persian invasion of Greece (part of the Greco-Persian Wars) upon the order of Xerxes I of Persia for the purpose of Xerxes' army to traverse the Hellespont (the present-day Dardanelles) from Asia into Thrace, then also controlled by Persia (in the European part of modern Turkey).

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Yale University Press

Yale University Press is the university press of Yale University.

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Yavanajataka

The Yavanajātaka (Sanskrit: yavana 'Greek' + jātaka 'nativity'.

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Zagros Mountains

The Zagros Mountains (Kuh hā-ye Zāgros; translit; translit;; Luri: Kûya Zagrus کویا زاگرس or کوه یل زاگرس) are a long mountain range in Iran, northern Iraq, and southeastern Turkey.

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Zeus

Zeus is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion and mythology, who rules as king of the gods on Mount Olympus.

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Zoroastrianism

Zoroastrianism (Din-e Zartoshti), also known as Mazdayasna and Behdin, is an Iranian religion.

See Alexander the Great and Zoroastrianism

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_the_Great

Also known as Alejandro Magno, Aleksandar ī Hrōmāyīg, Aleksander the Great, Alex the great, Alexander III of Macedon, Alexander Macedonian, Alexander Magnus, Alexander of Macedon, Alexander of Macedonia, Alexander the Great's conquest of Persia, Alexander the Macedonian, Alexander the graet, Alexander-the-great, AlexanderTheGreat, Alexandrian period, Alexandros III of Macedon, Alexandros the Great, Alexnader the great, Aléxandros ho Mégas, Great Alexander, Iskander the Accursed, King of Asia, Letter to Darius II, Letter to Darius III, List of kings of Asia, Lord of Asia, Megas aleksandros, Sikandar E Azam, Sikandar Mahan, Sikandar-e-Azam, Sikunder, , Αλέξανδρος ο Μέγας, Μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος.

Alexander the Great, the Glossary

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