Carbohydrate & Monosaccharide - Unionpedia, the concept map

Aldehyde

In organic chemistry, an aldehyde is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure.

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Aldose

An aldose is a monosaccharide (a simple sugar) with a carbon backbone chain with a carbonyl group on the endmost carbon atom, making it an aldehyde, and hydroxyl groups connected to all the other carbon atoms.

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Anomer

In carbohydrate chemistry, a pair of anomers is a pair of near-identical stereoisomers or diastereomers that differ at only the anomeric carbon, the carbon atom that bears the aldehyde or ketone functional group in the sugar's open-chain form.

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Atom

Atoms are the basic particles of the chemical elements.

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Carbohydrate

A carbohydrate is a biomolecule consisting of carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen atom ratio of 2:1 (as in water) and thus with the empirical formula (where m may or may not be different from n), which does not mean the H has covalent bonds with O (for example with, H has a covalent bond with C but not with O).

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Carbon

Carbon is a chemical element; it has symbol C and atomic number 6.

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Carbonyl group

For organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a functional group with the formula, composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom, and it is divalent at the C atom.

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Cellulose

Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.

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Chemical formula

A chemical formula is a way of presenting information about the chemical proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound or molecule, using chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, commas and plus (+) and minus (−) signs.

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Chirality (chemistry)

In chemistry, a molecule or ion is called chiral if it cannot be superposed on its mirror image by any combination of rotations, translations, and some conformational changes.

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Citric acid cycle

The citric acid cycle—also known as the Krebs cycle, Szent–Györgyi–Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)—is a series of biochemical reactions to release the energy stored in nutrients through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

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Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose, or more precisely 2-deoxyribose, is a monosaccharide with idealized formula H−(C.

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Dihydroxyacetone

Dihydroxyacetone (DHA), also known as glycerone, is a simple saccharide (a triose) with formula.

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Disaccharide

A disaccharide (also called a double sugar or biose) is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage.

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DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.

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Fischer projection

In chemistry, the Fischer projection, devised by Emil Fischer in 1891, is a two-dimensional representation of a three-dimensional organic molecule by projection.

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Fructose

Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a ketonic simple sugar found in many plants, where it is often bonded to glucose to form the disaccharide sucrose.

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Functional group

In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions.

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Furanose

A furanose is a collective term for carbohydrates that have a chemical structure that includes a five-membered ring system consisting of four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.

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Galactose

Galactose (galacto- + -ose, "milk sugar"), sometimes abbreviated Gal, is a monosaccharide sugar that is about as sweet as glucose, and about 65% as sweet as sucrose.

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Glucose

Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula.

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Glyceraldehyde

Glyceraldehyde (glyceral) is a triose monosaccharide with chemical formula C3H6O3.

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Glycolysis

Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate and, in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells (the cytosol).

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Hemiacetal

In organic chemistry, a hemiacetal or a hemiketal has the general formula, where is hydrogen or an organic substituent.

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Hexose

In chemistry, a hexose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) with six carbon atoms.

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Hydroxy group

In chemistry, a hydroxy or hydroxyl group is a functional group with the chemical formula and composed of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to one hydrogen atom.

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Isomer

In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formula – that is, the same number of atoms of each element – but distinct arrangements of atoms in space.

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Ketone

In organic chemistry, a ketone is an organic compound with the structure, where R and R' can be a variety of carbon-containing substituents.

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Ketose

In organic chemistry, a ketose is a monosaccharide containing one ketone group per molecule.

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Lactose

Lactose, or milk sugar, is a disaccharide composed of galactose and glucose and has the molecular formula C12H22O11.

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Maltose

Maltose, also known as maltobiose or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an α(1→4) bond. In the isomer isomaltose, the two glucose molecules are joined with an α(1→6) bond. Maltose is the two-unit member of the amylose homologous series, the key structural motif of starch. When beta-amylase breaks down starch, it removes two glucose units at a time, producing maltose. An example of this reaction is found in germinating seeds, which is why it was named after malt. Unlike sucrose, it is a reducing sugar.

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Mannitol

Mannitol is a type of sugar alcohol used as a sweetener and medication.

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Metabolism

Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.

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N-Acetylglucosamine

N-Acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) is an amide derivative of the monosaccharide glucose.

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Optical rotation

Optical rotation, also known as polarization rotation or circular birefringence, is the rotation of the orientation of the plane of polarization about the optical axis of linearly polarized light as it travels through certain materials.

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Oxygen

Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.

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Pentose

In chemistry, a pentose is a monosaccharide (simple sugar) with five carbon atoms.

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Polarization (waves)

italics (also italics) is a property of transverse waves which specifies the geometrical orientation of the oscillations.

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Polysaccharide

Polysaccharides, or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food.

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Pyranose

In organic chemistry, pyranose is a collective term for saccharides that have a chemical structure that includes a six-membered ring consisting of five carbon atoms and one oxygen atom (a heterocycle).

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RNA

Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA).

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Sialic acid

Sialic acids are a class of alpha-keto acid sugars with a nine-carbon backbone.

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Starch

Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds.

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Stereocenter

In stereochemistry, a stereocenter of a molecule is an atom (center), axis or plane that is the focus of stereoisomerism; that is, when having at least three different groups bound to the stereocenter, interchanging any two different groups creates a new stereoisomer.

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Stereoisomerism

In stereochemistry, stereoisomerism, or spatial isomerism, is a form of isomerism in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space.

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Sucrose

Sucrose, a disaccharide, is a sugar composed of glucose and fructose subunits.

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Sugar

Sugar is the generic name for sweet-tasting, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food.

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Tetrose

In organic chemistry, a tetrose is a monosaccharide with 4 carbon atoms.

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Triose

A triose is a monosaccharide, or simple sugar, containing three carbon atoms.

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Water

Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula.

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