Basalt & Lava - Unionpedia, the concept map

Aluminium

Aluminium (Aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element; it has symbol Al and atomic number 13.

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Aluminium oxide

Aluminium oxide (or aluminium(III) oxide) is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula.

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Amphibole

Amphibole is a group of inosilicate minerals, forming prism or needlelike crystals, composed of double chain tetrahedra, linked at the vertices and generally containing ions of iron and/or magnesium in their structures.

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Andesite

Andesite is a volcanic rock of intermediate composition.

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Apatite

Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite and chlorapatite, with high concentrations of OH−, F− and Cl− ion, respectively, in the crystal.

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Basanite

Basanite is an igneous, volcanic (extrusive) rock with aphanitic to porphyritic texture.

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Boninite

Boninite is an extrusive rock high in both magnesium and silica, thought to be usually formed in fore-arc environments, typically during the early stages of subduction.

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Breccia

Breccia is a rock composed of large angular broken fragments of minerals or rocks cemented together by a fine-grained matrix.

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British Columbia

British Columbia (commonly abbreviated as BC) is the westernmost province of Canada.

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Calc-alkaline magma series

The calc-alkaline magma series is one of two main subdivisions of the subalkaline magma series, the other subalkaline magma series being the tholeiitic series.

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Calcium

Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20.

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Calcium oxide

Calcium oxide (formula: CaO), commonly known as quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound.

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Cinder cone

A cinder cone (or scoria cone) is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as volcanic clinkers, volcanic ash, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent.

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Columnar jointing

Columnar jointing is a geological structure where sets of intersecting closely spaced fractures, referred to as joints, result in the formation of a regular array of polygonal prisms, or columns.

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Crust (geology)

In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite.

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Earth's mantle

Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core.

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Feldspar

Feldspar (sometimes spelled felspar) is a group of rock-forming aluminium tectosilicate minerals, also containing other cations such as sodium, calcium, potassium, or barium.

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Feldspathoid

The feldspathoids are a group of tectosilicate minerals which resemble feldspars but have a different structure and much lower silica content.

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Flood basalt

A flood basalt (or plateau basalt) is the result of a giant volcanic eruption or series of eruptions that covers large stretches of land or the ocean floor with basalt lava.

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Hawaii

Hawaii (Hawaii) is an island state of the United States, in the Pacific Ocean about southwest of the U.S. mainland.

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Hawaii (island)

Hawaii (Hawaii) is the largest island in the United States, located in the eponymous state of Hawaii.

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Hotspot (geology)

In geology, hotspots (or hot spots) are volcanic locales thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle.

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Iron

Iron is a chemical element.

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Iron oxide

Iron oxides are chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen.

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Iron(II) oxide

Iron(II) oxide or ferrous oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula FeO.

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Ketchup

Ketchup or catsup is a table condiment with a sweet and sour flavor.

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Komatiite

Komatiite is a type of ultramafic mantle-derived volcanic rock defined as having crystallised from a lava of at least 18 wt% magnesium oxide (MgO).

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Lava tube

A lava tube, or pyroduct, is a natural conduit formed by flowing lava from a volcanic vent that moves beneath the hardened surface of a lava flow.

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Magma

Magma is the molten or semi-molten natural material from which all igneous rocks are formed.

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Magnesium

Magnesium is a chemical element; it has symbol Mg and atomic number 12.

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Magnesium oxide

Magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium (see also oxide).

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Magnetite

Magnetite is a mineral and one of the main iron ores, with the chemical formula.

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Mantle (geology)

A mantle is a layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above by a crust.

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Mantle plume

A mantle plume is a proposed mechanism of convection within the Earth's mantle, hypothesized to explain anomalous volcanism.

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Matrix (geology)

The matrix or groundmass of a rock is the finer-grained mass of material in which larger grains, crystals, or clasts are embedded.

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Natural satellite

A natural satellite is, in the most common usage, an astronomical body that orbits a planet, dwarf planet, or small Solar System body (or sometimes another natural satellite).

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Olivine

The mineral olivine is a magnesium iron silicate with the chemical formula.

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Phenocryst

Swiss side of the Mont Blanc massif, has large white phenocrysts of plagioclase (that have trapezoid shapes when cut through). 1 euro coin (diameter 2.3 cm) for scale. A phenocryst is an early forming, relatively large and usually conspicuous crystal distinctly larger than the grains of the rock groundmass of an igneous rock.

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Picrite basalt

Picrite basalt or picrobasalt is a variety of high-magnesium olivine basalt that is very rich in the mineral olivine.

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Plate tectonics

Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that Earth's lithosphere comprises a number of large tectonic plates, which have been slowly moving since 3–4 billion years ago.

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Poise (unit)

The poise (symbol P) is the unit of dynamic viscosity (absolute viscosity) in the centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS).

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Potassium oxide

Potassium oxide (2O) is an ionic compound of potassium and oxygen.

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Proterozoic

The Proterozoic is the third of the four geologic eons of Earth's history, spanning the time interval from 2500 to 538.8Mya, the longest eon of the Earth's geologic time scale.

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Pyroclastic rock

Pyroclastic rocks are clastic rocks composed of rock fragments produced and ejected by explosive volcanic eruptions.

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Pyroxene

The pyroxenes (commonly abbreviated Px) are a group of important rock-forming inosilicate minerals found in many igneous and metamorphic rocks.

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Quartz

Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide).

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Rift

In geology, a rift is a linear zone where the lithosphere is being pulled apart and is an example of extensional tectonics.

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Silicon dioxide

Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula, commonly found in nature as quartz.

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Sodium

Sodium is a chemical element; it has symbol Na (from Neo-Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.

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Sodium oxide

Sodium oxide is a chemical compound with the formula.

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Solar System

The Solar SystemCapitalization of the name varies.

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Subaerial

In natural science, subaerial (literally "under the air") has been used since 1833, in the Merriam-Webster dictionary.

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Subduction

Subduction is a geological process in which the oceanic lithosphere and some continental lithosphere is recycled into the Earth's mantle at convergent boundaries.

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Tephrite

Tephrite is an igneous, volcanic (extrusive) rock, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture.

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Terrestrial planet

A terrestrial planet, telluric planet, or rocky planet, is a planet that is composed primarily of silicate, rocks or metals.

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Tholeiitic magma series

The tholeiitic magma series is one of two main magma series in subalkaline igneous rocks, the other being the calc-alkaline series.

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Titanium dioxide

Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the inorganic compound derived from titanium with the chemical formula.

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Tuff

Tuff is a type of rock made of volcanic ash ejected from a vent during a volcanic eruption.

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United States Geological Survey

The United States Geological Survey (USGS), founded as the Geological Survey, is an agency of the United States government whose work spans the disciplines of biology, geography, geology, and hydrology.

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Viscosity

The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate.

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Volcanic ash

Volcanic ash consists of fragments of rock, mineral crystals, and volcanic glass, produced during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 mm (0.079 inches) in diameter.

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Volcanic rock

Volcanic rocks (often shortened to volcanics in scientific contexts) are rocks formed from lava erupted from a volcano.

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