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Bulgarians, the Glossary

  • ️Wed Jan 10 2024

Index Bulgarians

Bulgarians (bŭlgari) are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group native to Bulgaria and its neighbouring region, who share a common Bulgarian ancestry, culture, history and language.[1]

Table of Contents

  1. 420 relations: Adrianople vilayet, Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, Age of Enlightenment, Agreement (linguistics), Airbag, Ala (demon), Albanian language, Albanians, Anastenaria, Anatolia, Ancestor, Ancient Greece, André the Giant, Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas, Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean, Annunciation, Antes people, Anti-Turkish sentiment, April Uprising of 1876, Apron, Argentina, Aryan, Asparuh of Bulgaria, Assen Jordanoff, Association football, Atanasoff–Berry computer, Autocephaly, Autosome, Baba Marta, Baba Yaga, Babinden, Bagpipes, Baklava, Balgari, Balkan sprachbund, Balkan–Danubian culture, Balkans, Ballon d'Or, Balts, Banat, Banat Bulgarians, Banitsa, Baptism of Jesus, Bass (voice type), Bay Ganyo, Bayer 04 Leverkusen, Beheading of John the Baptist, Belarus, Belarusian language, ... Expand index (370 more) »

  2. Bulgarian people
  3. Ethnic groups in Albania
  4. Ethnic groups in Bulgaria
  5. Ethnic groups in Greece
  6. Ethnic groups in Macedonia (region)
  7. Ethnic groups in Moldova
  8. Ethnic groups in North Macedonia
  9. South Slavs

Adrianople vilayet

The Vilayet of Adrianople or Vilayet of Edirne (ولايت ادرنه; Vilâyet-i Edirne) was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire.

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Adriatic Sea

The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula.

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Aegean Sea

The Aegean Sea is an elongated embayment of the Mediterranean Sea between Europe and Asia.

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Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.

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Agreement (linguistics)

In linguistics, agreement or concord (abbreviated) occurs when a word changes form depending on the other words to which it relates.

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Airbag

An airbag is a vehicle occupant-restraint system using a bag designed to inflate exceptionally quickly and then deflate during a collision.

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Ala (demon)

An ala or hala (plural: ale or hali) is a female mythological creature recorded in the folklore of Bulgarians, Macedonians, and Serbs.

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Albanian language

Albanian (endonym: shqip, gjuha shqipe, or arbërisht) is an Indo-European language and the only surviving representative of the Albanoid branch, which belongs to the Paleo-Balkan group.

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Albanians

The Albanians (Shqiptarët) are an ethnic group native to the Balkan Peninsula who share a common Albanian ancestry, culture, history and language. Bulgarians and Albanians are ethnic groups in Albania, ethnic groups in Greece, ethnic groups in North Macedonia, ethnic groups in Serbia and ethnic groups in Turkey.

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Anastenaria

The Anastenaria (Αναστενάρια, translit), is a traditional barefoot fire-walking ritual with ecstatic dance performed in some villages in Northern Greece and Southern Bulgaria.

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Anatolia

Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.

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Ancestor

An ancestor, also known as a forefather, fore-elder, or a forebear, is a parent or (recursively) the parent of an antecedent (i.e., a grandparent, great-grandparent, great-great-grandparent and so forth).

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Ancient Greece

Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.

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André the Giant

André René Roussimoff (19 May 1946 – 28 January 1993), better known by his ring name André the Giant, was a French professional wrestler and actor.

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Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas

Andrees Allgemeiner Handatlas was a major cartographic work (general atlas) published in several German and foreign editions 1881–1937.

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Anna-Maria Ravnopolska-Dean

Anna-Maria Yordanova Ravnopolska-Dean (Анна-Мария Йорданова Равнополска-Дийн.), born 3 August 1960, Sofia, Bulgaria, is a Bulgarian and American harpist, composer, pedagogue, musicologist and TV host.

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Annunciation

The Annunciation (from the Latin annuntiatio; also referred to as the Annunciation to the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Annunciation of Our Lady, or the Annunciation of the Lord; Ο Ευαγγελισμός της Θεοτόκου) is, according to the Gospel of Luke, the announcement made by the archangel Gabriel to Mary that she would conceive and bear a son through a virgin birth and become the mother of Jesus Christ, the Christian Messiah and Son of God, marking the Incarnation.

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Antes people

The Antes or Antae (Ἄνται) were an early Slavic tribal polity of the 6th century CE.

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Anti-Turkish sentiment

Anti-Turkish sentiment, also known as Anti-Turkism (Türk karşıtlığı), or Turkophobia is hostility, intolerance, or xenophobia against Turkish people, Turkish culture and the Turkish language.

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April Uprising of 1876

The April Uprising (Aprilsko vastanie) was an insurrection organised by the Bulgarians in the Ottoman Empire from April to May 1876.

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Apron

An apron is a garment that is worn over other clothing to cover the front of the body.

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Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America.

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Aryan

Aryan or Arya (Indo-Iranian arya) is a term originally used as an ethnocultural self-designation by Indo-Iranians in ancient times, in contrast to the nearby outsiders known as 'non-Aryan' (an-arya).

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Asparuh of Bulgaria

Asparuh (also Ispor; Asparuh or (rarely) Isperih) was а ruler of Bulgars in the second half of the 7th century and is credited with the establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire in 681.

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Assen Jordanoff

Assen "Jerry" Jordanoff (Асен Христов Йорданов, born Asen Hristov Yordanov, September 2, 1896 - October 19, 1967) was a Bulgarian-American inventor, engineer, and aviator.

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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each, who primarily use their feet to propel a ball around a rectangular field called a pitch.

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Atanasoff–Berry computer

The Atanasoff–Berry computer (ABC) was the first automatic electronic digital computer.

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Autocephaly

Autocephaly (from αὐτοκεφαλία, meaning "property of being self-headed") is the status of a hierarchical Christian church whose head bishop does not report to any higher-ranking bishop.

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Autosome

An autosome is any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.

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Baba Marta

Baba Marta (Баба Марта, "Granny March") is the name of a Bulgarian mythical figure who brings with her the end of the cold winter and the beginning of the spring.

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Baba Yaga

Baba Yaga is an enigmatic or ambiguous character from Slavic folklore (or one of a trio of sisters of the same name) who has two opposite roles.

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Babinden

Babinden (Бабинден, Бабьи каши, Бабий день the Day of the baba or the Day of the midwife) is a traditional Bulgarian feast, celebrated on 8 January (or in some areas 21 January according to the Gregorian calendar), in honour of the women practicing midwifery.

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Bagpipes

Bagpipes are a woodwind instrument using enclosed reeds fed from a constant reservoir of air in the form of a bag.

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Baklava

Baklava (or; باقلوا) is a layered pastry dessert made of filo pastry, filled with chopped nuts, and sweetened with syrup or honey.

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Balgari

Balgari (Българи) is a village in Tsarevo Municipality, in Burgas Province, in southeastern Bulgaria.

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Balkan sprachbund

The Balkan sprachbund or Balkan language area is an ensemble of areal features—similarities in grammar, syntax, vocabulary and phonology—among the languages of the Balkans.

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Balkan–Danubian culture

The Balkan–Danubian culture was an early medieval archaeological culture which emerged in the region of the Lower Danube in the 8th century and flourished until the 11th century.

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Balkans

The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions.

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Ballon d'Or

The Ballon d'Or is an annual football award presented by French magazine France Football since 1956 to honour the player deemed to have performed the best over the previous season.

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Balts

The Balts or Baltic peoples (baltai, balti) are a group of peoples inhabiting the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea who speak Baltic languages.

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Banat

Banat (Bánság; Banat) is a geographical and historical region located in the Pannonian Basin that straddles Central and Eastern Europe.

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Banat Bulgarians

The Banat Bulgarians (Banat Bulgarian: Palćene or Banátsći balgare; common Banatski balgari; Bulgari bănățeni; Банатски Бугари / Banatski Bugari), also known as Bulgarian Roman Catholics and Bulgarians Paulicians or simply as Paulicians, are a distinct Bulgarian minority group which since the Chiprovtsi Uprising in the late 17th century began to settle in the region of the Banat, which was then ruled by the Habsburgs and after World War I was divided between Romania, Serbia, and Hungary. Bulgarians and Banat Bulgarians are ethnic groups in Bulgaria, ethnic groups in Serbia and Slavic ethnic groups.

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Banitsa

Banitsa (Bulgarian: баница), also transliterated as banica and banitza, is a traditional pastry made in Bulgaria.

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Baptism of Jesus

The baptism of Jesus, the ritual purification of Jesus with water by John the Baptist, was a major event described in the three synoptic Gospels of the New Testament (Matthew, Mark and Luke).

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Bass (voice type)

A bass is a type of classical male singing voice and has the lowest vocal range of all voice types.

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Bay Ganyo

Bay Ganyo (Бай Ганьо,; also transliterated as Bai Ganio or Baj Ganjo) is a fictional character created by the Bulgarian author Aleko Konstantinov (1863–1897).

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Bayer 04 Leverkusen

Bayer 04 Leverkusen, officially known as Bayer 04 Leverkusen Fußball GmbH and commonly known as Bayer Leverkusen or simply Leverkusen, is a German professional football club based in Leverkusen, North Rhine-Westphalia.

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Beheading of John the Baptist

The beheading of John the Baptist, also known as the decollation of Saint John the Baptist or the beheading of the Forerunner, is a biblical event commemorated as a holy day by various Christian churches.

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Belarus

Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe.

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Belarusian language

Belarusian (label) is an East Slavic language.

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Bessarabia

Bessarabia is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west.

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Bessarabian Bulgarians

The Bessarabian Bulgarians (besarabski bǎlgari; bulgari basarabeni; bessarabski bolháry) are a Bulgarian minority group of the historical region of Bessarabia, inhabiting parts of present-day Ukraine (Budjak region of the Odesa Oblast) and Moldova. Bulgarians and Bessarabian Bulgarians are ethnic groups in Moldova and ethnic groups in Ukraine.

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Black Sea

The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia.

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Boeing

The Boeing Company (or simply Boeing) is an American multinational corporation that designs, manufactures, and sells airplanes, rotorcraft, rockets, satellites, and missiles worldwide.

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Boris (given name)

Boris, Borys or Barys (Bulgarian, Russian, Serbian, Борис; Барыс) is a male name of Bulgar origin.

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Boris Christoff

Boris Christoff (Boris Kirilov Hristov,; 18 May 1914 – 28 June 1993) was a Bulgarian opera singer, widely considered one of the greatest basses of the 20th century.

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Boris III of Bulgaria

Boris III (Борѝс III; Boris Treti; 28 August 1943), originally Boris Klemens Robert Maria Pius Ludwig Stanislaus Xaver (Boris Clement Robert Mary Pius Louis Stanislaus Xavier), was the Tsar of the Kingdom of Bulgaria from 1918 until his death in 1943.

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Boyko Borisov

Boyko Metodiev Borisov (Бойко Методиев Борисов,; born 13 June 1959) is a Bulgarian politician who served as Prime Minister of Bulgaria on three separate occasions, serving a total of 9 years between 2009 and 2021, making him Bulgaria's longest-serving post-communist Prime Minister.

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Brazil

Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America.

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Bread and salt

Bread and salt are offered to guests in a ceremony of welcome in cultures around the world.

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Bulgar language

Bulgar (also known as Bulghar, Bolgar, or Bolghar) is an extinct Oghuric Turkic language spoken by the Bulgars.

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Bulgaria

Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north. It covers a territory of and is the 16th largest country in Europe.

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Bulgaria during World War I

The Kingdom of Bulgaria participated in World War I on the side of the Central Powers from 14 October 1915, when the country declared war on Serbia, until 30 September 1918, when the Armistice of Salonica came into effect.

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Bulgaria during World War II

The history of Bulgaria during World War II encompasses an initial period of neutrality until 1 March 1941, a period of alliance with the Axis Powers until 8 September 1944, and a period of alignment with the Allies in the final year of the war.

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Bulgaria–Russia relations

Bulgaria–Russia relations (Bulgarian: Отношения между България и Русия, romanized: Otnosheniya mezhdu Bulgariya i Rusiya, translit) are the diplomatic relations between the countries of Bulgaria and Russia.

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Bulgarian Americans

Bulgarian Americans (translit) are Americans of Bulgarian descent.

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Bulgarian Canadians

Bulgarian Canadians (канадски българи, kanadski balgari) are Canadian citizens or residents from Bulgaria or people of Bulgarian descent.

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Bulgarian diaspora

The Bulgarian diaspora includes Bulgarians living outside Bulgaria and its surrounding countries, as well as immigrants from Bulgaria abroad. Bulgarians and Bulgarian diaspora are Bulgarian people.

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Bulgarian Exarchate

The Bulgarian Exarchate (Balgarska ekzarhiya; Bulgar Eksarhlığı) was the official name of the Bulgarian Orthodox Church before its autocephaly was recognized by the Ecumenical See in 1945 and the Bulgarian Patriarchate was restored in 1953.

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Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church

The Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church is a sui iuris ("autonomous") Eastern Catholic church based in Bulgaria. As a particular church of the Catholic Church, it is in full communion with the Holy See. The Church's liturgical usage is that of the Byzantine Rite in the Bulgarian language. The Church is organised as a single eparchy — the Bulgarian Greek Catholic Eparchy of Sofia.

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Bulgarian irredentism

Bulgarian irredentism is a term to identify the territory associated with a historical national state and a modern Bulgarian irredentist nationalist movement in the 19th and 20th centuries, which would include most of Macedonia, Thrace and Moesia.

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Bulgarian Land Army

The Bulgarian Land Army (1810–1812) was part of the Russian army.

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Bulgarian language

Bulgarian (bŭlgarski ezik) is an Eastern South Slavic language spoken in Southeast Europe, primarily in Bulgaria.

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Bulgarian lev

The lev (лев, plural: лева, левове / leva, levove; ISO 4217 code: BGN; numeric code: 975) is the currency of Bulgaria.

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Bulgarian Millet

Bulgarian Millet (Bulgar Milleti) was an ethno-religious and linguistic community within the Ottoman Empire from the mid-19th to early 20th century.

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Bulgarian Muslims

The Muslim Bulgarians (Българи-мохамедани, Bǎlgari-mohamedani, as of recently also Българи-мюсюлмани, Bǎlgari-mjusjulmani, locally called Pomak, ahryan, poganets, marvak, or poturnak) are Bulgarians who follow the faith of Islam.

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Bulgarian nationality law

Bulgarian nationality law is governed by the Constitution of Bulgaria (article 25 and 26) of 1991 and the citizenship law of 1999 (with changes made in various years through to 2009).

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Bulgarian Orthodox Church

The Bulgarian Orthodox Church (translit), legally the Patriarchate of Bulgaria (translit), is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox jurisdiction based in Bulgaria. It is the first medieval recognised patriarchate outside the Pentarchy and the oldest Slavic Orthodox church, with some 6 million members in Bulgaria and between 1.5 and 2 million members in a number of other European countries, Asia, the Americas, Australia, and New Zealand.

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Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee

The Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee (BRCC; translit) was a Bulgarian revolutionary organisation founded in 1869 among the Bulgarian emigrant circles in Romania.

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Bulgarian wine

Grape growing and wine production have a long history in Bulgaria, dating back to the times of the Thracians.

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Bulgarians in Albania

The Bulgarians in Albania live mostly in the areas of Mala Prespa, Gollobordë and Gora. Bulgarians and Bulgarians in Albania are ethnic groups in Albania.

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Bulgarians in Bulgaria

Bulgarians are the main ethnic group in Bulgaria, according to the census of the population in 2011 they are 6,000,000 people, or 86% of the country's population. Bulgarians and Bulgarians in Bulgaria are ethnic groups in Bulgaria.

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Bulgarians in Germany

Bulgarians in Germany (Bǎlgari v Germaniya; Bulgaren in Deutschland) are one of the sizable communities of the Bulgarian diaspora in Western Europe.

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Bulgarians in Hungary

Bulgarians (bolgárok) are one of the thirteen officially recognized ethnic minorities in Hungary (Унгария, Ungaria; old name Маджарско, Madzharsko) since the Rights of National and Ethnic Minorities Act was enacted by the National Assembly of Hungary on 7 July 1993.

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Bulgarians in North Macedonia

Bulgarians are an ethnic minority in North Macedonia. Bulgarians and Bulgarians in North Macedonia are ethnic groups in North Macedonia.

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Bulgarians in Romania

Bulgarians (bulgari) are a recognized minority in Romania (Румъния, Rumaniya), numbering 7,336 according to the 2011 Romanian census, down from 8,025 in 2002.

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Bulgarians in Serbia

Bulgarians in Serbia (Bugari u Srbiji; Българи в Сърбия) are a recognized national minority in Serbia. Bulgarians and Bulgarians in Serbia are ethnic groups in Serbia.

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Bulgarians in Ukraine

Bulgarians in Ukraine (Българи в Украйна, Bǎlgari v Ukrayna;, Bolhary v Ukraïni) make up the fifth biggest minority in the country and primarily reside in southern Ukraine. Bulgarians and Bulgarians in Ukraine are ethnic groups in Ukraine.

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Bulgars

The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari, Proto-Bulgarians) were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region between the 5th and 7th centuries.

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Burgas

Burgas (Бургас), sometimes transliterated as Bourgas, is the second largest city on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast in the region of Northern Thrace and the fourth-largest city in Bulgaria after Sofia, Plovdiv, and Varna, with a population of 203,000 inhabitants, while 277,922 live in its urban area.

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Busójárás

The Busójárás (Hungarian, meaning "Busó-walking"; in Croatian: Pohod bušara) is an annual celebration of the Šokci living in the town of Mohács, Hungary, held at the end of the Carnival season ("Farsang"), ending the day before Ash Wednesday.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Catholic Church in Bulgaria

The Catholic Church is the fourth largest religious congregation in Bulgaria, after Eastern Orthodoxy, Islam and Protestantism.

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Celts

The Celts (see pronunciation for different usages) or Celtic peoples were a collection of Indo-European peoples.

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Central Asia

Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.

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Central Europe

Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe.

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Chalga

Chalga (often referred to as pop-folk, short for "popular folk" or ethno-pop, short for "ethnic pop") is a Bulgarian pop-folk music genre.

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Chancellor

Chancellor (cancellarius) is a title of various official positions in the governments of many countries.

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Chech

Chech (Чеч, Τσέτσι) or Chechko (Чечко) is a geographical and historical region of the Balkan peninsula in southeastern Europe in modern-day Bulgaria and Greece.

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Chernorizets Hrabar

Chernorizets Hrabar (Чрьнори́зьць Хра́бръ, Črĭnorizĭcĭ Hrabrŭ, Черноризец Храбър)Sometimes modernized as Chernorizetz Hrabar, Chernorizets Hrabr or Crnorizec Hrabar was a Bulgarian, monk, scholar and writer who worked at the Preslav Literary School in the First Bulgarian Empire at the end of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century.

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Christmas

Christmas is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world.

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Christo and Jeanne-Claude

Christo Vladimirov Javacheff (1935–2020) and Jeanne-Claude Denat de Guillebon (1935–2009), known as Christo and Jeanne-Claude, were artists noted for their large-scale, site-specific environmental installations, often large landmarks and landscape elements wrapped in fabric, including the Wrapped Reichstag, The Pont Neuf Wrapped, Running Fence in California, and The Gates in New York City's Central Park.

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Church Slavonic

Church Slavonic is the conservative Slavic liturgical language used by the Eastern Orthodox Church in Belarus, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Serbia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Slovenia and Croatia.

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Chuvash people

The Chuvash people (чӑваш; çăvaş), plural: чӑвашсем, çăvaşsem; чува́ши.) are a Turkic ethnic group, a branch of the Ogurs, native to an area stretching from the Idel-Ural (Volga-Ural) region to Siberia. Most of them live in Chuvashia and the surrounding areas, although Chuvash communities may be found throughout the Russian Federation. Bulgarians and Chuvash people are ethnic groups in Ukraine.

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Circle dance

Circle dance, or chain dance, is a style of social dance done in a circle, semicircle or a curved line to musical accompaniment, such as rhythm instruments and singing, and is a type of dance where anyone can join in without the need of partners.

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Clement of Ohrid

Clement or Kliment of Ohrid (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Климент Охридски, Kliment Ohridski; Κλήμης τῆς Ἀχρίδας, Klḗmēs tē̂s Akhrídas; Kliment Ochridský; – 916) was one of the first medieval Bulgarian saints, scholar, writer, and apostle to the Slavs.

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Coat of arms of Bulgaria

The coat of arms of Bulgaria (Герб на България) consists of a crowned golden lion rampant over a dark red shield; above the shield is the Bulgarian historical crown.

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Confederation

A confederation (also known as a confederacy or league) is a political union of sovereign states or communities united for purposes of common action.

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Congress of Berlin

The Congress of Berlin (13 June – 13 July 1878) was a diplomatic conference to reorganise the states in the Balkan Peninsula after the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878), which had been won by Russia against the Ottoman Empire.

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Constantine of Kostenets

Constantine of Kostenets (Konstantin Kostenechki; – after 1431), also known as Constantine the Philosopher (Константин Филозоф), was a medieval Bulgarian scholar, writer and chronicler, who spent most of his life in the Serbian Despotate.

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Constantine of Preslav

Constantine of Preslav was a medieval Bulgarian scholar, writer and translator, one of the most important men of letters working at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century.

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Constantinople

Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.

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Constitution of Bulgaria

The Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria (translit) is the supreme and basic law of the Republic of Bulgaria.

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Crème de menthe

Crème de menthe (French for "mint cream") is a sweet, mint-flavored alcoholic beverage.

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Culture

Culture is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.

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Cyrillic script

The Cyrillic script, Slavonic script or simply Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia.

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Czech Statistical Office

The Czech Statistical Office (abbreviated CSO or CZSO; Český statistický úřad, abbreviated ČSÚ) is a central state administration authority of the Czech Republic.

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Dacians

The Dacians (Daci; loc Δάοι, Δάκαι) were the ancient Indo-European inhabitants of the cultural region of Dacia, located in the area near the Carpathian Mountains and west of the Black Sea.

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Dairy product

Dairy products or milk products, also known as lacticinia, are food products made from (or containing) milk.

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Dan Kolov

Doncho Kolev Danev (Дончо Колев Данев) (26 December 1892 – 27 March 1940), better known by the ring name Dan Kolov (Дан Колов), was a Bulgarian professional wrestler born in Sennik, Bulgaria who was the first European freestyle wrestling champion from Bulgaria.

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Danube

The Danube (see also other names) is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia.

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Dentsivka

The dentsivka (Денцівка) is a woodwind musical instrument with a fipple (mouthpiece).

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Dictamnus

Dictamnus is a genus of flowering plant in the family Rutaceae, native to temperate Eurasia from Spain to China.

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Dimitar Berbatov

Dimitar Ivanov Berbatov (Димитър Иванов Бербатов; born 30 January 1981) is a Bulgarian former professional footballer who played as a striker.

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Dionysian Mysteries

The Dionysian Mysteries were a ritual of ancient Greece and Rome which sometimes used intoxicants and other trance-inducing techniques (like dance and music) to remove inhibitions and social constraints, liberating the individual to return to a natural state.

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Dodola and Perperuna

Dodola (also spelled Dodole, Dudola, Dudula, Diva-Dodola etc.) and Perperuna (also spelled Peperuda, Preperuda, Preperuša, Prporuša, Papaluga, Peperuna etc.), are ancient Slavic rainmaking pagan customs practiced until the 20th century.

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Dog spinning

Dog spinning (тричане на куче(та)) is a ritual that was traditionally practiced on the first day of Lent in the village of Brodilovo in southeastern Bulgaria.

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Domovoy

In the Slavic religious tradition, Domovoy (Домовой, literally " of the household"; also spelled Domovoi, Domovoj, and known as Domowik, Домовик (Domovik), Домовик (Domovyk) and Дамавік (Damavik) is the household spirit of a given kin. They are deified progenitors, that is to say the fountainhead ancestors of the kin.

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Duduk

The duduk (դուդուկ) or tsiranapogh (ծիրանափող, meaning "apricot-made wind instrument"), is a double reed woodwind instrument made of apricot wood originating from Armenia.

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Dvoyanka

The Bulgarian dvoyanka is a double flute made of a single piece of wood, with six sound holes on one side.

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Early European Farmers

Early European Farmers (EEF) were a group of the Anatolian Neolithic Farmers (ANF) who brought agriculture to Europe and Northwest Africa.

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Early Slavs

The early Slavs were speakers of Indo-European dialects who lived during the Migration Period and the Early Middle Ages (approximately from the 5th to the 10th centuries AD) in Central, Eastern and Southeast Europe and established the foundations for the Slavic nations through the Slavic states of the Early and High Middle Ages. Bulgarians and early Slavs are Slavic ethnic groups.

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East Slavs

The East Slavs are the most populous subgroup of the Slavs. Bulgarians and East Slavs are Slavic ethnic groups.

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Easter

Easter, also called Pascha (Aramaic, Greek, Latin) or Resurrection Sunday, is a Christian festival and cultural holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial following his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary.

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Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.

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Eastern Orthodox Church

The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, and also called the Greek Orthodox Church or simply the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 230 million baptised members.

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Eastern Rumelia

Eastern Rumelia (Iztochna Rumeliya; رومالی شرقى|Rumeli-i Şarkî; Anatoliki Romylia) was an autonomous province (oblast in Bulgarian, vilayet in Turkish) of the Ottoman Empire with a total area of 32,978 km2, which was created in 1878 by virtue of the Treaty of Berlin and de facto ceased to exist in 1885, when it was united with the Principality of Bulgaria, also under nominal Ottoman suzerainty.

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Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople

The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (translit,; Patriarchatus Oecumenicus Constantinopolitanus; Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi, İstanbul Ekümenik Patrikhanesi, "Roman Orthodox Patriarchate, Ecumenical Patriarchate") is one of the fifteen to seventeen autocephalous churches (or "jurisdictions") that together compose the Eastern Orthodox Church.

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Elijah

Elijah (ʾĒlīyyāhū, meaning "My God is Yahweh/YHWH"; Greek form: Elias /eːˈlias/) was a Jewish prophet and a miracle worker who lived in the northern kingdom of Israel during the reign of King Ahab (9th century BC), according to the Books of Kings in the Hebrew Bible.

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Encyclopædia Britannica

The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

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Environmental art

Environmental art is a range of artistic practices encompassing both historical approaches to nature in art and more recent ecological and politically motivated types of works.

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Epigravettian

The Epigravettian (Greek: epi "above, on top of", and Gravettian) was one of the last archaeological industries and cultures of the European Upper Paleolithic.

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Ethnicity

An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people who identify with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups.

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Ethnogenesis

Ethnogenesis is the formation and development of an ethnic group.

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Ethnonym

An ethnonym is a name applied to a given ethnic group.

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Euthymius of Tarnovo

Saint Euthymius of Tarnovo (also Evtimiy;, Sveti Evtimiy Tarnovski) was Patriarch of Bulgaria between 1375 and 1393.

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FC Barcelona

Futbol Club Barcelona, commonly known as Barcelona and familiarly as Barça, is a professional football club based in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain, that competes in La Liga, the top flight of Spanish football.

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Felix Philipp Kanitz

Felix Philipp Kanitz (פליקס פיליפ קאניץ. 2 August 1829 – 8 January 1904) was an Austro-Hungarian naturalist, geographer, ethnographer, archaeologist, painter and author of travel notes, of Jewish heritage.

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First Balkan War

The First Balkan War lasted from October 1912 to May 1913 and involved actions of the Balkan League (the Kingdoms of Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro) against the Ottoman Empire.

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First Bulgarian Empire

The First Bulgarian Empire (blŭgarĭsko tsěsarǐstvije; Първо българско царство) was a medieval state that existed in Southeastern Europe between the 7th and 11th centuries AD. It was founded in 680–681 after part of the Bulgars, led by Asparuh, moved south to the northeastern Balkans.

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Flag of Bulgaria

The flag of Bulgaria (zname na Bǎlgariya) is a tricolour consisting of three equal-sized horizontal bands of (from top to bottom) white, green, and red.

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Fustanella

Fustanella (for spelling in various languages, see chart below) is a traditional pleated skirt-like garment that is also referred to as a kilt worn by men in the Balkans.

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Gadulka

The gadulka (гъдулка) is a traditional Bulgarian bowed string instrument.

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Gagauz people

The Gagauz (Gagauzlar) are a Turkic ethnic group native to southern Moldova (Gagauzia, Taraclia District, Basarabeasca District) and southwestern Ukraine (Budjak). Gagauz are mostly Eastern Orthodox Christians. The term Gagauz is also often used as a collective naming of Turkic people living in the Balkans, speaking the Gagauz language, a language separated from Balkan Gagauz Turkish. Bulgarians and Gagauz people are ethnic groups in Bulgaria, ethnic groups in Moldova and ethnic groups in Ukraine.

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Geopolitics

Geopolitics is the study of the effects of Earth's geography (human and physical) on politics and international relations.

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German (mythology)

German (GER-man) is a South Slavic mythological being, recorded in the folklore of eastern Serbia and northern Bulgaria.

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Ghena Dimitrova

Ghena Dimitrova (Гeна Димитpова, 6 May 1941 – 11 June 2005) was a Bulgarian operatic soprano.

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Ghivetch

Ghivetch (гювеч,, ghiveci,, güveç, đuveč / ђувеч, ѓувеч) is a traditional Balkan autumn vegetable stew most closely associated with Romania, where it is a national dish, and Bulgaria.

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Glagolitic script

The Glagolitic script (glagolitsa) is the oldest known Slavic alphabet.

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Goths

The Goths (translit; Gothi, Gótthoi) were Germanic people who played a major role in the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the emergence of medieval Europe.

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Greece

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.

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Greek alphabet

The Greek alphabet has been used to write the Greek language since the late 9th or early 8th century BC.

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Greek language

Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.

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Greek Orthodox Church

Greek Orthodox Church (Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία, Ellinorthódoxi Ekklisía) is a term that can refer to any one of three classes of Christian churches, each associated in some way with Greek Christianity, Levantine Arabic-speaking Christians or more broadly the rite used in the Eastern Roman Empire.

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Gregory Tsamblak

Gregory Tsamblak or Grigorij Camblak (Григорий Цамблак; Григорије Цамблак) was a Bulgarian writer and cleric.

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Gudok

The gudok (гудок), gudochek (гудочек) is an ancient Eastern Slavic string musical instrument, played with a bow.

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Gusle

The gusle (гусле) or lahuta (lahutë) is a bowed single-stringed musical instrument (and musical style) traditionally used in the Dinarides region of Southeastern Europe (in the Balkans).

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Halloween

Halloween or Hallowe'en (less commonly known as Allhalloween, All Hallows' Eve, or All Saints' Eve) is a celebration observed in many countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows' Day.

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High jump

The high jump is a track and field event in which competitors must jump unaided over a horizontal bar placed at measured heights without dislodging it.

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History

History (derived) is the systematic study and documentation of the human past.

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Hitar Petar

Hitar Petar or Itar Pejo (Itar Petar) (Хитър Петър, Итар Пејо or Итар Петар, meaning "Crafty Peter" or "Clever Peter" is a character of Bulgarian and Macedonian folklore. He is a poor village farmhand, but possesses remarkable slyness, wit and wile. He is often presented as the "typical Bulgarian" in Bulgaria and the "typical Macedonian" in North Macedonia.

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Holy See

The Holy See (url-status,; Santa Sede), also called the See of Rome, Petrine See or Apostolic See, is the jurisdiction of the pope in his role as the Bishop of Rome.

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Hora (dance)

Hora, also known as horo and oro, is a type of circle dance originating in Aromanian and Romanian communities, especially in Romania and Moldova.

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Hristo Stoichkov

Hristo Stoichkov Stoichkov (Христо Стоичков Стоичков; born 8 February 1966) is a Bulgarian former professional footballer who is a football commentator for TUDN.

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Hunter-gatherer

A hunter-gatherer or forager is a human living in a community, or according to an ancestrally derived lifestyle, in which most or all food is obtained by foraging, that is, by gathering food from local naturally occurring sources, especially wild edible plants but also insects, fungi, honey, bird eggs, or anything safe to eat, and/or by hunting game (pursuing and/or trapping and killing wild animals, including catching fish).

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Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising

The Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising, or simply the Ilinden Uprising, of August–October 1903 (Ilindensko-Preobrazhensko vastanie; Ilindensko vostanie; Exégersi tou Ílinden), was organized revolt against the Ottoman Empire, which was prepared and carried out by the Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization, with the support of the Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee, which included mostly Bulgarian military personnel.

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Illyrians

The Illyrians (Ἰλλυριοί, Illyrioi; Illyrii) were a group of Indo-European-speaking people who inhabited the western Balkan Peninsula in ancient times.

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Imperial Russian Army

The Imperial Russian Army or Russian Imperial Army (Rússkaya imperátorskaya ármiya) was the armed land force of the Russian Empire, active from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917.

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Indo-European languages

The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.

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Indo-European migrations

The Indo-European migrations are hypothesized migrations of Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) speakers, and subsequent migrations of people speaking derived Indo-European languages, which took place approx.

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Institute of Statistics (Albania)

The Institute of Statistics (Instituti i Statistikave – INSTAT) is an independent public legal entity tasked with producing official statistics in the Republic of Albania.

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Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization

The Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization (IMRO; translit; translit), was a secret revolutionary society founded in the Ottoman territories in Europe, that operated in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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Internal Revolutionary Organization

The Internal Revolutionary Organisation (IRO; translit) was a Bulgarian revolutionary organisation founded and built up by Bulgarian revolutionary Vasil Levski in the period between 1869 and 1871.

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Iranian peoples

The Iranian peoples or Iranic peoples are a diverse grouping of peoples who are identified by their usage of the Iranian languages (branch of the Indo-European languages) and other cultural similarities.

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Irina Privalova

Irina Anatolyevna Privalova (Ирина Анатольевна Привалова; born 22 November 1968) is a Russian Olympic gold medallist athlete.

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Irreligion

Irreligion is the absence or rejection of religious beliefs or practices.

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Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

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Ivan

Ivan is a Slavic male given name, connected with the variant of the Greek name (English: John) from Hebrew יוֹחָנָן meaning 'God is gracious'.

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Ivet Lalova-Collio

Ivet Miroslavova Lalova-Collio (Ивет Мирославова Лалова-Колио; born 18 May 1984, in Sofia) is a Bulgarian athlete who specialises in the 100 metres and 200 metres sprint events.

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Izlel ye Delyo Haydutin

"Izlel ye Delyo Haydutin" (lit) is a Bulgarian folk song from the central Rhodope Mountains about Delyo, a rebel leader who was active in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.

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Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui

Jérôme-Adolphe Blanqui (November 21, 1798 – January 28, 1854) was a French economist.

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Jeremiah

Jeremiah (–), also called Jeremias or the "weeping prophet", was one of the major prophets of the Hebrew Bible.

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John the Exarch

John the Exarch (also transcribed Joan Ekzarh) was a medieval Bulgarian scholar, writer and translator, one of the most important men of letters working at the Preslav Literary School at the end of the 9th and the beginning of the 10th century.

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John Vincent Atanasoff

John Vincent Atanasoff (October 4, 1903 – June 15, 1995) was an American physicist and inventor credited with inventing the first electronic digital computer.

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Julia Kristeva

Julia Kristeva (born Yuliya Stoyanova Krasteva, Юлия Стоянова Кръстева; on 24 June 1941) is a Bulgarian-French philosopher, literary critic, semiotician, psychoanalyst, feminist, and novelist who has lived in France since the mid-1960s.

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Juozas Gabrys

Juozas Gabrys or Juozas Gabrys-Paršaitis (February 22, 1880 – July 26, 1951) was a Lithuanian politician and diplomat, best remembered for his efforts to popularize the idea of Lithuania's independence in the West during World War I.

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Justinian II

Justinian II (Iustinianus; Ioustinianós; 668/69 – 4 November 711), nicknamed "the Slit-Nosed" (Rhinotmetus; ho Rhīnótmētos), was the last Byzantine emperor of the Heraclian dynasty, reigning from 685 to 695 and again from 705 to 711.

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Kalpak

Calpack, kalpak, or qalpaq (калпак, kalpak; қалпақ, калпак, both; калпак; καλπάκι; kołpak; колпак,; ковпак) is a Turkic high-crowned cap (usually made of felt or sheepskin) worn by Bulgarians, Turks, Circassians, Dagestanis, Chechens, Ukrainians, Poles, Russians and throughout Central Asia and the Caucasus.

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Kaval

The kaval is a chromatic end-blown oblique flute traditionally played throughout the Balkans (in Albania, Romania, Bulgaria, Southern Serbia, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Northern Greece, and elsewhere) and Anatolia (including Turkey, Kurdistan and Armenia).

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Kawala

The kāwālā (كاوالا or; also called salamiya) is an end-blown cane flute used in Arabic music.

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Khorovod

The khorovod or horovod (p, translit or label, карагод, хоро, korowód) is an East Slavic and pagan art form and one of the oldest dances of Russia with its more than 1,000 years history.

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Khors

Khors is a Slavic god of uncertain functions mentioned since the 12th century.

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Kikimora

Kikimora (p) is a legendary creature, a female house spirit in Slavic mythology.

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Koledari

Koliadari are Slavic traditional performers of a ceremony called celebration of Koliada, a kind of Christmas caroling.

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Koliada

Koliada or koleda (Cyrillic: коляда, коледа, колада, коледе) is the traditional Slavic name for the period from Christmas to Epiphany or, more generally, for Slavic Christmas-related rituals, some dating to pre-Christian times.

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Kotoōshū Katsunori

Karoyan Andō (Andō Karoyan; born Kaloyan Stefanov Mahlyanov, Калоян Стефанов Махлянов; born 19 February 1983), known professionally as Kotoōshū Katsunori (琴欧洲 勝紀) and in his coaching career as Naruto Katsunori (鳴戸 勝紀), is a Bulgarian-Japanese former sumo wrestler.

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Krum

Krum (Крум, Κροῦμος/Kroumos), often referred to as Krum the Fearsome (Крум Страшни) was the Khan of Bulgaria from sometime between 796 and 803 until his death in 814.

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Kuber

Kuber (also Kouber or Kuver) was a Bulgar leader who, according to the Miracles of Saint Demetrius, liberated a mixed Bulgar and Byzantine Christian population in the 670s, whose ancestors had been transferred from the Eastern Roman Empire to the Syrmia region in Pannonia by the Avars 60 years earlier.

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Kubrat

Kubrat (Κροβατον, Kούβρατος; Кубрат) was the ruler of the Onogur–Bulgars, credited with establishing the confederation of Old Great Bulgaria in ca.

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Kukeri

Kukeri (кукери; singular: kuker, кукер) are elaborately costumed Bulgarian men, who perform traditional rituals intended to scare away evil spirits.

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Kuma Lisa

Kuma Lisa (Macedonian and Кума Лиса or Godmother Fox translated literally into English) or Lisa Patrikeyevna (Лиса Патрикеевна, meaning Fox Patrikas's-daughter, named after prince Patrikas, who was known as a very sly politician) or Lysychka-sestrychka (Лисичка-сестричка which means Fox-sister) is a character who is a fox from Macedonian, Bulgarian, Russian and Ukrainian folklore.

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Kupala Night

Kupala Night (also Kupala's Night or just Kupala; Polish:, Belarusian:, Russian:,, Ukrainian) is one of the major folk holidays of the Eastern Slavs that coincides with the Christian feast of the Nativity of St. John the Baptist and the East Slavic feast of Saint John's Eve.

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Kurentovanje

Kurentovanje is Slovenia's most popular and ethnologically significant carnival event first organised in 1960 by Drago Hasl and his associates from cultural and educational organizations.

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Lady Midday

Poludnitsa (from: Polden or Poluden, 'half-day' or 'midday') is a mythical character common to the various Slavic countries of Eastern Europe.

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Lamia

Lamia (Lámia), in ancient Greek mythology, was a child-eating monster and, in later tradition, was regarded as a type of night-haunting spirit or "daimon".

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Language

Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary.

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Latin alphabet

The Latin alphabet, also known as the Roman alphabet, is the collection of letters originally used by the ancient Romans to write the Latin language.

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Lazarice

Lazarice (лазарице), also known by its Bulgarian name Lazaruvane (лазаруване), is a South Slavic traditional procession during the Eastern Orthodox feast of Lazareva Subota (corresponding to, but distinct from Lazarus Saturday in other Orthodox churches), the day before Palm Sunday.

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Leshy

Leshy or Leshi is a tutelary deity of the forests in pagan Slavic mythology.

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Lexical similarity

In linguistics, lexical similarity is a measure of the degree to which the word sets of two given languages are similar.

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Liberation of Bulgaria

The Liberation of Bulgaria is the historical process as a result of the Bulgarian Revival.

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List of family name affixes

Family name affixes are a clue for surname etymology and can sometimes determine the ethnic origin of a person.

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List of Slavic deities

The pagan Slavs were polytheistic, which means that they worshipped many gods and goddesses.

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Macedonia (region)

Macedonia is a geographical and historical region of the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe.

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Macedonian Bulgarians

Macedonians or Macedonian Bulgarians (македонци or македонски българи), sometimes also referred to as Macedono-Bulgarians, Macedo-Bulgarians, or Bulgaro-Macedonians are a regional, ethnographic group of ethnic Bulgarians, inhabiting or originating from the region of Macedonia. Bulgarians and Macedonian Bulgarians are Bulgarian people, ethnic groups in Greece, ethnic groups in Macedonia (region), ethnic groups in North Macedonia, Slavic ethnic groups and south Slavs.

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Macedonian language

Macedonian (македонски јазик) is an Eastern South Slavic language.

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Macedonians (ethnic group)

Macedonians (Makedonci) are a nation and a South Slavic ethnic group native to the region of Macedonia in Southeast Europe. Bulgarians and Macedonians (ethnic group) are ethnic groups in Albania, ethnic groups in Greece, ethnic groups in Macedonia (region), ethnic groups in North Macedonia, ethnic groups in Serbia, Slavic ethnic groups and south Slavs.

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Madara Rider

The Madara Rider or Madara Horseman (Мадарски конник, Madarski konnik) is a large early medieval rock relief carved on the Madara Plateau east of Shumen in northeastern Bulgaria, near the village of Madara.

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Manchester United F.C.

Manchester United Football Club, commonly referred to as Man United (often stylised as Man Utd), or simply United, is a professional football club based in Old Trafford, Greater Manchester, England.

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Martenitsa

A Martenitsa (мартеница,; martinka; mártis; mărțișor; verore) is a small piece of adornment, made of white and red yarn and usually in the form of two dolls, a white male and a red female.

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Martius (month)

Martius or mensis Martius ("March") was the first month of the ancient Roman year until possibly as late as 153 BC.

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Mastika

Mastika or mastiha is a liqueur seasoned with mastic, a resin with a slightly pine or cedar-like flavor gathered from the mastic tree, a small evergreen tree native to the Mediterranean region.

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Mărțișor

Mărțișor is a tradition celebrated at the beginning of Spring in March, involving an object made from two intertwined red and white strings with hanging tassel in Romania and Moldova, very similar to Martenitsa tradition in Bulgaria and Martinka in North Macedonia and traditions of other populations from Southeastern Europe.

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Melting pot

A melting pot is a monocultural metaphor for a heterogeneous society becoming more homogeneous, the different elements "melting together" with a common culture; an alternative being a homogeneous society becoming more heterogeneous through the influx of foreign elements with different cultural backgrounds, possessing the potential to create disharmony within the previous culture.

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Menander Protector

Menander Protector (Menander the Guardsman, Menander the Byzantian; Μένανδρος Προτήκτωρ or Προτέκτωρ) was a Byzantine historian, born in Constantinople in the middle of the 6th century AD.

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Michael the Syrian

Saint Michael the Syrian (Mīkhaʾēl el Sūryani),(Mīkhoʾēl Sūryoyo), died AD 1199, also known as Michael the Great (Mīkhoʾēl Rabo) or Michael Syrus or Michael the Elder, to distinguish him from his nephew, was a patriarch and saint of the Syriac Orthodox Church from 1166 to 1199.

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Mila Rodino

"" (Мила Родино) is the national anthem of Bulgaria.

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Miladinov brothers

The Miladinov brothers (translit, translit), Dimitar Miladinov (18101862) and Konstantin Miladinov (18301862), were Bulgarian poets, folklorists, and activists of the Bulgarian national movement in Ottoman Macedonia.

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Mitochondrion

A mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.

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Moesia

Moesia (Latin: Moesia; Moisía) was an ancient region and later Roman province situated in the Balkans south of the Danube River.

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Moldova

Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, on the northeastern corner of the Balkans.

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Mongolian language

Mongolian is the principal language of the Mongolic language family that originated in the Mongolian Plateau.

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Montenegrins

Montenegrins (Black Mountain, or, Montenegrini) are a South Slavic ethnic group that share a common ancestry, culture, history, and language, identified with the country of Montenegro. Bulgarians and Montenegrins are ethnic groups in Serbia, Slavic ethnic groups and south Slavs.

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Morana (goddess)

Marzanna (in Polish), Morė (in Lithuanian), Marena (in Russian), Mara (in Ukrainian), Morana (in Czech, Slovene and Serbo-Croatian), Morena (in Slovak and Macedonian) or Mora (in Bulgarian) is a pagan Slavic goddess associated with seasonal rites based on the idea of death and rebirth of nature.

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Moussaka

Moussaka is an eggplant (aubergine)- or potato-based dish, often including ground meat, which is common in the Balkans and the Middle East, with many local and regional variations.

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Mutual intelligibility

In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort.

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Nasreddin

Nasreddin or Nasreddin Hodja (other variants include: Mullah Nasreddin Hodja, Nasruddin Hodja, Mullah Nasruddin, Mullah Nasriddin, Khoja Nasriddin) (1208–1285) is a character in the folklore of the Muslim world from the Balkans to China, and a hero of humorous short stories and satirical anecdotes.

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Nation

A nation is a large type of social organization where a collective identity, a national identity, has emerged from a combination of shared features across a given population, such as language, history, ethnicity, culture, territory or society.

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National awakening of Bulgaria

The National awakening of Bulgaria refers to the Bulgarian nationalism that emerged in the early 19th century under the influence of western ideas such as liberalism and nationalism, which trickled into the country after the French Revolution, mostly via Greece, although there were stirrings in the 18th century.

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National Guards Unit of Bulgaria

The National Guards Unit of Bulgaria (translit) is a unique Bulgarian military formation of regimental size, directly subordinated to the Minister of Defence.

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National Statistical Institute (Bulgaria)

The National Statistical Institute or NSI (Национален статистически институт or НСИ) is the Bulgarian state agency responsible for the collection and dissemination of statistical data on the population, economy and environment of the country.

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Nationalism

Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state.

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Nature (journal)

Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.

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Nav (Croatian, Czech, Slovak: Nav, Nawia, Навь, Нав, Navje, Мавка, Mavka or Нявка) is a phrase used to denote the souls of the dead in Slavic mythology.

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Need-fire

In European folklore, a need-fire (Notfeuer, nodfyr, tein'-éigin, Живой огонь) is a fire kindled by friction, which is lit in a ritual and used as protective magic against murrain (infectious diseases affecting cattle), plague and witchcraft.

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Neolithic Revolution

The Neolithic Revolution, also known as the First Agricultural Revolution, was the wide-scale transition of many human cultures during the Neolithic period in Afro-Eurasia from a lifestyle of hunting and gathering to one of agriculture and settlement, making an increasingly large population possible.

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Nicolai Ghiaurov

Nicolai Ghiaurov (or Nikolai Gjaurov, Nikolay Gyaurov, Николай Гяуров) (September 13, 1929 – June 2, 2004) was a Bulgarian opera singer and one of the most famous basses of the postwar period.

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Nikola Petroff

Nikola Petrov (Никола Петров), better known as Nikola Petroff, (19 December 1873 – 2 January 1925) was a Bulgarian wrestler.

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Nomad

Nomads are communities without fixed habitation who regularly move to and from areas.

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North Caucasus

The North Caucasus, or Ciscaucasia, is a region in Europe governed by Russia.

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Northern Cyprus

Northern Cyprus, officially the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC), is a de facto state that comprises the northeastern portion of the island of Cyprus.

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Northern Thrace

Northern Thrace or North Thrace (Северна Тракия, Severna Trakiya; Kuzey Trakya; Βόρεια Θράκη), also called Bulgarian Thrace, constitutes the northern and largest part of the historical region of Thrace.

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Nuclear weapon

A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb), producing a nuclear explosion.

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Odesa Oblast

Odesa Oblast (translit), also referred to as Odeshchyna (Одещина), is an oblast (province) of southwestern Ukraine, located along the northern coast of the Black Sea.

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Oghuric languages

The Oghuric, Onoguric or Oguric languages (also known as Bulgar, Bulgharic, Bolgar, Pre-Proto-Bulgaric or Lir-Turkic and r-Turkic) are a branch of the Turkic language family.

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Ognyena Maria

In Slavic mythology, Ognyena Maria (literally "Fiery Mary") is a fire goddess who is the sister and assistant of the thunder god, Perun.

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Ohrid Literary School

The Ohrid Literary School or Ohrid-''Devol'' Literary school was one of the two major cultural centres of the First Bulgarian Empire, along with the Preslav Literary School (Pliska Literary School).

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Old Church Slavonic

Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic is the first Slavic literary language.

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Onogurs

The Onoghurs, Onoğurs, or Oğurs (Ὀνόγουροι, Οὔρωγοι, Οὔγωροι; Onογurs, Ογurs; "ten tribes", "tribes") were Turkic nomadic equestrians who flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region between 5th and 7th century, and spoke the Oghuric language.

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Ontario

Ontario is the southernmost province of Canada.

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Opanak

Opanci are traditional peasant shoes worn in Southeastern Europe (specifically Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, and also Romania and Albania).

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Orpheus

In Greek mythology, Orpheus (Ancient Greek: Ὀρφεύς, classical pronunciation) was a Thracian bard, legendary musician and prophet.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Ottoman Turkish

Ottoman Turkish (Lisân-ı Osmânî,; Osmanlı Türkçesi) was the standardized register of the Turkish language in the Ottoman Empire (14th to 20th centuries CE).

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Outer space

Outer space (or simply space) is the expanse that exists beyond Earth's atmosphere and between celestial bodies.

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Paeonians

Paeonians were an ancient Indo-European people that dwelt in Paeonia.

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Patriarchate

Patriarchate (πατριαρχεῖον, patriarcheîon) is an ecclesiological term in Christianity, designating the office and jurisdiction of an ecclesiastical patriarch.

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Paulicianism

Paulicianism (Classical Armenian: Պաւղիկեաններ,; Παυλικιανοί, "The followers of Paul"; Arab sources: Baylakānī, al Bayāliqa البيالقة)Nersessian, Vrej (1998).

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People's Republic of Bulgaria

The People's Republic of Bulgaria (PRB; Народна република България (НРБ), Narodna republika Bŭlgariya, NRB) was the official name of Bulgaria when it was a socialist republic from 1946 to 1990, ruled by the Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) together with its coalition partner, the Bulgarian Agrarian People's Union.

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Perun

In Slavic mythology, Perun (Cyrillic: Перун) is the highest god of the pantheon and the god of sky, thunder, lightning, storms, rain, law, war, fertility and oak trees.

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Peter Petroff

Peter Petroff (Петър Петров; 21 October 1919 – 27 February 2003 The New York Times: Peter D. Petroff Dies at 83. Retrieved 2024-01-10) was a Bulgarian American inventor, engineer, NASA scientist, and adventurer.

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Phanariots

Phanariots, Phanariotes, or Fanariots (Φαναριώτες, Fanarioți, Fenerliler) were members of prominent Greek families in Phanar (Φανάρι, modern Fener), the chief Greek quarter of Constantinople where the Ecumenical Patriarchate is located, who traditionally occupied four important positions in the Ottoman Empire: Voivode of Moldavia, Voivode of Wallachia, Grand Dragoman of the Porte and Grand Dragoman of the Fleet.

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Pipe (instrument)

A pipe is a tubular wind instrument in general, or various specific wind instruments.

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Pliska

Pliska (label) was the first capital of the First Bulgarian Empire during the Middle Ages and is now a small town in Shumen Province, on the Ludogorie plateau of the Danubian Plain, 20 km northeast of the provincial capital, Shumen.

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Plovdiv

Plovdiv (Пловдив) is the second-largest city in Bulgaria, 93 miles southeast of the capital Sofia.

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Pogača

Pogača (poğaça) is a type of bread baked in the ashes of the fireplace, and later in modern ovens.

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Polesia

Polesia, Polissia, Polesie, or Polesye is a natural (geographic) and historical region in Eastern Europe within the bigger East European Plain, including part of eastern Poland and the Belarus–Ukraine border region.

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Pomak language

Pomak language (πομακική γλώσσα, pomakiki glosa or πομακικά, pomakika; помашки език, pomaški ezik; Pomakça) is a term used in Greece and Turkey to refer to some of the Rup dialects of the Bulgarian language spoken by the Pomaks of Western Thrace in Greece and Eastern Thrace in Turkey.

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Pomaks

Pomaks (Pomatsi; Pomáki; Pomaklar) are Bulgarian-speaking Muslims inhabiting Bulgaria, northwestern Turkey, and northeastern Greece. Bulgarians and Pomaks are ethnic groups in Albania, ethnic groups in Bulgaria, ethnic groups in Greece, ethnic groups in Macedonia (region), ethnic groups in Turkey, Slavic ethnic groups and south Slavs.

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Pontic–Caspian steppe

The Pontic–Caspian Steppe is a steppe extending across Eastern Europe to Central Asia, formed by the Caspian and Pontic steppes.

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Prehistory of Southeastern Europe

The prehistory of Southeastern Europe, defined roughly as the territory of the wider Southeast Europe (including the territories of the modern countries of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Kosovo, Moldova, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, and European Turkey) covers the period from the Upper Paleolithic, beginning with the presence of Homo sapiens in the area some 44,000 years ago, until the appearance of the first written records in Classical Antiquity, in Greece.

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Presentation of Jesus

The Presentation of Jesus is an early episode in the life of Jesus Christ, describing his presentation at the Temple in Jerusalem.

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Preslav Literary School

The Preslav Literary School (Преславска книжовна школа), also known as the "Pliska Literary School" or "Pliska-Preslav Literary school" was the first literary school in the medieval First Bulgarian Empire.

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Prince Marko

Marko Mrnjavčević (Марко Мрњавчевић,; – 17 May 1395) was the de jure Serbian king from 1371 to 1395, while he was the de facto ruler of territory in western Macedonia centered on the town of Prilep.

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Proto-Turkic language

Proto-Turkic is the linguistic reconstruction of the common ancestor of the Turkic languages that was spoken by the Proto-Turks before their divergence into the various Turkic peoples.

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Quebec

QuebecAccording to the Canadian government, Québec (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and Quebec (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.

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Raina Kabaivanska

Raina Yakimova Kabaivanska (Райна Якимова Кабаиванска; born 15 December 1934) is a Bulgarian opera singer, one of the leading lirico-spinto sopranos of her generation, particularly associated with Verdi and Puccini, although she sang a wide range of roles.

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Rakia

Rakija, rakia, rachiu, rakı or rakiya, is the collective term for fruit spirits (or fruit brandy) popular in the Balkans.

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Raymond Detrez

Raymond Detrez (Antwerp 1948) is Professor of East European history and cultures and modern Greek history at the University of Ghent, Belgium.

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Razgrad Province

Razgrad Province (Област Разград (Oblast Razgrad), former name Razgrad okrug) is a province in Northeastern Bulgaria, geographically part of the Ludogorie region.

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Revolutions of 1989

The Revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, were a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the Eastern Bloc and other parts of the world.

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Rise of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire

The rise of the Western notion of nationalism in the Ottoman Empire eventually caused the breakdown of the Ottoman millet system.

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Riza

A riza (Russian: риза, "vestment," "robe"; Ukrainian: шати, shaty, "vestments") or oklad (оклад, "covered"), sometimes called a "revetment" in English, is a metal cover protecting an icon.

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Roman people

The Roman people was the body of Roman citizens (Rōmānī; Ῥωμαῖοι) during the Roman Kingdom, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire.

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Romania

Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.

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Romanian language

Romanian (obsolete spelling: Roumanian; limba română, or românește) is the official and main language of Romania and Moldova.

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Romanians

Romanians (români,; dated exonym Vlachs) are a Romance-speaking ethnic group and nation native to Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. Sharing a common culture and ancestry, they speak the Romanian language and live primarily in Romania and Moldova. The 2021 Romanian census found that 89.3% of Romania's citizens identified themselves as ethnic Romanians. Bulgarians and Romanians are ethnic groups in Moldova, ethnic groups in Serbia and ethnic groups in Ukraine.

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Romanization (cultural)

Romanization or Latinization (Romanisation or Latinisation), in the historical and cultural meanings of both terms, indicate different historical processes, such as acculturation, integration and assimilation of newly incorporated and peripheral populations by the Roman Republic and the later Roman Empire.

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Rum millet

Rūm millet (millet-i Rûm), or "Roman nation", was the name of the Eastern Orthodox Christian community in the Ottoman Empire.

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Rusalka

In Slavic folklore, the rusalka (plural: rusalki;, plural: русалки; rusałka, plural: rusałki) is a typically feminine entity, often malicious toward mankind and frequently associated with water, with counterparts in other parts of Europe, such as the French Melusine and the Germanic Nixie.

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Rushnyk

A rushnyk or rushnik (Полотенце ручник, рушник, ручнік, ručnik, ручник) is a decorative and ritual cloth.

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Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

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Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)

The Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) between the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire was one of the Russo-Turkish Wars.

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Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)

The Russo-Turkish War of 1828–1829 resulted from the Greek War of Independence of 1821–1829; war broke out after the Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II closed the Dardanelles to Russian ships and in November 1827 revoked the 1826 Akkerman Convention in retaliation for the participation of the Imperial Russian Navy in the Battle of Navarino of October 1827.

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Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)

The Russo-Turkish War (lit, named for the year 1293 in the Islamic calendar; Russko-turetskaya voyna, "Russian–Turkish war") was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and a coalition led by the Russian Empire which included Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.

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Russophilia

Russophilia is the admiration and fondness of Russia (including the era of the Soviet Union and/or the Russian Empire), Russian history, and Russian culture.

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Sabazios

Sabazios (translit, Savázios; alternatively, Sabadios) is a deity originating in Asia Minor.

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Sack Man

The Sack Man (also called the Bag Man or Man with the Bag/Sack) is a figure similar to the bogeyman, portrayed as a man with a sack on his back who carries naughty children away.

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Saint George

Saint George (Geṓrgios;Geʽez: ጊዮርጊስ, Geōrgius, გიორგი, Ge'orgiyos, Mar Giwargis, translit died 23 April 303), also George of Lydda, was an early Christian martyr who is venerated as a saint in Christianity.

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Saint George's Day

Saint George's Day is the feast day of Saint George, celebrated by Christian churches, countries, regions, and cities of which he is the patron saint, including Albania, Bulgaria, England, Ethiopia, Greece, Georgia, Portugal, Romania, Syria, Lebanon, Castile and León, Catalonia, Alcoi, Aragon, Genoa, and Rio de Janeiro.

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Saint Naum

Naum (Bulgarian and Macedonian: Свети Наум, Sveti Naum, also known as Naum of Ohrid or Naum of Preslav (c. 830 – December 23, 910), was a medieval Bulgarian writer and missionary among the Slavs, considered one of the Seven Apostles of the First Bulgarian Empire. He was among the disciples of Cyril and Methodius and is associated with the creation of the Glagolitic and Cyrillic script.

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Samara flag

The Samara Flag (Самарско знаме, Samarsko zname, Самарское знамя, Samarskoye znamya) is a historical military symbol of the Bulgarian Army.

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Samodiva (folklore)

The samodiva (самодива; plural: samodivi, самодиви), samovila (самовила; plural: samovili, самовили) or vila (вила; plural: vili, вили), are woodland fairies or nymphs found in South and West Slavic folklore.

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Sanjak of Niš

The Sanjak of Niš (Turkish: Niş Sancağı; Serbian: Нишки санџак, romanized: Niški Sandžak; Albanian: Sanxhaku i Nishit; Bulgarian: Нишки санджак, romanized: Nishki sandzhak) was one of the sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire and its county town was Niš.

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Sarafan

A sarafan (p, from سراپا sarāpā, literally " head to feet") is a long, trapezoidal Russian jumper dress (pinafore dress) worn by girls and women and forming part of Russian traditional folk costume.

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Sarmatians

The Sarmatians (Sarmatai; Latin: Sarmatae) were a large confederation of ancient Iranian equestrian nomadic peoples who dominated the Pontic steppe from about the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD.

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Science (journal)

Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.

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Sclaveni

The Sclaveni (in Latin) or (various forms in Greek) were early Slavic tribes that raided, invaded and settled in the Balkans in the Early Middle Ages and eventually became one of the progenitors of modern South Slavs.

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Scythia Minor

Scythia Minor or Lesser Scythia (Greek: Μικρά Σκυθία) was a Roman province in late antiquity, corresponding to the lands between the Danube and the Black Sea, today's Dobruja divided between Romania and Bulgaria.

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Second Balkan War

The Second Balkan War was a conflict that broke out when Bulgaria, dissatisfied with its share of the spoils of the First Balkan War, attacked its former allies, Serbia and Greece, on 16 (O.S.) / 29 (N.S.) June 1913.

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Second Bulgarian Empire

The Second Bulgarian Empire was a medieval Bulgarian state that existed between 1185 and 1396.

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Serbia

Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain.

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Serbian language

Serbian (српски / srpski) is the standardized variety of the Serbo-Croatian language mainly used by Serbs.

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Serbo-Croatian

Serbo-Croatian – also called Serbo-Croat, Serbo-Croat-Bosnian (SCB), Bosnian-Croatian-Serbian (BCS), and Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian (BCMS) – is a South Slavic language and the primary language of Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Montenegro.

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Serbs

The Serbs (Srbi) are a South Slavic ethnic group native to Southeastern Europe who share a common Serbian ancestry, culture, history, and language. Bulgarians and Serbs are ethnic groups in North Macedonia, ethnic groups in Serbia and south Slavs.

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Seven Slavic tribes

The Seven Slavic tribes (Sedemte slavyanski plemena), or the Seven clans (Sedemte roda) were a union of Slavic tribes in the Danubian Plain, that was established around the middle of the 7th century and took part in the formation of the First Bulgarian Empire together with the Bulgars in 680−681.

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Severians

The Severians, also Severyans, Siverians, or Siverianians (Севяране; Севери; Северяне; translit) were a tribe or tribal confederation of early East Slavs occupying areas to the east of the middle Dnieper River and southeast of the Danube River.

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Single-nucleotide polymorphism

In genetics and bioinformatics, a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP; plural SNPs) is a germline substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome.

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Sirene

Sirene (сирене; italics/sir; italics; djathë i bardhë), also known as "white brine sirene" (бяло саламурено сирене), is a type of brined cheese originating from Bulgaria.

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Slavic dragon

A Slavic dragon is any dragon in Slavic mythology, including the Russian zmei (or zmey; змей), Ukrainian zmiy, and its counterparts in other Slavic cultures: the Bulgarian zmey (змей), the Slovak drak and šarkan, Czech drak, Polish italic, the Serbo-Croatian zmaj (змај), the Macedonian zmej (змеј) and the Slovene zmaj.

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Slavic languages

The Slavic languages, also known as the Slavonic languages, are Indo-European languages spoken primarily by the Slavic peoples and their descendants.

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Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia

Slavic speakers are a minority population in the northern Greek region of Macedonia, who are mostly concentrated in certain parts of the peripheries of West and Central Macedonia, adjacent to the territory of the state of North Macedonia. Bulgarians and Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia are ethnic groups in Greece and ethnic groups in Macedonia (region).

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Slavs

The Slavs or Slavic people are groups of people who speak Slavic languages.

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Sofia

Sofia (Sofiya) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria.

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South Slavs

South Slavs are Slavic people who speak South Slavic languages and inhabit a contiguous region of Southeast Europe comprising the eastern Alps and the Balkan Peninsula. Bulgarians and South Slavs are Slavic ethnic groups.

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Southeast Europe

Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe (SEE) is a geographical sub-region of Europe, consisting primarily of the region of the Balkans, as well as adjacent regions and archipelagos.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Statistics Canada

Statistics Canada (StatCan; Statistique Canada), formed in 1971, is the agency of the Government of Canada commissioned with producing statistics to help better understand Canada, its population, resources, economy, society, and culture.

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Stefka Kostadinova

Stefka Georgieva Kostadinova (Стефка Георгиева Костадинова; born 25 March 1965) is a Bulgarian former athlete who competed in the high jump.

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Stephane Groueff

Stephane Groueff (May 22, 1922 – May 2, 2006) was a writer, journalist and a political refugee, born in Sofia, Bulgaria.

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Steppe

In physical geography, a steppe is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without closed forests except near rivers and lakes.

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Steven Runciman

Sir James Cochran Stevenson Runciman (7 July 1903 – 1 November 2000), known as Steven Runciman, was an English historian best known for his three-volume A History of the Crusades (1951–54).

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Strandzha

Strandzha (Странджа, also transliterated as Strandja,; Istranca, or Yıldız) is a mountain massif in southeastern Bulgaria and East Thrace, the European part of Turkey.

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Sukmana

A sukmana is a type of traditional coat once worn by peasants in Poland, and some other Central European countries, as well as Hungary (where it was known as szokmány).

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Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee

The Supreme Macedonian-Adrianople Committee (SMAC), (Върховен македоно - одрински комитет, (ВМОК)), also known as the Supreme Macedonian Committee was a Bulgarian paramilitary and political organization, active in Bulgaria as well as in Macedonia and Thrace regions of the Ottoman Empire.

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Survakane

Survakane (Cypвaкaнe) is a Bulgarian custom used to wish a prosperous new year.

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Svarog

Svarog is a Slavic god of fire and blacksmithing, who was once interpreted as a sky god on the basis of an etymology rejected by modern scholarship. He is mentioned in only one source, the Primary Chronicle, which is problematic in interpretation. He is presented there as the Slavic equivalent of the Greek god Hephaestus.

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Sveti Vlas

Sveti Vlas (also known as St. Vlas; Свети Влас), is a town and resort on the Black Sea coast in Nesebar municipality, Burgas Province, Bulgaria.

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Svishtov

Svishtov (Свищов) is a town in northern Bulgaria, located in Veliko Tarnovo Province on the right bank of the Danube river opposite the Romanian town of Zimnicea.

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Tape recorder

An audio tape recorder, also known as a tape deck, tape player or tape machine or simply a tape recorder, is a sound recording and reproduction device that records and plays back sounds usually using magnetic tape for storage.

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Targovishte Province

Targovishte Province (Област Търговище, transliterated Oblast Tǎrgovište, former name Targovishte okrug) is a province in northeastern Bulgaria, named after its main city - Targovishte.

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Tarnovo Literary School

The Tarnovo Literary School (Търновска книжовна школа) of the late 14th and 15th century was a major medieval Bulgarian cultural academy with important contribution to the Medieval Bulgarian literature established in the capital of Bulgaria Tarnovo.

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Tengrism

Tengrism (also known as Tengriism, Tengerism, or Tengrianism) is a religion originating in the Eurasian steppes, based on shamanism and animism.

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Tervel of Bulgaria

Khan Tervel (Тервел) also called Tarvel, or Terval, or Terbelis in some Byzantine sources, was the khan of Bulgaria during the First Bulgarian Empire at the beginning of the 8th century.

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Thrace

Thrace (Trakiya; Thráki; Trakya) is a geographical and historical region in Southeast Europe.

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Thracian Bulgarians

Thracians or Thracian Bulgarians (Bulgarian: Тракийски българи or Тракийци) are a regional, ethnographic group of ethnic Bulgarians, inhabiting or native to Thrace. Bulgarians and Thracian Bulgarians are Bulgarian people.

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Thracian horseman

The Thracian horseman (also "Thracian Rider" or "Thracian Heros") is a recurring motif depicted in reliefs of the Hellenistic and Roman periods in the Balkans—mainly Thrace, Macedonia, Thessaly and Moesia—roughly from the 3rd century BC to the 3rd century AD.

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Thracian language

The Thracian language is an extinct and poorly attested language, spoken in ancient times in Southeast Europe by the Thracians.

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Thracians

The Thracians (translit; Thraci) were an Indo-European speaking people who inhabited large parts of Southeast Europe in ancient history.

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Thracology

Thracology (Θρακολογία; Trakologiya; Tracologie) is the scientific study of Ancient Thrace and Thracian antiquities and is a regional and thematic branch of the larger disciplines of ancient history and archaeology.

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Torlakian dialects

Torlakian, or Torlak, is a group of transitional South Slavic dialects of southeastern Serbia, Kosovo, northeastern North Macedonia, and northwestern Bulgaria.

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Tottenham Hotspur F.C.

Tottenham Hotspur Football Club, (commonly referred to as simply Tottenham,,, or Spurs), is a professional football club based in Tottenham, North London, England.

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Trance

Trance is a state of semi-consciousness in which a person is not self-aware and is either altogether unresponsive to external stimuli (but nevertheless capable of pursuing and realizing an aim) or is selectively responsive in following the directions of the person (if any) who has induced the trance.

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Transcription (linguistics)

Transcription in the linguistic sense is the systematic representation of spoken language in written form.

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Transhuman

Transhuman, or trans-human, is the concept of an intermediary form between human and posthuman.

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Transnistria

Transnistria, officially known as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), is a breakaway state internationally recognized as part of Moldova.

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Treaty of San Stefano

The 1878 Preliminary Treaty of San Stefano (Сан-Стефанский мир; Peace of San-Stefano, Сан-Стефанский мирный договор; Peace treaty of San-Stefano, or Ayastefanos Antlaşması) was a treaty between the Russian and Ottoman empires at the conclusion of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878.

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Tryphon, Respicius, and Nympha

Saint Tryphon of Campsada (also spelled Trypho, Trifon, Triphon) was a 3rd-century Christian saint.

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Tsar

Tsar (also spelled czar, tzar, or csar; tsar; tsar'; car) is a title historically used by Slavic monarchs.

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Turbo-folk

Turbo-folk is a subgenre of Serbian contemporary pop music that initially developed during the 1990s as a fusion of techno and folk.

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Turkic languages

The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia.

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Turkic mythology

Turkic mythology refers to myths and legends told by the Turkic people.

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Turkic tribal confederations

The Turkic term oğuz or oğur (in z- and r-Turkic, respectively) is a historical term for "military division, clan, or tribe" among the Turkic peoples.

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Tutelary deity

A tutelary (also tutelar) is a deity or a spirit who is a guardian, patron, or protector of a particular place, geographic feature, person, lineage, nation, culture, or occupation.

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Tzatziki

Tzatziki (τζατζίκι, tzatzíki), also known as cacık or tarator, is a class of dip, soup, or sauce found in the cuisines of Southeastern Europe and West Asia.

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Tzvetan Todorov

Tzvetan Todorov (Цветан Тодоров; 1 March 1939 – 7 February 2017) was a Bulgarian-French historian, philosopher, structuralist literary critic, sociologist and essayist.

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Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.

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Ukrainian language

Ukrainian (label) is an East Slavic language of the Indo-European language family spoken primarily in Ukraine.

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Utigurs

Utigurs were Turkic nomadic equestrians who flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the 6th century AD.

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Valya Balkanska

Valya Mladenova Balkanska (Валя Младенова Балканска; born 8 January 1942) is a Bulgarian folk music singer from the Rhodope Mountains known locally for her wide repertoire of Balkan folk songs, but in the West mainly for singing the song "Izlel ye Delyo Haydutin", part of the Voyager Golden Record selection of music included in the two Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977.

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Vampire hunter

Vampire hunter or vampire slayer is a fictional occupation in folklore and fiction which specializes in finding vampires, and sometimes other supernatural creatures.

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Varna, Bulgaria

Varna (Варна) is the third-largest city in Bulgaria and the largest city and seaside resort on the Bulgarian Black Sea Coast and in the Northern Bulgaria region.

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Veal

Veal is the meat of calves, in contrast to the beef from older cattle.

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Vechornytsi

Vechornytsi (вечорниці, from вечір "evening") are Ukrainian traditional gatherings with music, songs, jokes and rituals.

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Veles (god)

Veles, also known as Volos, is a major god of earth, waters, livestock, and the underworld in Slavic paganism.

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Veliki Preslav

The modern Veliki Preslav or Great Preslav (Велики Преслав), former Preslav (Преслав; until 1993), is a city and the seat of government of the Veliki Preslav Municipality (Great Preslav Municipality, new Bulgarian: obshtina), which in turn is part of Shumen Province, Bulgaria.

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Veselin Topalov

Veselin Aleksandrov Topalov (pronounced; Весели́н Алексáндров Топа́лов; born 15 March 1975) is a Bulgarian chess grandmaster and former FIDE World Chess Champion.

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Vodyanoy

In Slavic mythology, vodyanoy (p; lit. ' from the water' or 'watery') is a water spirit.

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Volga Bulgaria

Volga Bulgaria or Volga–Kama Bulgaria (sometimes referred to as the Volga Bulgar Emirate) was a historical Bulgar state that existed between the 9th and 13th centuries around the confluence of the Volga and Kama River, in what is now European Russia.

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Volhynia

Volhynia (also spelled Volynia) (Volynʹ, Wołyń, Volynʹ) is a historic region in Central and Eastern Europe, between southeastern Poland, southwestern Belarus, and western Ukraine.

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Volkhv

A volkhv or volhv (Cyrillic: Волхв; Polish: Wołchw, translatable as wiseman, wizard, sorcerer, magus, i.e. shaman, gothi or mage) is a priest in ancient Slavic religions and contemporary Slavic Native Faith.

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Voyager Golden Record

The Voyager Golden Records are two identical phonograph records which were included aboard the two Voyager spacecraft launched in 1977.

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Wallachia

Wallachia or Walachia (lit,; Old Romanian: Țeara Rumânească, Romanian Cyrillic alphabet: Цѣра Рꙋмѫнѣскъ) is a historical and geographical region of modern-day Romania. It is situated north of the Lower Danube and south of the Southern Carpathians. Wallachia was traditionally divided into two sections, Muntenia (Greater Wallachia) and Oltenia (Lesser Wallachia).

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Werewolf

In folklore, a werewolf, or occasionally lycanthrope (λυκάνθρωπος|lykánthrōpos|wolf-human|label.

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West Slavs

The West Slavs are Slavic peoples who speak the West Slavic languages. Bulgarians and West Slavs are Slavic ethnic groups.

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Western Europe

Western Europe is the western region of Europe.

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Western Steppe Herders

In archaeogenetics, the term Western Steppe Herders (WSH), or Western Steppe Pastoralists, is the name given to a distinct ancestral component first identified in individuals from the Chalcolithic steppe around the turn of the 5th millennium BC, subsequently detected in several genetically similar or directly related ancient populations including the Khvalynsk, Repin, Sredny Stog, and Yamnaya cultures, and found in substantial levels in contemporary European, Central Asian, South Asian and West Asian populations.

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William Robert Shepherd

William Robert Shepherd (12 June 1871 in Charleston, South Carolina – 7 June 1934 in Berlin, Germany) was an American cartographer and historian specializing in American and Latin American history.

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World Chess Championship

The World Chess Championship is played to determine the world champion in chess.

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Wrapped Reichstag

Wrapped Reichstag, Project for Berlin is a 1995 environmental artwork by artists Christo and Jeanne-Claude included as the wrapped up Berlin Reichstag building in fabric.

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WWE

World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) is an American professional wrestling promotion.

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Y chromosome

The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes in therian mammals and other organisms.

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Yamnaya culture

The Yamnaya culture or the Yamna culture, also known as the Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture, is a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic–Caspian steppe), dating to 3300–2600 BCE.

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Zaporizhzhia Oblast

Zaporizhzhia Oblast (translit), commonly referred to as Zaporizhzhia (label), is an oblast (region) in south-east Ukraine.

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Zhelyu Zhelev

Zhelyu Mitev Zhelev (Желю Митев Желев;; 3 March 1935 – 30 January 2015) was a Bulgarian politician and former dissident who served as the first democratically elected and non-Communist President of Bulgaria, from 1990 to 1997.

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Zurna

The zurna (Armenian: զուռնա zuṙna; Old Armenian: սուռնայ suṙnay; Albanian: surle/surla; Romanian: surlă; Persian: karna/Kornay/surnay; Macedonian: зурла/сурла zurla/surla; Bulgarian: зурна/зурла; Hungarian: zurna/töröksip; Serbian: зурла/zurla; Assyrian: ܙܘܪܢܐ/zurna; Tat: zurna; Turkish: zurna; Kurdish: zirne; Greek: ζουρνας; Azerbaijani: zurna; Sinhalese: හොරණෑව) is a double reed wind instrument played in the Central Asia, West Asia, the Caucasus, Southeast Europe and parts of North Africa.

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100 metres

The 100 metres, or 100-meter dash, is a sprint race in track and field competitions.

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1994 FIFA World Cup

The 1994 FIFA World Cup was the 15th FIFA World Cup, the world championship for men's national soccer teams.

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2007 enlargement of the European Union

On 1 January 2007, Bulgaria and Romania became member states of the European Union (EU) in the fifth wave of EU enlargement.

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See also

Bulgarian people

Ethnic groups in Albania

Ethnic groups in Bulgaria

Ethnic groups in Greece

Ethnic groups in Macedonia (region)

Ethnic groups in Moldova

Ethnic groups in North Macedonia

South Slavs

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarians

Also known as Bulgarian (ethnic group), Bulgarian Slavs, Bulgarian folk costumes, Bulgarian people, Buljasi, Ethnic Bulgarian, Ethnic Bulgarians, History of the Bulgarians, People of Bulgaria, Българи.

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