Bulgars & Pliska - Unionpedia, the concept map

Ashlar

Ashlar is a cut and dressed stone, worked using a chisel to achieve a specific form, typically rectangular in shape.

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Asparuh of Bulgaria

Asparuh (also Ispor; Asparuh or (rarely) Isperih) was а ruler of Bulgars in the second half of the 7th century and is credited with the establishment of the First Bulgarian Empire in 681.

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Battle of Pliska

The Battle of Pliska or Battle of Vărbitsa Pass was a series of battles between troops, gathered from all parts of the Byzantine Empire, led by the Emperor Nicephorus I, and the First Bulgarian Empire, governed by Khan Krum. The Byzantines plundered and burned the Bulgar capital Pliska which gave time for the Bulgarians to block passes in the Balkan Mountains that served as exits out of Bulgaria. The final battle took place on 26 July 811, in some of the passes in the eastern part of the Balkans, most probably the Vărbitsa Pass. There, the Bulgarians used the tactics of ambush and surprise night attacks to effectively trap and immobilize the Byzantine army, thus annihilating almost the whole army, including the Emperor. After the battle, Krum encased the skull of Nicephorus in silver, and used it as a cup for drinking. This is one of the most documented instances of the custom of the skull cup. The Battle of Pliska was one of the worst defeats in Byzantine history. It deterred Byzantine rulers from sending their troops north of the Balkans for more than 150 years afterwards, which increased the influence and spread of the Bulgarians to the west and south of the Balkan Peninsula, resulting in a great territorial enlargement of the First Bulgarian Empire.

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Black Sea

The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia.

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Boris I of Bulgaria

Boris I (also Bogoris), venerated as Saint Boris I (Mihail) the Baptizer (Борисъ / Борисъ-Михаилъ, Борис I / Борис-Михаил; died 2 May 907), was the ruler (knyaz) of the First Bulgarian Empire from 852 to 889.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

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Christianity

Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Danube

The Danube (see also other names) is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia.

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First Bulgarian Empire

The First Bulgarian Empire (blŭgarĭsko tsěsarǐstvije; Първо българско царство) was a medieval state that existed in Southeastern Europe between the 7th and 11th centuries AD. It was founded in 680–681 after part of the Bulgars, led by Asparuh, moved south to the northeastern Balkans. There they secured Byzantine recognition of their right to settle south of the Danube by defeatingpossibly with the help of local South Slavic tribesthe Byzantine army led by Constantine IV. During the 9th and 10th century, Bulgaria at the height of its power spread from the Danube Bend to the Black Sea and from the Dnieper River to the Adriatic Sea and became an important power in the region competing with the Byzantine Empire. As the state solidified its position in the Balkans, it entered into a centuries-long interaction, sometimes friendly and sometimes hostile, with the Byzantine Empire. Bulgaria emerged as Byzantium's chief antagonist to its north, resulting in several wars. The two powers also enjoyed periods of peace and alliance, most notably during the Second Arab Siege of Constantinople, where the Bulgarian army broke the siege and destroyed the Arab army, thus preventing an Arab invasion of Southeastern Europe. Byzantium had a strong cultural influence on Bulgaria, which also led to the eventual adoption of Christianity in 864. After the disintegration of the Avar Khaganate, the country expanded its territory northwest to the Pannonian Plain. Later the Bulgarians confronted the advance of the Pechenegs and Cumans, and achieved a decisive victory over the Magyars, forcing them to establish themselves permanently in Pannonia. The ruling Bulgars and other non-Slavic tribes in the empire gradually mixed and adopted the prevailing Slavic language, thus gradually forming the Bulgarian nation from the 7th to the 10th century. Since the 10th century, the demonym Bulgarian gained prevalence and became permanent designations for the local population, both in literature and in common parlance. The development of Old Church Slavonic literacy had the effect of preventing the assimilation of the South Slavs into neighbouring cultures, while stimulating the formation of a distinct Bulgarian identity. After the adoption of Christianity, Bulgaria became the foremost cultural and spiritual centre of Slavic Europe. Its leading cultural position was further consolidated with the adoption of the Glagolitic alphabet, the invention of the Early Cyrillic alphabet shortly after in the capital Preslav, and the literature produced in Old Church Slavonic soon began spreading north. Old Church Slavonic became the lingua franca of much of Eastern Europe. In 927, the fully independent Bulgarian Patriarchate was officially recognized. During the late 9th and early 10th centuries, Simeon I achieved a string of victories over the Byzantines. Thereafter, he was recognized with the title of Tsar (Slavic for Caeser), and proceeded to expand the state to its greatest extent. After the annihilation of the Byzantine army in the Battle of Anchialus in 917, the Bulgarians laid siege to Constantinople in 923 and 924. The siege failed however, and the Bulgars were forced to retreat. The Bulgarians suffered a brutal invasion by Sviatoslav I Igorevich, the Grand-Prince of the Kievan Rus between 967 and 969, that saw the empire vassalised to the Rus. Sviatoslav was killed in 972 however, seeing the empire able to briefly recover, but was unable to reclaim lost territories north of the Danube, in Thrace and Southern Macedonia. Their old rivals, the Byzantines eventually recovered, and in 1014, under Basil II "the Bulgar Slayer", a crushing defeat was inflicted on the Bulgarians at the Battle of Kleidion. Basil famously ordered that every 100 of the captured 15,000 Bulgarian prisoners be blinded, with the 100th soldier spared one eye to guide the rest back home, forcing their communities to care for them for the rest of their lives. By 1018, the last Bulgarian strongholds had surrendered to the Byzantine Empire, and the First Bulgarian Empire had ceased to exist. It was succeeded by the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1185.

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Krum

Krum (Крум, Κροῦμος/Kroumos), often referred to as Krum the Fearsome (Крум Страшни) was the Khan of Bulgaria from sometime between 796 and 803 until his death in 814.

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Kubrat

Kubrat (Κροβατον, Kούβρατος; Кубрат) was the ruler of the Onogur–Bulgars, credited with establishing the confederation of Old Great Bulgaria in ca.

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Ludogorie

The Ludogorie (Лудогорие) or Deliorman (Делиорман; lit and Bulgarian: lud - "mad", "crazy" and gora - "forest"), is a region in northeastern Bulgaria stretching over the plateau of the same name.

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Nikephoros I

Nikephoros I (Νικηφόρος; Nicephorus; 750 – 26 July 811) was Byzantine emperor from 802 to 811.

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Nomad

Nomads are communities without fixed habitation who regularly move to and from areas.

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Old Church Slavonic

Old Church Slavonic or Old Slavonic is the first Slavic literary language.

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Omurtag of Bulgaria

Omurtag (or Omortag) also known as Murtag or Murtagon (Омуртаг; original ΜορτάγωνTheophanes Continuatus, p.64 and George Kedrenos and ΟμουρτάγВеселин Бешевлиев, Първобългарски надписи. 2ed. София 1992. Chapter: VI. Възспоменателни надписи, Inscription.) was a Great Khan (Kanasubigi) of Bulgaria from 814 to 831.

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Onogurs

The Onoghurs, Onoğurs, or Oğurs (Ὀνόγουροι, Οὔρωγοι, Οὔγωροι; Onογurs, Ογurs; "ten tribes", "tribes") were Turkic nomadic equestrians who flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region between 5th and 7th century, and spoke the Oghuric language.

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Pannonian Avars

The Pannonian Avars were an alliance of several groups of Eurasian nomads of various origins.

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Pit-house

A pit-house (or pit house, pithouse) is a house built in the ground and used for shelter.

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Pottery

Pottery is the process and the products of forming vessels and other objects with clay and other raw materials, which are fired at high temperatures to give them a hard and durable form.

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Shumen

Shumen (Шумен, also romanized as Shoumen or Šumen) is the tenth-largest city in Bulgaria and the administrative and economic capital of Shumen Province.

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Shumen Province

Shumen Province (Област Шумен, transliterated Oblast Shumen, former name Shumen okrug) is a province in northeastern Bulgaria named after its main city Shumen.

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Simeon I of Bulgaria

Tsar Simeon (also Symeon) I the Great (cěsarĭ Sỳmeonŭ prĭvŭ Velikŭ Simeon I Veliki Sumeṓn prôtos ho Mégas) ruled over Bulgaria from 893 to 927,Lalkov, Rulers of Bulgaria, pp.

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Tengrism

Tengrism (also known as Tengriism, Tengerism, or Tengrianism) is a religion originating in the Eurasian steppes, based on shamanism and animism.

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Tsar

Tsar (also spelled czar, tzar, or csar; tsar; tsar'; car) is a title historically used by Slavic monarchs.

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Veliki Preslav

The modern Veliki Preslav or Great Preslav (Велики Преслав), former Preslav (Преслав; until 1993), is a city and the seat of government of the Veliki Preslav Municipality (Great Preslav Municipality, new Bulgarian: obshtina), which in turn is part of Shumen Province, Bulgaria.

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