Caspian Sea, the Glossary
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake and sometimes referred to as a full-fledged sea.[1]
Table of Contents
393 relations: Absheron Peninsula, Academia.edu, Aktau, Albania, Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Aliabad-e Katul, Alosa, Amu Darya, Ancient history, Ancient lake, Apsheron Sill, Aquatic sill, Arabian Peninsula, Aral Sea, Arctic Ocean, Asia, Asiatic cheetah, Asiatic lion, Asp (fish), Astana, Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh, Astara, Azerbaijan, Astara, Iran, Astrakhan, Astrakhan Oblast, Atil, Atrek, Atyrau, Auk, Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Azerbaijani manat, Azykh Cave, Babolsar, Baku, Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline, Balaxanı, Baleen whale, Baltic Sea, Bandar Torkaman, Bandar-e Anzali, Bandar-e Gaz County, Barrel (unit), Basalt, Bastard sturgeon, Beaked whale, Behshahr, Beluga (sturgeon), Biodiversity, Biome, ... Expand index (343 more) »
- Ancient lakes
- Azerbaijan–Iran border
- Azerbaijan–Russia border
- Endorheic lakes of Europe
- Eutrophication
- Geography of Central Asia
- Geography of Southern Russia
- Geography of West Asia
- International disputes
- Iran–Soviet Union border
- Iran–Turkmenistan border
- Kazakhstan–Russia border
- Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan border
- Lakes of Astrakhan Oblast
- Lakes of Azerbaijan
- Lakes of Dagestan
- Lakes of Iran
- Lakes of Kalmykia
- Lakes of Russia
- Lakes of Turkmenistan
- Landforms of Central Asia
- Landforms of West Asia
- Saline lakes of Asia
- Saline lakes of Europe
Absheron Peninsula
The Absheron Peninsula (Abşeron yarımadası) is a peninsula in Azerbaijan.
See Caspian Sea and Absheron Peninsula
Academia.edu
Academia.edu is a platform for sharing academic research that is uploaded and distributed by researchers from around the world.
See Caspian Sea and Academia.edu
Aktau
Aktau or Aqtau (Aqtau, Ақтау, Актау) is a city in Kazakhstan, located on the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea. Its current name means 'white mountain' in Kazakh, which may be due to its cliffs that overlook the Caspian. From 1964 to 1991, the city was known as Shevchenko. Its former name was given due to the eponymous Ukrainian poet's period of exile in the area.
Albania
Albania (Shqipëri or Shqipëria), officially the Republic of Albania (Republika e Shqipërisë), is a country in Southeast Europe.
Aldrovanda vesiculosa
Aldrovanda vesiculosa, commonly known as the waterwheel plant, is the sole extant species in the flowering plant genus Aldrovanda of the family Droseraceae.
See Caspian Sea and Aldrovanda vesiculosa
Aliabad-e Katul
Aliabad-e Katul (علیآباد كتول) is a city in the Central District of Aliabad County, Golestan Province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
See Caspian Sea and Aliabad-e Katul
Alosa
Alosa is a genus of fish, the river herrings, in the family Alosidae.
Amu Darya
The Amu Darya, also called the Amu, the Amo, and historically the Oxus (Latin: Ōxus; Greek: Ὦξος, Ôxos), is a major river in Central Asia, which flows through Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan.
Ancient history
Ancient history is a time period from the beginning of writing and recorded human history through late antiquity.
See Caspian Sea and Ancient history
Ancient lake
An ancient lake is a lake that has consistently carried water for more than one million years. Caspian Sea and ancient lake are ancient lakes.
See Caspian Sea and Ancient lake
Apsheron Sill
The Apsheron Sill, Absheron Sill, Apsheron Ridge or Apsheron Threshold is a major northwest–southeast trending bathymetric high that runs for about 250 km across the whole of the Caspian Sea from Baku in Azerbaijan to the Cheleken Peninsula in Turkmenistan.
See Caspian Sea and Apsheron Sill
Aquatic sill
An aquatic sill (or an oceanic sill) is a sea floor barrier of relatively shallow depth (tens to hundreds of meters) that restricts water movement between benthic zones of an oceanic basin or lake bottom.
See Caspian Sea and Aquatic sill
Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate. Caspian Sea and Arabian Peninsula are geography of West Asia.
See Caspian Sea and Arabian Peninsula
Aral Sea
The Aral Sea was an endorheic lake (that is, without an outlet) lying between Kazakhstan to its north and Uzbekistan to its south, which began shrinking in the 1960s and largely dried up by the 2010s. Caspian Sea and Aral Sea are ancient lakes, endorheic lakes of Asia, geography of Central Asia, lakes of Kazakhstan and saline lakes of Asia.
Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five oceanic divisions. Caspian Sea and Arctic Ocean are geography of Europe.
See Caspian Sea and Arctic Ocean
Asia
Asia is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population.
Asiatic cheetah
The Asiatic cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus) is a critically endangered cheetah subspecies currently only surviving in Iran.
See Caspian Sea and Asiatic cheetah
Asiatic lion
The Asiatic lion is a lion population of the subspecies Panthera leo leo.
See Caspian Sea and Asiatic lion
Asp (fish)
The asp (Leuciscus aspius) is a European freshwater fish of the Cyprinidae family.
See Caspian Sea and Asp (fish)
Astana
Astana, formerly known as Nur-Sultan, Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, and Akmola, is the capital city of Kazakhstan.
Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh
Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh (آستانه اشرفيه) is a city in the Central District of Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh County, Gilan province, Iran, serving as the capital of both the county and the district.
See Caspian Sea and Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh
Astara, Azerbaijan
Astara (script) is a city in and the capital of the Astara District of Azerbaijan.
See Caspian Sea and Astara, Azerbaijan
Astara, Iran
Astara (آستارا) is a city in the Central District of Astara County, Gilan province, Iran, serving as the capital of both the county and the district.
See Caspian Sea and Astara, Iran
Astrakhan
Astrakhan (Астрахань) is the largest city and administrative centre of Astrakhan Oblast in southern Russia.
Astrakhan Oblast
Astrakhan Oblast (Astrakhanskaya oblastʹ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast) located in southern Russia.
See Caspian Sea and Astrakhan Oblast
Atil
Atil, also Itil, was the capital of the Khazar Khaganate from the mid-8th century to the late 10th century.
Atrek
The Atrek (اترک, script, Etrek), also known as the Attrack, Atrak, and Etrek, is a fast-moving river which begins in the mountains of north-eastern Iran and flows westward, draining into the south-eastern corner of the Caspian Sea in Turkmenistan. Because of the high use of its waters for irrigation, the Atrek only flows into the Caspian when it is in its flood stage. Caspian Sea and Atrek are Iran–Turkmenistan border.
Atyrau
Atyrau (Атырау,; Атырау), known until 1991 as Guryev (Гурьев), is a city in Kazakhstan and the capital of Atyrau Region.
Auk
Auks or alcids are a group of birds of the family Alcidae in the order Charadriiformes.
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia.
See Caspian Sea and Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences (ANAS) (Azərbaycan Milli Elmlər Akademiyası (AMEA)), located in Baku, is the main state research organization and the primary body that conducts research and coordinates activities in the fields of science and social sciences in Azerbaijan.
See Caspian Sea and Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences
Azerbaijani manat
The manat (ISO code: AZN; sign: ₼; abbreviation: m) is the currency of Azerbaijan.
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Azykh Cave
Azykh Cave (Azıx mağarası), also referred to as Azokh Cave, is a six-cave complex in Azerbaijan, known as a habitation site of prehistoric humans.
See Caspian Sea and Azykh Cave
Babolsar
Babolsar (بابلسر) is a city in the Central District of Babolsar County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
Baku
Baku (Bakı) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and in the Caucasus region.
Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline
The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline is a long crude oil pipeline from the Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli oil field in the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean Sea.
See Caspian Sea and Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline
Balaxanı
Balaxanı or Balakhani (Tat: Balaxana) is a settlement and municipality near Baku, Azerbaijan, on the Absheron Peninsula.
Baleen whale
Baleen whales, also known as whalebone whales, are marine mammals of the parvorder Mysticeti in the infraorder Cetacea (whales, dolphins and porpoises), which use keratinaceous baleen plates (or "whalebone") in their mouths to sieve planktonic creatures from the water.
See Caspian Sea and Baleen whale
Baltic Sea
The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North and Central European Plain. Caspian Sea and Baltic Sea are geography of Europe.
See Caspian Sea and Baltic Sea
Bandar Torkaman
Bandar Torkaman (بندرتركمن) is a city in the Central District of Torkaman County, Golestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
See Caspian Sea and Bandar Torkaman
Bandar-e Anzali
Bandar-e Anzali (بندرانزلی) is a city in the Central District of Bandar-e Anzali County, Gilan province, Iran, serving as the capital of both the county and the district.
See Caspian Sea and Bandar-e Anzali
Bandar-e Gaz County
Bandar-e Gaz County (شهرستان بندر گز) is a county located in the western part of Golestan province, Iran.
See Caspian Sea and Bandar-e Gaz County
Barrel (unit)
A barrel is one of several units of volume applied in various contexts; there are dry barrels, fluid barrels (such as the U.K. beer barrel and U.S. beer barrel), oil barrels, and so forth.
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Basalt
Basalt is an aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the surface of a rocky planet or moon.
Bastard sturgeon
The bastard sturgeon, also known as the fringebarbel sturgeon, ship sturgeon, spiny sturgeon, or thorn sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris), is a species of fish in the family Acipenseridae.
See Caspian Sea and Bastard sturgeon
Beaked whale
Beaked whales (systematic name Ziphiidae) are a family of cetaceans noted as being one of the least-known groups of mammals because of their deep-sea habitat, reclusive behavior and apparent low abundance.
See Caspian Sea and Beaked whale
Behshahr
Behshahr (بِهْشَهْر) is a city in the Central District of Behshahr County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
Beluga (sturgeon)
The beluga, also known as the beluga sturgeon or great sturgeon (Huso huso), is a species of anadromous fish in the sturgeon family (Acipenseridae) of the order Acipenseriformes.
See Caspian Sea and Beluga (sturgeon)
Biodiversity
Biodiversity (or biological diversity) is the variety and variability of life on Earth.
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Biome
A biome is a distinct geographical region with specific climate, vegetation, and animal life.
Black Sea
The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. Caspian Sea and Black Sea are geography of Europe, geography of Southern Russia and geography of West Asia.
Blicca bjoerkna
Blicca bjoerkna, alternatively called the white bream or the silver bream, is a European species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae.
See Caspian Sea and Blicca bjoerkna
Bloomberg Businessweek
Bloomberg Businessweek, previously known as BusinessWeek (and before that Business Week and The Business Week), is an American monthly business magazine published 12 times a year.
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Blowout (well drilling)
A blowout is the uncontrolled release of crude oil and/or natural gas from an oil well or gas well after pressure control systems have failed.
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Body of water
A body of water or waterbody is any significant accumulation of water on the surface of Earth or another planet.
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Bolsheviks
The Bolsheviks (italic,; from большинство,, 'majority'), led by Vladimir Lenin, were a far-left faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the Second Party Congress in 1903.
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Border
Borders are usually defined as geographical boundaries, imposed either by features such as oceans and terrain, or by political entities such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities.
Boyuk Zira
Boyuk Zira (Böyük Zirə), also known as Nargin, is an island in the Caspian Sea.
See Caspian Sea and Boyuk Zira
BP
BP p.l.c. (formerly The British Petroleum Company p.l.c. and BP Amoco p.l.c.; stylised in all lowercase) is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England.
Brackish water
Brackish water, sometimes termed brack water, is water occurring in a natural environment that has more salinity than freshwater, but not as much as seawater.
See Caspian Sea and Brackish water
Bulla Island
Bulla Island, also Xara Zira, Khara Zira or Khere Zire, (Xǝrǝ Zirǝ Adası) is an island south of the Bay of Baku, Caspian Sea.
See Caspian Sea and Bulla Island
Burbot
The burbot (Lota lota), also known as bubbot, mariah, loche, cusk, freshwater cod, freshwater ling, freshwater cusk, the lawyer, coney-fish, lingcod, or eelpout, is a species of coldwater ray-finned fish native to the subarctic regions of the Northern hemisphere.
Caspian Depression
The Caspian Depression or the Caspian Lowland is a low-lying flatland region encompassing the northern part of the Caspian Sea, the largest enclosed body of water on Earth.
See Caspian Sea and Caspian Depression
Caspian Economic Forum
The Caspian Economic Forum (CEF; Hazar Ykdysady Forumy; Каспийский экономический форум) is an international economic event aiming to provide a platform for discussion of the issues relating to the creation of conditions for large investment projects for littoral Caspian states.
See Caspian Sea and Caspian Economic Forum
Caspian gull
The Caspian gull (Larus cachinnans) is a large gull and a member of the herring and lesser black-backed gull complex.
See Caspian Sea and Caspian gull
Caspian languages
The Caspian languages are a branch of Northwestern Iranian languages spoken in northern Iran and south-eastern Azerbaijan, south of the Caspian Sea.
See Caspian Sea and Caspian languages
Caspian Sea Monster
The KM (Korabl Maket) (Russian: Корабль-Макет, literally "Ship-maquette" or "Model-Ship"), known colloquially as the Caspian Sea Monster, was an experimental ground effect vehicle developed in the Soviet Union in the 1960s by the Central Hydrofoil Design Bureau.
See Caspian Sea and Caspian Sea Monster
Caspian seal
The Caspian seal (Pusa caspica, syn. Phoca caspica) is one of the smallest members of the earless seal family and unique in that it is found exclusively in the brackish Caspian Sea.
See Caspian Sea and Caspian seal
Caspian tern
The Caspian tern (Hydroprogne caspia) is a species of tern, with a subcosmopolitan but scattered distribution.
See Caspian Sea and Caspian tern
Caspian tiger
The Caspian tiger was a Panthera tigris tigris population native to eastern Turkey, northern Iran, Mesopotamia, the Caucasus around the Caspian Sea, Central Asia to northern Afghanistan and the Xinjiang region in western China.
See Caspian Sea and Caspian tiger
Caspian turtle
The Caspian turtle (Mauremys caspica), also known as the striped-neck terrapin, is a species of turtle in the family Geoemydidae (.
See Caspian Sea and Caspian turtle
Caspians
The Caspians (کاسپیها, Kaspyn; Κάσπιοι, Káspioi; Aramaic: ܟܣܦܝ, kspy; Կասպք, Kaspk’; Caspi, Caspiani) were a people of antiquity who dwelt along the southwestern shores of the Caspian Sea, in the region known as Caspiane.
Caspiomyzon
Caspiomyzon is a genus of lamprey in the family Petromyzontidae.
See Caspian Sea and Caspiomyzon
Caucasian Albania
Caucasian Albania is a modern exonym for a former state located in ancient times in the Caucasus, mostly in what is now Azerbaijan (where both of its capitals were located).
See Caspian Sea and Caucasian Albania
Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia. Caspian Sea and Caucasus are geography of Europe and geography of West Asia.
Caucasus Mountains
The Caucasus Mountains is a mountain range at the intersection of Asia and Europe.
See Caspian Sea and Caucasus Mountains
Caviar
Caviar (also known as caviare, originally from the egg-bearing) is a food consisting of salt-cured roe of the family Acipenseridae.
Central Asia
Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.
See Caspian Sea and Central Asia
Central Asian northern desert
The Central Asian northern desert is an ecoregion in the deserts and xeric shrublands biome, located in the Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.
See Caspian Sea and Central Asian northern desert
Cerastoderma glaucum
Cerastoderma glaucum, the lagoon cockle, is a species of saltwater clam, a marine bivalve mollusc in the family Cardiidae, the cockles.
See Caspian Sea and Cerastoderma glaucum
Cetacea
Cetacea is an infraorder of aquatic mammals belonging to the order Artiodactyla that includes whales, dolphins and porpoises.
Ceyhan
Ceyhan is a municipality and district of Adana Province, Turkey.
Chalus, Iran
Chalus (چالوس) is a city in the Central District of Chalus County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
See Caspian Sea and Chalus, Iran
Chechen Island
Chechen Island (Ostrov Chechen') is a coastal island on the western shore of the Caspian Sea.
See Caspian Sea and Chechen Island
Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.
See Caspian Sea and Classical antiquity
Climate change
In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system.
See Caspian Sea and Climate change
Clupeidae
Clupeidae is a family of clupeiform ray-finned fishes, comprising, for instance, the herrings and sprats.
Clupeonella
Clupeonella is a genus of fish in the family Clupeidae.
See Caspian Sea and Clupeonella
Common bleak
The bleak or common bleak (Alburnus alburnus) is a small freshwater coarse fish of the cyprinid family.
See Caspian Sea and Common bleak
Common bream
The common bream (Abramis brama), also known as the freshwater bream, bream, bronze bream, carp bream or sweaty bream, is a European species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae.
See Caspian Sea and Common bream
Common dace
The common dace (Leuciscus leuciscus) is a species of freshwater and brackish water ray-finned fish from the family Cyprinidae which is native to Europe but which has been introduced to other parts of the world.
See Caspian Sea and Common dace
Common roach
The roach, or rutilus roach (Rutilus rutilus), also known as the common roach, is a fresh- and brackish-water fish of the family Cyprinidae, native to most of Europe and western Asia.
See Caspian Sea and Common roach
Common rudd
The common rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) is a bentho-pelagic freshwater fish, widely spread in Europe and central Asia, around the basins of the North, Baltic, Black, Caspian and Aral seas.
See Caspian Sea and Common rudd
Crucian carp
The crucian carp (Carassius carassius) is a medium-sized member of the common carp family Cyprinidae.
See Caspian Sea and Crucian carp
Cyprinidae
Cyprinidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly called the carp or minnow family, including the carps, the true minnows, and their relatives the barbs and barbels, among others.
See Caspian Sea and Cyprinidae
Dagestan
Dagestan (Дагестан), officially the Republic of Dagestan, is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, along the Caspian Sea.
Dagestanskiye Ogni
Dagestanskiye Ogni (Дагестанские Огни; Дагъустнан ЦIаяр; Дағыстан Ишыглары, Dağıstan İşıqları; Дагъустандин ЦӀаяр) is a town in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia, located on the coast of the Caspian Sea, south of Makhachkala.
See Caspian Sea and Dagestanskiye Ogni
Darband Cave
Darband Cave is a Lower Paleolithic site in the Gilan Province in northern Iran, located on the north side of a deep tributary canyon of the Siahrud River, a tributary of the Sefīd-Rūd River that flows into the Caspian Sea.
See Caspian Sea and Darband Cave
Demarcation line
A political demarcation line is a geopolitical border, often agreed upon as part of an armistice or ceasefire.
See Caspian Sea and Demarcation line
Depression (geology)
In geology, a depression is a landform sunken or depressed below the surrounding area.
See Caspian Sea and Depression (geology)
Derbent
Derbent (Дербе́нт; Кьвевар, Цал; Dərbənd; Дербенд), formerly romanized as Derbend, is a city in Dagestan, Russia, located on the Caspian Sea.
Desert climate
The desert climate or arid climate (in the Köppen climate classification BWh and BWk) is a dry climate sub-type in which there is a severe excess of evaporation over precipitation.
See Caspian Sea and Desert climate
Desertification
Desertification is a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes and human activities.
See Caspian Sea and Desertification
Dick Cheney
Richard Bruce Cheney (born January 30, 1941) is an American retired politician and businessman who served as the 46th vice president of the United States from 2001 to 2009 under President George W. Bush.
See Caspian Sea and Dick Cheney
Discharge (hydrology)
In hydrology, discharge is the volumetric flow rate (volume per time, in units of m3/h or ft3/h) of a stream.
See Caspian Sea and Discharge (hydrology)
Dmanisi
Dmanisi (tr,, Başkeçid) is a town and archaeological site in the Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia approximately 93 km southwest of the nation’s capital Tbilisi in the river valley of Mashavera.
Dolphin
A dolphin is an aquatic mammal in the clade Odontoceti (toothed whale).
Don (river)
The Don (p) is the fifth-longest river in Europe. Caspian Sea and Don (river) are geography of Southern Russia.
See Caspian Sea and Don (river)
Drainage basin
A drainage basin is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean.
See Caspian Sea and Drainage basin
Duckbill pugolovka
The duckbill pugolovka (Anatirostrum profundorum) is a species of gobiid fish endemic to the southern part of the Caspian Sea.
See Caspian Sea and Duckbill pugolovka
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.
See Caspian Sea and Eastern Europe
Ecocide
Ecocide (from Greek oikos "home" and Latin cadere "to kill") is the destruction of the environment by humans.
Economy of Russia
The economy of Russia has gradually transformed from a planned economy into a mixed market-oriented economy.
See Caspian Sea and Economy of Russia
Ecosystem
An ecosystem (or ecological system) is a system that environments and their organisms form through their interaction.
Endemism
Endemism is the state of a species only being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere.
Endorheic basin
An endorheic basin (also endoreic basin and endorreic basin) is a drainage basin that normally retains water and allows no outflow to other, external bodies of water (e.g. rivers and oceans); instead, the water drainage flows into permanent and seasonal lakes and swamps that equilibrate through evaporation.
See Caspian Sea and Endorheic basin
Energy Information Administration
The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System responsible for collecting, analyzing, and disseminating energy information to promote sound policymaking, efficient markets, and public understanding of energy and its interaction with the economy and the environment.
See Caspian Sea and Energy Information Administration
Environmentalism
Environmentalism or environmental rights is a broad philosophy, ideology, and social movement about supporting life, habitats, and surroundings.
See Caspian Sea and Environmentalism
Epoch of Extreme Inundations
The Epoch of Extreme Inundations (EEI) is a hypothetical epoch during which four landforms in the Pontic–Caspian steppe—marine lowlands (marine transgressions), river valleys (outburst floods), marine transgressions (thermocarst lakes) and slopes (solifluction flows)—were widely inundated.
See Caspian Sea and Epoch of Extreme Inundations
Esenguly
Esenguly (formerly Hasan-Kuly, Gasan-Kuli) is a city in and administrative center of Esenguly District, Balkan Province, Turkmenistan.
Eurasia Canal
The Eurasia Canal (Канал "Евразия", Kanal "Evraziya") is a proposed 700-kilometre-long (430 mi) canal connecting the Caspian Sea to the Black Sea along the Kuma-Manych Depression.
See Caspian Sea and Eurasia Canal
Eurasian carp
The Eurasian carp or European carp (Cyprinus carpio), widely known as the common carp, is a widespread freshwater fish of eutrophic waters in lakes and large rivers in Europe and Asia.
See Caspian Sea and Eurasian carp
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
European perch
The European perch (Perca fluviatilis), also known as the common perch, redfin perch, big-scaled redfin, English perch, Euro perch, Eurasian perch, Eurasian river perch, Hatch, poor man's rockfish or in Anglophone parts of Europe, simply the perch, is a predatory freshwater fish native to Europe and North Asia.
See Caspian Sea and European perch
Evaporation
Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gas phase.
See Caspian Sea and Evaporation
Evaporite
An evaporite is a water-soluble sedimentary mineral deposit that results from concentration and crystallization by evaporation from an aqueous solution.
Petroleum is a fossil fuel that can be drawn from beneath the Earth's surface.
See Caspian Sea and Extraction of petroleum
Fenderesk District
Fenderesk District (بخش فندرسک) is in Ramian County, Golestan province, Iran.
See Caspian Sea and Fenderesk District
Ferry
A ferry is a boat that transports passengers, and occasionally vehicles and cargo, across a body of water.
Foreign direct investment
A foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to purchase of an asset in another country, such that it gives direct control to the purchaser over the asset (e.g. purchase of land and building).
See Caspian Sea and Foreign direct investment
Fossil fuel
A fossil fuel is a carbon compound- or hydrocarbon-containing material such as coal, oil, and natural gas, formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the remains of prehistoric organisms (animals, plants and planktons), a process that occurs within geological formations.
See Caspian Sea and Fossil fuel
Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea
Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea is a regional convention signed by the official representatives of the five littoral Caspian states: Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation and Turkmenistan in Tehran (Iran) on 4 November 2003.
See Caspian Sea and Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea
Fresh water
Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids.
See Caspian Sea and Fresh water
Freshwater seal
Freshwater seals are pinnipeds which live in freshwater bodies.
See Caspian Sea and Freshwater seal
Fyodor Soimonov
Fedor Ivanovich Soimonov (Фёдор Иванович Соймо́нов; 1692 – 22 July 1780), Knight of the Order of St. Alexander Nevsky, was a nautical surveyor of the Imperial Russian Navy, hydrographer and pioneering explorer of the Caspian Sea who charted the until then little known body of water.
See Caspian Sea and Fyodor Soimonov
Garabogaz
Garabogaz is a city subordinate to Turkmenbashy District, Balkan province, Turkmenistan, on the shore of the Caspian Sea.
Garabogazköl
Garabogazköl (also spelled Kara-Bogaz-Gol; "Black Strait Lake"), or Garabogazköl Aylagy ("Black Strait Lake Bay"), is a shallow, highly saline lagoon off the Caspian Sea in northwestern Turkmenistan.
See Caspian Sea and Garabogazköl
Gasoline
Gasoline or petrol is a petrochemical product characterized as a transparent, yellowish, and flammable liquid normally used as a fuel for spark-ignited internal combustion engines.
Gates of Alexander
The Gates of Alexander, also known as the Caspian Gates, are one of several mountain passes in eastern Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Persia separating the Greco-Roman world from the Persian world.
See Caspian Sea and Gates of Alexander
Gazelle
A gazelle is one of many antelope species in the genus Gazella.
Genus
Genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses.
Georgia (country)
Georgia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and West Asia.
See Caspian Sea and Georgia (country)
Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.
Gilan province
Gilan province (استان گیلان) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, in the northwest of the country.
See Caspian Sea and Gilan province
Glacial period
A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances.
See Caspian Sea and Glacial period
Global and Planetary Change
Global and Planetary Change is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research into the earth sciences, particularly pertaining to changes in aspects thereof such as sea level and the chemical composition of the atmosphere.
See Caspian Sea and Global and Planetary Change
Gobiidae
Gobiidae or gobies is a family of bony fish in the order Gobiiformes, one of the largest fish families comprising more than 2,000 species in more than 200 genera.
Gobio volgensis
Gobio volgensis is a species of gudgeon, a small freshwater in the family Cyprinidae.
See Caspian Sea and Gobio volgensis
Gobustan District
Gobustan District (Qobustan rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan.
See Caspian Sea and Gobustan District
Gobustan Rock Art
Gobustan Rock Art represents flora and fauna, hunting, lifestyles, and culture of pre-historic and medieval periods of time.
See Caspian Sea and Gobustan Rock Art
Golden loach
The golden loaches (Sabanejewia) are a genus of ray-finned fish in the family Cobitidae.
See Caspian Sea and Golden loach
Golestan province
Golestan Province (استان گلستان) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, located in the northeast of the country and southeast of the Caspian Sea.
See Caspian Sea and Golestan province
Gomishan
Gomishan (گميشان) is a city in the Central District of Gomishan County, Golestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
Gonbad-e Kavus
Gonbad-e Kavus (گنبد کاووس) is a city in the Central District of Gonbad-e Kavus County, Golestan Province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
See Caspian Sea and Gonbad-e Kavus
Gorgan
Gorgan (گرگان) is a city in the Central District of Gorgan County, Golestan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.
Granite
Granite is a coarse-grained (phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase.
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes (Grands Lacs), also called the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of large interconnected freshwater lakes in the east-central interior of North America that connect to the Atlantic Ocean via the Saint Lawrence River.
See Caspian Sea and Great Lakes
Greater Caucasus
The Greater Caucasus is the major mountain range of the Caucasus Mountains.
See Caspian Sea and Greater Caucasus
Greek tortoise
The Greek tortoise (Testudo graeca), also known commonly as the spur-thighed tortoise or Moorish tortoise, is a species of tortoise in the family Testudinidae.
See Caspian Sea and Greek tortoise
Greeks
The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Anatolia, parts of Italy and Egypt, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities established around the world..
Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a country or countries.
See Caspian Sea and Gross domestic product
Hafiz-i Abru
Hafez-e AbruMaria Eva Subtelny and Charles Melville, (حافظ ابرو; died June 1430) was a Persian historian working at the courts of Timurid rulers of Central Asia.
See Caspian Sea and Hafiz-i Abru
Halite
Halite, commonly known as rock salt, is a type of salt, the mineral (natural) form of sodium chloride (NaCl).
Haraz River
The Haraz River is a notable river flowing through the Mazandaran Province of northern Iran.
See Caspian Sea and Haraz River
Hazar, Turkmenistan
Hazar (until 1999 known as Çeleken, also written Cheleken; Челекен; Persian: Chaharken چهارکن) is a seaport town located on the Cheleken Peninsula of the Caspian Sea.
See Caspian Sea and Hazar, Turkmenistan
Homo erectus
Homo erectus (meaning "upright man") is an extinct species of archaic human from the Pleistocene, with its earliest occurrence about 2 million years ago.
See Caspian Sea and Homo erectus
Homo ergaster
Homo ergaster is an extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans who lived in Africa in the Early Pleistocene.
See Caspian Sea and Homo ergaster
Hotu and Kamarband Caves
The Hotu and Kamarband Caves or Belt Caves are prehistoric archaeological sites in Iran.
See Caspian Sea and Hotu and Kamarband Caves
Humid continental climate
A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers, and cold (sometimes severely cold in the northern areas) and snowy winters.
See Caspian Sea and Humid continental climate
Humid subtropical climate
A humid subtropical climate is a temperate climate type characterized by hot and humid summers, and cool to mild winters.
See Caspian Sea and Humid subtropical climate
Hydrocarbon
In organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an organic compound consisting entirely of hydrogen and carbon.
See Caspian Sea and Hydrocarbon
Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is electricity generated from hydropower (water power).
See Caspian Sea and Hydroelectricity
Hyrcania
Hyrcania (Ὑρκανία Hyrkanía, Old Persian: 𐎺𐎼𐎣𐎠𐎴 Varkâna,Lendering (1996) Middle Persian: 𐭢𐭥𐭫𐭢𐭠𐭭 Gurgān, Akkadian: Urqananu) is a historical region composed of the land south-east of the Caspian Sea in modern-day Iran and Turkmenistan, bound in the south by the Alborz mountain range and the Kopet Dag in the east.
Hyrcanian forests
The Hyrcanian forests (جنگل های هیرکانی; Hirkan meşələri) are a zone of lush lowland and montane forests covering about near the shores of the Caspian Sea in Iran and Azerbaijan.
See Caspian Sea and Hyrcanian forests
Important Bird Area
An Important Bird and Biodiversity Area (IBA) is an area identified using an internationally agreed set of criteria as being globally important for the conservation of bird populations.
See Caspian Sea and Important Bird Area
International Space Station
The International Space Station (ISS) is a large space station assembled and maintained in low Earth orbit by a collaboration of five space agencies and their contractors: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), ESA (Europe), JAXA (Japan), and CSA (Canada).
See Caspian Sea and International Space Station
International waters
The terms international waters or transboundary waters apply where any of the following types of bodies of water (or their drainage basins) transcend international boundaries: oceans, large marine ecosystems, enclosed or semi-enclosed regional seas and estuaries, rivers, lakes, groundwater systems (aquifers), and wetlands.
See Caspian Sea and International waters
Intertidal zone
The intertidal zone or foreshore is the area above water level at low tide and underwater at high tide; in other words, it is the part of the littoral zone within the tidal range.
See Caspian Sea and Intertidal zone
Introduced species
An introduced species, alien species, exotic species, adventive species, immigrant species, foreign species, non-indigenous species, or non-native species is a species living outside its native distributional range, but which has arrived there by human activity, directly or indirectly, and either deliberately or accidentally.
See Caspian Sea and Introduced species
Invasive species
An invasive species is an introduced species that harms its new environment.
See Caspian Sea and Invasive species
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.
Iranian Plateau
The Iranian Plateau or Persian Plateau is a geological feature spanning parts of the Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, and West Asia. It makes up part of the Eurasian Plate, and is wedged between the Arabian Plate and the Indian Plate. The plateau is situated between the Zagros Mountains to the west, the Caspian Sea and the Köpet Dag to the north, the Armenian Highlands and the Caucasus Mountains to the northwest, the Strait of Hormuz and the Persian Gulf to the south, and the Indian subcontinent to the east. Caspian Sea and Iranian Plateau are landforms of Central Asia and landforms of West Asia.
See Caspian Sea and Iranian Plateau
Iranrud
Iranrud (Persian: ایرانرود) which means Iran River in Persian, was a plan to build a canal from the Caspian Sea to the Persian Gulf.
Izberbash
Izberbash (Изберба́ш; Dargwa: Избир; Йизбирба́ш, Yizbirbaş) is a town in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia, located on the coast of the Caspian Sea southeast of Makhachkala, the capital of the republic.
Japan
Japan is an island country in East Asia, located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland.
Juybar
Juybar (جويبار) is a city in the Central District of Juybar County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
Kalmykia
Kalmykia, officially the Republic of Kalmykia, is a republic of Russia, located in the North Caucasus region of Southern Russia.
Kama (river)
The Kama (Ка́ма,; Чулман; Кам) is a long, Russian State Water Registry river in Russia.
See Caspian Sea and Kama (river)
Kaspiysk
Kaspiysk (Каспи́йск; Ккасппи; Каспиялъухъ) is a city in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia, located on the Caspian Sea, southeast of Makhachkala.
Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
Kassym-Jomart Kemeluly Tokayev (Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев; Qasym-Jomart Kemelūly Toqaev; Касым-Жомарт Кемелевич Токаев; born 17 May 1953) is a Kazakh politician and diplomat who has served as the President of Kazakhstan since 2019.
See Caspian Sea and Kassym-Jomart Tokayev
Kazakh language
Kazakh or Qazaq is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia by Kazakhs.
See Caspian Sea and Kazakh language
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe.
See Caspian Sea and Kazakhstan
Khachmaz (city)
Khachmaz (Xaçmaz) is a town in the Khachmaz District of Azerbaijan.
See Caspian Sea and Khachmaz (city)
Khachmaz District
Khachmaz District (Xaçmaz rayonu; Хъачмаз район) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan.
See Caspian Sea and Khachmaz District
Khazaran
Khazaran was a city in the Khazar kingdom, located on the eastern bank of the lower Volga River.
Khazars
The Khazars were a nomadic Turkic people that, in the late 6th-century CE, established a major commercial empire covering the southeastern section of modern European Russia, southern Ukraine, Crimea, and Kazakhstan.
Khudat
Khudat (Xudat) is a town in the Caspian lowlands located in the northern section of Azerbaijan.
Khwarazm
Khwarazm (Hwârazmiya; خوارزم, Xwârazm or Xârazm) or Chorasmia is a large oasis region on the Amu Darya river delta in western Central Asia, bordered on the north by the (former) Aral Sea, on the east by the Kyzylkum Desert, on the south by the Karakum Desert, and on the west by the Ustyurt Plateau. Caspian Sea and Khwarazm are geography of Central Asia.
Kopet Dag
The Köpet Dag, Kopet Dagh, or Koppeh Dagh (Köpetdag; کپهداغ), also known as the Turkmen-Khorasan Mountain Range, is a mountain range on the border between Turkmenistan and Iran that extends about along the border southeast of the Caspian Sea, stretching northwest-southeast from near the Caspian Sea in the northwest to the Harirud River in the southeast.
Kordkuy
Kordkuy (كرد كوی) is a city in the Central District of Kordkuy County, Golestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
Kuma (Russia)
The Kuma (Кума́) is a river in the North Caucasus region of southern Russia.
See Caspian Sea and Kuma (Russia)
Kuma–Manych Canal
The Kuma–Manych Canal (Кумо–Манычский канал) is an irrigation canal in Russia's Stavropol Krai.
See Caspian Sea and Kuma–Manych Canal
Kuma–Manych Depression
The Kuma–Manych depression (Kumo–Manychskaya vpadina), is a geological depression in southwestern Russia that separates the Russian Plain to the north from Ciscaucasia to the south.
See Caspian Sea and Kuma–Manych Depression
Kumyks
Kumyks (Qumuqlar, Кумыки) are a Turkic ethnic group living in Dagestan, Chechnya and North Ossetia.
Kura (river)
The Kura is an east-flowing river south of the Greater Caucasus Mountains which drains the southern slopes of the Greater Caucasus east into the Caspian Sea.
See Caspian Sea and Kura (river)
Lagoon
A lagoon is a shallow body of water separated from a larger body of water by a narrow landform, such as reefs, barrier islands, barrier peninsulas, or isthmuses.
Lahijan
Lahijan (لاهیجان) is a city in close proximity to the Caspian Sea within the Central District of Lahijan County, in northwestern Iran's Gilan province.
Lake Albert (Africa)
Lake Albert, originally known as Lake Mwitanzige by the Banyoro, Nam Ovoyo Bonyo by the Alur, and temporarily as Lake Mobutu Sese Seko, is a lake located in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
See Caspian Sea and Lake Albert (Africa)
Lake Baikal
Lake Baikal (Ozero Baykal; Baigal dalai) is a large rift lake in Russia. Caspian Sea and lake Baikal are ancient lakes and lakes of Russia.
See Caspian Sea and Lake Baikal
Lake Superior
Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface areaThe Caspian Sea is the largest lake, but is saline, not freshwater.
See Caspian Sea and Lake Superior
Lake Tanganyika
Lake Tanganyika (Ikiyaga ca Tanganyika) is an African Great Lake. Caspian Sea and Lake Tanganyika are ancient lakes, border tripoints and Lowest points of countries.
See Caspian Sea and Lake Tanganyika
Landlocked country
A landlocked country is a country that does not have any territory connected to an ocean or whose coastlines lie solely on endorheic basins.
See Caspian Sea and Landlocked country
Langarud
Langarud (لنگرود) is a city in the Central District of Langarud County, Gilan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
Lankaran
Lankaran (Lənkəran,, script) is a city in Azerbaijan, on the coast of the Caspian Sea, near the southern border with Iran.
Last Glacial Period
The Last Glacial Period (LGP), also known as the Last glacial cycle, occurred from the end of the Last Interglacial to the beginning of the Holocene, years ago, and thus corresponds to most of the timespan of the Late Pleistocene.
See Caspian Sea and Last Glacial Period
Late Miocene
The Late Miocene (also known as Upper Miocene) is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages.
See Caspian Sea and Late Miocene
Leucaspius delineatus
Leucaspius delineatus, known as the sunbleak, belica or moderlieschen is a species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae.
See Caspian Sea and Leucaspius delineatus
Liana
A liana is a long-stemmed woody vine that is rooted in the soil at ground level and uses trees, as well as other means of vertical support, to climb up to the canopy in search of direct sunlight.
List of countries by GDP (nominal)
Gross domestic product (GDP) is the market value of all final goods and services from a nation in a given year.
See Caspian Sea and List of countries by GDP (nominal)
List of countries by GDP (PPP)
GDP (PPP) means gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity.
See Caspian Sea and List of countries by GDP (PPP)
List of countries by natural gas production
This is a list of countries by natural gas production based on statistics from The U.S Energy Information Administration (EIA).
See Caspian Sea and List of countries by natural gas production
List of countries by oil production
This is a list of countries by oil production (i.e., petroleum production), as compiled from the U.S. Energy Information Administration database for calendar year 2023, tabulating all countries on a comparable best-estimate basis.
See Caspian Sea and List of countries by oil production
List of lakes by area
This is a pair of lists of terrestrial lakes with a surface area of more than approximately, ranked by area, excluding reservoirs and lagoons.
See Caspian Sea and List of lakes by area
List of largest fish
Fish vary greatly in size.
See Caspian Sea and List of largest fish
Littoral zone
The littoral zone, also called litoral or nearshore, is the part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore.
See Caspian Sea and Littoral zone
Lower Paleolithic
The Lower Paleolithic (or Lower Palaeolithic) is the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.
See Caspian Sea and Lower Paleolithic
Lukoil
The PJSC Lukoil Oil Company (stylized as LUKOIL or ЛУКОЙЛ in Cyrillic script) is a Russian multinational energy corporation headquartered in Moscow, specializing in the business of extraction, production, transport, and sale of petroleum, natural gas, petroleum products, and electricity.
Mahmudabad, Mazandaran
Mahmudabad (محمودآباد) is a city in the Central District of Mahmudabad County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
See Caspian Sea and Mahmudabad, Mazandaran
Makhachkala
Makhachkala, previously known as Petrovskoye (1844–1857) and Port-Petrovsk (1857–1921), or by the local Kumyk name of Anji, is the capital and largest city of Dagestan, Russia.
See Caspian Sea and Makhachkala
Mangyshlak Peninsula
Mangyshlak or Mangghyshlaq Peninsula (translit; translit) is a large peninsula located in western Kazakhstan.
See Caspian Sea and Mangyshlak Peninsula
Manych Ship Canal
The Manych Ship Canal is a canal between the Black Sea lagoon the Sea of Azov and the Caspian Sea.
See Caspian Sea and Manych Ship Canal
Masallı
Masally (Masallı, script) is a city in and the capital of the Masally District of Azerbaijan.
Mazandaran province
Mazandaran Province (استان مازندران) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.
See Caspian Sea and Mazandaran province
The median of a set of numbers is the value separating the higher half from the lower half of a data sample, a population, or a probability distribution.
Mediterranean climate
A Mediterranean climate, also called a dry summer climate, described by Köppen as Cs, is a temperate climate type that occurs in the lower mid-latitudes (normally 30 to 44 north and south latitude).
See Caspian Sea and Mediterranean climate
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border. Caspian Sea and Mediterranean Sea are geography of Europe and geography of West Asia.
See Caspian Sea and Mediterranean Sea
Mercator 1569 world map
The Mercator world map of 1569 is titled Nova et Aucta Orbis Terrae Descriptio ad Usum Navigantium Emendate Accommodata (Renaissance Latin for "New and more complete representation of the terrestrial globe properly adapted for use in navigation").
See Caspian Sea and Mercator 1569 world map
Mesogobius
Mesogobius is a genus of Gobiidae, native to the basins of the Black and Caspian Seas.
See Caspian Sea and Mesogobius
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.
See Caspian Sea and Middle Ages
Mineral
In geology and mineralogy, a mineral or mineral species is, broadly speaking, a solid substance with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure that occurs naturally in pure form.
Miocene
The Miocene is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma).
Misgurnus fossilis
The weatherfish (Misgurnus fossilis) is a species of true loach that has a wide range in Europe and some parts of Asia.
See Caspian Sea and Misgurnus fossilis
Monopoly
A monopoly (from Greek label and label), as described by Irving Fisher, is a market with the "absence of competition", creating a situation where a specific person or enterprise is the only supplier of a particular thing.
Mountain range
A mountain range or hill range is a series of mountains or hills arranged in a line and connected by high ground.
See Caspian Sea and Mountain range
Mud volcano
A mud volcano or mud dome is a landform created by the eruption of mud or slurries, water and gases.
See Caspian Sea and Mud volcano
Nabran
Nabran is a municipality located in the Khachmaz region which is located in Khachmaz Rayon of Azerbaijan, close to the Russia-Azerbaijan border.
Natural environment
The natural environment or natural world encompasses all biotic and abiotic things occurring naturally, meaning in this case not artificial.
See Caspian Sea and Natural environment
Natural gas
Natural gas (also called fossil gas, methane gas or simply gas) is a naturally occurring mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons consisting primarily of methane (95%) in addition to various smaller amounts of other higher alkanes.
See Caspian Sea and Natural gas
Neanderthal
Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis or H. sapiens neanderthalensis) are an extinct group of archaic humans (generally regarded as a distinct species, though some regard it as a subspecies of Homo sapiens) who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago.
See Caspian Sea and Neanderthal
Neft Daşları
Neft Daşları is an industrial settlement in Baku, Azerbaijan.
See Caspian Sea and Neft Daşları
Neftçala
Neftchala is a city and the capital of the Neftchala District of Azerbaijan.
Neka
Neka (نکا) is a city in the Central District of Neka County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
Nelumbo
Nelumbo is a genus of aquatic plants with large, showy flowers.
Neogobius
Neogobius is a genus of gobies, native to Black Sea and the Caspian Sea basins.
North Atlantic oscillation
The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) is a weather phenomenon over the North Atlantic Ocean of fluctuations in the difference of atmospheric pressure at sea level (SLP) between the Icelandic Low and the Azores High.
See Caspian Sea and North Atlantic oscillation
North Caucasian Federal District
The North Caucasian Federal District (p) is one of the eight federal districts of Russia. Caspian Sea and North Caucasian Federal District are geography of Southern Russia.
See Caspian Sea and North Caucasian Federal District
North Sea
The North Sea lies between Great Britain, Denmark, Norway, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France. Caspian Sea and North Sea are geography of Europe.
Northern Dvina Canal
The Northern Dvina Canal (Северодвинский канал) is a 64 km long canal in Vologda Oblast in Russia.
See Caspian Sea and Northern Dvina Canal
Northern pike
The northern pike (Esox lucius) is a species of carnivorous fish of the genus Esox (pikes).
See Caspian Sea and Northern pike
Northern river reversal
The Northern river reversal or Siberian river reversal was an ambitious project to divert the flow of the Northern rivers in the Soviet Union, which "uselessly" drain into the Arctic Ocean, southwards towards the populated agricultural areas of Central Asia, which lack water.
See Caspian Sea and Northern river reversal
Nowshahr
Nowshahr (نوشهر) is a city in the Central District of Nowshahr County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
Nur, Iran
Nur (نور) is a city in the Central District of Nur County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
Nursultan Nazarbayev
Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev (Нурсултан Абишевич Назарбаев; Нұрсұлтан Әбішұлы Назарбаев, Nūrsūltan Äbışūly Nazarbaev,; born 6 July 1940) is a Kazakh politician who served as the first President of Kazakhstan, from the country's independence in 1991 until his formal resignation in 2019, and as the Chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan from 1991 to 2022.
See Caspian Sea and Nursultan Nazarbayev
Ogurja Ada
Ogurja Ada (sometimes also spelt "Ogurga") is the largest island in both Turkmenistan and the Caspian Sea by area.
See Caspian Sea and Ogurja Ada
Orogeny
Orogeny is a mountain-building process that takes place at a convergent plate margin when plate motion compresses the margin.
Overfishing
Overfishing is the removal of a species of fish (i.e. fishing) from a body of water at a rate greater than that the species can replenish its population naturally (i.e. the overexploitation of the fishery's existing fish stock), resulting in the species becoming increasingly underpopulated in that area.
See Caspian Sea and Overfishing
Palearctic realm
The Palearctic or Palaearctic is the largest of the eight biogeographic realms of the Earth.
See Caspian Sea and Palearctic realm
Panthera pardus tulliana
Panthera pardus tulliana, also called Anatolian leopard, Persian leopard and Caucasian leopard in different parts of its range, is a leopard subspecies that was first described in 1856 based on a zoological specimen found in western Anatolia.
See Caspian Sea and Panthera pardus tulliana
Paratethys
The Paratethys sea, Paratethys ocean, Paratethys realm or just Paratethys was a large shallow inland sea that stretched from the region north of the Alps over Central Europe to the Aral Sea in Central Asia.
See Caspian Sea and Paratethys
Peaceful nuclear explosion
Peaceful nuclear explosions (PNEs) are nuclear explosions conducted for non-military purposes.
See Caspian Sea and Peaceful nuclear explosion
Pechora (river)
The Pechora (Печо́ра; Komi: Печӧра; Nenets: Санэроˮ яха) is the sixth-longest river in Europe.
See Caspian Sea and Pechora (river)
Pechora–Kama Canal
The Pechora–Kama Canal (Канал Печора-Кама), or sometimes the Kama–Pechora Canal, was a proposed canal intended to link the basin of the Pechora River in the north of European Russia with the basin of the Kama, a tributary of the Volga.
See Caspian Sea and Pechora–Kama Canal
Pelecus cultratus
Pelecus cultratus, commonly known as the ziege, sichel, sabre carp or sabrefish, is a cyprinid fish species from Eastern Europe and adjacent Asian regions, the only one in its genus, inhabiting the lower reaches of rivers and brackish waters in the eastern Baltic Sea, Black Sea, Caspian Sea and Aral Sea basins.
See Caspian Sea and Pelecus cultratus
Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf (Fars), sometimes called the (Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī), is a mediterranean sea in West Asia. Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf are geography of West Asia.
See Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf
Persian sturgeon
The Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) is a species of fish in the family Acipenseridae.
See Caspian Sea and Persian sturgeon
Persians
The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran.
Peter the Great
Peter I (–), was Tsar of all Russia from 1682, and the first Emperor of all Russia, known as Peter the Great, from 1721 until his death in 1725.
See Caspian Sea and Peter the Great
Petroglyph
A petroglyph is an image created by removing part of a rock surface by incising, picking, carving, or abrading, as a form of rock art.
See Caspian Sea and Petroglyph
Petroleum
Petroleum or crude oil, also referred to as simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations.
Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan
The petroleum industry in Azerbaijan produces about of oil per day and 29 billion cubic meters of gas per year as of 2013.
See Caspian Sea and Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan
Petroleum reservoir
A petroleum reservoir or oil and gas reservoir is a subsurface accumulation of hydrocarbons contained in porous or fractured rock formations.
See Caspian Sea and Petroleum reservoir
Pinniped
Pinnipeds (pronounced), commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic, mostly marine mammals.
Pirallahi Island
Pirallahi Island or Pirallakhi Island (Azeri: Pirallahı adası) is an island in the Caspian Sea.
See Caspian Sea and Pirallahi Island
Pleistocene
The Pleistocene (often referred to colloquially as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch that lasted from to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations.
See Caspian Sea and Pleistocene
Pliocene
The Pliocene (also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years ago.
Ponticola
Ponticola is a genus of gobies native mostly to fresh waters of the Black Sea - Caspian Sea region in Eurasia.
Ponticola bathybius
Neogobius bathybius is a species of goby endemic to the Caspian Sea, where it occurs in depths down to.
See Caspian Sea and Ponticola bathybius
Portage
Portage or portaging (CA) is the practice of carrying water craft or cargo over land, either around an obstacle in a river, or between two bodies of water.
Prussian carp
The Prussian carp, silver Prussian carp or Gibel carp (Carassius gibelio) is a member of the family Cyprinidae, which includes many other fish, such as the common carp, goldfish, and the smaller minnows.
See Caspian Sea and Prussian carp
Purchasing power parity
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a measure of the price of specific goods in different countries and is used to compare the absolute purchasing power of the countries' currencies.
See Caspian Sea and Purchasing power parity
Qazvin
Qazvin (قزوین) is a city in the Central District of Qazvin County, Qazvin province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.
Quaternary
The Quaternary is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS).
See Caspian Sea and Quaternary
Ramsar, Iran
Ramsar (رامسر) is a city in the Central District of Ramsar County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
See Caspian Sea and Ramsar, Iran
Rasht
Rasht (رشت) is a city in the Central District of Rasht County, Gilan province, in Iran.
Reptile
Reptiles, as commonly defined, are a group of tetrapods with usually an ectothermic ('cold-blooded') metabolism and amniotic development.
Riparian forest
A riparian forest or riparian woodland is a forested or wooded area of land adjacent to a body of water such as a river, stream, pond, lake, marshland, estuary, canal, sink or reservoir.
See Caspian Sea and Riparian forest
Roe
Roe, or hard roe, is the fully ripe internal egg masses in the ovaries, or the released external egg masses, of fish and certain marine animals such as shrimp, scallop, sea urchins and squid.
Rudbar
Rudbar (رودبار) is a city in the Central District of Rudbar County, Gilan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
Rudsar
Rudsar (رودسر) is a city in the Central District of Rudsar County, Gilan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.
Russian Academy of Sciences
The Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS; Росси́йская акаде́мия нау́к (РАН) Rossíyskaya akadémiya naúk) consists of the national academy of Russia; a network of scientific research institutes from across the Russian Federation; and additional scientific and social units such as libraries, publishing units, and hospitals.
See Caspian Sea and Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian sturgeon
The Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii), also known as the diamond sturgeon or Danube sturgeon, is a species of fish in the family Acipenseridae.
See Caspian Sea and Russian sturgeon
Russian tortoise
The Russian tortoise (Testudo horsfieldii), also commonly known as the Afghan tortoise, the Central Asian tortoise, the four-clawed tortoise, the four-toed tortoise, Horsfield's tortoise, the Russian steppe tortoise, the Soviet Tortoise, and the steppe tortoise, is a threatened species of tortoise in the family Testudinidae.
See Caspian Sea and Russian tortoise
Rutilus
Rutilus is a genus of fish in the family Cyprinidae found in Eurasia.
Sabanchi, Yanaulsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan
Sabanchi (Сабанчи; Һабансы, Habansı) is a rural locality (a village) in Istyaksky Selsoviet, Yanaulsky District, Bashkortostan, Russia.
See Caspian Sea and Sabanchi, Yanaulsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan
Salinity
Salinity is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water, called saline water (see also soil salinity).
Salmo
Salmo is a genus of ray-finned fish from the subfamily Salmoninae of family Salmonidae, and is part of the tribe Salmonini along with the sister genera Salvelinus and Salvethymus.
Samur (river)
The Samur (Samurçay;; Самур; Самыр) is a river in Russia's Dagestan Republic, also partially flowing through Azerbaijan and forming part of the Azerbaijan–Russia border. Caspian Sea and Samur (river) are Azerbaijan–Russia border.
See Caspian Sea and Samur (river)
Sar Kalateh-ye Kharab Shahr
Sar Kalateh-ye Kharab Shahr (سركلاته خراب شهر) is a village in, and the capital of, Chaharkuh Rural District of the Central District of Kordkuy County, Golestan province, Iran.
See Caspian Sea and Sar Kalateh-ye Kharab Shahr
Sari, Iran
Sari (ساری) is a city in the Central District of Sari County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county and the district.
See Caspian Sea and Sari, Iran
Sarmatians
The Sarmatians (Sarmatai; Latin: Sarmatae) were a large confederation of ancient Iranian equestrian nomadic peoples who dominated the Pontic steppe from about the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD.
See Caspian Sea and Sarmatians
Sea
A sea is a large body of salty water.
Sea level
Mean sea level (MSL, often shortened to sea level) is an average surface level of one or more among Earth's coastal bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured.
Sea of Azov
The Sea of Azov is an inland shelf sea in Eastern Europe connected to the Black Sea by the narrow (about) Strait of Kerch, and sometimes regarded as a northern extension of the Black Sea. Caspian Sea and sea of Azov are geography of Europe.
See Caspian Sea and Sea of Azov
Seabed
The seabed (also known as the seafloor, sea floor, ocean floor, and ocean bottom) is the bottom of the ocean.
Seawater
Seawater, or sea water, is water from a sea or ocean.
Sefid-Rud
The Sefid-Rud (lit, اسپي بيه, Espī bīeh) (also known as Sepid-Rud) is a river, approximately long, rising in the Alborz mountain range of northwestern Iran and flowing generally northeast to empty into the Caspian Sea at Rasht.
Semi-arid climate
A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type.
See Caspian Sea and Semi-arid climate
Shabran District
Shabran District (Şabran rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan.
See Caspian Sea and Shabran District
Shah Deniz gas field
Shah Deniz gas field (Şahdəniz) is the largest natural gas field in Azerbaijan.
See Caspian Sea and Shah Deniz gas field
Siyazan District
Siyazan District (Siyəzən rayonu) is one of the 66 districts of Azerbaijan.
See Caspian Sea and Siyazan District
Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution, or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums, education and research centers, the largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge." Founded on August 10, 1846, it operates as a trust instrumentality and is not formally a part of any of the three branches of the federal government.
See Caspian Sea and Smithsonian Institution
SOCAR
The State Oil Company of the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası Dövlət Neft Şirkəti, ARDNŞ), largely known by its abbreviation SOCAR, is a fully state-owned national oil and gas company headquartered in Baku, Azerbaijan.
Sorkhrud
Sorkhrud (سرخرود) is a city in, and the capital of, Sorkhrud District of Mahmudabad County, Mazandaran province, Iran.
South Caucasus
The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains. Caspian Sea and south Caucasus are geography of West Asia.
See Caspian Sea and South Caucasus
South Caucasus Pipeline
The South Caucasus Pipeline (also known as Baku–Tbilisi–Erzurum Pipeline, BTE pipeline, or Shah Deniz Pipeline) is a natural gas pipeline from the Shah Deniz gas field in the Azerbaijan sector of the Caspian Sea to Turkey.
See Caspian Sea and South Caucasus Pipeline
Southern Gas Corridor
The Southern Gas Corridor is an initiative of the European Commission for a natural gas supply route from Caspian and Middle Eastern regions to Europe, proposed in 2008.
See Caspian Sea and Southern Gas Corridor
Southern Russia
Southern Russia or the South of Russia (p) is a colloquial term for the southernmost geographic portion of European Russia generally covering the Southern Federal District and the North Caucasian Federal District. Caspian Sea and southern Russia are geography of Europe.
See Caspian Sea and Southern Russia
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
See Caspian Sea and Soviet Union
Squalius cephalus
The common chub (Squalius cephalus), also known as the European chub or simply chub, is a species of European freshwater ray-finned fish in the carp family Cyprinidae, that frequents both slow and moderate rivers, as well as canals, lakes and still waterbodies of various kinds.
See Caspian Sea and Squalius cephalus
Starry sturgeon
The starry sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) also known as stellate sturgeon or sevruga (Drakul,, and lit), is a species of sturgeon.
See Caspian Sea and Starry sturgeon
Stenodus leucichthys
Stenodus leucichthys is a species of freshwater whitefish in the family Salmonidae.
See Caspian Sea and Stenodus leucichthys
Steppe
In physical geography, a steppe is an ecoregion characterized by grassland plains without closed forests except near rivers and lakes.
Sterlet
The sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) is a relatively small species of sturgeon from Eurasia native to large rivers that flow into the Black Sea, Azov Sea, and Caspian Sea, as well as rivers in Siberia as far east as Yenisei.
Strabo
StraboStrabo (meaning "squinty", as in strabismus) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed.
Sturgeon
Sturgeon (from Old English styrġa ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *str̥(Hx)yón-) is the common name for the 28 species of fish belonging to the family Acipenseridae.
Subspecies
In biological classification, subspecies (subspecies) is a rank below species, used for populations that live in different areas and vary in size, shape, or other physical characteristics (morphology), but that can successfully interbreed.
See Caspian Sea and Subspecies
Sulak (river)
The Sulak (Сула́к., Сулак (Sulak)/Къой-сув (Qoysuw), Ġoysu) drains most of the mountainous interior of Dagestan northeast into the Caspian Sea.
See Caspian Sea and Sulak (river)
Sumgait
Sumgait (Sumqayıt) is a city in Azerbaijan, located near the Caspian Sea, on the Absheron Peninsula, about away from the capital Baku.
Syr Darya
The Syr Darya, historically known as the Jaxartes (Ἰαξάρτης), is a river in Central Asia. Caspian Sea and Syr Darya are Lowest points of countries.
Tadpole goby
The tadpole-gobies (Benthophilus), also called pugolovkas (which means "tadpole" in Russian), are a genus of Ponto-Caspian fish in the family Gobiidae.
See Caspian Sea and Tadpole goby
Talesh County
Talesh County (شهرستان تالش) is in Gilan province, in northwestern Iran.
See Caspian Sea and Talesh County
Tang dynasty
The Tang dynasty (唐朝), or the Tang Empire, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907, with an interregnum between 690 and 705.
See Caspian Sea and Tang dynasty
Tarki
Tarki (Таргъу, Tarğu; Тарки́) formerly also spelled Tarkou and also known as Tarku, is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) under the administrative jurisdiction of Sovetsky City District of the City of Makhachkala in the Republic of Dagestan, Russia, located on the Tarki-tau (Tarğu-taw) mountain.
Taxonomy (biology)
In biology, taxonomy is the scientific study of naming, defining (circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics.
See Caspian Sea and Taxonomy (biology)
Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan
Türkmenbaşy (Turkmen Cyrillic: Түркменбашы, Turkmen Arabic; توركمنباشی, also spelled Turkmenbashy and Turkmenbashi, the latter a back-formation of the Cyrillic Түркменбаши), formerly known as Krasnovodsk (Красноводск), Kyzyl-Su, and Shagadam (Şagadam), is a city in Balkan Province in western Turkmenistan, on the Türkmenbaşy Gulf of the Caspian Sea.
See Caspian Sea and Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan
Tectonic uplift
Tectonic uplift is the geologic uplift of Earth's surface that is attributed to plate tectonics.
See Caspian Sea and Tectonic uplift
Tectonics
Tectonics are the processes that result in the structure and properties of the Earth's crust and its evolution through time.
Tehran province
Tehran Province (استان تهران) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.
See Caspian Sea and Tehran province
Tench
The tench or doctor fish (Tinca tinca) is a fresh- and brackish-water fish of the order Cypriniformes found throughout Eurasia from Western Europe including the British Isles east into Asia as far as the Ob and Yenisei Rivers.
Tengiz Field
Tengiz field (Теңіз мұнай кен орны, Teñız mūnai ken orny) is an oil field located in Zhylyoi District, Atyrau Region, northwestern Kazakhstan.
See Caspian Sea and Tengiz Field
Terek (river)
The Terek is a major river in the Northern Caucasus.
See Caspian Sea and Terek (river)
Tertiary
Tertiary is an obsolete term for the geologic period from 66 million to 2.6 million years ago.
Tethys Ocean
The Tethys Ocean (Τηθύς), also called the Tethys Sea or the Neo-Tethys, was a prehistoric ocean during much of the Mesozoic Era and early-mid Cenozoic Era.
See Caspian Sea and Tethys Ocean
The Economist
The Economist is a British weekly newspaper published in printed magazine format and digitally.
See Caspian Sea and The Economist
Thick-billed murre
The thick-billed murre or Brünnich's guillemot (Uria lomvia) is a bird in the auk family (Alcidae).
See Caspian Sea and Thick-billed murre
Thomas Bannister
Thomas Bannister (1799–1874) was a soldier and explorer in Western Australia.
See Caspian Sea and Thomas Bannister
Timurid Empire
The Timurid Empire was a late medieval, culturally Persianate Turco-Mongol empire that dominated Greater Iran in the early 15th century, comprising modern-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, the South Caucasus, and parts of contemporary Pakistan, North India and Turkey.
See Caspian Sea and Timurid Empire
Tonekabon
Tonekabon (تنكابن) is a city in the Central District of Tonekabon County, Mazandaran province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
Train ferry
A train ferry is a ship (ferry) designed to carry railway vehicles.
See Caspian Sea and Train ferry
Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline
The Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline (Transxəzər boru xətti, Transhazar turbaly geçiriji) is a proposed subsea pipeline between Türkmenbaşy in Turkmenistan, and Baku in Azerbaijan.
See Caspian Sea and Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline
Trans-Caspian Oil Transport System
The Trans-Caspian Oil Transport System is a proposed project to transport oil through the Caspian Sea from Kazakhstani Caspian oilfields to Baku in Azerbaijan for the further transportation to the Mediterranean or Black Sea coast.
See Caspian Sea and Trans-Caspian Oil Transport System
Turkestan
Turkestan, also spelled Turkistan (from Turks), is a historical region in Central Asia corresponding to the regions of Transoxiana and East Turkestan (Xinjiang). Caspian Sea and Turkestan are geography of Central Asia.
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west.
See Caspian Sea and Turkmenistan
Tyuleny Archipelago
The Tyuleniy Archipelago (Түлен аралдары Tülen araldary, Тюленьи острова), is an island group in the north-eastern Caspian Sea off the Mangyshlak Bay west of the Mangyshlak Peninsula and about northwest of the Tupkaragan Peninsula, north of Bautino.
See Caspian Sea and Tyuleny Archipelago
UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.
United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE or UNECE) is one of the five regional commissions under the jurisdiction of the United Nations Economic and Social Council.
See Caspian Sea and United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
United Nations Environment Programme
The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) is responsible for coordinating responses to environmental issues within the United Nations system.
See Caspian Sea and United Nations Environment Programme
United States Department of Energy
The United States Department of Energy (DOE) is an executive department of the U.S. federal government that oversees U.S. national energy policy and energy production, the research and development of nuclear power, the military's nuclear weapons program, nuclear reactor production for the United States Navy, energy-related research, and energy conservation.
See Caspian Sea and United States Department of Energy
United States diplomatic cables leak
The United States diplomatic cables leak, widely known as Cablegate, began on Sunday, 28 November 2010 when WikiLeaks began releasing classified cables that had been sent to the U.S. State Department by 274 of its consulates, embassies, and diplomatic missions around the world.
See Caspian Sea and United States diplomatic cables leak
Ural (river)
The Ural (Урал), known before 1775 as the Yaik, is a river flowing through Russia and Kazakhstan in the continental border between Europe and Asia.
See Caspian Sea and Ural (river)
Uzboy
The Uzboy (sometimes rendered Uzboj) was a distributary of the Amu Darya which flowed through the northwestern part of the Karakum Desert of Turkmenistan until the 17th century, when it abruptly dried up, eliminating the agricultural population that had thrived along its banks.
Volga
The Volga (p) is the longest river in Europe. Situated in Russia, it flows through Central Russia to Southern Russia and into the Caspian Sea. The Volga has a length of, and a catchment area of., Russian State Water Registry It is also Europe's largest river in terms of average discharge at delta – between and – and of drainage basin.
Volga Delta
The Volga Delta is the largest river delta in Europe and occurs where Europe's largest river system, the Volga River drains into the Caspian Sea in Russia's Astrakhan Oblast, north-east of the republic of Kalmykia.
See Caspian Sea and Volga Delta
Volga dwarf goby
Hyrcanogobius bergi, the Volga dwarf goby, is a species of goby endemic to the Caspian Sea where it occurs in fresh, brackish and marine waters along the coast.
See Caspian Sea and Volga dwarf goby
Volga–Baltic Waterway
The Volga–Baltic Waterway (translit), formerly known as the Mariinsk Canal System (translit), is a series of canals and rivers in Russia which link the Volga with the Baltic Sea via the Neva.
See Caspian Sea and Volga–Baltic Waterway
Volga–Don Canal
Lenin Volga–Don Shipping Canal (Russian:Волго-Донской судоходный канал имени, В. И. Ленина, Volga-Donskoy soudokhodniy kanal imeni V. I. Lenina, abbreviated ВДСК, VDSK) is a ship canal in Russia.
See Caspian Sea and Volga–Don Canal
Vulf
Vulf, or Volf, and also known as Dash Zira (Azeri: Daş Zirə) or Kichik Zira (Kiçik Zirə), is an island of Azerbaijan, in the Caspian Sea.
Water pollution
Water pollution (or aquatic pollution) is the contamination of water bodies, with a negative impact on their uses.
See Caspian Sea and Water pollution
Waterway
A waterway is any navigable body of water.
Wels catfish
The wels catfish (or; Silurus glanis), also called sheatfish or just wels, is a large species of catfish native to wide areas of central, southern, and eastern Europe, in the basins of the Baltic, Black and Caspian Seas.
See Caspian Sea and Wels catfish
West Asia
West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia. Caspian Sea and west Asia are geography of West Asia.
White Sea
The White Sea (Beloye more; Karelian and lit; Serako yam) is a southern inlet of the Barents Sea located on the northwest coast of Russia.
White Sea–Baltic Canal
The White Sea–Baltic Canal (translit), often abbreviated to White Sea Canal (Belomorkanal) is a man-made ship canal in Russia opened on 2 August 1933.
See Caspian Sea and White Sea–Baltic Canal
Wildlife of Azerbaijan
The wildlife of Azerbaijan consists of its flora and fauna and their natural habitats.
See Caspian Sea and Wildlife of Azerbaijan
Wildlife of Iran
The wildlife of Iran include the fauna and flora of Iran.
See Caspian Sea and Wildlife of Iran
Wildlife of Kazakhstan
The wildlife of Kazakhstan includes its flora, fauna, and fungaGeptner, V. G., Sludskij, A. A. (1972).
See Caspian Sea and Wildlife of Kazakhstan
Wildlife of Russia
The wildlife of Russia inhabits terrain that extends across 12 time zones and from the tundra region in the far north to the Caucasus Mountains and prairies in the south, including temperate forests which cover 70% of the country.
See Caspian Sea and Wildlife of Russia
Wildlife of Turkmenistan
The wildlife of Turkmenistan is the flora and fauna of Turkmenistan, and the natural habitats in which they live.
See Caspian Sea and Wildlife of Turkmenistan
World energy supply and consumption
World energy supply and consumption refers to the global supply of energy resources and its consumption.
See Caspian Sea and World energy supply and consumption
Xacitarxan
Hajji Tarkhan or Hajji Tarkhan al Jedid (Turki/Kypchak and حاجی ترخان, translit), also known as Hashtar Khan / Astarxan (Astarxan) or Astrakhan, was a medieval city at the right bank of Volga, situated approximately 12 km north of the modern city of Astrakhan.
See Caspian Sea and Xacitarxan
Zander
The zander (Sander lucioperca), sander or pikeperch, is a species of ray-finned fish from the family Percidae, which also includes perch, ruffe and darter.
Zebra mussel
The zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) is a small freshwater mussel.
See Caspian Sea and Zebra mussel
See also
Ancient lakes
- Ancient lake
- Aral Sea
- Caspian Sea
- Issyk-Kul
- Lake Baikal
- Lake Biwa
- Lake Bosumtwi
- Lake Eyre
- Lake Khövsgöl
- Lake Lanao
- Lake Malawi
- Lake Maracaibo
- Lake Ohrid
- Lake Prespa
- Lake Tahoe
- Lake Tanganyika
- Lake Titicaca
- Lake Vostok
- Lake Zaysan
- Pingualuit crater
- Tule Lake
Azerbaijan–Iran border
- Aras (river)
- Astarachay
- Azerbaijan–Iran border
- Bolgarchay
- Caspian Sea
- Giz Galasi Reservoir
- Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
Azerbaijan–Russia border
Endorheic lakes of Europe
- Botkul
- Caspian Sea
- Fucine Lake
- Laacher See
- Laguna de Gallocanta
- Lagunas de Laguardia
- Lake Baskunchak
- Lake Elton
- Lake Neusiedl
- Lake Prespa
- Lake Trasimeno
- Lake Velence
- Lake of Banyoles
- Larnaca Salt Lake
- Limassol Salt Lake
- Pikrolimni (lake)
- Rahasane turlough
Eutrophication
- Étang de Berre
- Campo de Cartagena
- Caspian Sea
- Chengdu
- Chesapeake Bay
- Eutrophication
- Frame Lake
- Intensive farming
- Lake Chichoj
- Mar Menor
- Mono Lake
- Salton Sea
- Tampa Bay
Geography of Central Asia
- Aral Sea
- Caspian Sea
- Eurasian Steppe
- Geography of Altai Krai
- Geography of Kemerovo Oblast
- Geography of Khakassia
- Geography of Tibet
- Geography of Tuva
- Geography of Xinjiang
- Geography of the Soviet Union
- Greater Khorasan
- Hamun
- History of Central Asia
- Iron Gate (Central Asia)
- Khorasan
- Khwarazm
- Kishlak
- Kuvan
- Kuznetsk Depression
- List of ultras of Central Asia
- Minusinsk Hollow
- Mount Imeon
- Mountains of Central Asia
- Nikolai Korzhenevskiy
- South Central Siberia
- Tian Shan
- Trans-Caspia
- Transoxiana
- Turkestan
- Tuva Depression
Geography of Southern Russia
- Black Sea
- Caspian Sea
- Don (river)
- Eurasian Steppe
- Geography of Adygea
- Geography of Astrakhan Oblast
- Geography of Kalmykia
- Geography of Karachay-Cherkessia
- Geography of Krasnodar Krai
- Geography of Rostov Oblast
- Geography of Volgograd Oblast
- North Caucasian Federal District
- Pontic–Caspian steppe
- Sochi National Park
- Southern Federal District
Geography of West Asia
- Aegean Sea
- Ancient regions of Anatolia
- Arabian Peninsula
- Balochistan
- Black Sea
- Caspian Sea
- Caucasus
- Geography of Kurdistan
- Geography of the Soviet Union
- Greater Khorasan
- Irano-Anatolian
- Khorasan
- List of ultras of West Asia
- Mashriq
- Mediterranean Basin
- Mediterranean Sea
- Palestine (region)
- Persian Gulf
- Red Sea
- Sea of Marmara
- Seas with color names
- Sinai Peninsula
- South Arabia
- South Caucasus
- West Asia
International disputes
- ¿Por qué no te callas?
- Belizean–Guatemalan territorial dispute
- Brazil–United States cotton dispute
- Broomcorn brooms dispute
- Canada–Philippines waste dispute
- Caspian Sea
- Chagos Archipelago sovereignty dispute
- Champa independence movement
- Cyprus problem
- East Turkestan independence movement
- Falkland Islands sovereignty dispute
- Gabčíkovo–Nagymaros Dams
- Geographical naming disputes
- Guyana–Venezuela territorial dispute
- Impasse
- International incident
- International incidents
- Japan–Korea disputes
- Lukoil oil transit dispute
- Luxembourg question
- MV Karadeniz Powership Alican Bey
- MV Karadeniz Powership Kaya Bey
- Map of Iran in Afsharid Era
- Problem of two emperors
- Republic of Cabinda
- Russian embargo of Ukrainian goods
- South American territorial disputes
- South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands sovereignty dispute
- Status of Gibraltar
- Telecom dispute between Gibraltar and Spain
- Territorial disputes
- Third Vienna Agreement
- Tibetan sovereignty debate
- United States beef imports in Japan
- Western Sahara conflict
Iran–Soviet Union border
- Armenia–Iran border
- Azerbaijan–Iran border
- Caspian Sea
- Central Asian Border District
- Iran–Turkmenistan border
- Russo-Persian Treaty of Friendship (1921)
- Treaty of Establishment, Commerce and Navigation
- United Nations Security Council Resolution 2
- United Nations Security Council Resolution 3
- United Nations Security Council Resolution 5
Iran–Turkmenistan border
Kazakhstan–Russia border
- Akush
- Ayke
- Belukha Mountain
- Bolshoye Topolnoye
- Bolshoye Yarovoye
- Burlinskoye
- Caspian Sea
- Kazakhstan–Russia border
- Krasnovishnevoye
- Kulykol
- Kyzyltuz (Zhelezin District)
- Maly Uzen
- Shalkar-Yega-Kara
- Shelegino
- Siverga
- Sormoildy
- Tavolzhan
- Ukatny Island
- Ulken Azhbolat
- Uy (Tobol)
- Zharagash
Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan border
- Caspian Sea
- Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan border
Lakes of Astrakhan Oblast
- Caspian Sea
- Lake Baskunchak
Lakes of Azerbaijan
- Ajinohur
- Batabat
- Boyuk Alagol
- Bulbula (lake)
- Caspian Sea
- Göygöl (lake)
- Jandari Lake
- Lake Ağgöl
- Lake Boyukshor
- Lake Hajikabul
- Lake Masazır
- Lake Sarysu
- Lake Sev
- List of lakes of Azerbaijan
- Maralgöl
- Mehman (lake)
- Tufan Lake
Lakes of Dagestan
- Caspian Sea
Lakes of Iran
- Alavian Dam
- Alendan lake
- Alma Gol Lake
- Bakhtegan Lake
- Caspian Sea
- Chitgar Lake
- Dokhaharan lake
- Gahar Lake
- Gori Lake
- Hamun Lake
- Kabudan Island
- Keeyow Lake
- Lake Parishan
- Lake Tar
- Lake Urmia
- Lake of Ghosts
- Maharloo Lake
- Namak Lake
- Neor Lake
- Ovan Lake
- Qalghanlu
- Reservoirs in Iran
- Saqalaksar
- Shorabil Lake
- Tashk Lake
- Zrebar Lake
Lakes of Kalmykia
- Caspian Sea
- Lake Manych-Gudilo
- Lake Sarpa
- Lake Tsagan-Khak
Lakes of Russia
- Caspian Sea
- Ebeyty
- Lake Baikal
- List of lakes of Russia
- Numto
Lakes of Turkmenistan
- Caspian Sea
- Golden Age Lake
- Hanhowuz Reservoir
- Kow Ata
- Lake Aibugir
- List of lakes of Turkmenistan
- Sarygamysh Lake
Landforms of Central Asia
- Caspian Sea
- Central Asian Internal Drainage Basin (Mongolia)
- Iranian Plateau
- List of ultras of Central Asia
- Mongolian Plateau
- Mountains of Central Asia
- Pamir Mountains
- Tibetan Plateau
Landforms of West Asia
- Caspian Sea
- Iranian Plateau
- Jordan Rift Valley
- Jordan River
- Jordan Valley
- List of ultras of West Asia
- Sinai Peninsula
Saline lakes of Asia
- Üüreg Lake
- Aral Sea
- Böön Tsagaan Lake
- Bakhtegan Lake
- Bangecuo
- Caspian Sea
- Dörgön Lake
- Dazecuo
- Dead Sea
- Ganga Lake (Mongolia)
- Gorkoye (Novosibirsk Oblast)
- Kamyslybas
- Khyargas Nuur
- Lake Balkhash
- Lake Milh
- Lake Palas Tuzla
- Lake Sartlan
- Lake Shira
- Lake Tengiz
- Lake Urmia
- Lake Van
- Lake Yay
- List of beaches in Palestine
- Lonar Lake
- Maharloo Lake
- Namtso
- Pachpadra Lake
- Sabkhat al-Jabbul
- Sambhar Salt Lake
- Sangiin Dalai Lake
- Sawa Lake
- Siletiteniz
- Siling Lake
- Taatsiin Tsagaan Lake
- Tashk Lake
- Telmen Lake
- Tso Kar
- Uvs Lake
- Xiechi Lake
Saline lakes of Europe
- Budaki Lagoon
- Caspian Sea
- Koyashskoye Salt Lake
- Kuialnyk Estuary
- Lake Amara
- Lake Baskunchak
- Lake Elton
- Lake Golovița
- Lake Khanskoye
- Lake Lesina
- Lake Manych-Gudilo
- Lake Razelm
- Lake Siutghiol
- Lake Techirghiol
- Pikrolimni (lake)
- Sasyk Lagoon
- Tuzly Lagoons
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspian_Sea
Also known as Caspian Ocean, Caspian Sea Region, Caspian Sea basin, Caspian area, Caspian region, Caspian seas, Daryā-e Kāspiyan, Daryā-e Xazar, Daryā-i Māzandarān, Daryā-i Xazar, Hazar deňizi, History of the Caspian Sea, Hyrcanian Ocean, Hyrcanian Sea, Kaspiy teñizi, Kaspiyskoye more, Khvaliskoye, Mazandaran Sea, Mazanderan Sea, Pollution of the Caspian Sea, Sea of Baku, Sea of Caspia, The Caspian Sea, Xəzər dənizi, Каспи́йское мо́ре, Каспий теңізі, دریای خزر, دریای کاسپین.
, Black Sea, Blicca bjoerkna, Bloomberg Businessweek, Blowout (well drilling), Body of water, Bolsheviks, Border, Boyuk Zira, BP, Brackish water, Bulla Island, Burbot, Caspian Depression, Caspian Economic Forum, Caspian gull, Caspian languages, Caspian Sea Monster, Caspian seal, Caspian tern, Caspian tiger, Caspian turtle, Caspians, Caspiomyzon, Caucasian Albania, Caucasus, Caucasus Mountains, Caviar, Central Asia, Central Asian northern desert, Cerastoderma glaucum, Cetacea, Ceyhan, Chalus, Iran, Chechen Island, Classical antiquity, Climate change, Clupeidae, Clupeonella, Common bleak, Common bream, Common dace, Common roach, Common rudd, Crucian carp, Cyprinidae, Dagestan, Dagestanskiye Ogni, Darband Cave, Demarcation line, Depression (geology), Derbent, Desert climate, Desertification, Dick Cheney, Discharge (hydrology), Dmanisi, Dolphin, Don (river), Drainage basin, Duckbill pugolovka, Eastern Europe, Ecocide, Economy of Russia, Ecosystem, Endemism, Endorheic basin, Energy Information Administration, Environmentalism, Epoch of Extreme Inundations, Esenguly, Eurasia Canal, Eurasian carp, Europe, European perch, Evaporation, Evaporite, Extraction of petroleum, Fenderesk District, Ferry, Foreign direct investment, Fossil fuel, Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea, Fresh water, Freshwater seal, Fyodor Soimonov, Garabogaz, Garabogazköl, Gasoline, Gates of Alexander, Gazelle, Genus, Georgia (country), Germany, Gilan province, Glacial period, Global and Planetary Change, Gobiidae, Gobio volgensis, Gobustan District, Gobustan Rock Art, Golden loach, Golestan province, Gomishan, Gonbad-e Kavus, Gorgan, Granite, Great Lakes, Greater Caucasus, Greek tortoise, Greeks, Gross domestic product, Hafiz-i Abru, Halite, Haraz River, Hazar, Turkmenistan, Homo erectus, Homo ergaster, Hotu and Kamarband Caves, Humid continental climate, Humid subtropical climate, Hydrocarbon, Hydroelectricity, Hyrcania, Hyrcanian forests, Important Bird Area, International Space Station, International waters, Intertidal zone, Introduced species, Invasive species, Iran, Iranian Plateau, Iranrud, Izberbash, Japan, Juybar, Kalmykia, Kama (river), Kaspiysk, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, Kazakh language, Kazakhstan, Khachmaz (city), Khachmaz District, Khazaran, Khazars, Khudat, Khwarazm, Kopet Dag, Kordkuy, Kuma (Russia), Kuma–Manych Canal, Kuma–Manych Depression, Kumyks, Kura (river), Lagoon, Lahijan, Lake Albert (Africa), Lake Baikal, Lake Superior, Lake Tanganyika, Landlocked country, Langarud, Lankaran, Last Glacial Period, Late Miocene, Leucaspius delineatus, Liana, List of countries by GDP (nominal), List of countries by GDP (PPP), List of countries by natural gas production, List of countries by oil production, List of lakes by area, List of largest fish, Littoral zone, Lower Paleolithic, Lukoil, Mahmudabad, Mazandaran, Makhachkala, Mangyshlak Peninsula, Manych Ship Canal, Masallı, Mazandaran province, Median, Mediterranean climate, Mediterranean Sea, Mercator 1569 world map, Mesogobius, Middle Ages, Mineral, Miocene, Misgurnus fossilis, Monopoly, Mountain range, Mud volcano, Nabran, Natural environment, Natural gas, Neanderthal, Neft Daşları, Neftçala, Neka, Nelumbo, Neogobius, North Atlantic oscillation, North Caucasian Federal District, North Sea, Northern Dvina Canal, Northern pike, Northern river reversal, Nowshahr, Nur, Iran, Nursultan Nazarbayev, Ogurja Ada, Orogeny, Overfishing, Palearctic realm, Panthera pardus tulliana, Paratethys, Peaceful nuclear explosion, Pechora (river), Pechora–Kama Canal, Pelecus cultratus, Persian Gulf, Persian sturgeon, Persians, Peter the Great, Petroglyph, Petroleum, Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan, Petroleum reservoir, Pinniped, Pirallahi Island, Pleistocene, Pliocene, Ponticola, Ponticola bathybius, Portage, Prussian carp, Purchasing power parity, Qazvin, Quaternary, Ramsar, Iran, Rasht, Reptile, Riparian forest, Roe, Rudbar, Rudsar, Russia, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian sturgeon, Russian tortoise, Rutilus, Sabanchi, Yanaulsky District, Republic of Bashkortostan, Salinity, Salmo, Samur (river), Sar Kalateh-ye Kharab Shahr, Sari, Iran, Sarmatians, Sea, Sea level, Sea of Azov, Seabed, Seawater, Sefid-Rud, Semi-arid climate, Shabran District, Shah Deniz gas field, Siyazan District, Smithsonian Institution, SOCAR, Sorkhrud, South Caucasus, South Caucasus Pipeline, Southern Gas Corridor, Southern Russia, Soviet Union, Squalius cephalus, Starry sturgeon, Stenodus leucichthys, Steppe, Sterlet, Strabo, Sturgeon, Subspecies, Sulak (river), Sumgait, Syr Darya, Tadpole goby, Talesh County, Tang dynasty, Tarki, Taxonomy (biology), Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan, Tectonic uplift, Tectonics, Tehran province, Tench, Tengiz Field, Terek (river), Tertiary, Tethys Ocean, The Economist, Thick-billed murre, Thomas Bannister, Timurid Empire, Tonekabon, Train ferry, Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline, Trans-Caspian Oil Transport System, Turkestan, Turkmenistan, Tyuleny Archipelago, UNESCO, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, United Nations Environment Programme, United States Department of Energy, United States diplomatic cables leak, Ural (river), Uzboy, Volga, Volga Delta, Volga dwarf goby, Volga–Baltic Waterway, Volga–Don Canal, Vulf, Water pollution, Waterway, Wels catfish, West Asia, White Sea, White Sea–Baltic Canal, Wildlife of Azerbaijan, Wildlife of Iran, Wildlife of Kazakhstan, Wildlife of Russia, Wildlife of Turkmenistan, World energy supply and consumption, Xacitarxan, Zander, Zebra mussel.