Basalt, the Glossary
Basalt is an aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the surface of a rocky planet or moon.[1]
Table of Contents
260 relations: Abiogenesis, Actinolite, Alkali basalt, Alkali metal, Aluminium, Aluminium oxide, Amphibole, Amphibolite, Ancient Greek, Andesine, Andesite, Apatite, Aphanite, Apollo program, Archean, Asteroid, Asthenosphere, Atlantic Ocean, Augite, Back-arc basin, Bacteria, Basaltic andesite, Basanite, Bashan, Bauxite, Bishop of Dresden-Meissen, Boninite, Bowen's reaction series, Breccia, British Columbia, Buffer solution, Calc-alkaline magma series, Calcite, Calcium, Calcium carbonate, Calcium oxide, Canada, Carbon dioxide, Carbon sequestration, Chemical element, Chilcotin Group, Chlorite group, Chondrite, Cinder cone, Clay, Clementine (spacecraft), Cobblestone, Color index (geology), Columbia Plateau, Columbia River Basalt Group, ... Expand index (210 more) »
Abiogenesis
Abiogenesis is the natural process by which life arises from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds.
Actinolite
Actinolite is an amphibole silicate mineral with the chemical formula.
Alkali basalt
Alkali basalt or alkali olivine basalt is a dark-colored, porphyritic volcanic rock usually found in oceanic and continental areas associated with volcanic activity, such as oceanic islands, continental rifts and volcanic fields.
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Aluminium
Aluminium (Aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element; it has symbol Al and atomic number 13.
Aluminium oxide
Aluminium oxide (or aluminium(III) oxide) is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula.
See Basalt and Aluminium oxide
Amphibole
Amphibole is a group of inosilicate minerals, forming prism or needlelike crystals, composed of double chain tetrahedra, linked at the vertices and generally containing ions of iron and/or magnesium in their structures.
Amphibolite
Amphibolite is a metamorphic rock that contains amphibole, especially hornblende and actinolite, as well as plagioclase feldspar, but with little or no quartz.
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
Andesine
Andesine is a silicate mineral, a member of the plagioclase feldspar solid solution series.
Andesite
Andesite is a volcanic rock of intermediate composition.
Apatite
Apatite is a group of phosphate minerals, usually hydroxyapatite, fluorapatite and chlorapatite, with high concentrations of OH−, F− and Cl− ion, respectively, in the crystal.
Aphanite
Aphanites (adj. aphanitic) are igneous rocks that are so fine-grained that their component mineral crystals are not visible to the naked eye (in contrast to phanerites, in which the crystals are visible to the unaided eye).
Apollo program
The Apollo program, also known as Project Apollo, was the United States human spaceflight program carried out by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), which succeeded in preparing and landing the first men on the Moon from 1968 to 1972.
Archean
The Archean Eon (also spelled Archaean or Archæan), in older sources sometimes called the Archaeozoic, is the second of the four geologic eons of Earth's history, preceded by the Hadean Eon and followed by the Proterozoic.
Asteroid
An asteroid is a minor planet—an object that is neither a true planet nor an identified comet— that orbits within the inner Solar System.
Asthenosphere
The asthenosphere is the mechanically weak and ductile region of the upper mantle of Earth.
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about.
Augite
Augite, also known as Augurite, is a common rock-forming pyroxene mineral with formula.
Back-arc basin
A back-arc basin is a type of geologic basin, found at some convergent plate boundaries.
Bacteria
Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
Basaltic andesite
Basaltic andesite is a volcanic rock that is intermediate in composition between basalt and andesite.
See Basalt and Basaltic andesite
Basanite
Basanite is an igneous, volcanic (extrusive) rock with aphanitic to porphyritic texture.
Bashan
Bashan (translit; Basan or Basanitis) is the ancient, biblical name used for the northernmost region of the Transjordan during the Iron Age.
Bauxite
Bauxite is a sedimentary rock with a relatively high aluminium content.
Bishop of Dresden-Meissen
The Bishop of Dresden-Meissen is the ordinary of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dresden-Meissen in the Archdiocese of Berlin.
See Basalt and Bishop of Dresden-Meissen
Boninite
Boninite is an extrusive rock high in both magnesium and silica, thought to be usually formed in fore-arc environments, typically during the early stages of subduction.
Bowen's reaction series
Within the field of geology, Bowen's reaction series is the work of the Canadian petrologist Norman L. Bowen, who summarized, based on experiments and observations of natural rocks, the sequence of crystallization of common silicate minerals from typical basaltic magma undergoing fractional crystallization (i.e.
See Basalt and Bowen's reaction series
Breccia
Breccia is a rock composed of large angular broken fragments of minerals or rocks cemented together by a fine-grained matrix.
British Columbia
British Columbia (commonly abbreviated as BC) is the westernmost province of Canada.
See Basalt and British Columbia
Buffer solution
A buffer solution is a solution where the pH does not change significantly on dilution or if an acid or base is added at constant temperature.
See Basalt and Buffer solution
Calc-alkaline magma series
The calc-alkaline magma series is one of two main subdivisions of the subalkaline magma series, the other subalkaline magma series being the tholeiitic series.
See Basalt and Calc-alkaline magma series
Calcite
Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20.
Calcium carbonate
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.
See Basalt and Calcium carbonate
Calcium oxide
Calcium oxide (formula: CaO), commonly known as quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound.
Canada
Canada is a country in North America.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.
Carbon sequestration
Carbon sequestration is the process of storing carbon in a carbon pool.
See Basalt and Carbon sequestration
Chemical element
A chemical element is a chemical substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions.
See Basalt and Chemical element
Chilcotin Group
The Chilcotin Group, also called the Chilcotin Plateau Basalts, is a large area of basaltic lava that forms a volcanic plateau running parallel with the Garibaldi Volcanic Belt in south-central British Columbia, Canada.
See Basalt and Chilcotin Group
Chlorite group
The chlorites are the group of phyllosilicate minerals common in low-grade metamorphic rocks and in altered igneous rocks.
Chondrite
A chondrite is a stony (non-metallic) meteorite that has not been modified, by either melting or differentiation of the parent body.
Cinder cone
A cinder cone (or scoria cone) is a steep conical hill of loose pyroclastic fragments, such as volcanic clinkers, volcanic ash, or scoria that has been built around a volcanic vent.
Clay
Clay is a type of fine-grained natural soil material containing clay minerals (hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, e.g. kaolinite, Al2Si2O5(OH)4).
See Basalt and Clay
Clementine (spacecraft)
Clementine (officially called the Deep Space Program Science Experiment (DSPSE)) was a joint space project between the Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (previously the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization) and NASA, launched on January 25, 1994.
See Basalt and Clementine (spacecraft)
Cobblestone
Cobblestone is a natural building material based on cobble-sized stones, and is used for pavement roads, streets, and buildings.
Color index (geology)
Color index is a geological term, an indicator of the types of minerals present, and the specific type of rock.
See Basalt and Color index (geology)
Columbia Plateau
The Columbia Plateau is a geologic and geographic region that lies across parts of the U.S. states of Washington, Oregon, and Idaho.
See Basalt and Columbia Plateau
Columbia River Basalt Group
The Columbia River Basalt Group (CRBG) is the youngest, smallest and one of the best-preserved continental flood basalt provinces on Earth, covering over mainly eastern Oregon and Washington, western Idaho, and part of northern Nevada.
See Basalt and Columbia River Basalt Group
Columnar jointing
Columnar jointing is a geological structure where sets of intersecting closely spaced fractures, referred to as joints, result in the formation of a regular array of polygonal prisms, or columns.
See Basalt and Columnar jointing
Compatibility (geochemistry)
Compatibility is a term used by geochemists to describe how elements partition themselves in the solid and melt within Earth's mantle.
See Basalt and Compatibility (geochemistry)
Crater counting
Crater counting is a method for estimating the age of a planet's surface based upon the assumptions that when a piece of planetary surface is new, then it has no impact craters; impact craters accumulate after that at a rate that is assumed known.
See Basalt and Crater counting
Cristobalite
Cristobalite is a mineral polymorph of silica that is formed at very high temperatures.
Crust (geology)
In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite.
See Basalt and Crust (geology)
Crystal
A crystal or crystalline solid is a solid material whose constituents (such as atoms, molecules, or ions) are arranged in a highly ordered microscopic structure, forming a crystal lattice that extends in all directions.
Dawn (spacecraft)
Dawn is a retired space probe that was launched by NASA in September 2007 with the mission of studying two of the three known protoplanets of the asteroid belt: Vesta and Ceres.
See Basalt and Dawn (spacecraft)
De Natura Fossilium
De Natura Fossilium is a scientific text written by Georg Bauer also known as Georgius Agricola, first published in 1546.
See Basalt and De Natura Fossilium
Deccan Traps
The Deccan Traps is a large igneous province of west-central India (17–24°N, 73–74°E).
Diabase
Diabase, also called dolerite or microgabbro, is a mafic, holocrystalline, subvolcanic rock equivalent to volcanic basalt or plutonic gabbro.
Ductility
Ductility refers to the ability of a material to sustain significant plastic deformation before fracture.
Earth's mantle
Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core.
Eclogite
Eclogite is a metamorphic rock containing garnet (almandine-pyrope) hosted in a matrix of sodium-rich pyroxene (omphacite).
Emeishan Traps
The Emeishan Traps constitute a flood basalt volcanic province, or large igneous province, in south-western China, centred in Sichuan province.
Epidote
Epidote is a calcium aluminium iron sorosilicate mineral.
Europium anomaly
The europium anomaly is the phenomenon whereby the europium (Eu) concentration in a mineral is either enriched or depleted relative to some standard, commonly a chondrite or mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB).
See Basalt and Europium anomaly
Extrusion
Extrusion is a process used to create objects of a fixed cross-sectional profile by pushing material through a die of the desired cross-section.
Extrusive rock
Extrusive rock refers to the mode of igneous volcanic rock formation in which hot magma from inside the Earth flows out (extrudes) onto the surface as lava or explodes violently into the atmosphere to fall back as pyroclastics or tuff.
Faroe Islands
The Faroe or Faeroe Islands, or simply the Faroes (Føroyar,; Færøerne), are an archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean and an autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark.
Feldspar
Feldspar (sometimes spelled felspar) is a group of rock-forming aluminium tectosilicate minerals, also containing other cations such as sodium, calcium, potassium, or barium.
Feldspathoid
The feldspathoids are a group of tectosilicate minerals which resemble feldspars but have a different structure and much lower silica content.
Field research
Field research, field studies, or fieldwork is the collection of raw data outside a laboratory, library, or workplace setting.
Flood basalt
A flood basalt (or plateau basalt) is the result of a giant volcanic eruption or series of eruptions that covers large stretches of land or the ocean floor with basalt lava.
Foundation (engineering)
In engineering, a foundation is the element of a structure which connects it to the ground or more rarely, water (as with floating structures), transferring loads from the structure to the ground.
See Basalt and Foundation (engineering)
Gabbro
Gabbro is a phaneritic (coarse-grained), mafic intrusive igneous rock formed from the slow cooling of magnesium-rich and iron-rich magma into a holocrystalline mass deep beneath the Earth's surface.
Galilee earthquake of 1837
The Galilee earthquake of 1837, often called the Safed earthquake, shook the Galilee on January 1 and is one of a number of moderate to large events that have occurred along the Dead Sea Transform (DST) fault system that marks the boundary of two tectonic plates; the African Plate on the west and the Arabian Plate on the east.
See Basalt and Galilee earthquake of 1837
Geologic time scale
The geologic time scale or geological time scale (GTS) is a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth.
See Basalt and Geologic time scale
Geologist
A geologist is a scientist who studies the structure, composition, and history of Earth.
Geology of the Moon
The geology of the Moon (sometimes called selenology, although the latter term can refer more generally to "lunar science") is quite different from that of Earth.
See Basalt and Geology of the Moon
Georgius Agricola
Georgius Agricola (born Georg Bauer; 24 March 1494 – 21 November 1555) was a German Humanist scholar, mineralogist and metallurgist.
See Basalt and Georgius Agricola
Gibbsite
Gibbsite, Al(OH)3, is one of the mineral forms of aluminium hydroxide.
Golan Heights
The Golan Heights (Haḍbatu l-Jawlān or; רמת הגולן), or simply the Golan, is a basaltic plateau, at the southwest corner of Syria.
Granite
Granite is a coarse-grained (phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase.
Greenschist
Greenschists are metamorphic rocks that formed under the lowest temperatures and pressures usually produced by regional metamorphism, typically and 2–10 kilobars.
Greenstone belt
Greenstone belts are zones of variably metamorphosed mafic to ultramafic volcanic sequences with associated sedimentary rocks that occur within Archaean and Proterozoic cratons between granite and gneiss bodies.
See Basalt and Greenstone belt
Hadean
The Hadean is the first and oldest of the four known geologic eons of Earth's history, starting with the planet's formation about 4.6 billion years ago (estimated 4567.30 ± 0.16 million years ago set by the age of the oldest solid material in the Solar System found in some meteorites about 4.567 billion years old), and ended 4.031 billion years ago.
Hafnium
Hafnium is a chemical element; it has symbol Hf and atomic number 72.
Hardness
In materials science, hardness (antonym: softness) is a measure of the resistance to plastic deformation, such as an indentation (over an area) or a scratch (linear), induced mechanically either by pressing or abrasion.
Hawaii
Hawaii (Hawaii) is an island state of the United States, in the Pacific Ocean about southwest of the U.S. mainland.
Hawaii (island)
Hawaii (Hawaii) is the largest island in the United States, located in the eponymous state of Hawaii.
See Basalt and Hawaii (island)
HED meteorite
HED meteorites are a clan (subgroup) of achondrite meteorites.
Helium
Helium (from lit) is a chemical element; it has symbol He and atomic number 2.
Hematite
Hematite, also spelled as haematite, is a common iron oxide compound with the formula, Fe2O3 and is widely found in rocks and soils.
Hotspot (geology)
In geology, hotspots (or hot spots) are volcanic locales thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle.
See Basalt and Hotspot (geology)
Hubble Space Telescope
The Hubble Space Telescope (often referred to as HST or Hubble) is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation.
See Basalt and Hubble Space Telescope
Hydrothermal circulation
Hydrothermal circulation in its most general sense is the circulation of hot water (Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, water,Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
See Basalt and Hydrothermal circulation
Hydrothermal vent
Hydrothermal vents are fissures on the seabed from which geothermally heated water discharges.
See Basalt and Hydrothermal vent
Igneous rock
Igneous rock, or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic.
Illite
Illite, also called hydromica or hydromuscovite, is a group of closely related non-expanding clay minerals.
Ilmenite
Ilmenite is a titanium-iron oxide mineral with the idealized formula.
Incompatible element
In petrology and geochemistry, an incompatible element is one that is unsuitable in size and/or charge to the cation sites of the minerals in which it is included.
See Basalt and Incompatible element
India
India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.
See Basalt and India
Infrared
Infrared (IR; sometimes called infrared light) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with wavelengths longer than that of visible light but shorter than microwaves.
Internal structure of Earth
The internal structure of Earth are the layers of the Earth, excluding its atmosphere and hydrosphere.
See Basalt and Internal structure of Earth
Intrusive rock
Intrusive rock is formed when magma penetrates existing rock, crystallizes, and solidifies underground to form intrusions, such as batholiths, dikes, sills, laccoliths, and volcanic necks.
Io (moon)
Io, or Jupiter I, is the innermost and second-smallest of the four Galilean moons of the planet Jupiter.
Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge.
See Basalt and Ion
Iron
Iron is a chemical element.
See Basalt and Iron
Iron oxide
Iron oxides are chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen.
Iron(II) oxide
Iron(II) oxide or ferrous oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula FeO.
Island
An island or isle is a piece of subcontinental land completely surrounded by water.
Isotope
Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element.
Israel
Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia.
Joint (geology)
A rock in Abisko fractured along existing joints possibly by mechanical frost weathering A joint is a break (fracture) of natural origin in a layer or body of rock that lacks visible or measurable movement parallel to the surface (plane) of the fracture ("Mode 1" Fracture).
See Basalt and Joint (geology)
Jupiter
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System.
Kaersutite
Kaersutite is a dark brown to black double chain calcic titanium bearing amphibole mineral with formula: NaCa2(Mg3Ti4+Al)(Si6Al2)O22(O)2.
Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount
Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount (previously known as Lōʻihi) is an active submarine volcano about off the southeast coast of the island of Hawaii.
See Basalt and Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount
Kaolinite
Kaolinite (also called kaolin) is a clay mineral, with the chemical composition: Al2Si2O5(OH)4.
Karoo
The Karoo (from the Afrikaans borrowing of the South Khoekhoe !Orakobab or Khoemana word ǃ’Aukarob "Hardveld") is a semi-desert natural region of South Africa.
See Basalt and Karoo
Ketchup
Ketchup or catsup is a table condiment with a sweet and sour flavor.
Komatiite
Komatiite is a type of ultramafic mantle-derived volcanic rock defined as having crystallised from a lava of at least 18 wt% magnesium oxide (MgO).
Labradorite
Labradorite ((Ca, Na)(Al, Si)4O8) is a calcium-enriched feldspar mineral first identified in Labrador, Canada, which can display an iridescent effect (schiller).
Lanthanide
The lanthanide or lanthanoid series of chemical elements comprises at least the 14 metallic chemical elements with atomic numbers 57–70, from lanthanum through ytterbium.
Large igneous province
A large igneous province (LIP) is an extremely large accumulation of igneous rocks, including intrusive (sills, dikes) and extrusive (lava flows, tephra deposits), arising when magma travels through the crust towards the surface.
See Basalt and Large igneous province
Late Latin
Late Latin is the scholarly name for the form of Literary Latin of late antiquity.
Laterite
Laterite is a soil type rich in iron and aluminium and is commonly considered to have formed in hot and wet tropical areas.
Lava
Lava is molten or partially molten rock (magma) that has been expelled from the interior of a terrestrial planet (such as Earth) or a moon onto its surface.
See Basalt and Lava
Lava lake
Lava lakes are large volumes of molten lava, usually basaltic, contained in a volcanic vent, crater, or broad depression.
Lava tube
A lava tube, or pyroduct, is a natural conduit formed by flowing lava from a volcanic vent that moves beneath the hardened surface of a lava flow.
Lead
Lead is a chemical element; it has symbol Pb (from Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.
See Basalt and Lead
Leucite
Leucite (from the Greek word leukos meaning white) is a rock-forming mineral of the feldspathoid group, silica-undersaturated and composed of potassium and aluminium tectosilicate KAlSi2O6.
Lexico
Lexico was a dictionary website that provided a collection of English and Spanish dictionaries produced by Oxford University Press (OUP), the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
Liquidus and solidus
While chemically pure materials have a single melting point, chemical mixtures often partially melt at the solidus temperature (TS or Tsol), and fully melt at the higher liquidus temperature (TL or Tliq).
See Basalt and Liquidus and solidus
Littoral cone
Littoral cones are a form of volcanic cone.
Luna programme
The Luna programme (from the Russian word "Luna" meaning "Moon"), occasionally called Lunik by western media, was a series of robotic spacecraft missions sent to the Moon by the Soviet Union between 1959 and 1976.
Lunar mare
The lunar maria (mare) are large, dark, basaltic plains on Earth's Moon, formed by lava flowing into ancient impact basins.
Lunar meteorite
A lunar meteorite is a meteorite that is known to have originated on the Moon.
See Basalt and Lunar meteorite
Maar
A maar is a broad, low-relief volcanic crater caused by a phreatomagmatic eruption (an explosion which occurs when groundwater comes into contact with hot lava or magma).
See Basalt and Maar
Mafic
A mafic mineral or rock is a silicate mineral or igneous rock rich in magnesium and iron.
See Basalt and Mafic
Magma
Magma is the molten or semi-molten natural material from which all igneous rocks are formed.
See Basalt and Magma
Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element; it has symbol Mg and atomic number 12.
Magnesium oxide
Magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium (see also oxide).
See Basalt and Magnesium oxide
Magnetism
Magnetism is the class of physical attributes that occur through a magnetic field, which allows objects to attract or repel each other.
Magnetite
Magnetite is a mineral and one of the main iron ores, with the chemical formula.
Mantle (geology)
A mantle is a layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above by a crust.
See Basalt and Mantle (geology)
Mantle plume
A mantle plume is a proposed mechanism of convection within the Earth's mantle, hypothesized to explain anomalous volcanism.
Mantle wedge
A mantle wedge is a triangular shaped piece of mantle that lies above a subducting tectonic plate and below the overriding plate.
Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun.
See Basalt and Mars
Martian meteorite
A Martian meteorite is a rock that formed on Mars, was ejected from the planet by an impact event, and traversed interplanetary space before landing on Earth as a meteorite.
See Basalt and Martian meteorite
Mass fraction (chemistry)
In chemistry, the mass fraction of a substance within a mixture is the ratio w_i (alternatively denoted Y_i) of the mass m_i of that substance to the total mass m_\text of the mixture.
See Basalt and Mass fraction (chemistry)
Matrix (geology)
The matrix or groundmass of a rock is the finer-grained mass of material in which larger grains, crystals, or clasts are embedded.
See Basalt and Matrix (geology)
Mauna Loa
Mauna Loa is one of five volcanoes that form the Island of Hawaii in the U.S. state of Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean.
Metamorphic rocks arise from the transformation of existing rock to new types of rock in a process called metamorphism.
See Basalt and Metamorphic rock
Metamorphism is the transformation of existing rock (the protolith) to rock with a different mineral composition or texture.
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a mid-ocean ridge (a divergent or constructive plate boundary) located along the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, and part of the longest mountain range in the world.
See Basalt and Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Mid-ocean ridge
A mid-ocean ridge (MOR) is a seafloor mountain system formed by plate tectonics.
See Basalt and Mid-ocean ridge
Mineral
In geology and mineralogy, a mineral or mineral species is, broadly speaking, a solid substance with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure that occurs naturally in pure form.
Mineral hydration
In inorganic chemistry, mineral hydration is a reaction which adds water to the crystal structure of a mineral, usually creating a new mineral, commonly called a hydrate.
See Basalt and Mineral hydration
Mineral wool
Mineral wool is any fibrous material formed by spinning or drawing molten mineral or rock materials such as slag and ceramics.
Montmorillonite
Montmorillonite is a very soft phyllosilicate group of minerals that form when they precipitate from water solution as microscopic crystals, known as clay.
See Basalt and Montmorillonite
Moon
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite.
See Basalt and Moon
Mount Tarawera
Mount Tarawera is a volcano on the North Island of New Zealand within the older but volcanically productive Ōkataina Caldera.
Natural History (Pliny)
The Natural History (Naturalis Historia) is a Latin work by Pliny the Elder.
See Basalt and Natural History (Pliny)
Natural satellite
A natural satellite is, in the most common usage, an astronomical body that orbits a planet, dwarf planet, or small Solar System body (or sometimes another natural satellite).
See Basalt and Natural satellite
Neodymium
Neodymium is a chemical element; it has symbol Nd and atomic number 60.
Nepheline
Nepheline, also called nephelite, is a rock-forming mineral in the feldspathoid groupa silica-undersaturated aluminosilicate, Na3KAl4Si4O16, that occurs in intrusive and volcanic rocks with low silica, and in their associated pegmatites.
Noble gas
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Normative mineralogy
Normative mineralogy is a calculation of the composition of a rock sample that estimates the idealised mineralogy of a rock based on a quantitative chemical analysis according to the principles of geochemistry.
See Basalt and Normative mineralogy
Ocean
The ocean is the body of salt water that covers approx.
See Basalt and Ocean
Ocean island basalt
Ocean island basalt (OIB) is a volcanic rock, usually basaltic in composition, erupted in oceans away from tectonic plate boundaries.
See Basalt and Ocean island basalt
Oceanic crust
Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of the tectonic plates.
Olivine
The mineral olivine is a magnesium iron silicate with the chemical formula.
Ore
Ore is natural rock or sediment that contains one or more valuable minerals concentrated above background levels, typically containing metals, that can be mined, treated and sold at a profit.
See Basalt and Ore
Oregon
Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.
Osmium
Osmium is a chemical element; it has symbol Os and atomic number 76.
Outcrop
An outcrop or rocky outcrop is a visible exposure of bedrock or ancient superficial deposits on the surface of the Earth and other terrestrial planets.
Overburden pressure
Pressure is force magnitude applied over an area.
See Basalt and Overburden pressure
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See Basalt and Oxford University Press
Oxide
An oxide is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula.
See Basalt and Oxide
Paleomagnetism
Paleomagnetism (occasionally palaeomagnetism) is the study of prehistoric Earth's magnetic fields recorded in rocks, sediment, or archeological materials.
Paraná and Etendeka traps
The Paraná-Etendeka Large Igneous Province (PE-LIP) (or Paraná and Etendeka Plateau; or Paraná and Etendeka Province) is a large igneous province that includes both the main Paraná traps (in Paraná Basin, a South American geological basin) as well as the smaller severed portions of the flood basalts at the Etendeka traps (in northwest Namibia and southwest Angola).
See Basalt and Paraná and Etendeka traps
Partial melting
Partial melting is the phenomenon that occurs when a rock is subjected to temperatures high enough to cause certain minerals to melt, but not all of them.
See Basalt and Partial melting
Peridotite
Peridotite is a dense, coarse-grained igneous rock consisting mostly of the silicate minerals olivine and pyroxene.
Phanerite
A phanerite is an igneous rock whose microstructure is made up of crystals large enough to be distinguished with the unaided human eye.
Phenocryst
Swiss side of the Mont Blanc massif, has large white phenocrysts of plagioclase (that have trapezoid shapes when cut through). 1 euro coin (diameter 2.3 cm) for scale. A phenocryst is an early forming, relatively large and usually conspicuous crystal distinctly larger than the grains of the rock groundmass of an igneous rock.
Phlogopite
Phlogopite is a yellow, greenish, or reddish-brown member of the mica family of phyllosilicates.
Picrite basalt
Picrite basalt or picrobasalt is a variety of high-magnesium olivine basalt that is very rich in the mineral olivine.
Pigeonite
Pigeonite is a mineral in the clinopyroxene subgroup of the pyroxene group.
Plagioclase
Plagioclase is a series of tectosilicate (framework silicate) minerals within the feldspar group.
Planetary surface
A planetary surface is where the solid or liquid material of certain types of astronomical objects contacts the atmosphere or outer space.
See Basalt and Planetary surface
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that Earth's lithosphere comprises a number of large tectonic plates, which have been slowly moving since 3–4 billion years ago.
See Basalt and Plate tectonics
Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 AD 79), called Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, natural philosopher, naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian.
See Basalt and Pliny the Elder
Poise (unit)
The poise (symbol P) is the unit of dynamic viscosity (absolute viscosity) in the centimetre–gram–second system of units (CGS).
Porphyritic
Porphyritic is an adjective used in geology to describe igneous rocks with a distinct difference in the size of mineral crystals, with the larger crystals known as phenocrysts.
Potassium oxide
Potassium oxide (2O) is an ionic compound of potassium and oxygen.
See Basalt and Potassium oxide
Precambrian
The Precambrian (or Pre-Cambrian, sometimes abbreviated pC, or Cryptozoic) is the earliest part of Earth's history, set before the current Phanerozoic Eon.
Proterozoic
The Proterozoic is the third of the four geologic eons of Earth's history, spanning the time interval from 2500 to 538.8Mya, the longest eon of the Earth's geologic time scale.
Pumice
Pumice, called pumicite in its powdered or dust form, is a volcanic rock that consists of extremely vesicular rough-textured volcanic glass, which may or may not contain crystals.
Pyroclastic rock
Pyroclastic rocks are clastic rocks composed of rock fragments produced and ejected by explosive volcanic eruptions.
See Basalt and Pyroclastic rock
Pyroxene
The pyroxenes (commonly abbreviated Px) are a group of important rock-forming inosilicate minerals found in many igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Pyroxenite
Pyroxenite is an ultramafic igneous rock consisting essentially of minerals of the pyroxene group, such as augite, diopside, hypersthene, bronzite or enstatite.
QAPF diagram
A QAPF diagram is a doubled-triangle plot diagram used to classify intrusive igneous rocks based on their mineralogy.
Quartz
Quartz is a hard, crystalline mineral composed of silica (silicon dioxide).
Rare-earth element
The rare-earth elements (REE), also called the rare-earth metals or rare earths or, in context, rare-earth oxides, and sometimes the lanthanides (although scandium and yttrium, which do not belong to this series, are usually included as rare earths), are a set of 17 nearly indistinguishable lustrous silvery-white soft heavy metals.
See Basalt and Rare-earth element
Réunion
La Réunion, "La Reunion"; La Réunion; Reunionese Creole; previously known as Île Bourbon.
Redox
Redox (reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change.
See Basalt and Redox
Regolith
Regolith is a blanket of unconsolidated, loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid rock.
Rift
In geology, a rift is a linear zone where the lithosphere is being pulled apart and is an example of extensional tectonics.
See Basalt and Rift
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.
Scoria
Scoria is a pyroclastic, highly vesicular, dark-colored volcanic rock formed by ejection from a volcano as a molten blob and cooled in the air to form discrete grains called clasts.
Shock metamorphism or impact metamorphism describes the effects of shock-wave related deformation and heating during impact events.
See Basalt and Shock metamorphism
Siberian Traps
The Siberian Traps (Sibirskiye trappy) is a large region of volcanic rock, known as a large igneous province, in Siberia, Russia.
Silicon dioxide
Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula, commonly found in nature as quartz.
See Basalt and Silicon dioxide
Sodalite
Sodalite is a tectosilicate mineral with the formula, with royal blue varieties widely used as an ornamental gemstone.
Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element; it has symbol Na (from Neo-Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.
Sodium oxide
Sodium oxide is a chemical compound with the formula.
Soil
Soil, also commonly referred to as earth or dirt, is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support the life of plants and soil organisms.
See Basalt and Soil
Soil acidification
Soil acidification is the buildup of hydrogen cations, which reduces the soil pH.
See Basalt and Soil acidification
Solar System
The Solar SystemCapitalization of the name varies.
Statue
A statue is a free-standing sculpture in which the realistic, full-length figures of persons or animals are carved or cast in a durable material such as wood, metal or stone.
Strontium
Strontium is a chemical element; it has symbol Sr and atomic number 38.
Subaerial
In natural science, subaerial (literally "under the air") has been used since 1833, in the Merriam-Webster dictionary.
Subduction
Subduction is a geological process in which the oceanic lithosphere and some continental lithosphere is recycled into the Earth's mantle at convergent boundaries.
Subglacial eruption
Subglacial eruptions, those of ice-covered volcanoes, result in the interaction of magma with ice and snow, leading to meltwater formation, jökulhlaups, and lahars.
See Basalt and Subglacial eruption
Subvolcanic rock
A subvolcanic rock, also known as a hypabyssal rock, is an intrusive igneous rock that is emplaced at depths less than within the crust, and has intermediate grain size and often porphyritic texture between that of volcanic rocks, which are extrusive igneous rocks, and plutonic rocks, which form much deeper in the ground.
See Basalt and Subvolcanic rock
Surtsey
Surtsey ("Surtr's island" in Icelandic) is an uninhabited volcanic island located in the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago off the southern coast of Iceland.
Syria
Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.
See Basalt and Syria
TAS classification
TAS stands for Total Alkali Silica.
See Basalt and TAS classification
Tectonics
Tectonics are the processes that result in the structure and properties of the Earth's crust and its evolution through time.
Tephrite
Tephrite is an igneous, volcanic (extrusive) rock, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture.
Terrestrial planet
A terrestrial planet, telluric planet, or rocky planet, is a planet that is composed primarily of silicate, rocks or metals.
See Basalt and Terrestrial planet
Texture (geology)
In geology, texture or rock microstructure refers to the relationship between the materials of which a rock is composed.
See Basalt and Texture (geology)
The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
See Basalt and The New York Times
Thermal insulation
Thermal insulation is the reduction of heat transfer (i.e., the transfer of thermal energy between objects of differing temperature) between objects in thermal contact or in range of radiative influence.
See Basalt and Thermal insulation
Tholeiitic magma series
The tholeiitic magma series is one of two main magma series in subalkaline igneous rocks, the other being the calc-alkaline series.
See Basalt and Tholeiitic magma series
Titanium
Titanium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ti and atomic number 22.
Titanium dioxide
Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the inorganic compound derived from titanium with the chemical formula.
See Basalt and Titanium dioxide
Touchstone set A touchstone is a small tablet of dark stone such as slate or lydite, used for assaying precious metal alloys.
See Basalt and Touchstone (assaying tool)
Trachybasalt
Trachybasalt is a volcanic rock with a composition between trachyte and basalt.
Tridymite
Tridymite is a high-temperature polymorph of silica and usually occurs as minute tabular white or colorless pseudo-hexagonal crystals, or scales, in cavities in felsic volcanic rocks.
Tuff
Tuff is a type of rock made of volcanic ash ejected from a vent during a volcanic eruption.
See Basalt and Tuff
Ultramafic rock
Ultramafic rocks (also referred to as ultrabasic rocks, although the terms are not wholly equivalent) are igneous and meta-igneous rocks with a very low silica content (less than 45%), generally >18% MgO, high FeO, low potassium, and are composed of usually greater than 90% mafic minerals (dark colored, high magnesium and iron content).
See Basalt and Ultramafic rock
Ulvöspinel
Ulvöspinel or ulvite is an iron titanium oxide mineral with formula: Fe2TiO4 or TiFe2+2O4.
United States Geological Survey
The United States Geological Survey (USGS), founded as the Geological Survey, is an agency of the United States government whose work spans the disciplines of biology, geography, geology, and hydrology.
See Basalt and United States Geological Survey
Upper mantle
The upper mantle of Earth is a very thick layer of rock inside the planet, which begins just beneath the crust (at about under the oceans and about under the continents) and ends at the top of the lower mantle at.
Vega program
The Vega program (Вега) was a series of Venus missions that also took advantage of the appearance of comet 1P/Halley in 1986.
Venera
The Venera ('Venus') program was a series of space probes developed by the Soviet Union between 1961 and 1984 to gather information about the planet Venus.
Venus
Venus is the second planet from the Sun.
See Basalt and Venus
Vesicular texture
Vesicular texture is a volcanic rock texture characterized by a rock being pitted with many cavities (known as vesicles) at its surface and inside.
See Basalt and Vesicular texture
Viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate.
Volcanic arc
A volcanic arc (also known as a magmatic arc) is a belt of volcanoes formed above a subducting oceanic tectonic plate, with the belt arranged in an arc shape as seen from above.
Volcanic ash
Volcanic ash consists of fragments of rock, mineral crystals, and volcanic glass, produced during volcanic eruptions and measuring less than 2 mm (0.079 inches) in diameter.
Volcanic gas
Volcanic gases are gases given off by active (or, at times, by dormant) volcanoes.
Volcanic glass
Volcanic glass is the amorphous (uncrystallized) product of rapidly cooling magma.
Volcanic rock
Volcanic rocks (often shortened to volcanics in scientific contexts) are rocks formed from lava erupted from a volcano.
Volcanism on Venus
The surface of Venus is dominated by volcanic features and has more volcanoes than any other planet in the Solar System.
See Basalt and Volcanism on Venus
Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit
Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits, also known as VMS ore deposits, are a type of metal sulfide ore deposit, mainly copper-zinc which are associated with and produced by volcanic-associated hydrothermal events in submarine environments.
See Basalt and Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit
Washington (state)
Washington, officially the State of Washington, is the westernmost state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.
See Basalt and Washington (state)
Zeolite
Zeolite is a family of several microporous, crystalline aluminosilicate materials commonly used as commercial adsorbents and catalysts.
4 Vesta
Vesta (minor-planet designation: 4 Vesta) is one of the largest objects in the asteroid belt, with a mean diameter of.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt
Also known as Basalt column, Basalt lava, Basalt mountain, Basalt ridge, Basalt weathering, Basaltic, Basaltic rock, Basalts, Columnar basalt, Grey basalt, High and low titanium basalts, High-Ti basalt, Kharodi basalt, Liquid basalt, Olivine basalt, Pillow Basalts, Pillow basalt.
, Columnar jointing, Compatibility (geochemistry), Crater counting, Cristobalite, Crust (geology), Crystal, Dawn (spacecraft), De Natura Fossilium, Deccan Traps, Diabase, Ductility, Earth's mantle, Eclogite, Emeishan Traps, Epidote, Europium anomaly, Extrusion, Extrusive rock, Faroe Islands, Feldspar, Feldspathoid, Field research, Flood basalt, Foundation (engineering), Gabbro, Galilee earthquake of 1837, Geologic time scale, Geologist, Geology of the Moon, Georgius Agricola, Gibbsite, Golan Heights, Granite, Greenschist, Greenstone belt, Hadean, Hafnium, Hardness, Hawaii, Hawaii (island), HED meteorite, Helium, Hematite, Hotspot (geology), Hubble Space Telescope, Hydrothermal circulation, Hydrothermal vent, Igneous rock, Illite, Ilmenite, Incompatible element, India, Infrared, Internal structure of Earth, Intrusive rock, Io (moon), Ion, Iron, Iron oxide, Iron(II) oxide, Island, Isotope, Israel, Joint (geology), Jupiter, Kaersutite, Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount, Kaolinite, Karoo, Ketchup, Komatiite, Labradorite, Lanthanide, Large igneous province, Late Latin, Laterite, Lava, Lava lake, Lava tube, Lead, Leucite, Lexico, Liquidus and solidus, Littoral cone, Luna programme, Lunar mare, Lunar meteorite, Maar, Mafic, Magma, Magnesium, Magnesium oxide, Magnetism, Magnetite, Mantle (geology), Mantle plume, Mantle wedge, Mars, Martian meteorite, Mass fraction (chemistry), Matrix (geology), Mauna Loa, Metamorphic rock, Metamorphism, Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Mid-ocean ridge, Mineral, Mineral hydration, Mineral wool, Montmorillonite, Moon, Mount Tarawera, Natural History (Pliny), Natural satellite, Neodymium, Nepheline, Noble gas, Normative mineralogy, Ocean, Ocean island basalt, Oceanic crust, Olivine, Ore, Oregon, Osmium, Outcrop, Overburden pressure, Oxford University Press, Oxide, Paleomagnetism, Paraná and Etendeka traps, Partial melting, Peridotite, Phanerite, Phenocryst, Phlogopite, Picrite basalt, Pigeonite, Plagioclase, Planetary surface, Plate tectonics, Pliny the Elder, Poise (unit), Porphyritic, Potassium oxide, Precambrian, Proterozoic, Pumice, Pyroclastic rock, Pyroxene, Pyroxenite, QAPF diagram, Quartz, Rare-earth element, Réunion, Redox, Regolith, Rift, Russia, Scoria, Shock metamorphism, Siberian Traps, Silicon dioxide, Sodalite, Sodium, Sodium oxide, Soil, Soil acidification, Solar System, Statue, Strontium, Subaerial, Subduction, Subglacial eruption, Subvolcanic rock, Surtsey, Syria, TAS classification, Tectonics, Tephrite, Terrestrial planet, Texture (geology), The New York Times, Thermal insulation, Tholeiitic magma series, Titanium, Titanium dioxide, Touchstone (assaying tool), Trachybasalt, Tridymite, Tuff, Ultramafic rock, Ulvöspinel, United States Geological Survey, Upper mantle, Vega program, Venera, Venus, Vesicular texture, Viscosity, Volcanic arc, Volcanic ash, Volcanic gas, Volcanic glass, Volcanic rock, Volcanism on Venus, Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit, Washington (state), Zeolite, 4 Vesta.