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Causes of the Holodomor, the Glossary

The causes of the Holodomor, which was a famine in Soviet Ukraine during 1932 and 1933, resulted in the death of around 3–5 million people.^[1]

204 relations: Agricultural machinery, Agriculture in the Soviet Union, Alexander Shumsky, Andrey Sheptytsky, Anti-Russian sentiment, Arable land, Austria, Bandura, Bandurist, Basic Books, Blacklisting, Blacklisting (Soviet policy), Bloodlands, Bohemia, Bolsheviks, Cardinal (Catholic Church), Central Asia, Central Black Earth Oblast, Central Black Earth Region, Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Centre for Economic Policy Research, Chernihiv Oblast, Collective farming, Collectivization in the Soviet Union, Columbia University Press, Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union), Consul (representative), Council of People's Commissars, Counter-revolutionary, Crimes against humanity, Culture of the Soviet Union, David Lloyd George, Dekulakization, Demolition of St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery, Dissolution of the Russian Empire, Dissolution of the Soviet Union, Dnipro, Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Donetsk, Donetsk Oblast, Drought, Dzerkalo Tyzhnia, Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, Edmonton Journal, Encyclopædia Britannica, Enemy of the people, Eviction, Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, Far Eastern Krai, ... Expand index (154 more) »
1932 in Europe
1933 in Europe
Causes of events
Holodomor

Agricultural machinery

Agricultural machinery relates to the mechanical structures and devices used in farming or other agriculture.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Agricultural machinery

Agriculture in the Soviet Union

Agriculture in the Soviet Union was mostly collectivized, with some limited cultivation of private plots.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Agriculture in the Soviet Union

Alexander Shumsky

Alexander Yakovlevich Shumsky or Oleksandr Yakovych Shumskyi (Олександр Якович Шумський, Александр Яковлевич Шумский; 2 December 1890 – 18 September 1946) was a Ukrainian communist and activist.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Alexander Shumsky

Andrey Sheptytsky

Andrey Sheptytsky, OSBM (translit; 29 July 1865 – 1 November 1944) was the Greek Catholic Archbishop of Lviv and Metropolitan of Halych from 1901 until his death in 1944.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Andrey Sheptytsky

Anti-Russian sentiment

Anti-Russian sentiment or Russophobia is dislike or fear or hatred of Russia, Russian people, or Russian culture.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Anti-Russian sentiment

Arable land

Arable land (from the arabilis, "able to be ploughed") is any land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Arable land

Austria

Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.

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Bandura

A bandura (бандура) is a Ukrainian plucked-string folk-instrument.

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Bandurist

A bandurist (бандури́ст) is a person who plays the Ruthenian plucked string instrument known as the bandura.

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Basic Books

Basic Books is a book publisher founded in 1950 and located in New York City, now an imprint of Hachette Book Group.

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Blacklisting is the action of a group or authority compiling a blacklist of people, countries or other entities to be avoided or distrusted as being deemed unacceptable to those making the list; if people are on a blacklist, then they are considered to have done something wrong, or they are considered to be untrustworthy.

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Blacklisting (Soviet policy)

Blacklisting, or the system of the synonymous with a "board of infamy", was one of the elements of agitation-propaganda in the Soviet Union, and especially Ukraine and the Kuban region in the 1930s, and is considered as one of the instruments of the Holodomor. Causes of the Holodomor and Blacklisting (Soviet policy) are Holodomor.

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Bloodlands

Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin is a 2010 book by Yale historian Timothy Snyder.

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Bohemia

Bohemia (Čechy; Böhmen; Čěska; Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic.

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Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks (italic,; from большинство,, 'majority'), led by Vladimir Lenin, were a far-left faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the Second Party Congress in 1903.

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Cardinal (Catholic Church)

A cardinal (Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis) is a senior member of the clergy of the Catholic Church.

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Central Asia

Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.

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Central Black Earth Oblast

Central-Chernozem Oblast (Black soil Oblast) was an administrative-territorial unit (oblast) of the Russian SFSR from 1928 to 1934.

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Central Black Earth Region

The Central Black Earth Region, also Central-Chernozem Region or Chernozemye (Black Soil Strip) is a segment of the Eurasian Black Earth belt that lies within Central Russia and comprises Voronezh Oblast, Lipetsk Oblast, Belgorod Oblast, Tambov Oblast, Oryol Oblast and Kursk Oblast.

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Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the highest organ of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between two congresses.

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Centre for Economic Policy Research

The Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR) is an independent, non‐partisan, pan‐European non‐profit organisation.

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Chernihiv Oblast

Chernihiv Oblast (translit), also referred to as Chernihivshchyna (Чернігівщина), is an oblast (province) in northern Ukraine.

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Collective farming

Collective farming and communal farming are various types of "agricultural production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise".

See Causes of the Holodomor and Collective farming

Collectivization in the Soviet Union

The Soviet Union introduced forced collectivization (Коллективизация) of its agricultural sector between 1928 and 1940 during the ascension of Joseph Stalin. Causes of the Holodomor and collectivization in the Soviet Union are Holodomor.

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Columbia University Press

Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.

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Communist Party of the Soviet Union

The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), at some points known as the Russian Communist Party, All-Union Communist Party and Bolshevik Party, and sometimes referred to as the Soviet Communist Party (SCP), was the founding and ruling political party of the Soviet Union.

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Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)

The Communist Party of Ukraine (translit, КПУ, KPU; translit) was the founding and ruling political party of the Ukrainian SSR operated as a republican branch (union republics) of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).

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Consul (representative)

A consul is an official representative of a government who resides in a foreign country to assist and protect citizens of the consul's country, and to promote and facilitate commercial and diplomatic relations between the two countries.

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Council of People's Commissars

The Council of People's Commissars (CPC) (Sovet narodnykh kommissarov (SNK)), commonly known as the Sovnarkom (Совнарком), were the highest executive authorities of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the Soviet Union (USSR), and the Soviet republics from 1917 to 1946.

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Counter-revolutionary

A counter-revolutionary or an anti-revolutionary is anyone who opposes or resists a revolution, particularly one who acts after a revolution in order to try to overturn it or reverse its course, in full or in part.

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Crimes against humanity

Crimes against humanity are certain serious crimes committed as part of a large-scale attack against civilians.

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Culture of the Soviet Union

The culture of the Soviet Union passed through several stages during the country's 69-year existence.

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David Lloyd George

David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, (17 January 1863 – 26 March 1945) was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1916 to 1922.

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Dekulakization

Dekulakization (raskulachivaniye; rozkurkulennya) was the Soviet campaign of political repressions, including arrests, deportations, or executions of millions of kulaks (wealthy peasants) and their families.

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Demolition of St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery

The demolition of St.

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Dissolution of the Russian Empire

The Russian Empire, also known as Russia, disintegrated as the result of the Russian Revolution which started in 1917 and the abdication of Nicholas II, the defeat of Russia in World War I, and the Russian Civil War.

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Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formally dissolved as a sovereign state and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration № 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.

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Dnipro

Dnipro is Ukraine's fourth-largest city, with about one million inhabitants.

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Dnipropetrovsk Oblast

Dnipropetrovsk Oblast (translit), is an oblast (province) in simultaneously southern, eastern and central Ukraine, the most important industrial region of the country.

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Donetsk

Donetsk (Донецьк; Донецк), formerly known as Aleksandrovka, Yuzivka (or Hughesovka), Stalin, and Stalino, is an industrial city in eastern Ukraine located on the Kalmius River in Donetsk Oblast, which is currently occupied by Russia as the capital of the Donetsk People's Republic.

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Donetsk Oblast

Donetsk Oblast, also referred to as Donechchyna (Донеччина), is an oblast in eastern Ukraine.

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Drought

A drought is a period of drier-than-normal conditions.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Drought

Dzerkalo Tyzhnia

Dzerkalo Tyzhnia (Дзеркало тижня), usually referred to in English as the Mirror of the week, is a Ukrainian online newspaper; it was one of Ukraine's most influential analytical weekly-publisher newspapers, founded in 1994.

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Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople

The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (translit,; Patriarchatus Oecumenicus Constantinopolitanus; Rum Ortodoks Patrikhanesi, İstanbul Ekümenik Patrikhanesi, "Roman Orthodox Patriarchate, Ecumenical Patriarchate") is one of the fifteen to seventeen autocephalous churches (or "jurisdictions") that together compose the Eastern Orthodox Church.

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Edmonton Journal

The Edmonton Journal is a daily newspaper published in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

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Encyclopædia Britannica

The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

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Enemy of the people

The terms enemy of the people and enemy of the nation are designations for the political opponents and for the social-class opponents of the power group within a larger social unit, who, thus identified, can be subjected to political repression.

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Eviction

Eviction is the removal of a tenant from rental property by the landlord.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Eviction

Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin

Estimates of the number of deaths attributable to the Soviet revolutionary and dictator Joseph Stalin vary widely.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Excess mortality in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin

Far Eastern Krai

Far Eastern Krai (Dal'nevostochnyy kray) was a krai of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic of the Soviet Union from 1926 to 1938.

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First five-year plan

The first five-year plan (I пятилетний план, первая пятилетка) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was a list of economic goals, implemented by Communist Party General Secretary Joseph Stalin, based on his policy of socialism in one country.

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Forage

Forage is a plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems) eaten by grazing livestock.

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Galicia (Eastern Europe)

Galicia (. Collins English Dictionary Galicja,; translit,; Galitsye) is a historical and geographic region spanning what is now southeastern Poland and western Ukraine, long part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Gareth Jones (journalist)

Gareth Richard Vaughan Jones (13 August 1905 – 12 August 1935) was a Welsh journalist who in March 1933 first reported in the Western world, without equivocation and under his own name, the existence of the Soviet famine of 1930–1933, including the Holodomor. Causes of the Holodomor and Gareth Jones (journalist) are Holodomor.

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Genocide

Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people, either in whole or in part.

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Genocide Convention

The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), or the Genocide Convention, is an international treaty that criminalizes genocide and obligates state parties to pursue the enforcement of its prohibition.

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Genocide definitions

Genocide definitions include many scholarly and international legal definitions of genocide, a word coined with genos (Greek: "birth", "kind", or "race") and an English suffix -cide by Raphael Lemkin in 1944;Oxford English Dictionary "Genocide" citing Raphael Lemkin Axis Rule in Occupied Europe ix.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Genocide definitions

Georgian affair

The Georgian affair of 1922 (Грузинское дело) was a political conflict within the Soviet leadership about the way in which social and political transformation was to be achieved in the Georgian SSR.

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Gleaning

Gleaning is the act of collecting leftover crops from farmers' fields after they have been commercially harvested or on fields where it is not economically profitable to harvest.

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Great Russian chauvinism

Great Russian chauvinism (Великорусский шовинизм) is a term defined by the early Soviet government officials, most notably Vladimir Lenin, to describe an ideology of the "dominant exploiting classes of the nation, holding a dominant (sovereign) position in the state, declaring their nation as the "superior nation".

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GRU (Soviet Union)

Main Intelligence Directorate (ˈglavnəjə rɐzˈvʲɛdɨvətʲɪlʲnəjə ʊprɐˈvlʲenʲɪjə), abbreviated GRU (p), was the foreign military intelligence agency of the General Staff of the Soviet Armed Forces until 1991.

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Gulag

The Gulag was a system of forced labor camps in the Soviet Union.

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Harvard University Press

Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.

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Hazard

A hazard is a potential source of harm.

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He who does not work, neither shall he eat

He who does not work, neither shall he eat is an aphorism from the New Testament traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle, later cited by John Smith in the early 1600s colony of Jamestown, Virginia, and broadly by the international socialist movement, from the United StatesJohn Spargo,, June 1906 to the communist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin during the early 1900s Russian Revolution.

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Holodomor

The Holodomor, also known as the Ukrainian Famine, was a man-made famine in Soviet Ukraine from 1932 to 1933 that killed millions of Ukrainians. The Holodomor was part of the wider Soviet famine of 1930–1933 which affected the major grain-producing areas of the Soviet Union. While scholars are in consensus that the cause of the famine was man-made, it remains in dispute whether the Holodomor was directed at Ukrainians and whether it constitutes a genocide.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Holodomor

Holodomor genocide question

In 1932–1933, a man-made famine, known as the Holodomor, killed 3.3–5 million people in the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (as part of the Soviet Union), included in a total of 5.5–8.7 million killed by the broader Soviet famine of 1930–1933. Causes of the Holodomor and Holodomor genocide question are Holodomor.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Holodomor genocide question

Human cannibalism

Human cannibalism is the act or practice of humans eating the flesh or internal organs of other human beings.

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Industrialization in the Soviet Union

Industrialization in the Soviet Union was a process of accelerated building-up of the industrial potential of the Soviet Union to reduce the economy's lag behind the developed capitalist states, which was carried out from May 1929 to June 1941.

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Institute of History of Ukraine

Institute of History of Ukraine is a research institute in Ukraine that is part of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine department of history, philosophy and law and studies a wide spectrum of problems in history of Ukraine.

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Intelligentsia

The intelligentsia is a status class composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; as such, the intelligentsia consists of scholars, academics, teachers, journalists, and literary writers.

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Izvestia

Izvestia (p, "The News") is a daily broadsheet newspaper in Russia.

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J. Arch Getty

John Archibald Getty III (born November 30, 1950) is an American historian and professor at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), who specializes in the history of Russia and the history of the Soviet Union.

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Joint State Political Directorate

The Joint State Political Directorate (p), abbreviated as OGPU (p), was the secret police of the Soviet Union from November 1923 to July 1934, succeeding the State Political Directorate (GPU).

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Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953. Causes of the Holodomor and Joseph Stalin are Holodomor.

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The Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (Казахская Автономная Социалистическая Советская Республика; Qazaq Aptanom Sotsijalijstik Soвettik Respuvвlijkasь), abbreviated as Kazak ASSR (Казакская АССР; Qazaq ASSR) and simply Kazakhstan (Казахстан; Qazaƣьstan), was an autonomous republic of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) within the Soviet Union (from 1922) which existed from 1920 until 1936.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic

The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, also known as Soviet Kazakhstan, the Kazakh SSR, or simply Kazakhstan, was one of the transcontinental constituent republics of the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1936 to 1991.

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Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe.

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Kharkiv

Kharkiv (Харків), also known as Kharkov (Харькoв), is the second-largest city in Ukraine.

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Kharkiv Oblast

Kharkiv Oblast (Kharkivska oblast), also referred to as Kharkivshchyna (Харківщина), is an oblast (province) in eastern Ukraine.

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Kherson

Kherson (Ukrainian and) is a port city in Ukraine that serves as the administrative centre of Kherson Oblast.

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Kobza

The kobza (кобза), also called bandura (бандура) is a Ukrainian folk music instrument of the lute family (Hornbostel-Sachs classification number 321.321-5+6), a relative of the Central European mandora.

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Kolkhoz

A kolkhoz (p) was a form of collective farm in the Soviet Union.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Kolkhoz

Kuban

Kuban (Russian and Ukrainian: Кубань; Пшызэ) is a historical and geographical region in the North Caucasus region of southern Russia surrounding the Kuban River, on the Black Sea between the Don Steppe, the Volga Delta and separated from the Crimean Peninsula to the west by the Kerch Strait.

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Kulak

Kulak (a; plural: кулаки́, kulakí, 'fist' or 'tight-fisted'), also kurkul or golchomag (plural), was the term which was used to describe peasants who owned over of land towards the end of the Russian Empire.

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Kyiv

Kyiv (also Kiev) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine.

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Kyiv Oblast

Kyiv Oblast (translit), also called Kyivshchyna (Київщинa), is an oblast (province) in central and northern Ukraine.

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Labor camp

A labor camp (or labour camp, see spelling differences) or work camp is a detention facility where inmates are forced to engage in penal labor as a form of punishment.

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Law of Spikelets

The Law of Spikelets or Law of Three Spikelets (Закон о трёхколосках, Закон о пяти колосках, Закон семь-восемь) was a decree in the Soviet Union to protect state property of kolkhozes (Soviet collective farms)—especially the grain they produced—from theft, largely by desperate peasants during the Soviet famine of 1932–33. Causes of the Holodomor and law of Spikelets are Holodomor.

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Lazar Kaganovich

Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich (Лазарь Моисеевич Каганович; – 25 July 1991) was a Soviet politician and one of Joseph Stalin's closest associates. Causes of the Holodomor and Lazar Kaganovich are Holodomor.

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League of Nations

The League of Nations (LN or LoN; Société des Nations, SdN) was the first worldwide intergovernmental organisation whose principal mission was to maintain world peace.

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Leninism

Leninism is a political ideology developed by Russian Marxist revolutionary Vladimir Lenin that proposes the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat led by a revolutionary vanguard party as the political prelude to the establishment of communism.

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List of leaders of the Soviet Union

During its 69-year history, the Soviet Union usually had a de facto leader who would not necessarily be head of state or even head of government but would lead while holding an office such as Communist Party General Secretary.

See Causes of the Holodomor and List of leaders of the Soviet Union

Livestock

Livestock are the domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting in order to provide labour and produce diversified products for consumption such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Livestock

Lviv

Lviv (Львів; see below for other names) is the largest city in western Ukraine, as well as the sixth-largest city in Ukraine, with a population of It serves as the administrative centre of Lviv Oblast and Lviv Raion, and is one of the main cultural centres of Ukraine.

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Lynne Viola

Lynne Viola is a scholar on the Soviet Union.

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Mariupol

Mariupol (Маріуполь; Мариуполь,; Marioúpoli) is a city in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine.

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Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus'

The Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus' (Mitropolit Kiyevskiy i vseya Rusi) was a metropolis of the Eastern Orthodox Church that was erected on the territory of Kievan Rus'.

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Michael Ellman

Michael John Ellman (born 1942, United Kingdom) has been a professor of economics at the University of Amsterdam since 1978.

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Mikhail Sholokhov

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov (p; – 21 February 1984) was a Russian novelist and winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature.

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Ministry of Health (Soviet Union)

The Ministry of Health (MOH) of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) (Министерство здравоохранения СССР), formed on 15 March 1946, was one of the most important government offices in the Soviet Union.

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Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev

Mirsaid Khaydargalievich Sultan-Galiev (Mirsäyet Xäydärğäli ulı Soltanğäliev,; Мирсаид Хайдаргалиевич Султан-Галиев; 13 July 1892 – 28 January 1940), also known as Mirza Sultan-Galiev, was a Tatar Bolshevik revolutionary who rose to prominence in the Russian Communist Party in the early 1920s.

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Moscow

Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia.

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Mykhailo Volobuiev

Mykhailo Symonovych Volobuiev (11 (24) January 1903, Mykolaiv — 20 June 1972, Rostov-on-Don) was a Ukrainian economist of Russian origin of the 1930s.

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Mykola Khvylovy

Mykola Khvylovy (born Mykola Hryhorovych Fitiliov (Микола Григорович Фітільов); – May 13, 1933) was a Soviet Ukrainian novelist, poet, publicist, and political activist, one of the founders of post-revolutionary Ukrainian prose one of the most famous representatives of the Ukrainian Renaissance in literature of the 1920s–1930s.

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Mykola Lemyk

Mykola Lemyk (Микола Лемик; 4 April 1914 in Soloviy, Galicia – October 1941 in Myrhorod, Soviet Union, now Ukraine) was a Ukrainian political activist and leader of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN). Causes of the Holodomor and Mykola Lemyk are Holodomor.

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Mykola Skrypnyk

Mykola Oleksiiovych Skrypnyk (Микола Олексійович Скрипник; – 7 July 1933), was a Ukrainian Bolshevik revolutionary and Communist leader who was a proponent of the Ukrainian Republic's independence, and later led the cultural Ukrainization effort in Soviet Ukraine.

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Nestor Makhno

Nestor Ivanovych Makhno (Нестор Івaнович Махно,; 7 November 1888 – 25 July 1934), also known as Bat'ko Makhno (батько Махно), was a Ukrainian anarchist revolutionary and the commander of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine during the Ukrainian War of Independence.

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New Economic Policy

The New Economic Policy (NEP) was an economic policy of the Soviet Union proposed by Vladimir Lenin in 1921 as a temporary expedient.

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Newmarket Press

Newmarket Publishing and Communications Company, and its publishing arm Newmarket Press, was an American publishing label founded in 1981 by president and publisher Esther Margolis.

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NKVD

The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Narodnyy komissariat vnutrennikh del), abbreviated as NKVD, was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union from 1934 to 1946.

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North Caucasus

The North Caucasus, or Ciscaucasia, is a region in Europe governed by Russia.

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North Caucasus Krai

North Caucasus Krai (Се́веро-Кавка́зский край, Severo-Kavkazskiy kray) was an administrative division (krai) within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic of the Soviet Union.

See Causes of the Holodomor and North Caucasus Krai

Odesa

Odesa (also spelled Odessa) is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea.

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Odesa Oblast

Odesa Oblast (translit), also referred to as Odeshchyna (Одещина), is an oblast (province) of southwestern Ukraine, located along the northern coast of the Black Sea.

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Orders of magnitude (mass)

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10−67 kg and 1052 kg.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Orders of magnitude (mass)

Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists

The Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN; Orhanizatsiia ukrainskykh natsionalistiv) was a Ukrainian nationalist organization established in 1929 in Vienna, uniting the Ukrainian Military Organization with smaller, mainly youth, radical nationalist right-wing groups.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Palgrave Macmillan

Palgrave Macmillan is a British academic and trade publishing company headquartered in the London Borough of Camden.

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Panas Lyubchenko

Panas Petrovych Lyubchenko (Панас Петрович Любченко; 14 January 1897 – 30 August 1937) was a Ukrainian and Soviet politician, who served as the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of Ukrainian SSR (today's equivalent of prime-minister) from 1934 to 1937.

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Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)

The Paris Peace Conference was a set of formal and informal diplomatic meetings in 1919 and 1920 after the end of World War I, in which the victorious Allies set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers.

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Parish

A parish is a territorial entity in many Christian denominations, constituting a division within a diocese.

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Pavel Postyshev

Pavel Petrovich Postyshev (Па́вел Петро́вич По́стышев; – 26 February 1939) was a Soviet politician, state and Communist Party official and party publicist.

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PDF

Portable Document Format (PDF), standardized as ISO 32000, is a file format developed by Adobe in 1992 to present documents, including text formatting and images, in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems.

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Polish Military Organisation

The Polish Military Organisation, PMO (Polska Organizacja Wojskowa, POW) was a secret military organization that was formed during World War I (1914–1918).

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Polish Orthodox Church

The Polish Autocephalous Orthodox Church (Polski Autokefaliczny Kościół Prawosławny), commonly known as the Polish Orthodox Church, or Orthodox Church of Poland, is one of the autocephalous Eastern Orthodox churches in full communion.

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Politburo

A politburo or political bureau is the highest political organ of the central committee in communist parties.

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Political repression in the Soviet Union

Throughout the history of the Soviet Union, tens of millions of people suffered political repression, which was an instrument of the state since the October Revolution.

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Pood

Pood (p, plural: or) is a unit of mass equal to 40 ''funt'' (Russian pound).

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Pravda

Pravda (a, 'Truth') is a Russian broadsheet newspaper, and was the official newspaper of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, when it was one of the most influential papers in the country with a circulation of 11 million.

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Quintal

The quintal or centner is a historical unit of mass in many countries which is usually defined as 100 base units, such as pounds or kilograms.

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Raion

A raion (also spelt rayon) is a type of administrative unit of several post-Soviet states.

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Random House

Random House is an imprint and publishing group of Penguin Random House.

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Raphael Lemkin

Raphael Lemkin (Rafał Lemkin; 24 June 1900 – 28 August 1959) was a Polish lawyer of Jewish descent who is known for coining the term genocide and campaigning to establish the Genocide Convention.

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Rationing

Rationing is the controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, services, or an artificial restriction of demand.

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Red Army

The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union.

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Robert Conquest

George Robert Acworth Conquest (15 July 1917 – 3 August 2015) was a British-American historian, poet, and novelist.

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Routledge

Routledge is a British multinational publisher.

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Roy Medvedev

Roy Aleksandrovich Medvedev (Рой Алекса́ндрович Медве́дев; born 14 November 1925) is a Russian politician and writer.

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Ruble

The ruble or rouble (p) is the currency unit of Belarus and Russia.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.

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Russian famine of 1891–1892

The Russian famine of 1891–1892 began along the Volga River and spread as far as the Urals and Black Sea.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Russian famine of 1891–1892

Russian famine of 1921–1922

The Russian famine of 1921–1922, also known as the Povolzhye famine (Голод в Поволжье, 'Volga region famine') was a severe famine in the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic that began early in the spring of 1921 and lasted until 1922.

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Russian language

Russian is an East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Russia.

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Second Department of Polish General Staff

The Polish General Staff's Section II (Polish: Oddział II Sztabu Generalnego Wojska Polskiego, also called Dwójka) was a section of the Polish General Staff in the Second Polish Republic.

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Shevchenko Scientific Society

The Shevchenko Scientific Society, founded in 1873, is a Ukrainian scientific society devoted to the promotion of scholarly research and publication.

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Show trial

A show trial is a public trial in which the guilt or innocence of the defendant has already been determined.

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Siberia

Siberia (Sibir') is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.

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Siberian Krai

Siberian Krai (Сибирский край, Sibirsky Kray) was a krai of the Russian SFSR.

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Slavic Review

The Slavic Review is a major peer-reviewed academic journal publishing scholarly studies, book and film reviews, and review essays in all disciplines concerned with "Eastern Europe, Russia, the Caucasus, and Central Asia, past and present".

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A social class or social stratum is a grouping of people into a set of hierarchical social categories, the most common being the working class, middle class, and upper class.

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Socialism is an economic and political philosophy encompassing diverse economic and social systems characterised by social ownership of the means of production, as opposed to private ownership.

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Soviet ruble

The ruble or rouble (p) was the currency of the Soviet Union.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Soviet-type economic planning

Soviet-type economic planning (STP) is the specific model of centralized planning employed by Marxist–Leninist socialist states modeled on the economy of the Soviet Union (USSR).

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Sovkhoz

A sovkhoz (a, abbreviated from советское хозяйство, "sovetskoye khozyaystvo (sovkhoz)") was a form of state-owned farm in the Soviet Union.

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Special settlements in the Soviet Union

Special settlements in the Soviet Union were the result of population transfers and were performed in a series of operations organized according to social class or nationality of the deported.

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Stanisław Kosior

Stanisław Vikentyevich Kosior (Станислав Викентьевич Косиор; 18 November 1889 – 26 February 1939), sometimes spelled Kossior, was a Soviet politician who was First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine, Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union and member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU).

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State Political Directorate

The State Political Directorate (p), abbreviated as GPU (p), was the secret police of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from February 1922 to November 1923.

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Stéphane Courtois

Stéphane Courtois (born 25 November 1947) is a French historian and university professor, a director of research at the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), professor at the Catholic Institute of Higher Studies (ICES) in La Roche-sur-Yon, and director of a collection specialized in the history of communist movements and communist states.

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Stephen G. Wheatcroft

Stephen George Wheatcroft (born 1 June 1947) is a Professorial Fellow of the School of Historical Studies at the University of Melbourne.

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Stephen Kotkin

Stephen Mark Kotkin (born February 17, 1959) is an American historian, academic, and author.

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Sugar beet

A sugar beet is a plant whose root contains a high concentration of sucrose and which is grown commercially for sugar production.

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Symon Petliura

Symon Vasyliovych Petliura (Симон Васильович Петлюра; – 25 May 1926) was a Ukrainian politician and journalist.

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The Black Book of Communism

The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression is a 1997 book by Stéphane Courtois, Andrzej Paczkowski, Nicolas Werth, Jean-Louis Margolin, and several other European academics documenting a history of political repression by communist states, including genocides, extrajudicial executions, deportations, and deaths in labor camps and allegedly artificially created famines.

See Causes of the Holodomor and The Black Book of Communism

The Christian Science Monitor

The Christian Science Monitor (CSM), commonly known as The Monitor, is a nonprofit news organization that publishes daily articles both in electronic format and a weekly print edition.

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The Day (Kyiv)

Den (День, The Day) is a Kyiv-based daily broadsheet newspaper.

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The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

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Theodor Innitzer

Theodor Innitzer (25 December 1875 – 9 October 1955) was Archbishop of Vienna and a cardinal of the Catholic Church.

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Time (magazine)

Time (stylized in all caps as TIME) is an American news magazine based in New York City.

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Timothy Snyder

Timothy David Snyder (born August 18, 1969) is an American historian specializing in the history of Central and Eastern Europe, the Soviet Union, and the Holocaust.

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Tiraspol

Tiraspol (Moldovan Cyrillic:; Тирасполь) is the capital and largest city of Transnistria, a breakaway state of Moldova, where it is the third-largest city.

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Tonne

The tonne (or; symbol: t) is a unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms.

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Torgsin

Torgsin (Russian: Торгсин) were state-run hard-currency stores that operated in the USSR between 1931 and 1936.

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Trotskyism

Trotskyism is the political ideology and branch of Marxism developed by Russian revolutionary and intellectual Leon Trotsky along with some other members of the Left Opposition and the Fourth International.

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Twenty-five-thousander

Twenty-five-thousanders (Двадцатипятитысячники, Dvadtsatipyatitysyachniki) was a collective name for the frontline workers from the major industrial cities of the Soviet Union who voluntarily left their urban homes for rural areas at the call of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) to improve the performance of kolkhozes during the agricultural collectivisation in the Soviet Union in early 1930.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Twenty-five-thousander

Udarnik

A udarnik (p; English plural udarniks or udarniki), also known in English as a shock worker or strike worker (collectively known as shock brigades or a shock labour team) was a term used to refer to a supposedly high productivity worker.

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Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church

The Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church (UAOC; Ukrayinska avtokefalna pravoslavna tserkva (UAPTs)) was one of the three major Eastern Orthodox churches in Ukraine in the late 20th and early 21st centuries, together with the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate (UOC-KP) and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Moscow Patriarchate (UOC-MP).

See Causes of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church

Ukrainian language

Ukrainian (label) is an East Slavic language of the Indo-European language family spoken primarily in Ukraine.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Ukrainian language

Ukrainian Military Organization

The Ukrainian Military Organization (translit), was a Ukrainian paramilitary body, engaged in terrorism (especially in Poland) during the interwar period.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Military Organization

Ukrainian nationalism

Ukrainian nationalism is the promotion of the unity of Ukrainians as a people and the promotion of the identity of Ukraine as a nation state.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Ukrainian nationalism

Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate

The Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate (UOC-KP; Ukrainska Pravoslavna Tserkva — Kyivskyi Patriarkhat (UPTs-KP)) was an Orthodox church in Ukraine, in existence from 1992 to 2018.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate

Ukrainian orthography of 1928

The Ukrainian orthography of 1928 (translit), also Kharkiv orthography (translit) is the Ukrainian orthography of the Ukrainian language, adopted in 1927 by voting at the All-Ukrainian spelling conference, which took place in the then capital of the Ukrainian SSR, in the city of Kharkiv, with the participation of representatives of Ukrainian lands, which were then part of different states.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Ukrainian orthography of 1928

The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainska Radianska Sotsialistychna Respublika; Ukrainskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), abbreviated as the Ukrainian SSR, UkSSR, and also known as Soviet Ukraine or just Ukraine, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1991.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

Ukrainization

Ukrainization (also spelled Ukrainisation; Ukrainizatsiia) is a policy or practice of increasing the usage and facilitating the development of the Ukrainian language and promoting other elements of Ukrainian culture in various spheres of public life such as education, publishing, government, and religion.

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Union for the Freedom of Ukraine trial

The trial of the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine (Процес Спілки Визволення України (СВУ)) was a court trial considered one of the show trials in the Soviet Union.

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University of Alberta

The University of Alberta (also known as U of A or UAlberta) is a public research university located in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.

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University of Melbourne

The University of Melbourne (also colloquially known as Melbourne University) is a public research university located in Melbourne, Australia.

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Ural Mountains

The Ural Mountains (p), or simply the Urals, are a mountain range in Eurasia that runs north–south mostly through the Russian Federation, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the river Ural and northwestern Kazakhstan.

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Vasyl Lypkivsky

Vasyl Kostiantynovych Lypkivsky (Василь Костянтинович Липківський; 7 September 1864 – 27 November 1937) was the founder of the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church and the first auto-consecrated "Metropolitan of Kyiv and All Ukraine" (1921–1927).

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Vinnytsia Oblast

Vinnytsia Oblast (translit), also referred to as Vinnychchyna (Вінниччина), is an oblast in central Ukraine.

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Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist.

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Volga region

The Volga region (Поволжье, Povolzhye, literally: "along the Volga") is a historical region in Russia that encompasses the drainage basin of the Volga River, the longest river in Europe, in central and southern European Russia.

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Vyacheslav Molotov

Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov (9 March 1890 – 8 November 1986) was a Soviet politician, diplomat, and revolutionary who was a leading figure in the government of the Soviet Union from the 1920s to the 1950s, as one of Joseph Stalin's closest allies.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Vyacheslav Molotov

Western world

The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in the regions of Australasia, Western Europe, and Northern America; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West.

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William Henry Chamberlin

William Henry Chamberlin (February 17, 1897 – September 12, 1969) was an American historian and journalist.

See Causes of the Holodomor and William Henry Chamberlin

Winter sowing

Winter sowing is a method of starting seeds outdoors in winter.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Winter sowing

Women's International League for Peace and Freedom

The Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) is a non-profit non-governmental organization working "to bring together women of different political views and philosophical and religious backgrounds determined to study and make known the causes of war and work for a permanent peace" and to unite women worldwide who oppose oppression and exploitation.

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Yale University

Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.

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Zaporozhian Cossacks

The Zaporozhian Cossacks, Zaporozhian Cossack Army, Zaporozhian Host, (or label) or simply Zaporozhians (translit-std) were Cossacks who lived beyond (that is, downstream from) the Dnieper Rapids.

See Causes of the Holodomor and Zaporozhian Cossacks

15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

The 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was held during 2–19 December 1927 in Moscow.

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17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

The 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) was held during 26 January – 10 February 1934.

See Causes of the Holodomor and 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)

1926 Soviet census

The 1926 Soviet census (Всесоюзная перепись населения, All-Union census) took place in December 1926.

See Causes of the Holodomor and 1926 Soviet census

1931 Menshevik Trial

The Menshevik Trial was one of the early purges carried out by Stalin in which 14 economists, who were former members of the Menshevik party, were put on trial and convicted for trying to re-establish their party as the "Union Bureau of the Mensheviks".

See Causes of the Holodomor and 1931 Menshevik Trial

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causes_of_the_Holodomor

, First five-year plan, Forage, Galicia (Eastern Europe), Gareth Jones (journalist), Genocide, Genocide Convention, Genocide definitions, Georgian affair, Gleaning, Great Russian chauvinism, GRU (Soviet Union), Gulag, Harvard University Press, Hazard, He who does not work, neither shall he eat, Holodomor, Holodomor genocide question, Human cannibalism, Industrialization in the Soviet Union, Institute of History of Ukraine, Intelligentsia, Izvestia, J. Arch Getty, Joint State Political Directorate, Joseph Stalin, Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, Kazakhstan, Kharkiv, Kharkiv Oblast, Kherson, Kobza, Kolkhoz, Kuban, Kulak, Kyiv, Kyiv Oblast, Labor camp, Law of Spikelets, Lazar Kaganovich, League of Nations, Leninism, List of leaders of the Soviet Union, Livestock, Lviv, Lynne Viola, Mariupol, Metropolis of Kiev and all Rus', Michael Ellman, Mikhail Sholokhov, Ministry of Health (Soviet Union), Mirsaid Sultan-Galiev, Moscow, Mykhailo Volobuiev, Mykola Khvylovy, Mykola Lemyk, Mykola Skrypnyk, Nestor Makhno, New Economic Policy, Newmarket Press, NKVD, North Caucasus, North Caucasus Krai, Odesa, Odesa Oblast, Orders of magnitude (mass), Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists, Oxford University Press, Palgrave Macmillan, Panas Lyubchenko, Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920), Parish, Pavel Postyshev, PDF, Polish Military Organisation, Polish Orthodox Church, Politburo, Political repression in the Soviet Union, Pood, Pravda, Quintal, Raion, Random House, Raphael Lemkin, Rationing, Red Army, Robert Conquest, Routledge, Roy Medvedev, Ruble, Russian Empire, Russian famine of 1891–1892, Russian famine of 1921–1922, Russian language, Second Department of Polish General Staff, Shevchenko Scientific Society, Show trial, Siberia, Siberian Krai, Slavic Review, Social class, Socialism, Soviet ruble, Soviet Union, Soviet-type economic planning, Sovkhoz, Special settlements in the Soviet Union, Stanisław Kosior, State Political Directorate, Stéphane Courtois, Stephen G. Wheatcroft, Stephen Kotkin, Sugar beet, Symon Petliura, The Black Book of Communism, The Christian Science Monitor, The Day (Kyiv), The Washington Post, Theodor Innitzer, Time (magazine), Timothy Snyder, Tiraspol, Tonne, Torgsin, Trotskyism, Twenty-five-thousander, Udarnik, Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church, Ukrainian language, Ukrainian Military Organization, Ukrainian nationalism, Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate, Ukrainian orthography of 1928, Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, Ukrainization, Union for the Freedom of Ukraine trial, University of Alberta, University of Melbourne, Ural Mountains, Vasyl Lypkivsky, Vinnytsia Oblast, Vladimir Lenin, Volga region, Vyacheslav Molotov, Western world, William Henry Chamberlin, Winter sowing, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom, Yale University, Zaporozhian Cossacks, 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks), 1926 Soviet census, 1931 Menshevik Trial.

Causes of the Holodomor, the Glossary

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