Antarctica, the Glossary
Table of Contents
522 relations: Adaptation, Adélie penguin, Adelie Land meteorite, Aftenposten, Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora, Air New Zealand, Air pollution, Alaskozetes antarcticus, Albatross, Algae, Alkali, Allan Hills 84001, American Institute of Physics, American Meteorological Society, Ammonoidea, Amundsen's South Pole expedition, Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Ancient Rome, Andes, ANSMET, Antarctic, Antarctic (ship), Antarctic Circle, Antarctic Circumpolar Current, Antarctic Convergence, Antarctic flora, Antarctic fur seal, Antarctic ice sheet, Antarctic krill, Antarctic oasis, Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctic Plateau, Antarctic Specially Protected Area, Antarctic Treaty System, Antarctopelta, Apex predator, Apuleius, Archean, Arctic, Arctic ice pack, Arctic Ocean, Aristotle, Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic, Ashgate Publishing, Astrapotheria, Astrobiology, Astrophysics, Athens, Georgia, Atlantic Ocean, Atmosphere, ... Expand index (472 more) »
- Antarctic region
- Continents
- Demilitarized zones
- Polar regions of the Earth
Adaptation
In biology, adaptation has three related meanings.
Adélie penguin
The Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) is a species of penguin common along the entire coast of the Antarctic continent, which is the only place where it is found.
See Antarctica and Adélie penguin
Adelie Land meteorite
Adelie Land is a meteorite discovered on December 5, 1912, in Antarctica by Francis Howard Bickerton (1889-1954), a member of Sir Douglas Mawson's Australasian Antarctic Expedition.
See Antarctica and Adelie Land meteorite
Aftenposten
Aftenposten (stylized as i in the masthead) is Norway's largest printed newspaper by circulation.
See Antarctica and Aftenposten
Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
The Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora is a set of environmental protection measures which were accepted at the third Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting in Brussels in 1964.
See Antarctica and Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
Air New Zealand
Air New Zealand Limited is the flag carrier of New Zealand.
See Antarctica and Air New Zealand
Air pollution
Air pollution is the contamination of air due to the presence of substances called pollutants in the atmosphere that are harmful to the health of humans and other living beings, or cause damage to the climate or to materials.
See Antarctica and Air pollution
Alaskozetes antarcticus
Alaskozetes antarcticus is a species of non-parasitic mite, known for its ability to survive in subzero temperatures.
See Antarctica and Alaskozetes antarcticus
Albatross
Albatrosses, of the biological family Diomedeidae, are large seabirds related to the procellariids, storm petrels, and diving petrels in the order Procellariiformes (the tubenoses).
Algae
Algae (alga) are any of a large and diverse group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms.
Alkali
In chemistry, an alkali (from lit) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal.
Allan Hills 84001
Allan Hills 84001 (ALH84001) is a fragment of a Martian meteorite that was found in the Allan Hills in Antarctica on December 27, 1984, by a team of American meteorite hunters from the ANSMET project.
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American Institute of Physics
The American Institute of Physics (AIP) promotes science and the profession of physics, publishes physics journals, and produces publications for scientific and engineering societies.
See Antarctica and American Institute of Physics
American Meteorological Society
The American Meteorological Society (AMS) is a scientific and professional organization in the United States promoting and disseminating information about the atmospheric, oceanic, and hydrologic sciences.
See Antarctica and American Meteorological Society
Ammonoidea
Ammonoids are extinct spiral shelled cephalopods comprising the subclass Ammonoidea.
Amundsen's South Pole expedition
The first ever expedition to reach the Geographic South Pole was led by the Norwegian explorer Roald Amundsen.
See Antarctica and Amundsen's South Pole expedition
Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
The Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station is a United States scientific research station at the South Pole of the Earth.
See Antarctica and Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station
Ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.
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Andes
The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America.
ANSMET
ANSMET (Antarctic Search for Meteorites) is a program funded by the Office of Polar Programs of the National Science Foundation that looks for meteorites in the Transantarctic Mountains.
Antarctic
The Antarctic (or, American English also or; commonly) is a polar region around Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. Antarctica and Antarctic are antarctic region.
Antarctic (ship)
Antarctic was a Swedish steamship built in Drammen, Norway, in 1871.
See Antarctica and Antarctic (ship)
Antarctic Circle
The Antarctic Circle is the most southerly of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of Earth. Antarctica and Antarctic Circle are antarctic region.
See Antarctica and Antarctic Circle
Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) is an ocean current that flows clockwise (as seen from the South Pole) from west to east around Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Antarctic Convergence
The Antarctic Convergence or Antarctic Polar Front is a marine belt encircling Antarctica, varying in latitude seasonally, where cold, northward-flowing Antarctic waters meet the relatively warmer waters of the sub-Antarctic.
See Antarctica and Antarctic Convergence
Antarctic flora
Antarctic flora are a distinct community of vascular plants which evolved millions of years ago on the supercontinent of Gondwana.
See Antarctica and Antarctic flora
Antarctic fur seal
The Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) is one of eight seals in the genus Arctocephalus, and one of nine fur seals in the subfamily Arctocephalinae.
See Antarctica and Antarctic fur seal
Antarctic ice sheet
The Antarctic ice sheet is a continental glacier covering 98% of the Antarctic continent, with an area of and an average thickness of over.
See Antarctica and Antarctic ice sheet
Antarctic krill
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) is a species of krill found in the Antarctic waters of the Southern Ocean.
See Antarctica and Antarctic krill
Antarctic oasis
An Antarctic oasis is a large area naturally free of snow and ice in the otherwise ice-covered continent of Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Antarctic oasis
Antarctic Peninsula
The Antarctic Peninsula, known as O'Higgins Land in Chile and Tierra de San Martín in Argentina, and originally as Graham Land in the United Kingdom and the Palmer Peninsula in the United States, is the northernmost part of mainland Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Antarctic Peninsula
Antarctic Plateau
The Antarctic Plateau, Polar Plateau or King Haakon VII Plateau is a large area of East Antarctica that extends over a diameter of about, and includes the region of the geographic South Pole and the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station.
See Antarctica and Antarctic Plateau
Antarctic Specially Protected Area
An Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) is an area on the continent of Antarctica, or on nearby islands, which is protected by scientists and several different international bodies.
See Antarctica and Antarctic Specially Protected Area
Antarctic Treaty System
The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively known as the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only continent without a native human population.
See Antarctica and Antarctic Treaty System
Antarctopelta
Antarctopelta (meaning 'Antarctic shield') is a genus of ankylosaurian dinosaur, a group of large, quadrupedal herbivores, that lived during the Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous period on what is now James Ross Island, Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Antarctopelta
Apex predator
An apex predator, also known as a top predator or superpredator, is a predator at the top of a food chain, without natural predators of its own.
See Antarctica and Apex predator
Apuleius
Apuleius (also called Lucius Apuleius Madaurensis; c. 124 – after 170) was a Numidian Latin-language prose writer, Platonist philosopher and rhetorician.
Archean
The Archean Eon (also spelled Archaean or Archæan), in older sources sometimes called the Archaeozoic, is the second of the four geologic eons of Earth's history, preceded by the Hadean Eon and followed by the Proterozoic.
Arctic
The Arctic is a polar region located at the northernmost part of Earth. Antarctica and Arctic are polar regions of the Earth.
Arctic ice pack
The Arctic ice pack is the sea ice cover of the Arctic Ocean and its vicinity.
See Antarctica and Arctic ice pack
Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five oceanic divisions. Antarctica and Arctic Ocean are extreme points of Earth.
See Antarctica and Arctic Ocean
Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.
Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic
The Armed Forces of the Argentine Republic (Fuerzas Armadas de la República Argentina) are the combined armed forces of Argentina.
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Ashgate Publishing
Ashgate Publishing was an academic book and journal publisher based in Farnham (Surrey, United Kingdom).
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Astrapotheria
Astrapotheria is an extinct order of South American and Antarctic hoofed mammals that existed from the late Paleocene to the Middle Miocene,.
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Astrobiology
Astrobiology is a scientific field within the life and environmental sciences that studies the origins, early evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe by investigating its deterministic conditions and contingent events.
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Astrophysics
Astrophysics is a science that employs the methods and principles of physics and chemistry in the study of astronomical objects and phenomena.
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Athens, Georgia
Athens is a consolidated city-county in the U.S. state of Georgia.
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Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about.
See Antarctica and Atlantic Ocean
Atmosphere
An atmosphere is a layer of gasses that envelop an astronomical object, held in place by the gravity of the object.
Australian Antarctic Division
The Australian Antarctic Division (AAD) is a division of the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water.
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Australian Government
The Australian Government, also known as the Commonwealth Government or the Federal Government, is the national executive government of the Commonwealth of Australia, a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy.
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Australian Institute of International Affairs
The Australian Institute of International Affairs (AIIA) is an Australian research institute and think tank which focuses on International relations.
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Axel Heiberg Glacier
The Axel Heiberg Glacier in Antarctica is a valley glacier, long, descending from the high elevations of the Antarctic Plateau into the Ross Ice Shelf (nearly at sea level) between the Herbert Range and Mount Don Pedro Christophersen in the Queen Maud Mountains.
See Antarctica and Axel Heiberg Glacier
Balleny Islands
The Balleny Islands are a series of uninhabited islands in the Southern Ocean extending from 66°15' to 67°35'S and 162°30' to 165°00'E.
See Antarctica and Balleny Islands
Bay of Whales
The Bay of Whales was a natural ice harbour, or iceport, indenting the front of the Ross Ice Shelf just north of Roosevelt Island, Antarctica, at the southernmost point of the world's ocean.
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Børge Ousland
Børge Ousland (born 31 May 1962) is a Norwegian polar explorer.
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Beardmore Glacier
The Beardmore Glacier in Antarctica is one of the largest valley glaciers in the world, being long and having a width of.
See Antarctica and Beardmore Glacier
Belgica antarctica
Belgica antarctica, the Antarctic midge, is a species of flightless midge, endemic to the continent of Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Belgica antarctica
Bellingshausen Station
Bellingshausen Station (Russian: станция Беллинсгаузен) is a Russian (formerly Soviet) Antarctic station at Collins Harbour, on King George Island of the South Shetland Islands.
See Antarctica and Bellingshausen Station
Bennettitales
Bennettitales (also known as cycadeoids) is an extinct order of seed plants that first appeared in the Permian period and became extinct in most areas toward the end of the Cretaceous.
See Antarctica and Bennettitales
Bibliotheca Teubneriana
The Bibliotheca Teubneriana, or Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana, also known as Teubner editions of Greek and Latin texts, comprise one of the most thorough modern collections published of ancient (and some medieval) Greco-Roman literature.
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Biologist
A biologist is a scientist who conducts research in biology.
Biomedical scientist
A biomedical scientist is a scientist trained in biology, particularly in the context of medical laboratory sciences or laboratory medicine.
See Antarctica and Biomedical scientist
Blue ice (glacial)
Blue ice occurs when snow falls on a glacier, is compressed, and becomes part of the glacier.
See Antarctica and Blue ice (glacial)
Blue whale
The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is a marine mammal and a baleen whale.
Blue-ice area
A blue-ice area is an ice-covered area of Antarctica where wind-driven snow transport and sublimation result in net mass loss from the ice surface in the absence of melting, forming a blue surface that contrasts with the more common white Antarctic surface.
See Antarctica and Blue-ice area
Brazilian Antarctica
Brazilian Antarctica (Antártida Brasileira or Antártica Brasileira) is the Antarctic territory south of 60°S, and from 28°W to 53°W, proposed as "Zone of Interest" by geopolitical scholar Therezinha de Castro.
See Antarctica and Brazilian Antarctica
Brill Publishers
Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.
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Brine
Brine (or briny water) is water with a high-concentration solution of salt (typically sodium chloride or calcium chloride).
British Antarctic Survey
The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) is the United Kingdom's national polar research institute.
See Antarctica and British Antarctic Survey
Brunt Ice Shelf
The Brunt Ice Shelf borders the Antarctic coast of Coats Land between Dawson-Lambton Glacier and Stancomb-Wills Glacier Tongue.
See Antarctica and Brunt Ice Shelf
Bryophyte
Bryophytes are a group of land plants, sometimes treated as a taxonomic division, that contains three groups of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts, and mosses.
Buellia frigida
Buellia frigida is a species of saxicolous (rock-dwelling), crustose lichen in the family Caliciaceae.
See Antarctica and Buellia frigida
Cambrian
The Cambrian is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, and the Phanerozoic Eon.
Cambridge Scholars Publishing
Cambridge Scholars Publishing (CSP) is an academic book publisher based in Newcastle upon Tyne, England.
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Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
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Cape Adare
Cape Adare is a prominent cape of black basalt forming the northern tip of the Adare Peninsula and the north-easternmost extremity of Victoria Land, East Antarctica.
Captaincy General of Chile
The General Captaincy of Chile (Capitanía General de Chile), Governorate of Chile, or Kingdom of Chile, was a territory of the Spanish Empire from 1541 to 1818 that was, initially, part of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
See Antarctica and Captaincy General of Chile
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.
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Carboniferous
The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Permian Period, Ma.
See Antarctica and Carboniferous
Carl Anton Larsen
Carl Anton Larsen (7 August 1860 – 8 December 1924) was a Norwegian-born whaler and Antarctic explorer who made important contributions to the exploration of Antarctica, the most significant being the first discovery of fossils for which he received the Back Grant from the Royal Geographical Society.
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Caroline Mikkelsen
Caroline Mikkelsen (20 November 1906.
See Antarctica and Caroline Mikkelsen
Cartography
Cartography (from χάρτης chartēs, 'papyrus, sheet of paper, map'; and γράφειν graphein, 'write') is the study and practice of making and using maps.
See Antarctica and Cartography
Catalysis
Catalysis is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst.
Census of Marine Life
The Census of Marine Life was a 10-year, US $650 million scientific initiative, involving a global network of researchers in more than 80 nations, engaged to assess and explain the diversity, distribution, and abundance of life in the oceans.
See Antarctica and Census of Marine Life
Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.
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Cetacea
Cetacea is an infraorder of aquatic mammals belonging to the order Artiodactyla that includes whales, dolphins and porpoises.
Channel (geography)
In physical geography and hydrology, a channel is a landform on which a relatively narrow body of water is situated, such as a river, river delta or strait.
See Antarctica and Channel (geography)
Chapman & Hall
Chapman & Hall is an imprint owned by CRC Press, originally founded as a British publishing house in London in the first half of the 19th century by Edward Chapman and William Hall.
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Charismatic megafauna
Charismatic megafauna are animal species that are large—in the relevant category that they represent—with symbolic value or widespread popular appeal, and are often used by environmental activists to gain public support for environmentalist goals.
See Antarctica and Charismatic megafauna
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V (Ghent, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.
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Charles Wilkes
Charles Wilkes (April 3, 1798 – February 8, 1877) was an American naval officer, ship's captain, and explorer.
See Antarctica and Charles Wilkes
Chile
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America.
Chlorofluorocarbon
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) are fully or partly halogenated hydrocarbons that contain carbon (C), hydrogen (H), chlorine (Cl), and fluorine (F), produced as volatile derivatives of methane, ethane, and propane.
See Antarctica and Chlorofluorocarbon
Chromium
Chromium is a chemical element; it has symbol Cr and atomic number 24.
Circle of latitude
A circle of latitude or line of latitude on Earth is an abstract east–west small circle connecting all locations around Earth (ignoring elevation) at a given latitude coordinate line.
See Antarctica and Circle of latitude
Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.
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Climate change
In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system.
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Climate change in Antarctica
Climate change caused by greenhouse gas emissions from human activities occurs everywhere on Earth, and while Antarctica is less vulnerable to it than any other continent, climate change in Antarctica has already been observed.
See Antarctica and Climate change in Antarctica
Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams.
Coats Land
Coats Land is a region in Antarctica which lies westward of Queen Maud Land and forms the eastern shore of the Weddell Sea, extending in a general northeast–southwest direction between 20°00′W and 36°00′W.
Colobanthus quitensis
Colobanthus quitensis, the Antarctic pearlwort, is one of two native flowering plants found in the Antarctic region.
See Antarctica and Colobanthus quitensis
Colossal squid
The colossal squid (Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni) is the largest member of its family Cranchiidae, the cockatoo or glass squids, with its second largest member being Megalocranchia fisheri.
See Antarctica and Colossal squid
Conifer
Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms.
Consensus decision-making
Consensus decision-making or consensus process (often abbreviated to consensus) is a group decision-making process in which participants develop and decide on proposals with the goal of achieving broad acceptance, defined by its terms as form of consensus.
See Antarctica and Consensus decision-making
Continent
A continent is any of several large geographical regions. Antarctica and continent are continents.
Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, also known as the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, and CCAMLR, is part of the Antarctic Treaty System.
See Antarctica and Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources
Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities
The Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities (popular as CRAMRA) is a treaty that is part of the Antarctic Treaty System.
See Antarctica and Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities
Copper
Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu and atomic number 29.
Cordaitales
Cordaitales are an extinct order of gymnosperms, known from the early Carboniferous to the late Permian.
See Antarctica and Cordaitales
Cormorant
Phalacrocoracidae is a family of approximately 40 species of aquatic birds commonly known as cormorants and shags.
Cosmic microwave background
The cosmic microwave background (CMB or CMBR) is microwave radiation that fills all space in the observable universe.
See Antarctica and Cosmic microwave background
COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December 2019.
See Antarctica and COVID-19 pandemic
Craton
A craton (or; from κράτος "strength") is an old and stable part of the continental lithosphere, which consists of Earth's two topmost layers, the crust and the uppermost mantle.
Cretaceous
The Cretaceous is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya).
Cruise ship
Cruise ships are large passenger ships used mainly for vacationing.
See Antarctica and Cruise ship
Crustose lichen
Crustose lichens are lichens that form a crust which strongly adheres to the substrate (soil, rock, tree bark, etc.), making separation from the substrate impossible without destruction.
See Antarctica and Crustose lichen
Cryolophosaurus
Cryolophosaurus is a genus of large theropod dinosaur known from only a single species Cryolophosaurus ellioti, from the early Jurassic of Antarctica.
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Cryomyces antarcticus
Cryomyces antarcticus is a fungus of uncertain placement in the class Dothideomycetes, division Ascomycota.
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Cryomyces minteri
Cryomyces minteri is a fungus of uncertain placement in the class Dothideomycetes, division Ascomycota.
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Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also called Cyanobacteriota or Cyanophyta, are a phylum of autotrophic gram-negative bacteria that can obtain biological energy via oxygenic photosynthesis.
See Antarctica and Cyanobacteria
Cycad
Cycads are seed plants that typically have a stout and woody (ligneous) trunk with a crown of large, hard, stiff, evergreen and (usually) pinnate leaves.
Deschampsia antarctica
Deschampsia antarctica, the Antarctic hair grass, is one of two flowering plants native to Antarctica, the other being Colobanthus quitensis (Antarctic pearlwort).
See Antarctica and Deschampsia antarctica
Desiccation
Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying.
See Antarctica and Desiccation
Devonian
The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era during the Phanerozoic eon, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the preceding Silurian period at million years ago (Ma), to the beginning of the succeeding Carboniferous period at Ma.
Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II
The year 2012 marked the Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II being the 60th anniversary of the accession of Queen Elizabeth II on 6 February 1952.
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Dicroidium
Dicroidium is an extinct genus of fork-leaved seed plants.
Dome A
Dome A or Dome Argus is the highest ice dome on the Antarctic Plateau, located inland. Antarctica and dome A are extreme points of Earth.
Douglas Mawson
Sir Douglas Mawson (5 May 1882 – 14 October 1958) was a British-born Australian geologist, Antarctic explorer, and academic.
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Drake Passage
The Drake Passage is the body of water between South America's Cape Horn, Chile, Argentina, and the South Shetland Islands of Antarctica. Antarctica and Drake Passage are antarctic region.
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Dumoulin Islands
The Dumoulin Islands are a small group of rocky islands in the Antarctic region at the northeast end of the Géologie Archipelago, north of Astrolabe Glacier Tongue.
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Early Triassic
The Early Triassic is the first of three epochs of the Triassic Period of the geologic timescale.
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Earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.
East Antarctic Ice Sheet
The East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) lies between 45° west and 168° east longitudinally.
See Antarctica and East Antarctic Ice Sheet
East Antarctica
East Antarctica, also called Greater Antarctica, constitutes the majority (two-thirds) of the Antarctic continent, lying primarily in the Eastern Hemisphere south of the Indian Ocean, and separated from West Antarctica by the Transantarctic Mountains.
See Antarctica and East Antarctica
Eastern Hemisphere
The Eastern Hemisphere is the half of the planet Earth which is east of the prime meridian (which crosses Greenwich, London, United Kingdom) and west of the antimeridian (which crosses the Pacific Ocean and relatively little land from pole to pole).
See Antarctica and Eastern Hemisphere
Ecosystem
An ecosystem (or ecological system) is a system that environments and their organisms form through their interaction.
Edgeworth David
Sir Tannatt William Edgeworth David (28 January 1858 – 28 August 1934) was a Welsh Australian geologist and Antarctic explorer.
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Edward Bransfield
Edward Bransfield (c. 1785 – 31 October 1852) was an Irish sailor who became an officer in the British Royal Navy, serving as a master on several ships, after being impressed into service in Ireland at the age of 18.
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Eileen R. McSaveney
Eileen R. McSaveney (born 1944) is an American, naturalised New Zealander, geologist known for being part of the first all-women science team to Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Eileen R. McSaveney
Elevation
The elevation of a geographic ''location'' is its height above or below a fixed reference point, most commonly a reference geoid, a mathematical model of the Earth's sea level as an equipotential gravitational surface (see Geodetic datum § Vertical datum).
Elizabeth II
Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary; 21 April 19268 September 2022) was Queen of the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms from 6 February 1952 until her death in 2022.
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Ellsworth Mountains
The Ellsworth Mountains are the highest mountain ranges in Antarctica, forming a long and wide chain of mountains in a north to south configuration on the western margin of the Ronne Ice Shelf in Marie Byrd Land.
See Antarctica and Ellsworth Mountains
Elsevier
Elsevier is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content.
Emilio Palma
Emilio Marcos Des Palma Morella (born 7 January 1978) is an Argentine man who was the first documented person born on the continent of Antarctica.
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Emperor penguin
The emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is the tallest and heaviest of all living penguin species and is endemic to Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Emperor penguin
Endemism
Endemism is the state of a species only being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere.
Enderby Land
Enderby Land is a projecting landmass of Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Enderby Land
Endolith
An endolith or endolithic is an organism (archaeon, bacterium, fungus, lichen, algae or amoeba) that is able to acquire the necessary resources for growth in the inner part of a rock, mineral, coral, animal shells, or in the pores between mineral grains of a rock.
Eocene
The Eocene is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (Ma).
Equator
The equator is a circle of latitude that divides a spheroid, such as Earth, into the Northern and Southern hemispheres.
Equisetidae
Equisetidae is one of the four subclasses of Polypodiopsida (ferns), a group of vascular plants with a fossil record going back to the Devonian.
See Antarctica and Equisetidae
Equisetum
Equisetum (horsetail, marestail, snake grass, puzzlegrass) is the only living genus in Equisetaceae, a family of vascular plants that reproduce by spores rather than seeds.
Ernest Shackleton
Sir Ernest Henry Shackleton (15 February 1874 – 5 January 1922) was an Anglo-Irish Antarctic explorer who led three British expeditions to the Antarctic.
See Antarctica and Ernest Shackleton
Esperanza Base
Esperanza Base (Base Esperanza, 'Hope Base') is a permanent, all-year-round Argentine research station in Hope Bay, Trinity Peninsula (in Graham Land on the Antarctic Peninsula).
See Antarctica and Esperanza Base
Etymology
Etymology (The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the scientific study of words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time".) is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of a word's semantic meaning across time, including its constituent morphemes and phonemes.
Europa (moon)
Europa, or Jupiter II, is the smallest of the four Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter, and the sixth-closest to the planet of all the 95 known moons of Jupiter.
See Antarctica and Europa (moon)
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. Antarctica and Europe are continents.
European maritime exploration of Australia
The maritime European exploration of Australia consisted of several waves of European seafarers who sailed the edges of the Australian continent.
See Antarctica and European maritime exploration of Australia
Extraterrestrial life, alien life, or colloquially simply aliens, is life which does not originate from Earth.
See Antarctica and Extraterrestrial life
Extremophile
An extremophile is an organism that is able to live (or in some cases thrive) in extreme environments, i.e., environments with conditions approaching or stretching the limits of what known life can adapt to, such as extreme temperature, pressure, radiation, salinity, or pH level.
See Antarctica and Extremophile
Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
Faddey Faddeyevich Bellingshausen or Fabian Gottlieb Benjamin von Bellingshausen (–) was a Russian cartographer, explorer, and naval officer of Baltic German descent, who attained the rank of admiral.
See Antarctica and Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen
Fault (geology)
In geology, a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movements.
See Antarctica and Fault (geology)
Feedback
Feedback occurs when outputs of a system are routed back as inputs as part of a chain of cause-and-effect that forms a circuit or loop.
Fimbul Ice Shelf
The Fimbul Ice Shelf is an Antarctic ice shelf about long and wide, nourished by Jutulstraumen Glacier, bordering the coast of Queen Maud Land from 3°W to 3°E.
See Antarctica and Fimbul Ice Shelf
First Russian Antarctic Expedition
The First Russian Antarctic Expedition took place in 1819–1821 under the direction of Fabian Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev.
See Antarctica and First Russian Antarctic Expedition
Flora
Flora (floras or florae) is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous) native plants. The corresponding term for animals is fauna, and for fungi, it is funga.
Flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae, commonly called angiosperms.
See Antarctica and Flowering plant
Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
The Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) is the ministry of foreign affairs and a ministerial department of the Government of the United Kingdom.
See Antarctica and Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office
Fram (ship)
Fram ("Forward") is a ship that was used in expeditions of the Arctic and Antarctic regions by the Norwegian explorers Fridtjof Nansen, Otto Sverdrup, Oscar Wisting, and Roald Amundsen between 1893 and 1912.
See Antarctica and Fram (ship)
Frank Wild
John Robert Francis Wild (18 April 1873 – 19 August 1939) was an English sailor and explorer.
Fremouw Formation
The Fremouw Formation is a Triassic-age rock formation in the Transantarctic Mountains of Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Fremouw Formation
Fresh water
Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids.
See Antarctica and Fresh water
Fungus
A fungus (fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.
Fur
Fur is a thick growth of hair that covers the skin of almost all mammals.
Fur seal
Fur seals are any of nine species of pinnipeds belonging to the subfamily Arctocephalinae in the family Otariidae.
Gaius Julius Hyginus
Gaius Julius Hyginus (64 BC – AD 17) was a Latin author, a pupil of the scholar Alexander Polyhistor, and a freedman of Caesar Augustus.
See Antarctica and Gaius Julius Hyginus
Gannett
Gannett Co., Inc. is an American mass media holding company headquartered in New York City.
General journal
A general journal is a daybook or subsidiary journal in which transactions relating to adjustment entries, opening stock, depreciation, accounting errors etc.
See Antarctica and General journal
Genus
Genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses.
Geoffrey Chaucer
Geoffrey Chaucer (– 25 October 1400) was an English poet, author, and civil servant best known for The Canterbury Tales.
See Antarctica and Geoffrey Chaucer
Geological Society of America
The Geological Society of America (GSA) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the advancement of the geosciences.
See Antarctica and Geological Society of America
Geological Society of America Bulletin
The Geological Society of America Bulletin (until 1960 called The Bulletin of the Geological Society of America and also commonly referred to as GSA Bulletin) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that has been published by the Geological Society of America since 1890.
See Antarctica and Geological Society of America Bulletin
Geological Society of London
The Geological Society of London, known commonly as the Geological Society, is a learned society based in the United Kingdom.
See Antarctica and Geological Society of London
Geologist
A geologist is a scientist who studies the structure, composition, and history of Earth.
Geology
Geology is a branch of natural science concerned with the Earth and other astronomical objects, the rocks of which they are composed, and the processes by which they change over time.
George J. Dufek
George John Dufek (10 February 1903, Rockford, Illinois – 10 February 1977, Bethesda, Maryland) was an American naval officer, naval aviator, and polar expert.
See Antarctica and George J. Dufek
Georgia (U.S. state)
Georgia, officially the State of Georgia, is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.
See Antarctica and Georgia (U.S. state)
Geothermal energy
Geothermal energy is thermal energy extracted from the Earth's crust.
See Antarctica and Geothermal energy
Ginkgo
Ginkgo is a genus of non-flowering seed plants.
Ginkgoopsida
Ginkgoopsida is a proposed class of gymnosperms defined by Sergei V. Meyen in 1984 to encompass Ginkgoales (which contains the living Ginkgo) alongside a number of extinct seed plant groups, which he considered to be closely related based on similarities of morphology of pollen, seeds, cuticles, short shoots and leaves.
See Antarctica and Ginkgoopsida
Glacialisaurus
Glacialisaurus is a genus of sauropodomorph dinosaur.
See Antarctica and Glacialisaurus
Glaciology
Glaciology is the scientific study of glaciers, or, more generally, ice and natural phenomena that involve ice.
Glossopteridales
Glossopteridales is an extinct order of seed plants, known from the Permian of Gondwana.
See Antarctica and Glossopteridales
Glossopteris
Glossopteris (etymology: from Ancient Greek γλῶσσα (glôssa, " tongue ") + πτερίς (pterís, " fern ")) is the largest and best-known genus of the extinct Permian order of seed plants known as Glossopteridales (also known as Arberiales, Ottokariales, or Dictyopteridiales).
See Antarctica and Glossopteris
Godthul
Godthul (Buen Arroyo) is a bay long entered between Cape George and Long Point, on the east side of Barff Peninsula on the north coast of South Georgia Island.
Gold
Gold is a chemical element; it has symbol Au (from the Latin word aurum) and atomic number 79.
Gondwana
Gondwana was a large landmass, sometimes referred to as a supercontinent.
Gondwanatheria
Gondwanatheria is an extinct group of mammaliaforms that lived in parts of Gondwana, including Madagascar, India, South America, Africa, and Antarctica during the Upper Cretaceous through the Paleogene (and possibly much earlier, if Allostaffia is a member of this group).
See Antarctica and Gondwanatheria
Governorate of Terra Australis
The Governorate of Terra Australis or Governorate of Pedro Sancho de la Hoz was a Spanish Governorate of the Crown of Castile created in 1539 which was granted to Pedro Sánchez de la Hoz and consisted in all the territories to the south of the Strait of Magellan until the South Pole, and, to the east and west, the borders were the ones specified in the treaties of Tordesillas and Zaragoza, respectively.
See Antarctica and Governorate of Terra Australis
Greek language
Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.
See Antarctica and Greek language
Greenpeace
Greenpeace is an independent global campaigning network, founded in Canada in 1971 by a group of environmental activists.
Ground-penetrating radar
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical method that uses radar pulses to image the subsurface.
See Antarctica and Ground-penetrating radar
Grytviken
Grytviken is a hamlet on South Georgia in the South Atlantic and formerly a whaling station and the largest settlement on the island. Antarctica and Grytviken are antarctic region.
Gull
Gulls, or colloquially seagulls, are seabirds of the family Laridae in the suborder Lari.
Hakluyt Society
The Hakluyt Society is a text publication society, founded in 1846 and based in London, England, which publishes scholarly editions of primary records of historic voyages, travels and other geographical material.
See Antarctica and Hakluyt Society
Halley Research Station
Halley Research Station is a research facility in Antarctica on the Brunt Ice Shelf operated by the British Antarctic Survey (BAS).
See Antarctica and Halley Research Station
Hanson Formation
The Hanson Formation (also known as the Shafer Peak Formation) is a geologic formation on Mount Kirkpatrick and north Victoria Land, Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Hanson Formation
Horlick Mountains
The Horlick Mountains are a mountain group in the Transantarctic Mountains of Antarctica, lying eastward of Reedy Glacier and including the Wisconsin Range, Long Hills and Ohio Range.
See Antarctica and Horlick Mountains
Hughes Bay
Hughes Bay is a bay lying between Cape Sterneck and Cape Murray along the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula.
Husvik
Husvik is a former whaling station on the north-central coast of South Georgia Island.
Hydrocarbon
In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
See Antarctica and Hydrocarbon
Ice age
An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
Ice sheet
In glaciology, an ice sheet, also known as a continental glacier, is a mass of glacial ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than.
Ice shelf
An ice shelf is a large platform of glacial ice floating on the ocean, fed by one or multiple tributary glaciers.
Ice stream
An ice stream is a region of fast-moving ice within an ice sheet.
IceCube Neutrino Observatory
The IceCube Neutrino Observatory (or simply IceCube) is a neutrino observatory developed by the University of Wisconsin–Madison and constructed at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station in Antarctica.
See Antarctica and IceCube Neutrino Observatory
Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing (IUU) is an issue around the world.
See Antarctica and Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing
Imperial Russian Navy
The Imperial Russian Navy operated as the navy of the Russian Tsardom and later the Russian Empire from 1696 to 1917.
See Antarctica and Imperial Russian Navy
Imperobator
Imperobator ("powerful warrior") is a genus of paravian theropod, a group of large, three-toed carnivorous dinosaurs, that lived during the Maastrichtian age of the Late Cretaceous period in what is now James Ross Island in Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Imperobator
Index of Antarctica-related articles
This is an alphabetical index of all articles related to the continent of Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Index of Antarctica-related articles
Indian Ocean
The Indian Ocean is the third-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, covering or approx.
See Antarctica and Indian Ocean
Indian subcontinent
The Indian subcontinent is a physiographical region in Southern Asia, mostly situated on the Indian Plate, projecting southwards into the Indian Ocean from the Himalayas. Antarctica and Indian subcontinent are continents.
See Antarctica and Indian subcontinent
Ingrid Christensen
Ingrid Christensen (10 October 1891 – 18 June 1976) was an early polar explorer.
See Antarctica and Ingrid Christensen
Instituto Antártico Argentino
The Instituto Antártico Argentino (Argentine Antarctic Institute, abbrevriated IAA) is the Argentine federal agency in charge of orientating, controlling, addressing and performing scientific and technical research and studies in the Antarctic.
See Antarctica and Instituto Antártico Argentino
International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators
The International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO) was founded in 1991 by seven companies.
See Antarctica and International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators
International Polar Year
The International Polar Years (IPY) are collaborative, international efforts with intensive research focus on the polar regions.
See Antarctica and International Polar Year
International Whaling Commission
The International Whaling Commission (IWC) is a specialised regional fishery management organisation, established under the terms of the 1946 International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) to "provide for the proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry".
See Antarctica and International Whaling Commission
Internet Archive
The Internet Archive is an American nonprofit digital library founded in 1996 by Brewster Kahle.
See Antarctica and Internet Archive
Invasive species
An invasive species is an introduced species that harms its new environment.
See Antarctica and Invasive species
Invertebrate
Invertebrates is an umbrella term describing animals that neither develop nor retain a vertebral column (commonly known as a spine or backbone), which evolved from the notochord.
See Antarctica and Invertebrate
Iron ore
Iron ores are rocks and minerals from which metallic iron can be economically extracted.
James Clark Ross
Sir James Clark Ross (15 April 1800 – 3 April 1862) was a British Royal Navy officer and polar explorer known for his explorations of the Arctic, participating in two expeditions led by his uncle John Ross, and four led by William Edward Parry, and, in particular, for his own Antarctic expedition from 1839 to 1843.
See Antarctica and James Clark Ross
James Cook
Captain James Cook (– 14 February 1779) was a British explorer, cartographer and naval officer famous for his three voyages between 1768 and 1779 in the Pacific Ocean and to New Zealand and Australia in particular.
John Davis (sealer)
Captain John Davis (born 1784 in Surrey, England) was an American sailor and seal hunter from Connecticut, United States.
See Antarctica and John Davis (sealer)
John George Bartholomew
John George Bartholomew (22 March 1860 – 14 April 1920) was a British cartographer and geographer.
See Antarctica and John George Bartholomew
Jones & Bartlett Learning
Jones & Bartlett Learning, a division of Ascend Learning, is a scholarly publisher.
See Antarctica and Jones & Bartlett Learning
Journal of Climate
The Journal of Climate is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published semi-monthly by the American Meteorological Society.
See Antarctica and Journal of Climate
Jules Dumont d'Urville
Jules Sébastien César Dumont d'Urville (23 May 1790 – 8 May 1842) was a French explorer and naval officer who explored the south and western Pacific, Australia, New Zealand, and Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Jules Dumont d'Urville
Jupiter
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System.
Jurassic
The Jurassic is a geologic period and stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya.
Katabatic wind
A katabatic wind (named) carries high-density air from a higher elevation down a slope under the force of gravity.
See Antarctica and Katabatic wind
Kerguelen Plateau
The Kerguelen Plateau, also known as the Kerguelen–Heard Plateau, is an oceanic plateau and large igneous province (LIP) located on the Antarctic Plate, in the southern Indian Ocean.
See Antarctica and Kerguelen Plateau
Keystone species
A keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance.
See Antarctica and Keystone species
King Edward Point
King Edward Point (also known as KEP) is a permanent British Antarctic Survey research station on South Georgia island and is the capital of the British Overseas Territory of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands.
See Antarctica and King Edward Point
King George Island (South Shetland Islands)
King George Island (Argentinian Spanish: Isla 25 de Mayo, Chilean Spanish: Isla Rey Jorge, Russian: Ватерло́о Vaterloo) is the largest of the South Shetland Islands, lying off the coast of Antarctica in the Southern Ocean.
See Antarctica and King George Island (South Shetland Islands)
Krill
Krill (Euphausiids), (krill) are small and exclusively marine crustaceans of the order Euphausiacea, found in all the world's oceans.
La Meseta Formation
The La Meseta Formation is a sedimentary sequence deposited during the Eocene on Seymour Island off the coast of the Antarctic Peninsula.
See Antarctica and La Meseta Formation
Lake
A lake is an often naturally occurring, relatively large and fixed body of water on or near the Earth's surface.
Lake Fryxell
Lake Fryxell is a frozen lake long, between Canada Glacier and Commonwealth Glaciers at the lower end of Taylor Valley in Victoria Land, Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Lake Fryxell
Lake Untersee
Lake Untersee (Untersee, "Lower Lake") is the largest surface freshwater lake in the interior of the Gruber Mountains of central Queen Maud Land in East Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Lake Untersee
Lake Vostok
Lake Vostok (ozero Vostok) is the largest of Antarctica's 675 known subglacial lakes.
See Antarctica and Lake Vostok
Larva
A larva (larvae) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into their next life stage.
Late Paleozoic icehouse
The late Paleozoic icehouse, also known as the Late Paleozoic Ice Age (LPIA) and formerly known as the Karoo ice age, was an ice age that began in the Late Devonian and ended in the Late Permian, occurring from 360 to 255 million years ago (Mya), and large land-based ice sheets were then present on Earth's surface.
See Antarctica and Late Paleozoic icehouse
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
Leith Harbour
Leith Harbour, also known as Port Leith, was a whaling station on the northeast coast of South Georgia, established and operated by Christian Salvesen Ltd, Edinburgh.
See Antarctica and Leith Harbour
Leopard seal
The leopard seal (Hydrurga leptonyx), also referred to as the sea leopard, is the second largest species of seal in the Antarctic (after the southern elephant seal).
See Antarctica and Leopard seal
Lichen
A lichen is a symbiosis of algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species, along with a yeast embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualistic relationship.
Life on Mars
The possibility of life on Mars is a subject of interest in astrobiology due to the planet's proximity and similarities to Earth.
See Antarctica and Life on Mars
Limestone
Limestone (calcium carbonate) is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime.
List of airports in Antarctica
This is an alphabetical list of airports in Antarctica, including airstrips, heliports and skiways (snow runways).
See Antarctica and List of airports in Antarctica
List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands
This is a list of Antarctic and sub-Antarctic islands.
See Antarctica and List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands
List of Antarctic expeditions
This list of Antarctica expeditions is a chronological list of expeditions involving Antarctica.
See Antarctica and List of Antarctic expeditions
List of rivers of Antarctica
This is a list of rivers of Antarctica.
See Antarctica and List of rivers of Antarctica
Litopterna
Litopterna (from λῑτή πτέρνα "smooth heel") is an extinct order of South American native ungulates that lived from the Paleocene to the end of the Pleistocene-early Holocene around 63 million-12,000 years ago, and were also present in Antarctica during the Eocene.
Lois Jones (scientist)
Lois M. Jones (September 6, 1934 – March 13, 2000) was an American geochemist who led the first all-woman science team to Antarctica in 1969.
See Antarctica and Lois Jones (scientist)
Louse
Louse (lice) is the common name for any member of the clade Phthiraptera, which contains nearly 5,000 species of wingless parasitic insects.
Lowest temperature recorded on Earth
The lowest natural temperature ever directly recorded at ground level on Earth is at the then-Soviet Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983 by ground measurements.
See Antarctica and Lowest temperature recorded on Earth
Lycophyte
The lycophytes, when broadly circumscribed, are a group of vascular plants that include the clubmosses.
Lystrosaurus
Lystrosaurus ('shovel lizard'; proper Greek is lístron ‘tool for leveling or smoothing, shovel, spade, hoe’) is an extinct genus of herbivorous dicynodont therapsids from the late Permian and Early Triassic epochs (around 250 million years ago).
See Antarctica and Lystrosaurus
Mac. Robertson Land
Mac.
See Antarctica and Mac. Robertson Land
Marchantiophyta
The Marchantiophyta are a division of non-vascular land plants commonly referred to as hepatics or liverworts.
See Antarctica and Marchantiophyta
Marie Byrd Land
Marie Byrd Land (MBL) is an unclaimed region of Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Marie Byrd Land
Marine protected area
Marine protected areas (MPAs) are protected areas of the world's seas, oceans, estuaries or in the US, the Great Lakes.
See Antarctica and Marine protected area
Marinus of Tyre
Marinus of Tyre (Μαρῖνος ὁ Τύριος, Marînos ho Týrios; 70–130) was a Greek-speaking Roman geographer, cartographer and mathematician, who founded mathematical geography and provided the underpinnings of Claudius Ptolemy's influential Geography.
See Antarctica and Marinus of Tyre
Marsupial
Marsupials are a diverse group of mammals belonging to the infraclass Marsupialia.
Matthew Flinders
Captain Matthew Flinders (16 March 1774 – 19 July 1814) was a British navigator and cartographer who led the first inshore circumnavigation of mainland Australia, then called New Holland.
See Antarctica and Matthew Flinders
McMurdo Dry Valleys
The McMurdo Dry Valleys are a row of largely snow-free valleys in Antarctica, located within Victoria Land west of McMurdo Sound.
See Antarctica and McMurdo Dry Valleys
McMurdo Station
McMurdo Station is an American Antarctic research station on the southern tip of Ross Island, which is in the New Zealand–claimed Ross Dependency on the shore of McMurdo Sound in Antarctica.
See Antarctica and McMurdo Station
Medieval Latin
Medieval Latin was the form of Literary Latin used in Roman Catholic Western Europe during the Middle Ages.
See Antarctica and Medieval Latin
Melanin
Melanin is a family of biomolecules organized as oligomers or polymers, which among other functions provide the pigments of many organisms.
Mercator Cooper
Mercator Cooper (September 29, 1803 – March 23 or April 24, 1872) was a ship's captain who is credited with the first formal American visit near Edo (now Tokyo), Japan and the first formal landing on the mainland East Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Mercator Cooper
Meridiolestida
Meridiolestida is an extinct clade of mammals known from the Cretaceous and Cenozoic of South America and possibly Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Meridiolestida
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock to new types of rock in a process called metamorphism.
See Antarctica and Metamorphic rock
Meteorite
A meteorite is a rock that originated in outer space and has fallen to the surface of a planet or moon.
Meteorology (Aristotle)
Meteorology (Greek: Μετεωρολογικά; Latin: Meteorologica or Meteora) is a treatise by Aristotle.
See Antarctica and Meteorology (Aristotle)
Methane
Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms).
Miami University
Miami University (informally Miami of Ohio or simply Miami) is a public research university in Oxford, Ohio, United States.
See Antarctica and Miami University
Middle English
Middle English (abbreviated to ME) is a form of the English language that was spoken after the Norman Conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century.
See Antarctica and Middle English
Middle French
Middle French (moyen français) is a historical division of the French language that covers the period from the mid-14th to the early 17th century.
See Antarctica and Middle French
Midge
A midge is any small fly, including species in several families of non-mosquito nematoceran Diptera.
Mikhail Lazarev
Admiral Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (Михаил Петрович Лазарев) was a Russian fleet commander and an explorer.
See Antarctica and Mikhail Lazarev
Military activity in the Antarctic
As Antarctica has never been permanently settled by humans, there has historically been little military activity in the Antarctic.
See Antarctica and Military activity in the Antarctic
Mirny (sloop-of-war)
Mirny (Russian: Ми́рный, literally "Peaceful") was a 20-gun sloop-of-war of the Imperial Russian Navy, the second ship of the First Russian Antarctic Expedition in 1819–1821, during which Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen (commander of the lead ship Vostok) and Mikhail Lazarev (commanding Mirny) circumnavigated the globe, discovered the continent of Antarctica and twice circumnavigated it, and discovered a number of islands and archipelagos in the Southern Ocean and the Pacific.
See Antarctica and Mirny (sloop-of-war)
Mite
Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods).
Model organism
A model organism (often shortened to model) is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the model organism will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.
See Antarctica and Model organism
Monarchy of Spain
The monarchy of Spain or Spanish monarchy (Monarquía Española) is the constitutional form of government of Spain.
See Antarctica and Monarchy of Spain
Montreal Protocol
The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of numerous substances that are responsible for ozone depletion.
See Antarctica and Montreal Protocol
Morphology (biology)
Morphology in biology is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.
See Antarctica and Morphology (biology)
Morrosaurus
Morrosaurus is an extinct genus of herbivorous elasmarian dinosaur that lived in the late Cretaceous in Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Morrosaurus
Moss
Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta sensu stricto.
Mount Erebus
Mount Erebus is the second-highest volcano in Antarctica (after Mount Sidley), the highest active volcano in Antarctica, and the southernmost active volcano on Earth. Antarctica and Mount Erebus are extreme points of Earth.
See Antarctica and Mount Erebus
Mount Erebus disaster
The Mount Erebus disaster occurred on 28 November 1979 when Air New Zealand Flight 901 (TE901) flew into Mount Erebus on Ross Island, Antarctica, killing all 237 passengers and 20 crew on board.
See Antarctica and Mount Erebus disaster
Mount Terror (Antarctica)
Mount Terror is an extinct volcano about high on Ross Island, Antarctica, about eastward of Mount Erebus.
See Antarctica and Mount Terror (Antarctica)
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
Nathaniel Palmer
Nathaniel Brown Palmer (August 8, 1799 – June 21, 1877) was an American seal hunter, explorer, sailing captain, and ship designer.
See Antarctica and Nathaniel Palmer
National Geographic
National Geographic (formerly The National Geographic Magazine, sometimes branded as NAT GEO) is an American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners.
See Antarctica and National Geographic
National Library of Scotland
The National Library of Scotland (NLS; Leabharlann Nàiseanta na h-Alba; Naitional Leebrar o Scotland) is one of the country's National Collections.
See Antarctica and National Library of Scotland
Natural Environment Research Council
The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) is a British research council that supports research, training and knowledge transfer activities in the environmental sciences.
See Antarctica and Natural Environment Research Council
Natural History Museum, London
The Natural History Museum in London is a museum that exhibits a vast range of specimens from various segments of natural history.
See Antarctica and Natural History Museum, London
Nature Portfolio
Nature Portfolio (formerly known as Nature Publishing Group and Nature Research) is a division of the international scientific publishing company Springer Nature that publishes academic journals, magazines, online databases, and services in science and medicine.
See Antarctica and Nature Portfolio
Nematode
The nematodes (or; Νηματώδη; Nematoda), roundworms or eelworms constitute the phylum Nematoda.
Neogene
The Neogene is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period million years ago.
Neoproterozoic
The Neoproterozoic Era is the unit of geologic time from 1 billion to 538.8 million years ago.
See Antarctica and Neoproterozoic
Net zero emissions
Global net zero emissions describes the state where emissions of greenhouse gases due to human activities, and removals of these gases, are in balance over a given period.
See Antarctica and Net zero emissions
Neutrino detector
A neutrino detector is a physics apparatus which is designed to study neutrinos.
See Antarctica and Neutrino detector
New Guinea
New Guinea (Hiri Motu: Niu Gini; Papua, fossilized Nugini, or historically Irian) is the world's second-largest island, with an area of.
New Holland (Australia)
New Holland (Nieuw-Holland) is a historical European name for mainland Australia.
See Antarctica and New Holland (Australia)
New Holland Publishers
New Holland Publishers is an Australian and New Zealand-based international publisher of non-fiction books, founded in 1955.
See Antarctica and New Holland Publishers
Nickel
Nickel is a chemical element; it has symbol Ni and atomic number 28.
Nimrod Expedition
The Nimrod Expedition of 1907–1909, otherwise known as the British Antarctic Expedition, was the first of three expeditions to the Antarctic led by Ernest Shackleton and his second time to the Continent.
See Antarctica and Nimrod Expedition
Northern Hemisphere
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator.
See Antarctica and Northern Hemisphere
Nothofagus
Nothofagus, also known as the southern beeches, is a genus of 43 species of trees and shrubs native to the Southern Hemisphere in southern South America (Chile, Argentina) and east and southeast Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and New Caledonia.
Notothenioidei
Notothenioidei is one of 19 suborders of the order Perciformes.
See Antarctica and Notothenioidei
Nuclear explosion
A nuclear explosion is an explosion that occurs as a result of the rapid release of energy from a high-speed nuclear reaction.
See Antarctica and Nuclear explosion
Oasis
In ecology, an oasis (oases) is a fertile area of a desert or semi-desert environment.
Observational astronomy
Observational astronomy is a division of astronomy that is concerned with recording data about the observable universe, in contrast with theoretical astronomy, which is mainly concerned with calculating the measurable implications of physical models.
See Antarctica and Observational astronomy
Ocean
The ocean is the body of salt water that covers approx.
Ocean Harbour
Ocean Harbour (Puerto Nueva Fortuna) is a deeply indented bay on Barff Peninsula on the north coast of South Georgia which is entered west-northwest of Tijuca point.
See Antarctica and Ocean Harbour
Old French
Old French (franceis, françois, romanz; ancien français) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France approximately between the late 8th and the mid-14th century.
Onyx River
The Onyx River is an Antarctic meltwater stream which flows westward through the Wright Valley from Wright Lower Glacier and Lake Brownworth at the foot of the glacier to Lake Vanda, during the few months of the Antarctic summer.
Operación 90
Operación 90 (Operation NINETY) was the first Argentine ground expedition to the South Pole, carried out in 1965 by ten soldiers of the Argentine Army under then-Colonel Jorge Edgard Leal.
See Antarctica and Operación 90
Optical module
An optical module is a typically hot-pluggable optical transceiver used in high-bandwidth data communications applications.
See Antarctica and Optical module
Orca
The orca (Orcinus orca), or killer whale, is a toothed whale that is the largest member of the oceanic dolphin family.
Orogeny
Orogeny is a mountain-building process that takes place at a convergent plate margin when plate motion compresses the margin.
Overfishing
Overfishing is the removal of a species of fish (i.e. fishing) from a body of water at a rate greater than that the species can replenish its population naturally (i.e. the overexploitation of the fishery's existing fish stock), resulting in the species becoming increasingly underpopulated in that area.
See Antarctica and Overfishing
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See Antarctica and Oxford University Press
Ozone
Ozone (or trioxygen) is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula.
Ozone depletion
Ozone depletion consists of two related events observed since the late 1970s: a steady lowering of about four percent in the total amount of ozone in Earth's atmosphere, and a much larger springtime decrease in stratospheric ozone (the ozone layer) around Earth's polar regions.
See Antarctica and Ozone depletion
Ozone layer
The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation.
See Antarctica and Ozone layer
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions.
See Antarctica and Pacific Ocean
Paleogene
The Paleogene Period (also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Ma.
Palgrave Macmillan
Palgrave Macmillan is a British academic and trade publishing company headquartered in the London Borough of Camden.
See Antarctica and Palgrave Macmillan
Patagonian toothfish
The Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides), also known as Chilean sea bass, mero, icefish, and Antarctic cod, is a species of notothen found in cold waters between depths of in the southern Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans and Southern Ocean on seamounts and continental shelves around most Subantarctic islands.
See Antarctica and Patagonian toothfish
Pedro de Valdivia
Pedro Gutiérrez de Valdivia or Valdiva (April 17, 1497 – December 25, 1553) was a Spanish conquistador and the first royal governor of Chile.
See Antarctica and Pedro de Valdivia
Pedro Sánchez de la Hoz
Pedro Sánchez de la Hoz or Pedro Sancho de la Hoz (1514 in Calahorra, La Rioja – 1547 in Santiago de Chile) was a Spanish merchant, conquistador and adelantado who served as secretary to Pizarro.
See Antarctica and Pedro Sánchez de la Hoz
Penguin
Penguins are a group of aquatic flightless birds from the family Spheniscidae of the order Sphenisciformes.
Penguin Books
Penguin Books Limited is a British publishing house.
See Antarctica and Penguin Books
Pensacola Mountains
The Pensacola Mountains are a large group of mountain ranges and peaks that extend in a northeast–southwest direction in the Transantarctic Mountains System, Queen Elizabeth Land region of Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Pensacola Mountains
Permian
The Permian is a geologic period and stratigraphic system which spans 47 million years from the end of the Carboniferous Period million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Triassic Period 251.902 Mya.
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Approximately 251.9 million years ago, the Permian–Triassic (P–T, P–Tr) extinction event (PTME; also known as the Late Permian extinction event, the Latest Permian extinction event, the End-Permian extinction event, and colloquially as the Great Dying) forms the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods, and with them the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.
See Antarctica and Permian–Triassic extinction event
Peter I Island
Peter I Island (Peter I Øy) is an uninhabited volcanic island in the Bellingshausen Sea, from continental Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Peter I Island
Petrel
Petrels are tube-nosed seabirds in the bird order Procellariiformes.
Petroleum reservoir
A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface accumulation of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations.
See Antarctica and Petroleum reservoir
Phanerozoic
The Phanerozoic is the current and the latest of the four geologic eons in the Earth's geologic time scale, covering the time period from 538.8 million years ago to the present.
See Antarctica and Phanerozoic
Physics Today
Physics Today is the membership magazine of the American Institute of Physics.
See Antarctica and Physics Today
Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton are the autotrophic (self-feeding) components of the plankton community and a key part of ocean and freshwater ecosystems.
See Antarctica and Phytoplankton
Pinniped
Pinnipeds (pronounced), commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic, mostly marine mammals.
Piri Reis map
The Piri Reis map is a world map compiled in 1513 by the Ottoman admiral and cartographer Piri Reis.
See Antarctica and Piri Reis map
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that Earth's lithosphere comprises a number of large tectonic plates, which have been slowly moving since 3–4 billion years ago.
See Antarctica and Plate tectonics
Platinum
Platinum is a chemical element; it has symbol Pt and atomic number 78.
PLOS One
PLOS One (stylized PLOS ONE, and formerly PLoS ONE) is a peer-reviewed open access mega journal published by the Public Library of Science (PLOS) since 2006.
Pluto
Pluto (minor-planet designation: 134340 Pluto) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune.
Poa annua
Poa annua, or annual meadow grass (known in America more commonly as annual bluegrass or simply poa), is a widespread low-growing turfgrass in temperate climates.
Polar desert
Polar deserts are the regions of Earth that fall under an ice cap climate (EF under the Köppen classification).
See Antarctica and Polar desert
Polar stratospheric cloud
Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) are clouds in the winter polar stratosphere at altitudes of.
See Antarctica and Polar stratospheric cloud
Polar vortex
A circumpolar vortex, or simply polar vortex, is a large region of cold, rotating air; polar vortices encircle both of Earth's polar regions. Antarctica and polar vortex are polar regions of the Earth.
See Antarctica and Polar vortex
Pollution
Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change.
Postimees
is an Estonian daily newspaper established on 5 June 1857, by Johann Voldemar Jannsen.
Precipitation
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls from clouds due to gravitational pull.
See Antarctica and Precipitation
Priest
A priest is a religious leader authorized to perform the sacred rituals of a religion, especially as a mediatory agent between humans and one or more deities.
Prince Charles Mountains
The Prince Charles Mountains are a major group of mountains in Mac. Robertson Land in Antarctica, including the Athos Range, the Porthos Range, and the Aramis Range.
See Antarctica and Prince Charles Mountains
Prince Olav Harbour
Prince Olav Harbour is a small harbour in the south west portion of Cook Bay, entered between Point Abrahamsen and Sheep Point, along the north coast of South Georgia.
See Antarctica and Prince Olav Harbour
Princess Elisabeth Antarctica
Princess Elisabeth Antarctica, located on Utsteinen Nunatak in Queen Maud Land, is a Belgian scientific polar research station, which went into service on 15 February 2009.
See Antarctica and Princess Elisabeth Antarctica
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal.
See Antarctica and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, also known as the Madrid Protocol, is a complementary legal instrument to the Antarctic Treaty signed in Madrid on 4 October 1991.
See Antarctica and Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
Pteridospermatophyta
Pteridospermatophyta, also called "pteridosperms" or "seed ferns" are a polyphyletic grouping of extinct seed-producing plants.
See Antarctica and Pteridospermatophyta
Pteropoda
Pteropoda (common name pteropods, from the Greek meaning "wing-foot") are specialized free-swimming pelagic sea snails and sea slugs, marine opisthobranch gastropods.
Qantas
Qantas Airways Limited, or simply Qantas, is the flag carrier of Australia, and is the largest airline by fleet size, international flights, and international destinations in Australia and Oceania.
Queen Elizabeth Land
Queen Elizabeth Land is a portion of mainland Antarctica named by the government of the United Kingdom and claimed as part of the British Antarctic Territory.
See Antarctica and Queen Elizabeth Land
Queen Maud Land
Queen Maud Land (Dronning Maud Land) is a roughly region of Antarctica claimed by Norway as a dependent territory.
See Antarctica and Queen Maud Land
Radioactive waste
Radioactive waste is a type of hazardous waste that contains radioactive material.
See Antarctica and Radioactive waste
Rainforest
Rainforests are forests characterized by a closed and continuous tree canopy, moisture-dependent vegetation, the presence of epiphytes and lianas and the absence of wildfire.
Realm of New Zealand
The Realm of New Zealand is the area over which the monarch of New Zealand is head of state.
See Antarctica and Realm of New Zealand
Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica
The Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica (REMA) is a digital elevation model (DEM) that covers almost the entire continent of Antarctica at a resolution of less than 10 m.
See Antarctica and Reference Elevation Model of Antarctica
Refugium (population biology)
In biology, a refugium (plural: refugia) is a location which supports an isolated or relict population of a once more widespread species.
See Antarctica and Refugium (population biology)
Remote sensing
Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object, in contrast to in situ or on-site observation.
See Antarctica and Remote sensing
Research station
Research stations are facilities where scientific investigation, collection, analysis and experimentation occurs.
See Antarctica and Research station
Research stations in Antarctica
Multiple governments have set up permanent research stations in Antarctica and these bases are widely distributed.
See Antarctica and Research stations in Antarctica
Richard E. Byrd
Richard Evelyn Byrd Jr. (October 25, 1888 – March 11, 1957), an American naval officer, was a pioneering American aviator, polar explorer, and organizer of polar logistics.
See Antarctica and Richard E. Byrd
Roald Amundsen
Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (16 July 1872 –) was a Norwegian explorer of polar regions.
See Antarctica and Roald Amundsen
Robert Falcon Scott
Captain Robert Falcon Scott (6 June 1868 – c. 29 March 1912) was a British Royal Navy officer and explorer who led two expeditions to the Antarctic regions: the ''Discovery'' expedition of 1901–04 and the ''Terra Nova'' expedition of 1910–13.
See Antarctica and Robert Falcon Scott
Romanization
In linguistics, romanization is the conversion of text from a different writing system to the Roman (Latin) script, or a system for doing so.
See Antarctica and Romanization
Ross Dependency
The Ross Dependency is a region of Antarctica defined by a sector originating at the South Pole, passing along longitudes 160° east to 150° west, and terminating at latitude 60° south.
See Antarctica and Ross Dependency
Ross Ice Shelf
The Ross Ice Shelf is the largest ice shelf of Antarctica (an area of roughly and about across: about the size of France).
See Antarctica and Ross Ice Shelf
Ross Island
Ross Island is an island in Antarctica lying on the east side of McMurdo Sound and extending from Cape Bird in the north to Cape Armitage in the south, and a similar distance from Cape Royds in the west to Cape Crozier in the east.
See Antarctica and Ross Island
Ross Sea
The Ross Sea is a deep bay of the Southern Ocean in Antarctica, between Victoria Land and Marie Byrd Land and within the Ross Embayment, and is the southernmost sea on Earth. Antarctica and Ross Sea are antarctic region.
Rotifer
The rotifers (from the Latin rota, "wheel", and -fer, "bearing"), commonly called wheel animals or wheel animalcules, make up a phylum (Rotifera) of microscopic and near-microscopic pseudocoelomate animals.
Routledge
Routledge is a British multinational publisher.
Royal Navy
The Royal Navy (RN) is the naval warfare force of the United Kingdom, British Overseas Territories and Crown Dependencies, and a component of His Majesty's Naval Service.
Royal Society
The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences.
See Antarctica and Royal Society
Royal Society Te Apārangi
The Royal Society Te Apārangi (in full, Royal Society of New Zealand) is a not-for-profit body in New Zealand providing funding and policy advice in the fields of sciences and the humanities.
See Antarctica and Royal Society Te Apārangi
Russian Orthodox Church
The Russian Orthodox Church (ROC; Russkaya pravoslavnaya tserkov', abbreviated as РПЦ), alternatively legally known as the Moscow Patriarchate (Moskovskiy patriarkhat), is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Christian church.
See Antarctica and Russian Orthodox Church
Salt lake
A salt lake or saline lake is a landlocked body of water that has a concentration of salts (typically sodium chloride) and other dissolved minerals significantly higher than most lakes (often defined as at least three grams of salt per litre).
Sandstone
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains, cemented together by another mineral.
Santiago
Santiago, also known as Santiago de Chile, is the capital and largest city of Chile and one of the largest cities in the Americas.
Satellite
A satellite or artificial satellite is an object, typically a spacecraft, placed into orbit around a celestial body.
Satellite imagery
Satellite images (also Earth observation imagery, spaceborne photography, or simply satellite photo) are images of Earth collected by imaging satellites operated by governments and businesses around the world.
See Antarctica and Satellite imagery
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) is an interdisciplinary body of the International Science Council (ISC).
See Antarctica and Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research
Scott Polar Research Institute
The Scott Polar Research Institute (SPRI) is a centre for research into the polar regions and glaciology worldwide.
See Antarctica and Scott Polar Research Institute
Sea cucumber
Sea cucumbers are echinoderms from the class Holothuroidea. They are marine animals with a leathery skin and an elongated body containing a single, branched gonad.
See Antarctica and Sea cucumber
Sea ice
Sea ice arises as seawater freezes.
Sea level
Mean sea level (MSL, often shortened to sea level) is an average surface level of one or more among Earth's coastal bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured.
Sea level rise
Between 1901 and 2018, the average sea level rise was, with an increase of per year since the 1970s.
See Antarctica and Sea level rise
Seal hunting
Seal hunting, or sealing, is the personal or commercial hunting of seals.
See Antarctica and Seal hunting
Sediment
Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice or by the force of gravity acting on the particles.
Shackleton Range
The Shackleton Range is a mountain range in Antarctica that rises to and extends in an east–west direction for about between the Slessor and Recovery Glaciers.
See Antarctica and Shackleton Range
Shale
Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock formed from mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolin, Al2Si2O5(OH)4) and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite.
Shield (geology)
A shield is a large area of exposed Precambrian crystalline igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks that form tectonically stable areas.
See Antarctica and Shield (geology)
Shoaling and schooling
In biology, any group of fish that stay together for social reasons are shoaling, and if the group is swimming in the same direction in a coordinated manner, they are schooling.
See Antarctica and Shoaling and schooling
Silt
Silt is granular material of a size between sand and clay and composed mostly of broken grains of quartz.
Sloop-of-war
During the 18th and 19th centuries, a sloop-of-war was a warship of the British Royal Navy with a single gun deck that carried up to 18 guns.
See Antarctica and Sloop-of-war
Smithsonian (magazine)
Smithsonian is a science and nature magazine (and associated website, SmithsonianMag.com), and is the official journal published by the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., although editorially independent from its parent organization.
See Antarctica and Smithsonian (magazine)
Snow
Snow comprises individual ice crystals that grow while suspended in the atmosphere—usually within clouds—and then fall, accumulating on the ground where they undergo further changes.
Snow algae
Snow algae are a group of freshwater micro-algae that grow in the alpine and polar regions of the Earth.
Soil quality
Soil quality refers to the condition of soil based on its capacity to perform ecosystem services that meet the needs of human and non-human life.
See Antarctica and Soil quality
Solar irradiance
Solar irradiance is the power per unit area (surface power density) received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of the measuring instrument.
See Antarctica and Solar irradiance
Solar System
The Solar SystemCapitalization of the name varies.
See Antarctica and Solar System
Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen
Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen (8 October 1913 – 25 October 1996) DIS Norge.
See Antarctica and Solveig Gunbjørg Jacobsen
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands (SGSSI) is a British Overseas Territory in the southern Atlantic Ocean. Antarctica and south Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands are antarctic region.
See Antarctica and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
South magnetic pole
The south magnetic pole, also known as the magnetic south pole, is the point on Earth's Southern Hemisphere where the geomagnetic field lines are directed perpendicular to the nominal surface. Antarctica and south magnetic pole are polar regions of the Earth.
See Antarctica and South magnetic pole
South Pole
The South Pole, also known as the Geographic South Pole or Terrestrial South Pole, is the southernmost point on Earth and lies antipodally on the opposite side of Earth from the North Pole, at a distance of 20,004 km (12,430 miles) in all directions. Antarctica and south Pole are extreme points of Earth and polar regions of the Earth.
South Shetland Islands
The South Shetland Islands are a group of Antarctic islands with a total area of.
See Antarctica and South Shetland Islands
Southern Hemisphere
The Southern Hemisphere is the half (hemisphere) of Earth that is south of the Equator.
See Antarctica and Southern Hemisphere
Southern Ocean
The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of the world ocean, generally taken to be south of 60° S latitude and encircling Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Southern Ocean
Southern Ocean overturning circulation
Southern Ocean overturning circulation (sometimes referred to as the Southern Meridional overturning circulation (SMOC) or Antarctic overturning circulation) is the southern half of a global thermohaline circulation, which connects different water basins across the global ocean.
See Antarctica and Southern Ocean overturning circulation
Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary
The Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary is an area of 50 million square kilometres surrounding the continent of Antarctica where the International Whaling Commission (IWC) has banned all types of commercial whaling.
See Antarctica and Southern Ocean Whale Sanctuary
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
See Antarctica and Soviet Union
Species diversity
Species diversity is the number of different species that are represented in a given community (a dataset).
See Antarctica and Species diversity
Spelling pronunciation
A spelling pronunciation is the pronunciation of a word according to its spelling when this differs from a longstanding standard or traditional pronunciation.
See Antarctica and Spelling pronunciation
Springer Nature
Springer Nature or the Springer Nature Group is a German-British academic publishing company created by the May 2015 merger of Springer Science+Business Media and Holtzbrinck Publishing Group's Nature Publishing Group, Palgrave Macmillan, and Macmillan Education.
See Antarctica and Springer Nature
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
See Antarctica and Springer Science+Business Media
Springtail
Springtails (Collembola) form the largest of the three lineages of modern hexapods that are no longer considered insects (the other two are the Protura and Diplura).
Squid
A squid (squid) is a mollusc with an elongated soft body, large eyes, eight arms, and two tentacles in the orders Myopsida, Oegopsida, and Bathyteuthida.
Sterling Publishing
Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. is a publisher of a broad range of subject areas, with multiple imprints and more than 5,000 titles in print.
See Antarctica and Sterling Publishing
Strait of Magellan
The Strait of Magellan, also called the Straits of Magellan, is a navigable sea route in southern Chile separating mainland South America to the north and Tierra del Fuego to the south.
See Antarctica and Strait of Magellan
Stratosphere
The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of the atmosphere of Earth, located above the troposphere and below the mesosphere.
See Antarctica and Stratosphere
Stromness, South Georgia
Stromness is an abandoned whaling station on the northern coast of South Georgia Island in the South Atlantic.
See Antarctica and Stromness, South Georgia
Studies in Mycology
Studies in Mycology is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal of mycology published by Elsevier on behalf of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences' CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre.
See Antarctica and Studies in Mycology
Subglacial lake
A subglacial lake is a lake that is found under a glacier, typically beneath an ice cap or ice sheet.
See Antarctica and Subglacial lake
Sublimation (phase transition)
Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas state, without passing through the liquid state.
See Antarctica and Sublimation (phase transition)
Supercontinent
In geology, a supercontinent is the assembly of most or all of Earth's continental blocks or cratons to form a single large landmass. Antarctica and supercontinent are continents.
See Antarctica and Supercontinent
Sustainable fishery
A conventional idea of a sustainable fishery is that it is one that is harvested at a sustainable rate, where the fish population does not decline over time because of fishing practices.
See Antarctica and Sustainable fishery
Sydney
Sydney is the capital city of the state of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia.
Synapsida
Synapsida is one of the two major clades of vertebrate animals in the group Amniota, the other being the Sauropsida (which includes reptiles and birds).
Tardigrade
Tardigrades, known colloquially as water bears or moss piglets, are a phylum of eight-legged segmented micro-animals.
Tasmanian Passage
The Tasmanian Passage, also Tasmanian Gateway or Tasmanian Seaway, is the name of ocean waters between Australia and Antarctica. Antarctica and Tasmanian Passage are antarctic region.
See Antarctica and Tasmanian Passage
Temperate climate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth.
See Antarctica and Temperate climate
Terra Australis
Terra Australis (Latin) was a hypothetical continent first posited in antiquity and which appeared on maps between the 15th and 18th centuries.
See Antarctica and Terra Australis
Terra Nova Expedition
The Terra Nova Expedition, officially the British Antarctic Expedition, was an expedition to Antarctica which took place between 1910 and 1913.
See Antarctica and Terra Nova Expedition
Terra nullius
Terra nullius (plural terrae nullius) is a Latin expression meaning "nobody's land".
See Antarctica and Terra nullius
Territorial claims in Antarctica
Seven sovereign states – Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom – have made eight territorial claims in Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Territorial claims in Antarctica
Tetrapod
A tetrapod is any four-limbed vertebrate animal of the superclass Tetrapoda.
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (AHD) is a dictionary of American English published by HarperCollins.
See Antarctica and The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review
The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that is published quarterly by Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
See Antarctica and The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review
The Daily Telegraph
The Daily Telegraph, known online and elsewhere as The Telegraph, is a British daily broadsheet newspaper published in London by Telegraph Media Group and distributed in the United Kingdom and internationally.
See Antarctica and The Daily Telegraph
The ISME Journal
The ISME Journal: Multidisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers diverse and integrated areas of microbial ecology spanning the breadth of microbial life, including bacteria, archaea, microbial eukaryotes, and viruses.
See Antarctica and The ISME Journal
The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
See Antarctica and The New York Times
The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
See Antarctica and The World Factbook
Tourism
Tourism is travel for pleasure, and the commercial activity of providing and supporting such travel.
Tourism in Antarctica
Tourism started in Antarctica by the sea in the 1960s.
See Antarctica and Tourism in Antarctica
Transantarctic Mountains
The Transantarctic Mountains (abbreviated TAM) comprise a mountain range of uplifted rock (primarily sedimentary) in Antarctica which extends, with some interruptions, across the continent from Cape Adare in northern Victoria Land to Coats Land.
See Antarctica and Transantarctic Mountains
Transboundary protected area
A transboundary protected area (TBPA) is an ecological protected area that spans boundaries of more than one country or sub-national entity.
See Antarctica and Transboundary protected area
Transport in Antarctica
Transport in Antarctica has transformed from explorers crossing the isolated remote area of Antarctica by foot to a more open era due to human technologies enabling more convenient and faster transport, predominantly by air and water, but also by land as well.
See Antarctica and Transport in Antarctica
Treatise
A treatise is a formal and systematic written discourse on some subject concerned with investigating or exposing the principles of the subject and its conclusions.
Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa.
See Antarctica and Treaty of Tordesillas
Treaty of Zaragoza
The Treaty of Zaragoza or Saragossa, also called the Capitulation of Zaragoza or Saragossa, was a peace treaty between Castile and Portugal, signed on 22 April 1529 by King JohnnbspIII of Portugal and the Habsburg emperor Charles V in the Aragonese city of Zaragoza.
See Antarctica and Treaty of Zaragoza
Triassic
The Triassic (sometimes symbolized 🝈) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.5 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.4 Mya.
Trilobite
Trilobites (meaning "three lobes") are extinct marine arthropods that form the class Trilobita.
Trinisaura
Trinisaura is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur that lived during the late Campanian stage of the Upper Cretaceous, around 73 to 72 million years ago in what is now James Ross Island off the coast of northern Antarctica near Patagonia.
Trinity Church (Antarctica)
Holy Trinity Church (Церковь Святой Троицы) is a small Russian Orthodox church on King George Island near Bellingshausen Station, a Russian research station in Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Trinity Church (Antarctica)
Trinity Peninsula
Trinity Peninsula is the northernmost part of the Antarctic Peninsula.
See Antarctica and Trinity Peninsula
Tropical climate
Tropical climate is the first of the five major climate groups in the Köppen climate classification identified with the letter A. Tropical climates are defined by a monthly average temperature of or higher in the coolest month, featuring hot temperatures and high humidity all year-round.
See Antarctica and Tropical climate
Tundra
In physical geography, tundra is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons.
Types of volcanic eruptions
Several types of volcanic eruptions—during which material is expelled from a volcanic vent or fissure—have been distinguished by volcanologists.
See Antarctica and Types of volcanic eruptions
Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths of 10–400 nanometers, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays.
See Antarctica and Ultraviolet
Ungulate
Ungulates are members of the diverse clade Euungulata ("true ungulates"), which primarily consists of large mammals with hooves.
United States Antarctic Program
The United States Antarctic Program (or USAP; formerly known as the United States Antarctic Research Program or USARP and the United States Antarctic Service or USAS) is an organization of the United States government which has a presence in the Antarctica continent.
See Antarctica and United States Antarctic Program
United States Department of the Interior
The United States Department of the Interior (DOI) is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the management and conservation of most federal lands and natural resources.
See Antarctica and United States Department of the Interior
United States Geological Survey
The United States Geological Survey (USGS), founded as the Geological Survey, is an agency of the United States government whose work spans the disciplines of biology, geography, geology, and hydrology.
See Antarctica and United States Geological Survey
University of Georgia Press
The University of Georgia Press or UGA Press is the university press of the University of Georgia, a public land-grant research university with its main campus in Athens, Georgia.
See Antarctica and University of Georgia Press
University of Nebraska Press
The University of Nebraska Press (UNP) was founded in 1941 and is an academic publisher of scholarly and general-interest books.
See Antarctica and University of Nebraska Press
University of Washington Press
The University of Washington Press is an American academic publishing house.
See Antarctica and University of Washington Press
Ursa Major
Ursa Major (also known as the Great Bear) is a constellation in the northern sky, whose associated mythology likely dates back into prehistory.
USA Today
USA Today (often stylized in all caps) is an American daily middle-market newspaper and news broadcasting company.
Victoria Land
Victoria Land is a region in eastern Antarctica which fronts the western side of the Ross Sea and the Ross Ice Shelf, extending southward from about 70°30'S to 78°00'S, and westward from the Ross Sea to the edge of the Antarctic Plateau.
See Antarctica and Victoria Land
Villa Las Estrellas
Villa Las Estrellas (Spanish for The Stars Village or Hamlet of the Stars) is a permanently inhabited outpost on King George Island within the Chilean Antarctic claim, the Chilean Antarctic Territory, and also within the Argentine and British Antarctic claims.
See Antarctica and Villa Las Estrellas
Vinson Massif
Vinson Massif is a large mountain massif in Antarctica that is long and wide and lies within the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains.
See Antarctica and Vinson Massif
Virus
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.
Volcanic crater
A volcanic crater is an approximately circular depression in the ground caused by volcanic activity.
See Antarctica and Volcanic crater
Volcanism
Volcanism, vulcanism, volcanicity, or volcanic activity is the phenomenon where solids, liquids, gases, and their mixtures erupt to the surface of a solid-surface astronomical body such as a planet or a moon.
Volcano
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
Vostok (sloop-of-war)
Vostok was a 28-gun sloop-of-war of the Imperial Russian Navy, the lead ship of the First Russian Antarctic Expedition in 1819–1821, during which Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen (commander of the ship) and Mikhail Lazarev (commanding Mirny, the second ship) circumnavigated the globe, discovered the continent of Antarctica and twice circumnavigated it, and discovered a number of islands and archipelagos in the Southern Ocean and the Pacific.
See Antarctica and Vostok (sloop-of-war)
Vostok Station
Vostok Station (translit,, meaning "Station East") is a Russian research station in inland Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Vostok Station
Voting
Voting is a method by which a group, such as a meeting or an electorate, convenes together for the purpose of making a collective decision or expressing an opinion usually following discussions, debates or election campaigns.
Weather front
A weather front is a boundary separating air masses for which several characteristics differ, such as air density, wind, temperature, and humidity.
See Antarctica and Weather front
West Antarctic Ice Sheet
The West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is the segment of the continental ice sheet that covers West Antarctica, the portion of Antarctica on the side of the Transantarctic Mountains that lies in the Western Hemisphere.
See Antarctica and West Antarctic Ice Sheet
West Antarctic Rift System
The West Antarctic Rift System is a series of rift valleys between East and West Antarctica.
See Antarctica and West Antarctic Rift System
West Antarctica
West Antarctica, or Lesser Antarctica, one of the two major regions of Antarctica, is the part of that continent that lies within the Western Hemisphere, and includes the Antarctic Peninsula.
See Antarctica and West Antarctica
Whaling
Whaling is the hunting of whales for their usable products such as meat and blubber, which can be turned into a type of oil that was important in the Industrial Revolution.
Wildlife of Antarctica
The wildlife of Antarctica are extremophiles, having adapted to the dryness, low temperatures, and high exposure common in Antarctica.
See Antarctica and Wildlife of Antarctica
Wiley (publisher)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley, is an American multinational publishing company that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials.
See Antarctica and Wiley (publisher)
Wilkes Land
Wilkes Land is a large district of land in eastern Antarctica, formally claimed by Australia as part of the Australian Antarctic Territory, though the validity of this claim has been placed for the period of the operation of the Antarctic Treaty, to which Australia is a signatory.
See Antarctica and Wilkes Land
World Meteorological Organization
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation on atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology and geophysics.
See Antarctica and World Meteorological Organization
World Park Base
World Park Base was a non-governmental year-round Antarctic base located at Cape Evans on Ross Island in the Ross Dependency.
See Antarctica and World Park Base
Xenarthra
Xenarthra (from Ancient Greek ξένος, xénos, "foreign, alien" + ἄρθρον, árthron, "joint") is a major clade of placental mammals native to the Americas.
Yamana Beach
Yamana Beach (Playa Yamana is an ice-free beach extending ca. on the west coast of Cape Shirreff in the north extremity of Ioannes Paulus II Peninsula, Livingston Island in Antarctica. It is surmounted by Toqui Hill on the east. The beach is part of Antarctic Specially Protected Area ''ASPA 149 Cape Shirreff and San Telmo Island''.
See Antarctica and Yamana Beach
Year
A year is the time taken for astronomical objects to complete one orbit.
.aq
.aq is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Antarctica (itself not a country).
60th parallel south
The 60th parallel south is a circle of latitude that is 60 degrees south of Earth's equatorial plane.
See Antarctica and 60th parallel south
See also
Antarctic region
- Antarctic
- Antarctic Circle
- Antarctic realm
- Antarctic sea ice
- Antarctica
- Antarctica: The Battle for the Seventh Continent
- Australian Antarctic Territory
- Bellingshausen Sea
- Bouvet Island
- British Antarctic Territory
- Cooperation Sea
- Cosmonauts Sea
- D'Urville Sea
- Davis Sea
- Drake Passage
- Grytviken
- Herschel Island (Chile)
- Kyiv Peninsula
- Late Cenozoic Ice Age
- Lazarev Sea
- Mawson Sea
- Riiser-Larsen Sea
- Ross Sea
- Scotia Sea
- Somov Sea
- South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
- South Sandwich Islands
- Subantarctic
- Tasmanian Passage
- Weddell Sea
Continents
- Africa
- Americas
- Antarctica
- Asia
- Australia (continent)
- Boundaries between the continents
- Continent
- Continental fragment
- Continental shelves
- Continental unions
- Europe
- Four continents
- Indian subcontinent
- List of paleocontinents
- North America
- Oceania
- Paleocontinent
- Sahul
- South America
- Stokes Magnetic Anomaly
- Submerged continent
- Subregion
- Supercontinent
- Supercontinents
- Transcontinental railroad
- Zealandia
Demilitarized zones
- Åland
- Antarctica
- Demilitarized Zone Peace Preservation Corps
- Demilitarized zone
- El Caguán DMZ
- Ground Safety Zone
- Idlib demilitarization (2018–2019)
- Korean Demilitarized Zone
- Mbamu
- Neutral Zone of Junik
- Northern Syria Buffer Zone
- Nuclear-weapon-free zones
- Occupation of the Rhineland
- Polish–Lithuanian Neutral Strip
- Preah Vihear Temple
- Saudi Arabian–Iraqi neutral zone
- Saudi Arabian–Kuwaiti neutral zone
- Second Northern Syria Buffer Zone
- Sinai Peninsula
- Svalbard
- United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus
- Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone
Polar regions of the Earth
- American Polar Society
- Antarctic region
- Antarctica
- Arctic
- Aurora
- Circumpolar distribution
- Extreme points of the Arctic
- Geographical pole
- Jewish law in the polar regions
- North Pole
- North Water Polynya
- North magnetic pole
- Permafrost
- Polar Libraries Colloquy
- Polar climate
- Polar drift
- Polar exploration
- Polar forests of the Cretaceous
- Polar night
- Polar regions of Earth
- Polar route
- Polar vortex
- Pole of Cold
- Pole of inaccessibility
- Pole stars
- Polynya
- South Pole
- South magnetic pole
- Third Pole
- Three Poles Challenge
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctica
Also known as 81st parallel south, 82nd parallel south, 83rd parallel south, 84th parallel south, 85th parallel south, 86th parallel south, 87th parallel south, 88th parallel south, 89th parallel south, Anarctica, Anartica, Antarctic Archipelago, Antarctic Continent, Antarctic Politics, Antarctic icepack, Antarctic meteorites, Antarctica (continent), Antarctica Politics, Antarctica/Economy, Antarktika, Antarktis, Antartcica, Antartica, Antipodea, Antártida, Biodiversity in Antarctica, Biodiversity of Antarctica, Driest continent, Economy of Antarctica, Effects of climate change in Antarctica, Effects of climate change on Antarctica, Etymology of Antarctica, Geologic history of Antarctica, ISO 3166-1:AQ, King of Antarctica, Latitude 81 degrees S, Latitude 82 degrees S, Latitude 83 degrees S, Latitude 84 degrees S, Latitude 85 degrees S, Latitude 86 degrees S, Latitude 87 degrees S, Latitude 88 degrees S, Latitude 89 degrees S, Politics in Antarctica, Politics of Antarctica, South frigid zone, The Antarctic, The driest continent.
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