Caliphate & Hejaz - Unionpedia, the concept map

Abbasid Caliphate

The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Abu al-As ibn Umayya

Abū al-ʿĀṣ ibn Umayya was a son of the eponymous progenitor of the Umayyad clan, Umayya ibn Abd Shams.

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Abu Bakr

Abd Allah ibn Abi Quhafa (23 August 634), commonly known by the kunya Abu Bakr, was the first caliph, ruling from 632 until his death in 634.

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Affan ibn Abi al-As

ʿAffān ibn Abī al-ʿĀṣ was a famous 6th-century Arab merchant, a contemporary of the young Muhammad (–632) and the father of Uthman ibn Affan, the third Rashidun caliph.

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Ali

Ali ibn Abi Talib (translit) was the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and was the fourth Rashidun caliph who ruled from 656 to 661, as well as the first Shia imam.

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Ansar (Islam)

The Ansar or Ansari (The Helpers' or 'Those who bring victory) are the local inhabitants of Medina who took the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers (the Muhajirun) into their homes when they emigrated from Mecca during the hijra.

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Ayyubid dynasty

The Ayyubid dynasty (الأيوبيون; Eyûbiyan), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt.

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Banu Hashim

The Banū Hāshim (بنو هاشم) is an Arab clan within the Quraysh tribe to which Muhammad Ibn Abdullah belonged, named after Muhammad's great-grandfather Hashim ibn Abd Manaf.

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Caliphate

A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Companions of the Prophet

The Companions of the Prophet (lit) were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or met him during his lifetime, while being a Muslim and were physically in his presence.

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Fatima

Fatima bint Muhammad (Fāṭima bint Muḥammad; 605/15–632 CE), commonly known as Fatima al-Zahra' (Fāṭima al-Zahrāʾ), was the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his wife Khadija.

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Fatimid Caliphate

The Fatimid Caliphate or Fatimid Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya) was a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shia dynasty.

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Hasan ibn Ali

Hasan ibn Ali (translit; 2 April 670) was an Alid political and religious leader.

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Hejaz vilayet

The Vilayet of the Hejaz (Wilayat al-Ḥijāz; font Vilâyet-i Hicaz) refers to the Hejaz region of Arabia when it was administered as a first-level province (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire.

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Husayn ibn Ali

Imam Husayn ibn Ali (translit; 11 January 626 – 10 October 680) was a social, political and religious leader.

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Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz

Hussein bin Ali al-Hashimi (al-Ḥusayn bin 'Alī al-Hāshimī; 1 May 18544 June 1931) was an Arab leader from the Banu Qatadah branch of the Banu Hashim clan who was the Sharif and Emir of Mecca from 1908 and, after proclaiming the Great Arab Revolt against the Ottoman Empire, King of the Hejaz, even if he refused this title,Representation Of Hedjaz At The Peace Conference: Hussein Bin Ali's Correspondence With Colonel Wilson; Status Of Arabic Countries; King's Rejection Of 'Hedjaz' Title.

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Ibn Saud

Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud (translit; 15 January 1876Ibn Saud's birth year has been a source of debate. It is generally accepted as 1876, although a few sources give it as 1880. According to British author Robert Lacey's book The Kingdom, a leading Saudi historian found records that show Ibn Saud in 1891 greeting an important tribal delegation. The historian reasoned that a 10 or 11-year-old child (as given by the 1880 birth date) would have been too young to be allowed to greet such a delegation, while an adolescent of 15 or 16 (as given by the 1876 date) would likely have been allowed. When Lacey interviewed one of Ibn Saud's sons prior to writing the book, the son recalled that his father often laughed at records showing his birth date to be 1880. Ibn Saud's response to such records was reportedly that "I swallowed four years of my life." p. 561" – 9 November 1953), known in the Western world mononymously as Ibn Saud (ابن سعود; Ibn Suʿūd),Ibn Saud, meaning "son of Saud" (see Arabic name), was a sort of title borne by previous heads of the House of Saud, similar to a Scottish clan chief's title of "the MacGregor" or "the MacDougal".

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Kingdom of Hejaz

The Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz (المملكة الحجازية الهاشمية, Al-Mamlakah al-Ḥijāziyyah Al-Hāshimiyyah) was a state in the Hejaz region of Western Asia that included the western portion of the Arabian Peninsula that was ruled by the Hashemite dynasty.

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Mamluk Sultanate

The Mamluk Sultanate (translit), also known as Mamluk Egypt or the Mamluk Empire, was a state that ruled Egypt, the Levant and the Hejaz from the mid-13th to early 16th centuries.

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Mecca

Mecca (officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah) is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia and the holiest city according to Islam.

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Medina

Medina, officially Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah, is the capital of Medina Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia.

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Muhajirun

The Muhajirun (al-muhājirūn, singular مهاجر) were the converts to Islam and the Islamic prophet Muhammad's advisors and relatives, who emigrated from Mecca to Medina, the event is known in Islam as the Hijra.

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Muhammad

Muhammad (570 – 8 June 632 CE) was an Arab religious, social, and political leader and the founder of Islam.

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Muslims

Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.

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Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries. The empire emerged from a ''beylik'', or principality, founded in northwestern Anatolia in 1299 by the Turkoman tribal leader Osman I. His successors conquered much of Anatolia and expanded into the Balkans by the mid-14th century, transforming their petty kingdom into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the conquest of Constantinople in 1453 by Mehmed II, which marked the Ottomans' emergence as a major regional power. Under Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566), the empire reached the peak of its power, prosperity, and political development. By the start of the 17th century, the Ottomans presided over 32 provinces and numerous vassal states, which over time were either absorbed into the Empire or granted various degrees of autonomy. With its capital at Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul) and control over a significant portion of the Mediterranean Basin, the Ottoman Empire was at the centre of interactions between the Middle East and Europe for six centuries. While the Ottoman Empire was once thought to have entered a period of decline after the death of Suleiman the Magnificent, modern academic consensus posits that the empire continued to maintain a flexible and strong economy, society and military into much of the 18th century. However, during a long period of peace from 1740 to 1768, the Ottoman military system fell behind those of its chief European rivals, the Habsburg and Russian empires. The Ottomans consequently suffered severe military defeats in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, culminating in the loss of both territory and global prestige. This prompted a comprehensive process of reform and modernization known as the; over the course of the 19th century, the Ottoman state became vastly more powerful and organized internally, despite suffering further territorial losses, especially in the Balkans, where a number of new states emerged. Beginning in the late 19th century, various Ottoman intellectuals sought to further liberalize society and politics along European lines, culminating in the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 led by the Committee of Union and Progress (CUP), which established the Second Constitutional Era and introduced competitive multi-party elections under a constitutional monarchy. However, following the disastrous Balkan Wars, the CUP became increasingly radicalized and nationalistic, leading a coup d'état in 1913 that established a one-party regime. The CUP allied with the Germany Empire hoping to escape from the diplomatic isolation that had contributed to its recent territorial losses; it thus joined World War I on the side of the Central Powers. While the empire was able to largely hold its own during the conflict, it struggled with internal dissent, especially the Arab Revolt. During this period, the Ottoman government engaged in genocide against Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks. In the aftermath of World War I, the victorious Allied Powers occupied and partitioned the Ottoman Empire, which lost its southern territories to the United Kingdom and France. The successful Turkish War of Independence, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk against the occupying Allies, led to the emergence of the Republic of Turkey in the Anatolian heartland and the abolition of the Ottoman monarchy in 1922, formally ending the Ottoman Empire.

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Quran

The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).

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Quraysh

The Quraysh (قُرَيْشٌ) was an Arab tribe that inhabited and controlled Mecca and its Kaaba.

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Rashidun Caliphate

The Rashidun Caliphate (al-Khilāfah ar-Rāšidah) was the first caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

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Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia and the Middle East.

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Sharia

Sharia (sharīʿah) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and hadith.

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Sharifian Caliphate

The Sharifian Caliphate (lit) was a caliphate proclaimed by the Sharifian leaders of the Hejaz in 1924, replacing the Ottoman Caliphate, which was abolished by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.

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Shia Islam

Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.

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Sultanate of Nejd

The Sultanate of Nejd (سلطنة نجد) was the third iteration of the Third Saudi State, from 1921 to 1926.

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Sunnah

In Islam,, also spelled (سنة), is the traditions and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad that constitute a model for Muslims to follow.

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.

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SUNY Press

The State University of New York Press (more commonly referred to as the SUNY Press) is a university press affiliated with the State University of New York system.

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Umar

Umar ibn al-Khattab (ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644.

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Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz

Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan (translit; February 720) was the eighth Umayyad caliph, ruling from 717 until his death in 720.

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Umayya ibn Abd Shams

Umayya ibn Abd Shams (أمية بن عبد شمس) is the progenitor of the line of the Umayyad caliphs.

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Umayyad Caliphate

The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.

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Uthman

Uthman ibn Affan (translit; 17 June 656) was the third caliph, ruling from 644 until his assassination in 656.

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