Central Europe, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 360 relations: Adolf Hitler, Adriatic Sea, Alcuin, Alemanni, Alps, American Jewish Committee, Archduchy of Austria, Ashkenazi Jews, Atheism, Aukštaitija, Austria, Axis powers, Balkans, Baltic Sea, Baltic states, Balts, Banat, Barley, Battle of Prague (1648), Battle of White Mountain, Bavarians, Bega (Tisza), Belarus, Belgium, Belgrade, Berlin, Berlin Wall, Black Sea, Bloomsbury Publishing, Bocconi University, Bohemia, Bohemian Revolt, Borscht, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brill Publishers, Brno, Brockhaus Enzyklopädie, Brussels, Buckwheat, Bukovina, Bulgaria, Byzantine Empire, Cabbage roll, Capitalism, Carolingian dynasty, Carolingian Renaissance, Carpathian Mountains, Catholic Church, Central and Eastern Europe, Central European cuisine, ... Expand index (310 more) »

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.

See Central Europe and Adolf Hitler

Adriatic Sea

The Adriatic Sea is a body of water separating the Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula.

See Central Europe and Adriatic Sea

Alcuin

Alcuin of York (Flaccus Albinus Alcuinus; 735 – 19 May 804) – also called Ealhwine, Alhwin, or Alchoin – was a scholar, clergyman, poet, and teacher from York, Northumbria.

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Alemanni

The Alemanni or Alamanni were a confederation of Germanic tribes.

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Alps

The Alps are one of the highest and most extensive mountain ranges in Europe, stretching approximately across eight Alpine countries (from west to east): Monaco, France, Switzerland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Germany, Austria and Slovenia.

See Central Europe and Alps

American Jewish Committee

The American Jewish Committee (AJC) is a civil rights group and Jewish advocacy group established on November 11, 1906.

See Central Europe and American Jewish Committee

Archduchy of Austria

The Archduchy of Austria (Erzherzogtum Österreich) was a major principality of the Holy Roman Empire and the nucleus of the Habsburg monarchy.

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Ashkenazi Jews

Ashkenazi Jews (translit,; Ashkenazishe Yidn), also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim, constitute a Jewish diaspora population that emerged in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium CE. They traditionally spoke Yiddish and largely migrated towards northern and eastern Europe during the late Middle Ages due to persecution.

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Atheism

Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities.

See Central Europe and Atheism

Aukštaitija

Aukštaitija (literally Highland or Upland) is the name of one of five ethnographic regions of Lithuania. The name comes from the fact that the lands are in the upper basin of the Nemunas, as opposed to the Lowlands that begin from Šiauliai westward. Although Kaunas is surrounded by Aukštaitija, the city itself is not considered to be a part of any ethnographic region in most cases.

See Central Europe and Aukštaitija

Austria

Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.

See Central Europe and Austria

Axis powers

The Axis powers, originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis and also Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies.

See Central Europe and Axis powers

Balkans

The Balkans, corresponding partially with the Balkan Peninsula, is a geographical area in southeastern Europe with various geographical and historical definitions. Central Europe and Balkans are regions of Europe.

See Central Europe and Balkans

Baltic Sea

The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden, and the North and Central European Plain.

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Baltic states

The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a geopolitical term encompassing Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Central Europe and Baltic states are regions of Europe.

See Central Europe and Baltic states

Balts

The Balts or Baltic peoples (baltai, balti) are a group of peoples inhabiting the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea who speak Baltic languages.

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Banat

Banat (Bánság; Banat) is a geographical and historical region located in the Pannonian Basin that straddles Central and Eastern Europe.

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Barley

Barley (Hordeum vulgare), a member of the grass family, is a major cereal grain grown in temperate climates globally.

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Battle of Prague (1648)

The Battle of Prague, which occurred between 25 July and 1 November 1648 was the last action of the Thirty Years' War.

See Central Europe and Battle of Prague (1648)

Battle of White Mountain

The Battle of White Mountain (Bitva na Bílé hoře; Schlacht am Weißen Berg) was an important battle in the early stages of the Thirty Years' War.

See Central Europe and Battle of White Mountain

Bavarians

Bavarians (Bavarian: Boarn, Standard German: Baiern) are an ethnographic group of Germans of the Bavaria region, a state within Germany.

See Central Europe and Bavarians

Bega (Tisza)

The Bega or Begej (Bega; Бегеј / Begej; Bega; Béga, formerly Kistemes), is a 244 km (152 mile) long river in Romania (169 km; 105 mi.) and Serbia (75 km; 47 mi.). It rises in the Poiana Ruscă Mountains in Romania, part of the Carpathian Mountains, and it flows into the Tisa river near Titel, Vojvodina, Serbia.

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Belarus

Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe.

See Central Europe and Belarus

Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe.

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Belgrade

Belgrade.

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Berlin

Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.

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Berlin Wall

The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer) was a guarded concrete barrier that encircled West Berlin of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; West Germany) from 1961 to 1989, separating it from East Berlin and the German Democratic Republic (GDR; East Germany).

See Central Europe and Berlin Wall

Black Sea

The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia.

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Bloomsbury Publishing

Bloomsbury Publishing plc is a British worldwide publishing house of fiction and non-fiction.

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Bocconi University

Bocconi University or Università Bocconi (formally known in Italian as Università Commerciale Luigi Bocconi - Luigi Bocconi Commercial University) is a private university in Milan, Italy.

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Bohemia

Bohemia (Čechy; Böhmen; Čěska; Czechy) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech Republic.

See Central Europe and Bohemia

Bohemian Revolt

The Bohemian Revolt (Böhmischer Aufstand; České stavovské povstání; 1618–1620) was an uprising of the Bohemian estates against the rule of the Habsburg dynasty that began the Thirty Years' War.

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Borscht

Borscht is a sour soup, made with meat stock, vegetables and seasonings, common in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia.

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Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina (Босна и Херцеговина), sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.

See Central Europe and Bosnia and Herzegovina

Brill Publishers

Brill Academic Publishers, also known as E. J. Brill, Koninklijke Brill, Brill, is a Dutch international academic publisher of books and journals.

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Brno

Brno (Brünn) is a city in the South Moravian Region of the Czech Republic.

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Brockhaus Enzyklopädie

The (German for Brockhaus Encyclopedia) is a German-language encyclopedia which until 2009 was published by the F. A. Brockhaus printing house.

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Brussels

Brussels (Bruxelles,; Brussel), officially the Brussels-Capital Region (All text and all but one graphic show the English name as Brussels-Capital Region.) (Région de Bruxelles-Capitale; Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest), is a region of Belgium comprising 19 municipalities, including the City of Brussels, which is the capital of Belgium.

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Buckwheat

Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum) or common buckwheat is a flowering plant in the knotweed family Polygonaceae cultivated for its grain-like seeds and as a cover crop.

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Bukovina

BukovinaBukowina or Buchenland; Bukovina; Bukowina; Bucovina; Bukovyna; see also other languages.

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Bulgaria

Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in Southeast Europe. Located west of the Black Sea and south of the Danube river, Bulgaria is bordered by Greece and Turkey to the south, Serbia and North Macedonia to the west, and Romania to the north. It covers a territory of and is the 16th largest country in Europe.

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Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.

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Cabbage roll

A cabbage roll is a dish consisting of cooked cabbage leaves wrapped around a variety of fillings.

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Capitalism

Capitalism is an economic system based on the private ownership of the means of production and their operation for profit.

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Carolingian dynasty

The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolingus, Carolings, Karolinger or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family named after Charles Martel and his grandson Charlemagne, descendants of the Arnulfing and Pippinid clans of the 7th century AD.

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Carolingian Renaissance

The Carolingian Renaissance was the first of three medieval renaissances, a period of cultural activity in the Carolingian Empire.

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Carpathian Mountains

The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe and Southeast Europe.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Central and Eastern Europe

Central and Eastern Europe is a geopolitical term encompassing the countries in Northeast Europe (primarily the Baltics), Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Southeast Europe (primarily the Balkans), usually meaning former communist states from the Eastern Bloc and Warsaw Pact in Europe, as well as from former Yugoslavia. Central Europe and Central and Eastern Europe are regions of Europe.

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Central European cuisine

Central European cuisine consists of the culinary customs, traditions and cuisines of the nations of Central Europe.

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Central European Defence Cooperation

The Central European Defence Cooperation (CEDC) is a military collaboration consisting of the Central European states of Austria, Croatia, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia.

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The Central European Football League (CEFL) is a European organization of American football which hosts two international competitions, CEFL Championship and CEFL Cup.

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Central European Free Trade Agreement

The Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) is an international trade agreement between countries mostly located in Southeastern Europe.

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Central European Initiative

The Central European Initiative (CEI) is a forum of regional cooperation in Central and Eastern Europe, counting 18 member states.

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Central European International Cup

The European International Cup of Nations was an international football competition held by certain national teams from Central Europe & South Europe between 1927 and 1960.

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Central European Time

Central European Time (CET) is a standard time of Central, and parts of Western Europe, which is one hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).

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Central European Tour Budapest GP

Central European Tour Budapest GP was a cycling race in Hungary.

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Central European Tour Košice–Miskolc

Central European Tour Miskolc GP was a cycling race in Hungary, run between 2010 and 2014.

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Central European University

Central European University (CEU; Zentraleuropäische Universität, Közép-európai Egyetem) is a private research university with campuses in Vienna, Budapest, and New York.

See Central Europe and Central European University

Central Intelligence Agency

The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.

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Centrope

Centrope is an Interreg IIIA project to establish a multinational region in four Central European states: Slovakia, Austria, Hungary and the Czech Republic.

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Charlemagne

Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.

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Charles Bridge

Charles Bridge (Karlův most) is a medieval stone arch bridge that crosses the Vltava river in Prague, Czech Republic.

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Charles I of Hungary

Charles I, also known as Charles Robert (Károly Róbert; Karlo Robert; Karol Róbert; 128816 July 1342), was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1308 to his death.

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Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles IV (Karel IV.; Karl IV.; Carolus IV; 14 May 1316 – 29 November 1378Karl IV. In: (1960): Geschichte in Gestalten (History in figures), vol. 2: F–K. 38, Frankfurt 1963, p. 294), also known as Charles of Luxembourg, born Wenceslaus, was Holy Roman Emperor from 1355 until his death in 1378.

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Charles University

Charles University (CUNI; Univerzita Karlova, UK; Universitas Carolina; Karls-Universität), or historically as the University of Prague (Universitas Pragensis), is the largest and best-ranked university in the Czech Republic. It is one of the oldest universities in the world in continuous operation, the first university north of the Alps and east of Paris.

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Christianization of Lithuania

The Christianization of Lithuania (Lietuvos krikštas) occurred in 1387, initiated by King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Jogaila and his cousin Vytautas the Great.

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Church Slavonic

Church Slavonic is the conservative Slavic liturgical language used by the Eastern Orthodox Church in Belarus, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Ukraine, Russia, Serbia, the Czech Republic and Slovakia, Slovenia and Croatia.

See Central Europe and Church Slavonic

Cold War

The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.

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Columbia Encyclopedia

The Columbia Encyclopedia is a one-volume encyclopedia produced by Columbia University Press and, in the last edition, sold by the Gale Group.

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Communism

Communism (from Latin label) is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need.

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Communist state

A communist state, also known as a Marxist–Leninist state, is a one-party state in which the totality of the power belongs to a party adhering to some form of Marxism–Leninism, a branch of the communist ideology.

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Corruption Perceptions Index

The Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) is an index that scores and ranks countries by their perceived levels of public sector corruption, as assessed by experts and business executives.

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Council on Foreign Relations

The Council on Foreign Relations (CFR) is an American think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international relations.

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Counter-Reformation

The Counter-Reformation, also sometimes called the Catholic Revival, was the period of Catholic resurgence that was initiated in response to, and as an alternative to, the Protestant Reformations at the time.

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Crișana

Crișana (Körösvidék, Kreischgebiet) is a geographical and historical region in north-western Romania, named after the Criș (Körös) River and its three tributaries: the Crișul Alb, Crișul Negru, and Crișul Repede.

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Croatia

Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe.

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Croatia in personal union with Hungary

The Kingdom of Croatia (Kraljevina Hrvatska, Hrvatsko kraljevstvo, Hrvatska zemlja; Horvát királyság; Regnum Croatiae) entered a personal union with the Kingdom of Hungary in 1102, after a period of rule of kings from the Trpimirović and Svetoslavić dynasties and a succession crisis following the death of king Demetrius Zvonimir.

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Culture

Culture is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.

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Culture of Greece

The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Minoan and later in Mycenaean Greece, continuing most notably into Classical Greece, while influencing the Roman Empire and its successor the Byzantine Empire.

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Curonians

The Curonians or Kurs (kurši; kuršiai) were a medieval Baltic tribe living on the shores of the Baltic Sea in the 5th–16th centuries, in what are now western parts of Latvia and Lithuania.

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Cyprus

Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

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Cyrillic script

The Cyrillic script, Slavonic script or simply Slavic script is a writing system used for various languages across Eurasia.

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Czech Academy of Sciences

The Czech Academy of Sciences (abbr. CAS, Akademie věd České republiky, abbr. AV ČR) was established in 1992 by the Czech National Council as the Czech successor of the former Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and its tradition goes back to the Royal Bohemian Society of Sciences (founded in 1784) and the Emperor Franz Joseph Czech Academy for Sciences, Literature and Arts (founded in 1890).

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Czech koruna

The koruna, or crown (sign: Kč; code: CZK, koruna česká), has been the currency of the Czech Republic since 1993. The koruna is one of the European Union's eight currencies, and the Czech Republic is legally bound to adopt the euro in the future. The official name in Czech is koruna česká (plural koruny české, though the zero-grade genitive plural form korun českých is used on banknotes and coins of value 5 Kč or higher).

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Czech lands

The Czech lands or the Bohemian lands (České země) is a historical-geographical term that, in a historical context, refers the three historical regions of Bohemia, Moravia, and Czech Silesia together before Czechoslovakia and later the Czech Republic were formed.

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Czech Republic

The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

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Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia (Czech and Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a landlocked state in Central Europe, created in 1918, when it declared its independence from Austria-Hungary.

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Czechs

The Czechs (Češi,; singular Czech, masculine: Čech, singular feminine: Češka), or the Czech people (Český lid), are a West Slavic ethnic group and a nation native to the Czech Republic in Central Europe, who share a common ancestry, culture, history, and the Czech language.

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Danube

The Danube (see also other names) is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia.

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Die Zeit

() is a German national weekly newspaper published in Hamburg in Germany.

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Dinaric Alps

The Dinaric Alps, also Dinarides, are a mountain range in Southern and Southcentral Europe, separating the continental Balkan Peninsula from the Adriatic Sea.

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Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire

The dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire occurred de facto on 6 August 1806, when the last Holy Roman Emperor, Francis II of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, abdicated his title and released all Imperial states and officials from their oaths and obligations to the empire.

See Central Europe and Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire

Dnieper

The Dnieper, also called Dnepr or Dnipro, is one of the major transboundary rivers of Europe, rising in the Valdai Hills near Smolensk, Russia, before flowing through Belarus and Ukraine to the Black Sea.

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Duchy of Bohemia

The Duchy of Bohemia, also later referred to in English as the Czech Duchy, (České knížectví) was a monarchy and a principality of the Holy Roman Empire in Central Europe during the Early and High Middle Ages.

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Duchy of Carniola

The Duchy of Carniola (Vojvodina Kranjska, Herzogtum Krain, Krajna) was an imperial estate of the Holy Roman Empire, established under Habsburg rule on the territory of the former East Frankish March of Carniola in 1364.

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East Francia

East Francia (Latin: Francia orientalis) or the Kingdom of the East Franks (Regnum Francorum orientalium) was a successor state of Charlemagne's empire ruled by the Carolingian dynasty until 911.

See Central Europe and East Francia

East Germany

East Germany (Ostdeutschland), officially known as the German Democratic Republic (GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik,, DDR), was a country in Central Europe from its formation on 7 October 1949 until its reunification with West Germany on 3 October 1990.

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East-Central Europe

East-Central Europe is the region between German-, Hungarian-, and West Slavic-speaking Europe and the East Slavic countries of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine. Central Europe and East-Central Europe are regions of Europe.

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East–West Schism

The East–West Schism, also known as the Great Schism or the Schism of 1054, is the break of communion between the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches since 1054.

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Eastern Alps

The Eastern Alps are usually defined as the area east of a line from Lake Constance and the Alpine Rhine valley, up to the Splügen Pass at the Alpine divide, and down the Liro River to Lake Como in the south.

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Eastern Bloc

The Eastern Bloc, also known as the Communist Bloc (Combloc), the Socialist Bloc, and the Soviet Bloc, was the unofficial coalition of communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America that were aligned with the Soviet Union and existed during the Cold War (1947–1991).

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Eastern Catholic Churches

The Eastern Catholic Churches or Oriental Catholic Churches, also called the Eastern-Rite Catholic Churches, Eastern Rite Catholicism, or simply the Eastern Churches, are 23 Eastern Christian autonomous (sui iuris) particular churches of the Catholic Church, in full communion with the Pope in Rome.

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Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent. Central Europe and Eastern Europe are regions of Europe.

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Eastern Orthodox Church

The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, and also called the Greek Orthodox Church or simply the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 230 million baptised members.

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Eastern Orthodoxy

Eastern Orthodoxy, otherwise known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity or Byzantine Christianity, is one of the three main branches of Chalcedonian Christianity, alongside Catholicism and Protestantism.

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Emmanuel de Martonne

Emmanuel de Martonne (1 April 1873 – 24 July 1955) was a French geographer.

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Encarta

Microsoft Encarta is a discontinued digital multimedia encyclopedia published by Microsoft from 1993 to 2009.

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Encyclopædia Britannica

The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.

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Erich Schenk

Erich Schenk (5 May 1902 – 11 October 1974) was an Austrian musicologist and music historian.

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Ernest Gellner

Ernest André Gellner (9 December 1925 – 5 November 1995) was a British-Czech philosopher and social anthropologist described by The Daily Telegraph, when he died, as one of the world's most vigorous intellectuals, and by The Independent as a "one-man crusader for critical rationalism".

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Estonia

Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.

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Europe

Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.

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Eurostat

Eurostat ('European Statistical Office'; DG ESTAT) is a Directorate-General of the European Commission located in the Kirchberg quarter of Luxembourg City, Luxembourg.

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Eurozone

The euro area, commonly called the eurozone (EZ), is a currency union of 20 member states of the European Union (EU) that have adopted the euro (€) as their primary currency and sole legal tender, and have thus fully implemented EMU policies.

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Events preceding World War II in Europe

The events preceding World War II in Europe are closely tied to the bellicosity of Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany, Francoist Spain, Imperial Japan, and the Soviet Union, as well as the Great Depression.

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Fairleigh Dickinson University Press

Fairleigh Dickinson University Press (FDU Press) is a publishing house under the operation and oversight of Fairleigh Dickinson University, the largest private university in New Jersey.

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Fascism

Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation or race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.

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Fief

A fief (feudum) was a central element in medieval contracts based on feudal law.

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Finland

Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe.

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Foreign Affairs

Foreign Affairs is an American magazine of international relations and U.S. foreign policy published by the Council on Foreign Relations, a nonprofit, nonpartisan, membership organization and think tank specializing in U.S. foreign policy and international affairs.

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Foreign Broadcast Information Service

The Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS) was an open source intelligence component of the Central Intelligence Agency's Directorate of Science and Technology.

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Francia

The Kingdom of the Franks (Regnum Francorum), also known as the Frankish Kingdom, the Frankish Empire (Imperium Francorum) or Francia, was the largest post-Roman barbarian kingdom in Western Europe.

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Frankfurt Parliament

The Frankfurt Parliament (Frankfurter Nationalversammlung, literally Frankfurt National Assembly) was the first freely elected parliament for all German states, including the German-populated areas of the Austrian Empire, elected on 1 May 1848 (see German federal election, 1848).

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Franks

Aristocratic Frankish burial items from the Merovingian dynasty The Franks (Franci or gens Francorum;; Francs.) were a western European people during the Roman Empire and Middle Ages.

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Free University of Berlin

The Free University of Berlin (often abbreviated as FU Berlin or simply FU) is a public research university in Berlin.

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Friedrich List

Daniel Friedrich List (6 August 1789 – 30 November 1846) was a German economist and political theorist who developed the nationalist theory of political economy in both Europe and the United States.

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Friedrich Naumann

Friedrich Naumann (25 March 1860 – 24 August 1919) was a German liberal politician and Protestant parish pastor.

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Fritz Fischer (historian)

Fritz Fischer (5 March 1908 – 1 December 1999) was a German historian best known for his analysis of the causes of World War I. In the early 1960s Fischer advanced the controversial thesis at the time that responsibility for the outbreak of the war rested solely on Imperial Germany.

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Friuli

Friuli (Friûl; Friul or Friułi; Furlanija; Friaul) is a historical region of northeast Italy.

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Galicia (Eastern Europe)

Galicia (. Collins English Dictionary Galicja,; translit,; Galitsye) is a historical and geographic region spanning what is now southeastern Poland and western Ukraine, long part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Central Europe and Galicia (Eastern Europe) are regions of Europe.

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Geographical midpoint of Europe

The location of the geographical centre of Europe depends on the definition of the borders of Europe, mainly whether remote islands are included to define the extreme points of Europe, and on the method of calculating the final result.

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Geopolitics

Geopolitics is the study of the effects of Earth's geography (human and physical) on politics and international relations.

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George Soros

George Soros (born György Schwartz on August 12, 1930) is a Hungarian-American businessman, investor, and philanthropist.

See Central Europe and George Soros

German Empire

The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic.

See Central Europe and German Empire

German revolutions of 1848–1849

The German revolutions of 1848–1849 (Deutsche Revolution 1848/1849), the opening phase of which was also called the March Revolution (Märzrevolution), were initially part of the Revolutions of 1848 that broke out in many European countries.

See Central Europe and German revolutions of 1848–1849

Germanic peoples

The Germanic peoples were tribal groups who once occupied Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages.

See Central Europe and Germanic peoples

Germany

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.

See Central Europe and Germany

Germany in the early modern period

The German-speaking states of the early modern period (c. 1500–1800) were divided politically and religiously.

See Central Europe and Germany in the early modern period

Gorizia

Gorizia (Gorica), colloquially stara Gorica 'old Gorizia' to distinguish it from Nova Gorica (Gurize, Guriza; Gorisia; Görz), is a town and comune (municipality) in northeastern Italy, in the autonomous region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia.

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Goulash

Goulash (gulyás) is a soup or stew of meat and vegetables seasoned with paprika and other spices.

See Central Europe and Goulash

Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a sovereign state in northeastern Europe that existed from the 13th century, succeeding the Kingdom of Lithuania, to the late 18th century, when the territory was suppressed during the 1795 partitions of Poland–Lithuania.

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Grandhotel Pupp

The Grandhotel Pupp is a 228-room luxury hotel in Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic.

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Great Moravia

Great Moravia (Regnum Marahensium; Μεγάλη Μοραβία, Meghálī Moravía; Velká Morava; Veľká Morava; Wielkie Morawy, Großmähren), or simply Moravia, was the first major state that was predominantly West Slavic to emerge in the area of Central Europe, possibly including territories which are today part of the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Austria, Germany, Poland, Romania, Croatia, Serbia, Ukraine and Slovenia.

See Central Europe and Great Moravia

Greece

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.

See Central Europe and Greece

Gustav Stolper

Gustav Stolper (25 July 1888 – 27 December 1947) was an Austrian-German economist, economics journalist and politician.

See Central Europe and Gustav Stolper

Habsburg monarchy

The Habsburg monarchy, also known as Habsburg Empire, or Habsburg Realm, was the collection of empires, kingdoms, duchies, counties and other polities that were ruled by the House of Habsburg.

See Central Europe and Habsburg monarchy

Harvard University

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

See Central Europe and Harvard University

Heinrich Maier

Heinrich Maier (16 February 1908 – 22 March 1945) was an Austrian Roman Catholic priest, pedagogue, philosopher and a member of the Austrian resistance, who was executed as the last victim of Hitler's regime in Vienna.

See Central Europe and Heinrich Maier

History of Poland during the Piast dynasty

The period of rule by the Piast dynasty between the 10th and 14th centuries is the first major stage of the history of the Polish state.

See Central Europe and History of Poland during the Piast dynasty

Holy Roman Empire

The Holy Roman Empire, also known as the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation after 1512, was a polity in Central and Western Europe, usually headed by the Holy Roman Emperor.

See Central Europe and Holy Roman Empire

Hops

Hops are the flowers (also called seed cones or strobiles) of the hop plant Humulus lupulus, a member of the Cannabaceae family of flowering plants.

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House of Habsburg

The House of Habsburg (Haus Habsburg), also known as the House of Austria, was one of the most prominent and important dynasties in European history.

See Central Europe and House of Habsburg

House of Hohenzollern

The House of Hohenzollern (Haus Hohenzollern,; Casa de Hohenzollern) is a formerly royal (and from 1871 to 1918, imperial) German dynasty whose members were variously princes, electors, kings and emperors of Hohenzollern, Brandenburg, Prussia, the German Empire, and Romania.

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Hungarian forint

The forint (sign Ft; code HUF) is the currency of Hungary.

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Hungary

Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

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Indiana University

Indiana University (IU) is a system of public universities in the U.S. state of Indiana.

See Central Europe and Indiana University

Intermarium

Intermarium (Międzymorze) was a post-World War I geopolitical plan conceived by Józef Piłsudski to unite former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lands within a single polity.

See Central Europe and Intermarium

Interwar period

In the history of the 20th century, the interwar period (or interbellum) lasted from 11November 1918 to 1September 1939 (20years, 9months, 21days) – from the end of World War I (WWI) to the beginning of World War II (WWII).

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Iron Curtain

During the Cold War, the Iron Curtain was a political metaphor used to describe the political and later physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991.

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Irreligion

Irreligion is the absence or rejection of religious beliefs or practices.

See Central Europe and Irreligion

Italian Peninsula

The Italian Peninsula (Italian: penisola italica or penisola italiana), also known as the Italic Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula or Italian Boot, is a peninsula extending from the southern Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south, which comprises much of the country of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City. Central Europe and italian Peninsula are regions of Europe.

See Central Europe and Italian Peninsula

Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.

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Jadwiga of Poland

Jadwiga (1373 or 137417 July 1399), also known as Hedwig (Hedvig), was the first woman to be crowned as monarch of the Kingdom of Poland.

See Central Europe and Jadwiga of Poland

Jagiellonian University

The Jagiellonian University (UJ) is a public research university in Kraków, Poland.

See Central Europe and Jagiellonian University

Jenő Szűcs

Jenő Szűcs (July 13, 1928 in Debrecen – November 24, 1988 in Leányfalu) was a Hungarian historian who focused on the regions and development of Europe and how the regions of East and West both subsequently affected each other to their modern form.

See Central Europe and Jenő Szűcs

Jerzy Kłoczowski

Jerzy Kazimierz Kłoczowski (29 December 1924, Bogdany Wielkie, Poland – 2 December 2017) was a Polish historian, professor at the John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, and former member of the Polish Senate.

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Jewish culture

Jewish culture is the culture of the Jewish people, from its formation in ancient times until the current age.

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Joseph Partsch

Joseph Partsch (4 July 1851 – 22 June 1925) was a German geographer, born at Schreiberhau, Silesia.

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Joseph Stalin

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin (born Ioseb Besarionis dze Jughashvili; – 5 March 1953) was a Soviet politician and revolutionary who led the Soviet Union from 1924 until his death in 1953.

See Central Europe and Joseph Stalin

Julian Alps

The Julian Alps (Julijske Alpe, Alpi Giulie,,, Julische Alpen) are a mountain range of the Southern Limestone Alps that stretch from northeastern Italy to Slovenia, where they rise to 2,864 m at Mount Triglav, the highest peak in Slovenia.

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Kaliningrad Oblast

Kaliningrad Oblast (translit) is the westernmost federal subject of the Russian Federation, in Central and Eastern Europe.

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Karl Ludwig von Bruck

Karl Ludwig von Bruck (Elberfeld, 8 October 1798 – Vienna, 23 April 1860) was an Austrian statesman.

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Karlovy Vary

Karlovy Vary (Karlsbad, formerly also spelled Carlsbad in English) is a spa city in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic.

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Kiel

Kiel is the capital and most populous city in the northern German state of Schleswig-Holstein, with a population of 246,243 (2021).

See Central Europe and Kiel

Kingdom of Bohemia

The Kingdom of Bohemia (České království), sometimes referenced in English literature as the Czech Kingdom, was a medieval and early modern monarchy in Central Europe.

See Central Europe and Kingdom of Bohemia

Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)

The Kingdom of Croatia (Kraljevina Hrvatska; Regnum Croatiae; Horvát Királyság, Königreich Kroatien) was part of the Lands of the Hungarian Crown, but was subject to direct Imperial Austrian rule for significant periods of time, including its final years.

See Central Europe and Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg)

Kingdom of Germany

The Kingdom of Germany or German Kingdom (regnum Teutonicorum 'kingdom of the Germans', regnum Teutonicum 'German kingdom', regnum Alamanie "kingdom of Germany") was the mostly Germanic language-speaking East Frankish kingdom, which was formed by the Treaty of Verdun in 843.

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Kingdom of Hungary

The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century.

See Central Europe and Kingdom of Hungary

Kingdom of Yugoslavia

The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was a country in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 until 1941.

See Central Europe and Kingdom of Yugoslavia

Krka (Sava)

The Krka (Gurk,; Corcoras) is a river in southeastern Slovenia (the traditional region of Lower Carniola), a right tributary of the Sava.

See Central Europe and Krka (Sava)

Kuyavia

Kuyavia (Kujawy; Kujawien; Cuiavia), also referred to as Cuyavia, is a historical region in north-central Poland, situated on the left bank of Vistula, as well as east from Noteć River and Lake Gopło.

See Central Europe and Kuyavia

Lands of the Bohemian Crown

The Lands of the Bohemian Crown were the states in Central Europe during the medieval and early modern periods with feudal obligations to the Bohemian kings.

See Central Europe and Lands of the Bohemian Crown

Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Latvia

Latvia (Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.

See Central Europe and Latvia

Legatum Prosperity Index

The Legatum Prosperity Index is an annual ranking developed by the Legatum Institute, an independent educational charity founded and part-funded by the private investment firm Legatum.

See Central Europe and Legatum Prosperity Index

Liechtenstein

Liechtenstein, officially the Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein), is a doubly landlocked German-speaking microstate in the Central European Alps, between Austria in the east and north and Switzerland in the west and south.

See Central Europe and Liechtenstein

Life zones of central Europe

Central Europe contains several life zones, depending on location and elevation.

See Central Europe and Life zones of central Europe

List of Bohemian monarchs

The Duchy of Bohemia was established in 870 and raised to the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198.

See Central Europe and List of Bohemian monarchs

List of countries and territories where German is an official language

The following is a list of the countries and territories where German is an official language (also known as the Germanosphere).

See Central Europe and List of countries and territories where German is an official language

List of countries by beer consumption per capita

This is a list of countries ordered by annual per capita consumption of beer.

See Central Europe and List of countries by beer consumption per capita

List of countries by economic complexity

This list orders countries by their Economic Complexity Index (ECI), as it was defined and calculated by César Hidalgo and Ricardo Hausmann and published by The Observatory of Economic Complexity.

See Central Europe and List of countries by economic complexity

List of early Slavic peoples

This is a list of early Slavic peoples reported in Late Antiquity and in the Middle Ages, that is, before the year AD 1500.

See Central Europe and List of early Slavic peoples

List of Lithuanian monarchs

The monarchy of Lithuania concerned the monarchical head of state of Lithuania, which was established as an absolute and hereditary monarchy.

See Central Europe and List of Lithuanian monarchs

List of Polish monarchs

Poland was ruled at various times either by dukes and princes (10th to 14th centuries) or by kings (11th to 18th centuries).

See Central Europe and List of Polish monarchs

Lithuania

Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe.

See Central Europe and Lithuania

Little Entente

The Little Entente was an alliance formed in 1920 and 1921 by Czechoslovakia, Romania and the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia from 1929 on) with the purpose of common defense against Hungarian revisionism and the prospect of a Habsburg restoration in Austria or Hungary.

See Central Europe and Little Entente

London School of Economics

The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE) is a public research university in London, England, and amember institution of the University of London.

See Central Europe and London School of Economics

Lovejoy

Lovejoy is a British television comedy-drama mystery series, based on the novels by John Grant under the pen name Jonathan Gash.

See Central Europe and Lovejoy

Low Countries

The Low Countries (de Lage Landen; les Pays-Bas), historically also known as the Netherlands (de Nederlanden), is a coastal lowland region in Northwestern Europe forming the lower basin of the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta and consisting today of the three modern "Benelux" countries: Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands (Nederland, which is singular). Central Europe and low Countries are regions of Europe.

See Central Europe and Low Countries

Lucien Gallois

Lucien Louis Joseph Gallois (21 February 1857 – 21 March 1941) was a French geographer born in Metz.

See Central Europe and Lucien Gallois

Lutheranism

Lutheranism is a major branch of Protestantism that identifies primarily with the theology of Martin Luther, the 16th-century German monk and reformer whose efforts to reform the theology and practices of the Catholic Church ended the Middle Ages and, in 1517, launched the Reformation.

See Central Europe and Lutheranism

Luxembourg

Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg; Luxemburg; Luxembourg), officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, is a small landlocked country in Western Europe.

See Central Europe and Luxembourg

Magdeburg rights

Magdeburg rights (Magdeburger Recht, Prawo magdeburskie, Magdeburgo teisė; also called Magdeburg Law) were a set of town privileges first developed by Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor (936–973) and based on the Flemish Law, which regulated the degree of internal autonomy within cities and villages granted by the local ruler.

See Central Europe and Magdeburg rights

Magyar tribes

The Magyar or Hungarian tribes (magyar törzsek) or Hungarian clans were the fundamental political units within whose framework the Hungarians (Magyars) lived, before the Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin and the subsequent establishment of the Principality of Hungary.

See Central Europe and Magyar tribes

Malta

Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea.

See Central Europe and Malta

Maramureș

Maramureș (Maramureș; Marmaroshchyna; Máramaros) is a geographical, historical and cultural region in northern Romania and western Ukraine.

See Central Europe and Maramureș

Maria Bucur

Maria Bucur (born 2 September 1968 in Bucharest, Romania) is an American-Romanian historian of modern Eastern Europe and gender in the twentieth century.

See Central Europe and Maria Bucur

Masaryk University

Masaryk University (MU) (Masarykova univerzita; Universitas Masarykiana Brunensis) is the second largest university in the Czech Republic, a member of the Compostela Group and the Utrecht Network.

See Central Europe and Masaryk University

Massif Central

The is a highland region in south-central France, consisting of mountains and plateaus.

See Central Europe and Massif Central

Mediterranean Sea

The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.

See Central Europe and Mediterranean Sea

Merovingian dynasty

The Merovingian dynasty was the ruling family of the Franks from around the middle of the 5th century until 751.

See Central Europe and Merovingian dynasty

Middleeuropean Initiative

The Initiative Pro Mitteleuropa - Middleeuropean Initiative (in short "IPM") is an international think tank, based in Vienna.

See Central Europe and Middleeuropean Initiative

Mitteleuropa

Mitteleuropa, meaning Middle Europe, is one of the German terms for Central Europe. Central Europe and Mitteleuropa are regions of Europe.

See Central Europe and Mitteleuropa

Moldova

Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, on the northeastern corner of the Balkans.

See Central Europe and Moldova

Moravian Church

The Moravian Church, or the Moravian Brethren (Moravská církev or Moravští bratři), formally the Unitas Fratrum (Latin: "Unity of the Brethren"), is one of the oldest Protestant denominations in Christianity, dating back to the Bohemian Reformation of the 15th century and the Unity of the Brethren (Jednota bratrská) founded in the Kingdom of Bohemia, sixty years before Martin Luther's Reformation.

See Central Europe and Moravian Church

Moravian Gate

The Moravian Gate (Moravská brána, Brama Morawska, Mährische Pforte, Moravská brána) is a geomorphological feature in the Moravian region of the Czech Republic and the Upper Silesia region in Poland.

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Munich Agreement

The Munich Agreement was an agreement reached in Munich on 30 September 1938, by Nazi Germany, the United Kingdom, the French Republic, and Fascist Italy.

See Central Europe and Munich Agreement

Muntenia

Muntenia (also known in English as Greater Wallachia) is a historical region of Romania, part of Wallachia (also, sometimes considered Wallachia proper, as Muntenia, Țara Românească, and the seldom used Valahia are synonyms in Romanian).

See Central Europe and Muntenia

Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.

See Central Europe and Nazi Germany

Nazism

Nazism, formally National Socialism (NS; Nationalsozialismus), is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.

See Central Europe and Netherlands

New states of Germany

The new states of Germany (die neuen Länder / die neuen Bundesländer) are the five re-established states of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR) that unified with the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) with its 10 "old states" upon German reunification on 3 October 1990.

See Central Europe and New states of Germany

Northern Europe

The northern region of Europe has several definitions. Central Europe and northern Europe are regions of Europe.

See Central Europe and Northern Europe

Northern Italy

Northern Italy (Italia settentrionale, label, label) is a geographical and cultural region in the northern part of Italy.

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Novi Sad

Novi Sad (Нови Сад,; see below for other names) is the second largest city in Serbia after the capital Belgrade and the capital of the autonomous province of Vojvodina.

See Central Europe and Novi Sad

Oder–Neisse line

The Oder–Neisse line (Oder-Neiße-Grenze, granica na Odrze i Nysie Łużyckiej) is an unofficial term for the modern border between Germany and Poland.

See Central Europe and Oder–Neisse line

OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.

See Central Europe and OECD

Old Catholic Church

The terms Old Catholic Church, Old Catholics, Old-Catholic churches, or Old Catholic movement, designate "any of the groups of Western Christians who believe themselves to maintain in complete loyalty the doctrine and traditions of the undivided church but who separated from the see of Rome after the First Vatican council of 1869–70".

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Old Swiss Confederacy

The Old Swiss Confederacy, also known as Switzerland or the Swiss Confederacy, was a loose confederation of independent small states (cantons, German or), initially within the Holy Roman Empire.

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Old Town Square execution

Old Town Square execution (Staroměstská exekuce) was the execution of 27 Bohemian leaders (three noblemen, seven knights and 17 burghers) of the Bohemian Revolt by the Austrian House of Habsburg that took place on 21 June 1621 at the Old Town Square in Prague.

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Oltenia

Oltenia (also called Lesser Wallachia in antiquated versions, with the alternative Latin names Wallachia Minor, Wallachia Alutana, Wallachia Caesarea between 1718 and 1739) is a historical province and geographical region of Romania in western Wallachia.

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Open Society Foundations

Open Society Foundations (OSF), formerly the Open Society Institute, is a US-based grantmaking network founded by business magnate George Soros.

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Oskar Halecki

Oskar Halecki (26 May 1891, Vienna, Cisleithania, Austria-Hungary – 17 September 1973, White Plains, New York, United States of America) was a Polish historian, social and Catholic activist.

See Central Europe and Oskar Halecki

Otto von Habsburg

Otto von Habsburg (Franz Joseph Otto Robert Maria Anton Karl Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Ludwig Gaetan Pius Ignatius, Ferenc József Ottó Róbert Mária Antal Károly Max Heinrich Sixtus Xaver Felix Renatus Lajos Gaetan Pius Ignác; 20 November 1912 4 July 2011) was the last crown prince of Austria-Hungary from 1916 until the dissolution of the empire in November 1918.

See Central Europe and Otto von Habsburg

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

See Central Europe and Oxford University Press

Pan-European Picnic

The Pan-European Picnic (Paneuropäisches Picknick; páneurópai piknik; Paneurópsky piknik; Czech: Panevropský piknik) was a peace demonstration held on the Austrian-Hungarian border near Sopron, Hungary on 19 August 1989.

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Pannonian Avars

The Pannonian Avars were an alliance of several groups of Eurasian nomads of various origins.

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Pannonian Basin

The Pannonian Basin, or Carpathian Basin, is a large sedimentary basin situated in southeast Central Europe.

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Paul Vidal de La Blache

Paul Vidal de La Blache (Pézenas, Hérault, 22 January 1845 – Tamaris-sur-Mer, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, 5 April 1918) was a French geographer.

See Central Europe and Paul Vidal de La Blache

Pest, Hungary

Pest is the eastern, mostly flat part of Budapest, Hungary, comprising about two-thirds of the city's territory.

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Peter J. Katzenstein

Peter Joachim Katzenstein FBA (born February 17, 1945) is a German-American political scientist.

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Phytochorion

A phytochorion, in phytogeography, is a geographic area with a relatively uniform composition of plant species.

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Piast dynasty

The House of Piast was the first historical ruling dynasty of Poland.

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Pierogi

Pierogi are filled dumplings, made by wrapping unleavened dough around a filling, and occasionally flavored with a savory or sweet garnish, finally cooked in boiling water. Pierogi or their varieties are associated with the cuisines of Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. Dumplings most likely originated in Asia and came to Europe via trade in the Middle Ages.

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Plum

A plum is a fruit of some species in ''Prunus'' subg. ''Prunus''. Dried plums are often called prunes, though in the United States they may be labeled as 'dried plums', especially during the 21st century.

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Poland

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.

See Central Europe and Poland

Polish złoty

The Polish złoty (alternative spelling: zloty; Polish: polski złoty,;The nominative plural, used for numbers ending in 2, 3 and 4 (except those in 12, 13 and 14), is złote; the genitive plural, used for all other numbers, is złotych abbreviation: zł; code: PLN)Prior to 1995, code PLZ was used instead.

See Central Europe and Polish złoty

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Poland–Lithuania, formally known as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and also referred to as the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth or the First Polish Republic, was a bi-confederal state, sometimes called a federation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch in real union, who was both King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania.

See Central Europe and Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Pope Leo III

Pope Leo III (Leo III; died 12 June 816) was bishop of Rome and ruler of the Papal States from 26 December 795 to his death.

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Prague

Prague (Praha) is the capital and largest city of the Czech Republic and the historical capital of Bohemia.

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Principality of Hungary

The Grand Principality of Hungary or Duchy of Hungary (Magyar Nagyfejedelemség: "Hungarian Grand Principality" Byzantine Τουρκία) was the earliest documented Hungarian state in the Carpathian Basin, established in 895 or 896, following the 9th century Magyar invasion of the Carpathian Basin.

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Programme for International Student Assessment

The Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a worldwide study by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) in member and non-member nations intended to evaluate educational systems by measuring 15-year-old school pupils' scholastic performance on mathematics, science, and reading.

See Central Europe and Programme for International Student Assessment

Protestantism

Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.

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Raspberry

The raspberry is the edible fruit of several plant species in the genus Rubus of the rose family, most of which are in the subgenus Idaeobatus.

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Reformed Christianity

Reformed Christianity, also called Calvinism, is a major branch of Protestantism that began during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation, a schism in the Western Church.

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Reich

Reich is a German noun whose meaning is analogous to the English word "realm"; this is not to be confused with the German adjective "reich" which means "rich".

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Republic of Ragusa

The Republic of Ragusa (Republica de Ragusa; Respublica Ragusina; Repubblica di Ragusa; Dubrovačka Republika; Repùblega de Raguxa) was an aristocratic maritime republic centered on the city of Dubrovnik (Ragusa in Italian and Latin; Raguxa in Venetian) in South Dalmatia (today in southernmost Croatia) that carried that name from 1358 until 1808.

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Revolutions of 1989

The Revolutions of 1989, also known as the Fall of Communism, were a revolutionary wave of liberal democracy movements that resulted in the collapse of most Marxist–Leninist governments in the Eastern Bloc and other parts of the world.

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Rhine

--> The Rhine is one of the major European rivers.

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Ribes

Ribes is a genus of about 200 known species of flowering plants, most of them native to the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.

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Rijeka

Rijeka (local Chakavian: Reka or Rika; Reka, Fiume (Fiume; Fiume; outdated German name: Sankt Veit am Flaum), is the principal seaport and the third-largest city in Croatia (after Zagreb and Split). It is located in Primorje-Gorski Kotar County on Kvarner Bay, an inlet of the Adriatic Sea and in 2021 had a population of 108,622 inhabitants.

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Romance languages

The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin.

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Romania

Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeast Europe.

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Romanian leu

The Romanian leu (plural lei; ISO code: RON; numeric code: 946) is the currency of Romania.

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Ronald Tiersky

Ronald Tiersky is the Joseph B. Eastman Professor of Political Science Emeritus at Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts.

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Rowman & Littlefield

Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group is an American independent academic publishing company founded in 1949.

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Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.

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Rye

Rye (Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain, a cover crop and a forage crop.

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Same-sex marriage

Same-sex marriage, also known as gay marriage, is the marriage of two people of the same legal sex.

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Samogitians

Samogitians (Samogitian: žemaitē, žemaičiai, žemaiši) are the inhabitants of Samogitia, an ethnographic region of Lithuania.

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Satellite state

A satellite state or dependent state is a country that is formally independent but under heavy political, economic, and military influence or control from another country.

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Sava

The Sava is a river in Central and Southeast Europe, a right-bank and the longest tributary of the Danube.

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Saxony

Saxony, officially the Free State of Saxony, is a landlocked state of Germany, bordering the states of Brandenburg, Saxony-Anhalt, Thuringia, Bavaria, as well as the countries of Poland and the Czech Republic.

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Scandinavia

Scandinavia is a subregion of Northern Europe, with strong historical, cultural, and linguistic ties between its constituent peoples. Central Europe and Scandinavia are regions of Europe.

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Scheldt

The Scheldt (Escaut; Schelde) is a river that flows through northern France, western Belgium, and the southwestern part of the Netherlands, with its mouth at the North Sea.

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Schnitzel

Schnitzel is a thin slice of meat.

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Sciences Po

Sciences Po or Sciences Po Paris, also known as the Paris Institute of Political Studies (Institut d'études politiques de Paris), is a private and public research university located in Paris, France, that holds the status of grande école and the legal status of.

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Serbia

Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain.

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Serbian dinar

The dinar (динар,; paucal: dinara / динара; abbreviation: DIN (Latin) and дин (Cyrillic); code: RSD) is the currency of Serbia.

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Silesia

Silesia (see names below) is a historical region of Central Europe that lies mostly within modern Poland, with small parts in the Czech Republic and Germany.

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Slavs

The Slavs or Slavic people are groups of people who speak Slavic languages.

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Slovakia

Slovakia (Slovensko), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

See Central Europe and Slovakia

Slovenia

Slovenia (Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene), is a country in southern Central Europe.

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Soča

The Soča (in Slovene) or Isonzo (in Italian; other names Lusinç, Sontig, Aesontius or Isontius) is a long river that flows through western Slovenia and northeastern Italy.

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Sour cereal soup

A sour cereal soup is a Slavic traditional soup made with various types of cereals such as rye, wheat and oats, which are fermented to create a sourdough-like soup base and stirred into a pot of stock which may or may not contain meat such as boiled sausage and bacon, along with other ingredients such as hard-boiled eggs, potatoes and dried mushrooms.

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South Tyrol

South Tyrol (Südtirol,; Alto Adige,; Südtirol) is an autonomous province in northern Italy.

See Central Europe and South Tyrol

Southeast Europe

Southeast Europe or Southeastern Europe (SEE) is a geographical sub-region of Europe, consisting primarily of the region of the Balkans, as well as adjacent regions and archipelagos. Central Europe and Southeast Europe are regions of Europe.

See Central Europe and Southeast Europe

Southern Europe

Southern Europe is the southern region of Europe. Central Europe and southern Europe are regions of Europe.

See Central Europe and Southern Europe

Soviet empire

The term "Soviet empire" collectively refers to the world's territories that the Soviet Union dominated politically, economically, and militarily.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Stalinism

Stalinism is the totalitarian means of governing and Marxist–Leninist policies implemented in the Soviet Union (USSR) from 1927 to 1953 by dictator Joseph Stalin.

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Stanford University

Stanford University (officially Leland Stanford Junior University) is a private research university in Stanford, California.

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Stockholm School of Economics

The Stockholm School of Economics (SSE; Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, HHS) is a private business school located in city district Vasastaden in the central part of Stockholm, Sweden.

See Central Europe and Stockholm School of Economics

Svatopluk I of Moravia

Svatopluk I or Svätopluk I, also known as Svatopluk the Great (Medieval Latin: Zuentepulc(us), Zuentibald, Sventopulch(us), Zvataplug; Old Church Slavic: Свѧтопълкъ and transliterated Svętopъłkъ; Polish: Świętopełk; Greek: Σφενδοπλόκος, Sfendoplókos), was a ruler of Great Moravia, which attained its maximum territorial expansion during his reign (870–871, 871–894).

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Swiss Federal Railways

Swiss Federal Railways (Schweizerische Bundesbahnen, SBB; Chemins de fer fédéraux suisses, CFF; Ferrovie federali svizzere, FFS) is the national railway company of Switzerland.

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Swiss franc

The Swiss franc, or simply the franc (Swiss German; franc; franco; franc), is the currency and legal tender of Switzerland and Liechtenstein.

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Switzerland

Switzerland, officially the Swiss Confederation, is a landlocked country located in west-central Europe.

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Szczecin

Szczecin (Stettin; Stettin; Sedinum or Stetinum) is the capital and largest city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in northwestern Poland.

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The Economist

The Economist is a British weekly newspaper published in printed magazine format and digitally.

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The Economist Democracy Index

The Democracy Index published by the Economist Group is an index measuring the quality of democracy across the world.

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The Grand Budapest Hotel

The Grand Budapest Hotel is a 2014 comedy-drama film written, directed, and co-produced by Wes Anderson.

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The Holocaust

The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II.

See Central Europe and The Holocaust

The World Factbook

The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.

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Thirty Years' War

The Thirty Years' War, from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.

See Central Europe and Thirty Years' War

Three Seas Initiative

The Three Seas Initiative (3SI or TSI), known also as the Baltic, Adriatic, Black Sea (BABS) Initiative or simply as the Three Seas (Latin: Trimarium, Trójmorze), is a forum of thirteen states, in the European Union, running along a north–south axis from the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic and Black Seas in Central and Eastern Europe.

See Central Europe and Three Seas Initiative

Tiger tank

Tiger tank may refer to.

See Central Europe and Tiger tank

Time zone

A time zone is an area which observes a uniform standard time for legal, commercial and social purposes.

See Central Europe and Time zone

Timișoara

Timișoara (Temeswar, also Temeschwar or Temeschburg; Temesvár; Temišvar; see other names) is the capital city of Timiș County, Banat, and the main economic, social and cultural centre in Western Romania.

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Totalitarianism

Totalitarianism is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society.

See Central Europe and Totalitarianism

Trade-to-GDP ratio

The trade-to-GDP ratio is an indicator of the relative importance of international trade in the economy of a country.

See Central Europe and Trade-to-GDP ratio

Transylvania

Transylvania (Transilvania or Ardeal; Erdély; Siebenbürgen or Transsilvanien, historically Überwald, also Siweberjen in the Transylvanian Saxon dialect) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania.

See Central Europe and Transylvania

Trentino

Provincia autonoma di Trento (Provinzia Autonoma de Trent; Autonome Provinz Trient), commonly known as Trentino, is an autonomous province of Italy in the country's far north.

See Central Europe and Trentino

Tributary state

A tributary state is a pre-modern state in a particular type of subordinate relationship to a more powerful state which involved the sending of a regular token of submission, or tribute, to the superior power (the suzerain).

See Central Europe and Tributary state

Trieste

Trieste is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy.

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Triticale

Triticale (× Triticosecale) is a hybrid of wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale) first bred in laboratories during the late 19th century in Scotland and Germany.

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UEFA Euro 1976

The 1976 UEFA European Football Championship tournament was held in Yugoslavia.

See Central Europe and UEFA Euro 1976

UEFA Euro 1988

The 1988 UEFA European Football Championship final tournament was held in West Germany from 10 to 25 June 1988.

See Central Europe and UEFA Euro 1988

UEFA Euro 2008

The 2008 UEFA European Football Championship, commonly referred to as UEFA Euro 2008 or simply Euro 2008, was the 13th UEFA European Championship, a quadrennial football tournament contested by the member nations of UEFA (the Union of European Football Associations).

See Central Europe and UEFA Euro 2008

UEFA Euro 2012

The 2012 UEFA European Football Championship, commonly referred to as UEFA Euro 2012 or simply Euro 2012, was the 14th European Championship for men's national football teams organised by UEFA.

See Central Europe and UEFA Euro 2012

UEFA Euro 2024

The 2024 UEFA European Football Championship, commonly referred to as UEFA Euro 2024 (stylised as UEFA EURO 2024) or simply Euro 2024, was the 17th UEFA European Championship, the quadrennial international football championship organised by UEFA for the European men's national teams of their member associations.

See Central Europe and UEFA Euro 2024

UEFA European Championship

The UEFA European Football Championship, less formally the European Championship and informally the Euro or Euros, is the primary association football tournament organised by the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA).

See Central Europe and UEFA European Championship

Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.

See Central Europe and Ukraine

Ulm

Ulm is the sixth-largest city of the southwestern German state of Baden-Württemberg, and with around 129,000 inhabitants, it is Germany's 60th-largest city.

See Central Europe and Ulm

Union of German Railway Administrations

The Union of German Railway Administrations (Verein Deutscher Eisenbahnverwaltungen) or VDEV emerged in 1847 from the Association of Prussian Railways (Verband der preußischen Eisenbahnen), which had been founded on 10 November 1846 by the ten Prussian railway administrations in order to simplify the standardisation of resources, equipment and regulations between the individual administrations.

See Central Europe and Union of German Railway Administrations

Union of Krewo

In a strict sense, the Union of Krewo or Act of Krėva (also spelled Union of Krevo, Act of Kreva; unia w Krewie; Krėvos sutartis.) comprised a set of prenuptial promises made at Kreva Castle on 14 August 1385 by Jogaila, Grand Duke of Lithuania, in regard to his prospective marriage to the underage reigning Queen Jadwiga of Poland.

See Central Europe and Union of Krewo

University of Paris

The University of Paris (Université de Paris), known metonymically as the Sorbonne, was the leading university in Paris, France, from 1150 to 1970, except for 1793–1806 during the French Revolution.

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University of South Carolina Press

The University of South Carolina Press is an academic publisher associated with the University of South Carolina.

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Ural Mountains

The Ural Mountains (p), or simply the Urals, are a mountain range in Eurasia that runs north–south mostly through the Russian Federation, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean to the river Ural and northwestern Kazakhstan.

See Central Europe and Ural Mountains

V-2 rocket

The V2 (lit), with the technical name Aggregat 4 (A4), was the world's first long-range guided ballistic missile.

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Veneto

Veneto or the Venetia is one of the 20 regions of Italy, located in the north-east of the country.

See Central Europe and Veneto

Vilenica International Literary Festival

Vilenica International Literary Festival (Mednarodni literarni festival Vilenica) is a festival dedicated to literature that was founded in 1986 in Slovenia.

See Central Europe and Vilenica International Literary Festival

Visegrád

Visegrád (Plintenburg; Pone Navata or Altum Castrum; Vyšehrad) is a castle town in Pest County, Hungary.

See Central Europe and Visegrád

Visegrád Group

The Visegrád Group (also known as the Visegrád Four or the V4) is a cultural and political alliance of four Central European countries: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia.

See Central Europe and Visegrád Group

Vistula

The Vistula (Wisła,, Weichsel) is the longest river in Poland and the ninth-longest in Europe, at in length.

See Central Europe and Vistula

Vojvodina

Vojvodina (Војводина), officially the Autonomous Province of Vojvodina, is an autonomous province that occupies the northernmost part of Serbia, located in Central Europe.

See Central Europe and Vojvodina

Władysław II Jagiełło

Jogaila (1 June 1434), later Władysław II Jagiełło,He is known under a number of names: Jogaila Algirdaitis; Władysław II Jagiełło; Jahajła (Ягайла).

See Central Europe and Władysław II Jagiełło

Wes Anderson

Wesley Wales Anderson (born May 1, 1969) is an American filmmaker.

See Central Europe and Wes Anderson

Western betrayal

Western betrayal is the view that the United Kingdom, France, and sometimes the United States failed to meet their legal, diplomatic, military, and moral obligations with respect to the Czechoslovak and Polish states during the prelude to and aftermath of World War II.

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Western Bloc

The Western Bloc, also known as the Capitalist Bloc, is an informal, collective term for countries that were officially allied with the United States during the Cold War of 1947–1991.

See Central Europe and Western Bloc

Western Christianity

Western Christianity is one of two subdivisions of Christianity (Eastern Christianity being the other).

See Central Europe and Western Christianity

Western culture

Western culture, also known as Western civilization, European civilization, Occidental culture, or Western society, includes the diverse heritages of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems, artifacts and technologies of the Western world.

See Central Europe and Western culture

Western Europe

Western Europe is the western region of Europe. Central Europe and western Europe are regions of Europe.

See Central Europe and Western Europe

Western Siberia

Western Siberia or West Siberia (Zapadnaya Sibir'; Батыс Сібір) is a region in North Asia.

See Central Europe and Western Siberia

Western world

The Western world, also known as the West, primarily refers to various nations and states in the regions of Australasia, Western Europe, and Northern America; with some debate as to whether those in Eastern Europe and Latin America also constitute the West.

See Central Europe and Western world

Winston Churchill

Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (30 November 187424 January 1965) was a British statesman, soldier, and writer who was twice Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, from 1940 to 1945 during the Second World War, and 1951 to 1955.

See Central Europe and Winston Churchill

World Bank

The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.

See Central Europe and World Bank

World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

See Central Europe and World War I

World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.

See Central Europe and World War II

Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia (Југославија; Jugoslavija; Југославија) was a country in Southeast and Central Europe that existed from 1918 to 1992.

See Central Europe and Yugoslavia

Zakarpattia Oblast

Zakarpattia Oblast (Ukrainian: Закарпатська область), also referred to as simply Zakarpattia (Закарпаття; Hungarian: Kárpátalja) or Transcarpathia in English, is an oblast in west Ukraine, mostly coterminous with the historical region of Carpathian Ruthenia.

See Central Europe and Zakarpattia Oblast

Zemun

Zemun (Земун,; Zimony) is a municipality in the city of Belgrade, Serbia.

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Zurich

Zurich (Zürich) is the largest city in Switzerland and the capital of the canton of Zurich.

See Central Europe and Zurich

1946 Polish people's referendum

The people's referendum (referendum ludowe) of 1946, also known as the Three Times Yes referendum (Trzy razy tak, often abbreviated as 3×TAK), was a referendum held in Poland on 30 June 1946 on the authority of the State National Council (order of 27 April 1946).

See Central Europe and 1946 Polish people's referendum

1974 FIFA World Cup

The 1974 FIFA World Cup was the tenth FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial football tournament for men's senior national teams, and was played in West Germany (and West Berlin) between 13 June and 7 July.

See Central Europe and 1974 FIFA World Cup

2006 FIFA World Cup

The 2006 FIFA World Cup was the 18th FIFA World Cup, the quadrennial international football world championship tournament.

See Central Europe and 2006 FIFA World Cup

2008 Central Europe Rally

The Central Europe Rally was a rally raid endurance race held in Romania and Hungary, and served as the relocated 2008 edition of the Dakar Rally, the 30th running of the event.

See Central Europe and 2008 Central Europe Rally

2023 Central European Rally

The 2023 Central European Rally (also known as the Central Europe Rally 2023) was a motor racing event for rally cars which was held from 26 to 29 October 2023.

See Central Europe and 2023 Central European Rally

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe

Also known as Danubian Europe, Economy of Central Europe, Europe, Central, Geography of Central Europe, History of Central Europe, Middle Europe.

, Central European Defence Cooperation, Central European Football League, Central European Free Trade Agreement, Central European Initiative, Central European International Cup, Central European Time, Central European Tour Budapest GP, Central European Tour Košice–Miskolc, Central European University, Central Intelligence Agency, Centrope, Charlemagne, Charles Bridge, Charles I of Hungary, Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Charles University, Christianization of Lithuania, Church Slavonic, Cold War, Columbia Encyclopedia, Communism, Communist state, Corruption Perceptions Index, Council on Foreign Relations, Counter-Reformation, Crișana, Croatia, Croatia in personal union with Hungary, Culture, Culture of Greece, Curonians, Cyprus, Cyrillic script, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech koruna, Czech lands, Czech Republic, Czechoslovakia, Czechs, Danube, Die Zeit, Dinaric Alps, Dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire, Dnieper, Duchy of Bohemia, Duchy of Carniola, East Francia, East Germany, East-Central Europe, East–West Schism, Eastern Alps, Eastern Bloc, Eastern Catholic Churches, Eastern Europe, Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, Emmanuel de Martonne, Encarta, Encyclopædia Britannica, Erich Schenk, Ernest Gellner, Estonia, Europe, Eurostat, Eurozone, Events preceding World War II in Europe, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, Fascism, Fief, Finland, Foreign Affairs, Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Francia, Frankfurt Parliament, Franks, Free University of Berlin, Friedrich List, Friedrich Naumann, Fritz Fischer (historian), Friuli, Galicia (Eastern Europe), Geographical midpoint of Europe, Geopolitics, George Soros, German Empire, German revolutions of 1848–1849, Germanic peoples, Germany, Germany in the early modern period, Gorizia, Goulash, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Grandhotel Pupp, Great Moravia, Greece, Gustav Stolper, Habsburg monarchy, Harvard University, Heinrich Maier, History of Poland during the Piast dynasty, Holy Roman Empire, Hops, House of Habsburg, House of Hohenzollern, Hungarian forint, Hungary, Indiana University, Intermarium, Interwar period, Iron Curtain, Irreligion, Italian Peninsula, Italy, Jadwiga of Poland, Jagiellonian University, Jenő Szűcs, Jerzy Kłoczowski, Jewish culture, Joseph Partsch, Joseph Stalin, Julian Alps, Kaliningrad Oblast, Karl Ludwig von Bruck, Karlovy Vary, Kiel, Kingdom of Bohemia, Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg), Kingdom of Germany, Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Krka (Sava), Kuyavia, Lands of the Bohemian Crown, Latin, Latvia, Legatum Prosperity Index, Liechtenstein, Life zones of central Europe, List of Bohemian monarchs, List of countries and territories where German is an official language, List of countries by beer consumption per capita, List of countries by economic complexity, List of early Slavic peoples, List of Lithuanian monarchs, List of Polish monarchs, Lithuania, Little Entente, London School of Economics, Lovejoy, Low Countries, Lucien Gallois, Lutheranism, Luxembourg, Magdeburg rights, Magyar tribes, Malta, Maramureș, Maria Bucur, Masaryk University, Massif Central, Mediterranean Sea, Merovingian dynasty, Middleeuropean Initiative, Mitteleuropa, Moldova, Moravian Church, Moravian Gate, Munich Agreement, Muntenia, Nazi Germany, Nazism, Netherlands, New states of Germany, Northern Europe, Northern Italy, Novi Sad, Oder–Neisse line, OECD, Old Catholic Church, Old Swiss Confederacy, Old Town Square execution, Oltenia, Open Society Foundations, Oskar Halecki, Otto von Habsburg, Ottoman Empire, Oxford University Press, Pan-European Picnic, Pannonian Avars, Pannonian Basin, Paul Vidal de La Blache, Pest, Hungary, Peter J. Katzenstein, Phytochorion, Piast dynasty, Pierogi, Plum, Poland, Polish złoty, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Pope Leo III, Prague, Principality of Hungary, Programme for International Student Assessment, Protestantism, Raspberry, Reformed Christianity, Reich, Republic of Ragusa, Revolutions of 1989, Rhine, Ribes, Rijeka, Romance languages, Romania, Romanian leu, Ronald Tiersky, Rowman & Littlefield, Russia, Russian Empire, Rye, Same-sex marriage, Samogitians, Satellite state, Sava, Saxony, Scandinavia, Scheldt, Schnitzel, Sciences Po, Serbia, Serbian dinar, Silesia, Slavs, Slovakia, Slovenia, Soča, Sour cereal soup, South Tyrol, Southeast Europe, Southern Europe, Soviet empire, Soviet Union, Stalinism, Stanford University, Stockholm School of Economics, Svatopluk I of Moravia, Swiss Federal Railways, Swiss franc, Switzerland, Szczecin, The Economist, The Economist Democracy Index, The Grand Budapest Hotel, The Holocaust, The World Factbook, Thirty Years' War, Three Seas Initiative, Tiger tank, Time zone, Timișoara, Totalitarianism, Trade-to-GDP ratio, Transylvania, Trentino, Tributary state, Trieste, Triticale, UEFA Euro 1976, UEFA Euro 1988, UEFA Euro 2008, UEFA Euro 2012, UEFA Euro 2024, UEFA European Championship, Ukraine, Ulm, Union of German Railway Administrations, Union of Krewo, University of Paris, University of South Carolina Press, Ural Mountains, V-2 rocket, Veneto, Vilenica International Literary Festival, Visegrád, Visegrád Group, Vistula, Vojvodina, Władysław II Jagiełło, Wes Anderson, Western betrayal, Western Bloc, Western Christianity, Western culture, Western Europe, Western Siberia, Western world, Winston Churchill, World Bank, World War I, World War II, Yugoslavia, Zakarpattia Oblast, Zemun, Zurich, 1946 Polish people's referendum, 1974 FIFA World Cup, 2006 FIFA World Cup, 2008 Central Europe Rally, 2023 Central European Rally.