Dinosaur, the Glossary
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria.[1]
Table of Contents
830 relations: A Greek–English Lexicon, Abelisauridae, Abrams Books, Academic Press, Acetabulum, Acid rain, Acoustic resonance, Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, Adaptive radiation, Advertising, Aerosol, Aerosteon, Aetosaur, Africa, Agilisaurus, Agnosphitys, Air sac, Alan Feduccia, Alan R. Hildebrand, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Alfred A. Knopf, Allosauridae, Alvarez hypothesis, Alvarezsauridae, Alvarezsauroidea, Alwalkeria, American alligator, American Association for the Advancement of Science, American bison, American Journal of Science, American Museum Novitates, American Museum of Natural History, American Ornithological Society, American Physical Society, American Society of Naturalists, Ammonia, Ammonoidea, Amniote, Amsterdam, Anatomical terms of location, Anchiornis, Anchisaurus, Ancient Greek, Animal communication, Anisian, Ankylopollexia, Ankylosauria, Ankylosauridae, Ankylosaurinae, Ann Arbor, Michigan, ... Expand index (780 more) »
- Carnian first appearances
- Dinosaurs
- Extant Late Triassic first appearances
A Greek–English Lexicon
A Greek–English Lexicon, often referred to as Liddell & Scott or Liddell–Scott–Jones (LSJ), is a standard lexicographical work of the Ancient Greek language originally edited by Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, Henry Stuart Jones, and Roderick McKenzie and published in 1843 by the Oxford University Press.
See Dinosaur and A Greek–English Lexicon
Abelisauridae
Abelisauridae (meaning "Abel's lizards") is a family (or clade) of ceratosaurian theropod dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Abelisauridae
Abrams Books
Abrams, formerly Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (HNA), is an American publisher of art and illustrated books, children's books, and stationery.
Academic Press
Academic Press (AP) is an academic book publisher founded in 1941.
See Dinosaur and Academic Press
Acetabulum
The acetabulum (acetabula), also called the cotyloid cavity, is a concave surface of the pelvis.
Acid rain
Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH).
Acoustic resonance
Acoustic resonance is a phenomenon in which an acoustic system amplifies sound waves whose frequency matches one of its own natural frequencies of vibration (its resonance frequencies).
See Dinosaur and Acoustic resonance
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica is a quarterly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal of paleontology and paleobiology.
See Dinosaur and Acta Palaeontologica Polonica
Adaptive radiation
In evolutionary biology, adaptive radiation is a process in which organisms diversify rapidly from an ancestral species into a multitude of new forms, particularly when a change in the environment makes new resources available, alters biotic interactions or opens new environmental niches.
See Dinosaur and Adaptive radiation
Advertising
Advertising is the practice and techniques employed to bring attention to a product or service.
Aerosol
An aerosol is a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid droplets in air or another gas.
Aerosteon
Aerosteon is a genus of megaraptoran dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous period of Argentina.
Aetosaur
Aetosaurs are heavily armored reptiles belonging to the extinct order Aetosauria (from Greek, ἀετός (aetos, "eagle") and σαυρος (sauros, "lizard")).
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia.
Agilisaurus
Agilisaurus ('agile lizard') is a genus of ornithischian dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic Period of what is now eastern Asia.
Agnosphitys
Agnosphitys ("unknown begetter"; sometimes mistakenly called Agnostiphys or Agnosphytis) is a genus of dinosauriform that lived during the Late Triassic.
Air sac
Air sacs are spaces within an organism where there is the constant presence of air.
Alan Feduccia
John Alan Feduccia (born April 25, 1943) is a paleornithologist specializing in the origins and phylogeny of birds.
See Dinosaur and Alan Feduccia
Alan R. Hildebrand
Alan Russell Hildebrand (born 1955) is a Canadian planetary scientist and Associate Professor in the Department of Geoscience at the University of Calgary.
See Dinosaur and Alan R. Hildebrand
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Albuquerque, also known as ABQ, Burque, and the Duke City, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of New Mexico.
See Dinosaur and Albuquerque, New Mexico
Alfred A. Knopf
Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. is an American publishing house that was founded by Blanche Knopf and Alfred A. Knopf Sr. in 1915.
See Dinosaur and Alfred A. Knopf
Allosauridae
Allosauridae is a family of medium to large bipedal, carnivorous allosauroid theropod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic.
Alvarez hypothesis
The Alvarez hypothesis posits that the mass extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs and many other living things during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event was caused by the impact of a large asteroid on the Earth.
See Dinosaur and Alvarez hypothesis
Alvarezsauridae
Alvarezsauridae is a family of small, long-legged dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Alvarezsauridae
Alvarezsauroidea
Alvarezsauroidea is a group of small maniraptoran dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Alvarezsauroidea
Alwalkeria
Alwalkeria ("for Alick Walker") is a genus partly based on basal saurischian dinosaur remains from the Late Triassic, living in India.
American alligator
The American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), sometimes referred to as a gator or common alligator, is a large crocodilian reptile native to the Southeastern United States and a small section of northeastern Mexico.
See Dinosaur and American alligator
American Association for the Advancement of Science
The American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) is an American international non-profit organization with the stated mission of promoting cooperation among scientists, defending scientific freedom, encouraging scientific responsibility, and supporting scientific education and science outreach for the betterment of all humanity.
See Dinosaur and American Association for the Advancement of Science
American bison
The American bison (Bison bison;: bison), also called the American buffalo, or simply buffalo (not to be confused with true buffalo), is a species of bison native to North America.
See Dinosaur and American bison
American Journal of Science
The American Journal of Science (AJS) is the United States of America's longest-running scientific journal, having been published continuously since its conception in 1818 by Professor Benjamin Silliman, who edited and financed it himself.
See Dinosaur and American Journal of Science
American Museum Novitates
American Museum Novitates is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Museum of Natural History.
See Dinosaur and American Museum Novitates
American Museum of Natural History
The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) is a natural history museum on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City.
See Dinosaur and American Museum of Natural History
American Ornithological Society
The American Ornithological Society (AOS) is an ornithological organization based in the United States.
See Dinosaur and American Ornithological Society
American Physical Society
The American Physical Society (APS) is a not-for-profit membership organization of professionals in physics and related disciplines, comprising nearly fifty divisions, sections, and other units.
See Dinosaur and American Physical Society
American Society of Naturalists
The American Society of Naturalists was founded in 1883 and is one of the oldest professional societies dedicated to the biological sciences in North America.
See Dinosaur and American Society of Naturalists
Ammonia
Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula.
Ammonoidea
Ammonoids are extinct spiral shelled cephalopods comprising the subclass Ammonoidea.
Amniote
Amniotes are tetrapod vertebrate animals belonging to the clade Amniota, a large group that comprises the vast majority of living terrestrial and semiaquatic vertebrates.
Amsterdam
Amsterdam (literally, "The Dam on the River Amstel") is the capital and most populated city of the Netherlands.
Anatomical terms of location
Standard anatomical terms of location are used to unambiguously describe the anatomy of animals, including humans.
See Dinosaur and Anatomical terms of location
Anchiornis
Anchiornis is a genus of small, four-winged paravian dinosaurs, with only one known species, the type species Anchiornis huxleyi, named for its similarity to modern birds.
Anchisaurus
Anchisaurus is a genus of basal sauropodomorph dinosaur.
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
See Dinosaur and Ancient Greek
Animal communication
Animal communication is the transfer of information from one or a group of animals (sender or senders) to one or more other animals (receiver or receivers) that affects the current or future behavior of the receivers.
See Dinosaur and Animal communication
Anisian
In the geologic timescale, the Anisian is the lower stage or earliest age of the Middle Triassic series or epoch and lasted from million years ago until million years ago.
Ankylopollexia
Ankylopollexia is an extinct clade of ornithischian dinosaurs that lived from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous.
See Dinosaur and Ankylopollexia
Ankylosauria
Ankylosauria is a group of herbivorous dinosaurs of the clade Ornithischia.
Ankylosauridae
Ankylosauridae is a family of armored dinosaurs within Ankylosauria, and is the sister group to Nodosauridae.
See Dinosaur and Ankylosauridae
Ankylosaurinae
Ankylosaurinae is a subfamily of ankylosaurid dinosaurs, existing from the Early Cretaceous about 105 million years ago until the end of the Late Cretaceous, about 66 mya.
See Dinosaur and Ankylosaurinae
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Ann Arbor is a college town and the county seat of Washtenaw County, Michigan, United States.
See Dinosaur and Ann Arbor, Michigan
Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
The Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics is an annual scientific journal published by Annual Reviews.
See Dinosaur and Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics
Annual Reviews (publisher)
Annual Reviews is an independent, non-profit academic publishing company based in San Mateo, California.
See Dinosaur and Annual Reviews (publisher)
Antibody
An antibody (Ab) is the secreted form of a B cell receptor; the term immunoglobulin (Ig) can refer to either the membrane-bound form or the secreted form of the B cell receptor, but they are, broadly speaking, the same protein, and so the terms are often treated as synonymous.
Antorbital fenestra
An antorbital fenestra (plural: fenestrae) is an opening in the skull that is in front of the eye sockets.
See Dinosaur and Antorbital fenestra
Apatosaurinae
Apatosaurinae (the name deriving from the type genus Apatosaurus, meaning "deceptive lizard") is a subfamily of diplodocid sauropods, an extinct group of large, quadrupedal dinosaurs, the other subfamily in Diplodocidae being Diplodocinae.
See Dinosaur and Apatosaurinae
Apatosaurus
Apatosaurus (meaning "deceptive lizard") is a genus of herbivorous sauropod dinosaur that lived in North America during the Late Jurassic period.
Apomorphy and synapomorphy
In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy).
See Dinosaur and Apomorphy and synapomorphy
Arboreal locomotion
Arboreal locomotion is the locomotion of animals in trees.
See Dinosaur and Arboreal locomotion
Archaeopterygidae
Archaeopterygidae is a group of paravian dinosaurs, known from the latest Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous of Europe.
See Dinosaur and Archaeopterygidae
Archaeopteryx
Archaeopteryx, sometimes referred to by its German name, "Urvogel" (Primeval Bird) is a genus of bird-like dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Archaeopteryx
Archivos do Museu Nacional
Arquivos do Museu Nacional (previously Archivos do Museu Nacional; ISSN: 0365–4508) is the oldest scientific journal of Brazil.
See Dinosaur and Archivos do Museu Nacional
Archosaur
Archosauria or archosaurs is a clade of diapsid sauropsid tetrapods, with birds and crocodilians being the only extant representatives.
Archosauromorpha
Archosauromorpha (Greek for "ruling lizard forms") is a clade of diapsid reptiles containing all reptiles more closely related to archosaurs (such as crocodilians and dinosaurs, including birds) rather than lepidosaurs (such as tuataras, lizards, and snakes).
See Dinosaur and Archosauromorpha
Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America.
Argentinosaurus
Argentinosaurus is a genus of giant sauropod dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now Argentina.
See Dinosaur and Argentinosaurus
Armand de Ricqlès
Armand de Ricqlès is a French paleontologist best known for his work in bone histology and its implications for the growth of dinosaurs (e.g.).
See Dinosaur and Armand de Ricqlès
Armour (zoology)
Armour or armor in animals is a rigid cuticle or exoskeleton that provides exterior protection against attack by predators, formed as part of the body (rather than the behavioural utilization of external objects for protection) usually through the thickening and hardening of superficial tissues, outgrowths or skin secretions.
See Dinosaur and Armour (zoology)
Arthur Conan Doyle
Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930) was a British writer and physician.
See Dinosaur and Arthur Conan Doyle
Arytenoid cartilage
The arytenoid cartilages are a pair of small three-sided pyramids which form part of the larynx.
See Dinosaur and Arytenoid cartilage
Ashmolean Museum
The Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology on Beaumont Street, Oxford, England, is Britain's first public museum.
See Dinosaur and Ashmolean Museum
Asia
Asia is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population.
Athens, Ohio
Athens is a city and the county seat of Athens County, Ohio, United States.
Atlas (anatomy)
In anatomy, the atlas (C1) is the most superior (first) cervical vertebra of the spine and is located in the neck.
See Dinosaur and Atlas (anatomy)
Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.
Avemetatarsalia (meaning "bird metatarsals") is a clade of diapsid reptiles containing all archosaurs more closely related to birds than to crocodilians.
See Dinosaur and Avemetatarsalia
Avialae
Avialae ("bird wings") is a clade containing the only living dinosaurs, the birds, and their closest relatives.
Avon (publisher)
Avon Publications is one of the leading publishers of romance fiction.
See Dinosaur and Avon (publisher)
Axis (anatomy)
In anatomy, the axis (from Latin axis, "axle") is the second cervical vertebra (C2) of the spine, immediately inferior to the atlas, upon which the head rests.
See Dinosaur and Axis (anatomy)
Bagualosaurus
Bagualosaurus is a genus of sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Candelária Sequence (Uppermost Santa Maria Formation) of Brazil, dating to around 230 million years ago in the Carnian of the Late Triassic.
See Dinosaur and Bagualosaurus
Baltimore
Baltimore is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Maryland.
Basal (phylogenetics)
In phylogenetics, basal is the direction of the base (or root) of a rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram.
See Dinosaur and Basal (phylogenetics)
Bathornithidae
Bathornithidae is an extinct family of birds from the Eocene to Miocene of North America.
See Dinosaur and Bathornithidae
BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.
See Dinosaur and BBC
BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.
Bee hummingbird
The bee hummingbird, zunzuncito or Helena hummingbird (Mellisuga helenae) is a species of hummingbird, native to the island of Cuba in the Caribbean.
See Dinosaur and Bee hummingbird
Beijing
Beijing, previously romanized as Peking, is the capital of China.
Belgium
Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe.
Berkeley, California
Berkeley is a city on the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay in northern Alameda County, California, United States.
See Dinosaur and Berkeley, California
Berlin
Berlin is the capital and largest city of Germany, both by area and by population.
Bernissart
Bernissart (Bernissåt) is a municipality of Wallonia located in the province of Hainaut, Belgium.
Bethesda, Maryland
Bethesda is an unincorporated, census-designated place in southern Montgomery County, Maryland, United States.
See Dinosaur and Bethesda, Maryland
Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek τὰ βιβλία,, 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures, some, all, or a variant of which are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, Islam, the Baha'i Faith, and other Abrahamic religions.
Biochemical Journal
The Biochemical Journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which covers all aspects of biochemistry, as well as cell and molecular biology.
See Dinosaur and Biochemical Journal
Biofilm
A biofilm is a syntrophic community of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface.
Biology
Biology is the scientific study of life.
Biology Letters
Biology Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Royal Society, established in 2005.
See Dinosaur and Biology Letters
Biome
A biome is a distinct geographical region with specific climate, vegetation, and animal life.
Biomechanics
Biomechanics is the study of the structure, function and motion of the mechanical aspects of biological systems, at any level from whole organisms to organs, cells and cell organelles, using the methods of mechanics.
Bipedalism
Bipedalism is a form of terrestrial locomotion where an animal moves by means of its two rear (or lower) limbs or legs.
Bird
Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweight skeleton. Dinosaur and Bird are dinosaurs.
Bird migration
Bird migration is a seasonal movement of birds between breeding and wintering grounds that occurs twice a year.
See Dinosaur and Bird migration
Bivalvia
Bivalvia, in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts.
Bleak House
Bleak House is a novel by Charles Dickens, first published as a 20-episode serial between 12 March 1852 and 12 September 1853.
Blood vessel
Blood vessels are the structures of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body.
Bloomington, Indiana
Bloomington is a city in and the county seat of Monroe County, Indiana, United States.
See Dinosaur and Bloomington, Indiana
Blue whale
The blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) is a marine mammal and a baleen whale.
Bolide
A bolide is normally taken to mean an exceptionally bright meteor, but the term is subject to more than one definition, according to context.
Bone
A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals.
Bone (journal)
Bone is a bimonthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering the study of bone biology and mineral metabolism.
See Dinosaur and Bone (journal)
Bone marrow
Bone marrow is a semi-solid tissue found within the spongy (also known as cancellous) portions of bones.
Bone Wars
The Bone Wars, also known as the Great Dinosaur Rush, was a period of intense and ruthlessly competitive fossil hunting and discovery during the Gilded Age of American history, marked by a heated rivalry between Edward Drinker Cope (of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia) and Othniel Charles Marsh (of the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale).
Boulder, Colorado
Boulder is a home rule city in and the county seat of Boulder County, Colorado, United States.
See Dinosaur and Boulder, Colorado
Brachiosauridae
The Brachiosauridae ("arm lizards", from Greek brachion (βραχίων).
See Dinosaur and Brachiosauridae
Brachiosaurus
Brachiosaurus is a genus of sauropod dinosaur that lived in North America during the Late Jurassic, about 154to 150million years ago.
See Dinosaur and Brachiosaurus
Brachylophosaurus
Brachylophosaurus (or; meaning "short-crested lizard", Greek brachys.
See Dinosaur and Brachylophosaurus
Bradbury and Evans
Bradbury & Evans (est.1830) was a printing and publishing business founded in London by William Bradbury (1799–1869)England, Derbyshire, Church of England Parish Registers, 1538–1910.
See Dinosaur and Bradbury and Evans
Bruhathkayosaurus
Bruhathkayosaurus (meaning "huge-bodied lizard") is a controversial genus of sauropod dinosaur found in the Kallamedu Formation of India.
See Dinosaur and Bruhathkayosaurus
Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France
The Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, otherwise known as BSGF - Earth Sciences Bulletin is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering Earth sciences.
See Dinosaur and Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France
Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
The Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the fields of zoology, paleontology, and geology.
See Dinosaur and Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
Buriolestes
Buriolestes is a genus of early sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation of the Paraná Basin in southern Brazil.
Caenagnathidae
Caenagnathidae is a family of derived caenagnathoid dinosaurs from the Cretaceous of North America and Asia.
See Dinosaur and Caenagnathidae
Calcaneus
In humans and many other primates, the calcaneus (from the Latin calcaneus or calcaneum, meaning heel;: calcanei or calcanea) or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitutes the heel.
Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20.
California Academy of Sciences
The California Academy of Sciences is a research institute and natural history museum in San Francisco, California, that is among the largest museums of natural history in the world, housing over 46 million specimens.
See Dinosaur and California Academy of Sciences
Cambridge
Cambridge is a city and non-metropolitan district in the county of Cambridgeshire, England.
Cambridge Philosophical Society
The Cambridge Philosophical Society (CPS) is a scientific society at the University of Cambridge.
See Dinosaur and Cambridge Philosophical Society
Campanian
The Campanian is the fifth of six ages of the Late Cretaceous Epoch on the geologic timescale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS).
Canadian Journal of Zoology
The Canadian Journal of Zoology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers zoology.
See Dinosaur and Canadian Journal of Zoology
Canadian Science Publishing
Canadian Science Publishing (CSP) is Canada's largest publisher of international scientific journals.
See Dinosaur and Canadian Science Publishing
Canine tooth
In mammalian oral anatomy, the canine teeth, also called cuspids, dogteeth, eye teeth, vampire teeth, or vampire fangs, are the relatively long, pointed teeth.
Cannibalism
Cannibalism is the act of consuming another individual of the same species as food.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.
See Dinosaur and Carbon dioxide
Carcharodontosauridae
Carcharodontosauridae (carcharodontosaurids; from the Greek καρχαροδοντόσαυρος, carcharodontósauros: "shark-toothed lizards") is a group of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Carcharodontosauridae
Carcharodontosaurus
Carcharodontosaurus is a genus of carnivorous theropod dinosaur that lived in North Africa from about 100 to 94 million years ago during the Cenomanian age of the Late Cretaceous.
See Dinosaur and Carcharodontosaurus
Carnegie Museum of Natural History
The Carnegie Museum of Natural History (abbreviated as CMNH) is a natural history museum in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
See Dinosaur and Carnegie Museum of Natural History
Carnian
The Carnian (less commonly, Karnian) is the lowermost stage of the Upper Triassic Series (or earliest age of the Late Triassic Epoch).
Carnian pluvial episode
The Carnian pluvial episode (CPE), often called the Carnian pluvial event, was an interval of major change in global climate that was synchronous with significant changes in Earth's biota both in the sea and on land.
See Dinosaur and Carnian pluvial episode
Carnivore
A carnivore, or meat-eater (Latin, caro, genitive carnis, meaning meat or "flesh" and vorare meaning "to devour"), is an animal or plant whose food and energy requirements are met by the consumption of animal tissues (mainly muscle, fat and other soft tissues) whether through hunting or scavenging.
Carnosauria
Carnosauria is an extinct group of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs that lived during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
Carpal bones
The carpal bones are the eight small bones that make up the wrist (carpus) that connects the hand to the forearm.
Carrier's constraint
Carrier's constraint is the observation that air-breathing vertebrates with two lungs that flex their bodies sideways during locomotion find it difficult to move and breathe at the same time, because the sideways flexing expands one lung and compresses the other, shunting stale air from lung to lung instead of expelling it completely to make room for fresh air.
See Dinosaur and Carrier's constraint
Cathemerality
Cathemerality, sometimes called "metaturnality", is an organismal activity pattern of irregular intervals during the day or night in which food is acquired, socializing with other organisms occurs, and any other activities necessary for livelihood are undertaken.
See Dinosaur and Cathemerality
Caudipteridae
Caudipteridae is an extinct family of oviraptorosaurian dinosaurs known from the Early Cretaceous of China.
See Dinosaur and Caudipteridae
Caudofemoralis
The caudofemoralis (from the Latin cauda, tail and femur, thighbone) is a muscle found in the pelvic limb of mostly all animals possessing a tail.
See Dinosaur and Caudofemoralis
Cenozoic
The Cenozoic is Earth's current geological era, representing the last 66million years of Earth's history.
Centrosaurinae
Centrosaurinae (from the Greek, meaning "pointed lizards") is a subfamily of ceratopsid, a group of large quadrupedal ornithischian dinosaur.
See Dinosaur and Centrosaurinae
Ceratopsia
Ceratopsia or Ceratopia (or; Greek: "horned faces") is a group of herbivorous, beaked dinosaurs that thrived in what are now North America, Europe, and Asia, during the Cretaceous Period, although ancestral forms lived earlier, in the Jurassic.
Ceratopsidae
Ceratopsidae (sometimes spelled Ceratopidae) is a family of ceratopsian dinosaurs including Triceratops, Centrosaurus, and Styracosaurus.
Ceratosauria
Ceratosaurs are members of the clade Ceratosauria, a group of dinosaurs defined as all theropods sharing a more recent common ancestor with Ceratosaurus than with birds.
Cetiosauridae
Cetiosauridae is a family of sauropod dinosaurs which was first proposed by Richard Lydekker in 1888.
See Dinosaur and Cetiosauridae
Chañares Formation
The Chañares Formation is a Carnian-age geologic formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin, located in La Rioja Province, Argentina.
See Dinosaur and Chañares Formation
Chang Qu
Chang Qu (291–361), courtesy name Daojiang, was a Chinese historian of the Cheng-Han dynasty during the Sixteen Kingdoms period and the Jin dynasty (266–420).
Chaoyangsauridae
Chaoyangsauridae is a family of ceratopsian dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Chaoyangsauridae
Charadriiformes
Charadriiformes (from Charadrius, the type genus of family Charadriidae) is a diverse order of small to medium-large birds.
See Dinosaur and Charadriiformes
Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist, widely known for his contributions to evolutionary biology.
See Dinosaur and Charles Darwin
Charles Dickens
Charles John Huffam Dickens (7 February 1812 – 9 June 1870) was an English novelist, journalist, short story writer and social critic.
See Dinosaur and Charles Dickens
Chasmosaurinae
Chasmosaurinae is a subfamily of ceratopsid dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Chasmosaurinae
Cheek
The cheeks (buccae) constitute the area of the face below the eyes and between the nose and the left or right ear.
Chemistry
Chemistry is the scientific study of the properties and behavior of matter.
Chicago
Chicago is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Illinois and in the Midwestern United States.
Chichester
Chichester is a cathedral city and civil parish in West Sussex, England.
Chicxulub crater
The Chicxulub crater is an impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. Dinosaur and Chicxulub crater are dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Chicxulub crater
Chilesaurus
Chilesaurus is an extinct genus of herbivorous dinosaur.
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.
Chindesaurus
Chindesaurus is an extinct genus of basal saurischian dinosaur from the Late Triassic (213-210 million years ago) of the southwestern United States.
Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences
The Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (CAGS) is an institution that engages in geoscience research in the People's Republic of China.
See Dinosaur and Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences
Chinese dragon
The Chinese Dragon is a legendary creature in Chinese mythology, Chinese folklore, and Chinese culture at large.
See Dinosaur and Chinese dragon
Chipping Norton
Chipping Norton is a market town and civil parish in the Cotswold Hills in the West Oxfordshire district of Oxfordshire, England, about south-west of Banbury and north-west of Oxford.
See Dinosaur and Chipping Norton
Choristodera
Choristodera (from the Greek χωριστός chōristos + δέρη dérē, 'separated neck') is an extinct order of semiaquatic diapsid reptiles that ranged from the Middle Jurassic, or possibly Triassic, to the Miocene (168 to 20 or possibly 11.6 million years ago).
Chromogisaurus
Chromogisaurus is an extinct genus of saturnaliid sauropodomorph which existed in Argentina during the Late Triassic (Carnian) period.
See Dinosaur and Chromogisaurus
Chronicles of Huayang
The Chronicles of Huayang or Huayang Guo Zhi (l) is the oldest extant gazetteer of a region of China.
See Dinosaur and Chronicles of Huayang
Citipati
Citipati (meaning "funeral pyre lord") is a genus of oviraptorid dinosaur that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous period, about 75 million to 71 million years ago.
Clade
In biological phylogenetics, a clade, also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a grouping of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree.
Cladistics
Cladistics is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry.
Class (biology)
In biological classification, class (classis) is a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank.
See Dinosaur and Class (biology)
Clavicle
The clavicle, collarbone, or keybone is a slender, S-shaped long bone approximately 6 inches (15 cm) long that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum (breastbone).
Clavipectoral triangle
The clavipectoral triangle (also known as the deltopectoral triangle) is an anatomical region found in humans and other animals.
See Dinosaur and Clavipectoral triangle
Climate change
In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system.
See Dinosaur and Climate change
Cloaca
A cloaca,: cloacae, is the rear orifice that serves as the only opening for the digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts (if present) of many vertebrate animals.
Cnemial crest
The cnemial crest is a crestlike prominence located at the front side of the head of the tibiotarsus or tibia in the legs of many mammals and reptiles (including birds and other dinosaurs).
See Dinosaur and Cnemial crest
Coelophysis
Coelophysis (traditionally; or, as heard more commonly in recent decades) is a genus of coelophysid theropod dinosaur that lived approximately 215 to 208.5 million years ago during the Late Triassic period from the middle to late Norian age in what is now the southwestern United States.
Coelophysoidea
Coelophysoidea is an extinct clade of theropod dinosaurs common during the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic periods.
See Dinosaur and Coelophysoidea
Coelurosauria
Coelurosauria (from Greek, meaning "hollow-tailed lizards") is the clade containing all theropod dinosaurs more closely related to birds than to carnosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Coelurosauria
Collagen
Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix of a body's various connective tissues.
Columbidae
Columbidae is a bird family consisting of doves and pigeons.
Common descent
Common descent is a concept in evolutionary biology applicable when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time.
See Dinosaur and Common descent
Common murre
The common murre, also called the common guillemot or foolish guillemot, (Uria aalge) is a large auk.
Company
A company, abbreviated as co., is a legal entity representing an association of legal people, whether natural, juridical or a mixture of both, with a specific objective.
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers research in biochemistry and physiology.
See Dinosaur and Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A
Compsognathidae
Compsognathidae is a family of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Compsognathidae
Compsognathus
Compsognathus (Greek kompsos/κομψός; "elegant", "refined" or "dainty", and gnathos/γνάθος; "jaw") is a genus of small, bipedal, carnivorous theropod dinosaur.
See Dinosaur and Compsognathus
Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences
(English: Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences), or simply Comptes rendus, is a French scientific journal published since 1835.
See Dinosaur and Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences
Computer simulation
Computer simulation is the process of mathematical modelling, performed on a computer, which is designed to predict the behaviour of, or the outcome of, a real-world or physical system.
See Dinosaur and Computer simulation
Conifer
Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms.
Convergent evolution
Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time.
See Dinosaur and Convergent evolution
Cornwell, Oxfordshire
Cornwell is a small village and civil parish about west of Chipping Norton in the West Oxfordshire district of Oxfordshire, near the county border with Gloucestershire.
See Dinosaur and Cornwell, Oxfordshire
Corte Madera, California
Corte Madera (Spanish for "Chop Wood") is an incorporated town in Marin County, California.
See Dinosaur and Corte Madera, California
Creationism
Creationism is the religious belief that nature, and aspects such as the universe, Earth, life, and humans, originated with supernatural acts of divine creation.
Cretaceous
The Cretaceous is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya).
Cretaceous Research
Cretaceous Research is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier.
See Dinosaur and Cretaceous Research
Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) boundary, formerly known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary (K–T) boundary, is a geological signature, usually a thin band of rock containing much more iridium than other bands.
See Dinosaur and Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event, also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction, was the mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth approximately 66 million years ago. Dinosaur and Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event are dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
Cricoid cartilage
The cricoid cartilage, or simply cricoid (from the Greek krikoeides meaning "ring-shaped") or cricoid ring, is the only complete ring of cartilage around the trachea.
See Dinosaur and Cricoid cartilage
Crocodile
Crocodiles (family Crocodylidae) or true crocodiles are large semiaquatic reptiles that live throughout the tropics in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Australia.
Crocodilia
Crocodilia (or Crocodylia, both) is an order of semiaquatic, predatory reptiles known as crocodilians. Dinosaur and crocodilia are taxa named by Richard Owen.
Crocodylomorpha
Crocodylomorpha is a group of pseudosuchian archosaurs that includes the crocodilians and their extinct relatives. Dinosaur and Crocodylomorpha are extant Late Triassic first appearances.
See Dinosaur and Crocodylomorpha
Crop (anatomy)
The crop (also the croup, the craw, the ingluvies, and the sublingual pouch) is a thin-walled, expanded portion of the alimentary tract, which is used for the storage of food before digestion.
See Dinosaur and Crop (anatomy)
Cross-link
emanate, and formed by reactions involving sites or groups on existingmacromolecules or by interactions between existing macromolecules.
Crystal Palace Dinosaurs
The Crystal Palace Dinosaurs are a series of sculptures of dinosaurs and other extinct animals, inaccurate by modern standards, in the London borough of Bromley's Crystal Palace Park.
See Dinosaur and Crystal Palace Dinosaurs
Crystal Palace Park
Crystal Palace Park is a large park in south-east London, Grade II* listed on the Register of Historic Parks and Gardens.
See Dinosaur and Crystal Palace Park
CT scan
A computed tomography scan (CT scan; formerly called computed axial tomography scan or CAT scan) is a medical imaging technique used to obtain detailed internal images of the body.
Cultural depictions of dinosaurs
Cultural depictions of dinosaurs have been numerous since the word dinosaur was coined in 1842.
See Dinosaur and Cultural depictions of dinosaurs
Current Zoology
Current Zoology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal of zoology.
See Dinosaur and Current Zoology
Cynodontia
Cynodontia is a clade of eutheriodont therapsids that first appeared in the Late Permian (approximately 260 mya), and extensively diversified after the Permian–Triassic extinction event. Dinosaur and Cynodontia are taxa named by Richard Owen.
D. Appleton & Company
D.
See Dinosaur and D. Appleton & Company
Daemonosaurus
Daemonosaurus is an extinct genus of possible theropod dinosaur from the Late Triassic of New Mexico.
See Dinosaur and Daemonosaurus
Dale Russell
Dale Alan Russell (27 December 1937 – 21 December 2019) was an American-Canadian geologist and palaeontologist.
David B. Norman
David Bruce Norman (born 20 June 1952 in the United Kingdom) is a British paleontologist, currently the main curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge University.
See Dinosaur and David B. Norman
David B. Weishampel
Professor David Bruce Weishampel (born November 16, 1952) is an American palaeontologist in the Center for Functional Anatomy and Evolution at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
See Dinosaur and David B. Weishampel
Deccan Traps
The Deccan Traps is a large igneous province of west-central India (17–24°N, 73–74°E).
Deinocheirus
Deinocheirus is a genus of large ornithomimosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous around 70 million years ago.
Deinonychosauria
Deinonychosauria is a clade of paravian dinosaurs which lived from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous periods.
See Dinosaur and Deinonychosauria
Deinonychus
Deinonychus is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur with one described species, Deinonychus antirrhopus.
Deposition (geology)
Deposition is the geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or landmass.
See Dinosaur and Deposition (geology)
Diamantinasauria
Diamantinasauria is an extinct clade of somphospondylan titanosauriform sauropod dinosaurs with close affinities to the Titanosauria, known from the early Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Turonian) of South America and Australia.
See Dinosaur and Diamantinasauria
Diapsid
Diapsids ("two arches") are a clade of sauropsids, distinguished from more primitive eureptiles by the presence of two holes, known as temporal fenestrae, in each side of their skulls.
Dicraeosauridae
Dicraeosauridae is a family of diplodocoid sauropods who are the sister group to Diplodocidae.
See Dinosaur and Dicraeosauridae
Dicynodontia
Dicynodontia is an extinct clade of anomodonts, an extinct type of non-mammalian therapsid. Dinosaur and Dicynodontia are taxa named by Richard Owen.
Dimetrodon
Dimetrodon is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsid belonging to the family Sphenacodontidae that lived during the Cisuralian age of the Early Permian period, around 295–272 million years ago.
Dinosaur coloration
Dinosaur coloration is generally one of the unknowns in the field of paleontology, as skin pigmentation is nearly always lost during the fossilization process.
See Dinosaur and Dinosaur coloration
Dinosaur diet and feeding
Dinosaur diets and feeding behavior varied widely throughout the clade, including carnivorous, herbivorous, and omnivorous forms.
See Dinosaur and Dinosaur diet and feeding
Dinosaur renaissance
The dinosaur renaissance was a highly specified scientific revolution that began in the late 1960s and led to renewed academic and popular interest in dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Dinosaur renaissance
Diplodocidae
Diplodocids, or members of the family Diplodocidae ("double beams"), are a group of sauropod dinosaurs.
Diplodocinae
Diplodocinae is an extinct subfamily of diplodocid sauropods that existed from the Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous of North America, Europe, Africa and South America, about 161.2 to 136.4 million years ago.
Diplodocoidea
Diplodocoidea is a superfamily of sauropod dinosaurs, which included some of the longest animals of all time, including slender giants like Supersaurus, Diplodocus, Apatosaurus, and Amphicoelias.
See Dinosaur and Diplodocoidea
Diplodocus
Diplodocus was a genus of diplodocid sauropod dinosaurs, whose fossils were first discovered in 1877 by S. W. Williston.
Diurnality
Diurnality is a form of plant and animal behavior characterized by activity during daytime, with a period of sleeping or other inactivity at night.
Donald F. Glut
Donald F. Glut (born February 19, 1944) is an American writer, motion picture film director, and screenwriter.
See Dinosaur and Donald F. Glut
Dromaeosauridae
Dromaeosauridae is a family of feathered coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Dromaeosauridae
Dromornithidae
Dromornithidae, known as mihirungs (after Tjapwuring Mihirung paringmal, "giant bird") and informally as thunder birds or demon ducks, were a clade of large, flightless Australian birds of the Oligocene through Pleistocene epochs.
See Dinosaur and Dromornithidae
Dryosauridae
Dryosauridae was a family of primitive iguanodonts, first proposed by Milner & Norman in 1984.
Dryosaurus
Dryosaurus (meaning 'tree lizard', Greek δρῦς (drys) meaning 'tree, oak' and σαυρος (sauros) meaning 'lizard'; the name reflects the forested habitat, not a vague oak-leaf shape of its cheek teeth as is sometimes assumed) is a genus of an ornithopod dinosaur that lived in the Late Jurassic period.
Dynamite
Dynamite is an explosive made of nitroglycerin, sorbents (such as powdered shells or clay), and stabilizers.
Dyrosauridae
Dyrosauridae is a family of extinct neosuchian crocodyliforms that lived from the Campanian to the Eocene.
E. P. Dutton
E.
E. Schweizerbart
E.
See Dinosaur and E. Schweizerbart
Early Cretaceous
The Early Cretaceous (geochronological name) or the Lower Cretaceous (chronostratigraphic name) is the earlier or lower of the two major divisions of the Cretaceous.
See Dinosaur and Early Cretaceous
Early Jurassic
The Early Jurassic Epoch (in chronostratigraphy corresponding to the Lower Jurassic Series) is the earliest of three epochs of the Jurassic Period.
See Dinosaur and Early Jurassic
Early Triassic
The Early Triassic is the first of three epochs of the Triassic Period of the geologic timescale.
See Dinosaur and Early Triassic
Earth science
Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth.
See Dinosaur and Earth science
Earth-Science Reviews
Earth-Science Reviews is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier.
See Dinosaur and Earth-Science Reviews
Ecological niche
In ecology, a niche is the match of a species to a specific environmental condition.
See Dinosaur and Ecological niche
Ecology
Ecology is the natural science of the relationships among living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment.
Ectotherm
An ectotherm (from the Greek ἐκτός "outside" and θερμός "heat"), more commonly referred to as a "cold-blooded animal", is an animal in which internal physiological sources of heat, such as blood, are of relatively small or of quite negligible importance in controlling body temperature.
Edmontosaurus
Edmontosaurus (meaning "lizard from Edmonton"), with the second species often colloquially and historically known as Anatosaurus or Anatotitan (meaning "duck lizard" and "giant duck"), is a genus of hadrosaurid (duck-billed) dinosaur.
See Dinosaur and Edmontosaurus
Edmontosaurus annectens
Edmontosaurus annectens (meaning "connected lizard from Edmonton"), often colloquially and historically known as Anatosaurus (meaning "duck lizard"), is a species of flat-headed saurolophine hadrosaurid dinosaur from the late Maastrichtian age at the very end of the Cretaceous period, in what is now western North America.
See Dinosaur and Edmontosaurus annectens
Edward Drinker Cope
Edward Drinker Cope (July 28, 1840 – April 12, 1897) was an American zoologist, paleontologist, comparative anatomist, herpetologist, and ichthyologist.
See Dinosaur and Edward Drinker Cope
Edward Lhuyd
Edward Lhuyd (1660– 30 June 1709), also known as Edward Lhwyd and by other spellings, was a Welsh naturalist, botanist, herbalist, alchemist, scientist, linguist, geographer, and antiquary.
Elasmaria
Elasmaria is a clade of ornithopods known from Cretaceous deposits in South America, Antarctica, and Australia that contains many bipedal ornithopods that were previously considered "hypsilophodonts".
Elastin
Elastin is a protein encoded by the ELN gene in humans.
Elsevier
Elsevier is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content.
Emperor penguin
The emperor penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) is the tallest and heaviest of all living penguin species and is endemic to Antarctica.
See Dinosaur and Emperor penguin
Enantiornithes
The Enantiornithes, also known as enantiornithines or enantiornitheans in literature, are a group of extinct avialans ("birds" in the broad sense), the most abundant and diverse group known from the Mesozoic era.
See Dinosaur and Enantiornithes
Encyclopædia Britannica
The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
See Dinosaur and Encyclopædia Britannica
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. is the company known for publishing the Encyclopædia Britannica, the world's oldest continuously published encyclopaedia.
See Dinosaur and Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
Endotherm
An endotherm (from Greek ἔνδον endon "within" and θέρμη thermē "heat") is an organism that maintains its body at a metabolically favorable temperature, largely by the use of heat released by its internal bodily functions instead of relying almost purely on ambient heat.
Eocene
The Eocene is a geological epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (Ma).
Eodromaeus
Eodromaeus (meaning "dawn runner") is an extinct genus of probable basal theropod dinosaurs from the Late Triassic of Argentina.
Eogruidae
Eogruidae (also spelled Eogruiidae in some publications) is a family of large, flightless birds that inhabited Asia from the Eocene to Pliocene epochs.
Eoraptor
Eoraptor is a genus of small, lightly built, basal sauropodomorph dinosaur.
Epipophyses
Epipophyses are bony projections of the cervical vertebrae found in archosauromorphs, particularly dinosaurs (including some basal birds).
Era
An era is a span of time defined for the purposes of chronology or historiography, as in the regnal eras in the history of a given monarchy, a calendar era used for a given calendar, or the geological eras defined for the history of Earth.
See Dinosaur and Era
Eudromaeosauria
Eudromaeosauria ("true dromaeosaurs") is a subgroup of terrestrial dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Eudromaeosauria
Euhelopodidae
Euhelopodidae is a family of sauropod dinosaurs of disputed membership and affinities, which contains Euhelopus and its close relatives.
See Dinosaur and Euhelopodidae
Euornithes
Euornithes (from Greek ευόρνιθες meaning "true birds") is a natural group which includes the most recent common ancestor of all avialans closer to modern birds than to Sinornis.
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
European Society for Evolutionary Biology
The European Society for Evolutionary Biology (ESEB) was founded in 1987 in Basel, Switzerland, with around 450 evolutionary biologists attending the inaugural congress.
See Dinosaur and European Society for Evolutionary Biology
Eusauropoda
Eusauropoda (meaning "True Lizard Foot") is a derived clade of sauropod dinosaurs.
Evans Brothers Ltd
Evans Brothers Ltd (or Evans Brothers Limited) was a British publishing house that was part of the Evans Publishing Group UK.
See Dinosaur and Evans Brothers Ltd
Evolution
Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
Evolution (journal)
Evolution: International Journal of Organic Evolution, is a monthly scientific journal that publishes significant new results of empirical or theoretical investigations concerning facts, processes, mechanics, or concepts of evolutionary phenomena and events.
See Dinosaur and Evolution (journal)
Evolution of birds
The evolution of birds began in the Jurassic Period, with the earliest birds derived from a clade of theropod dinosaurs named Paraves.
See Dinosaur and Evolution of birds
Evolutionary biology
Evolutionary biology is the subfield of biology that studies the evolutionary processes (natural selection, common descent, speciation) that produced the diversity of life on Earth.
See Dinosaur and Evolutionary biology
Evolutionary radiation
An evolutionary radiation is an increase in taxonomic diversity that is caused by elevated rates of speciation, that may or may not be associated with an increase in morphological disparity.
See Dinosaur and Evolutionary radiation
Extinction
Extinction is the termination of a taxon by the death of its last member.
Extinction event
An extinction event (also known as a mass extinction or biotic crisis) is a widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth.
See Dinosaur and Extinction event
Feather
Feathers are epidermal growths that form a distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on both avian (bird) and some non-avian dinosaurs and other archosaurs.
Feathered dinosaur
A feathered dinosaur is any species of dinosaur possessing feathers.
See Dinosaur and Feathered dinosaur
Feces
Feces (or faeces;: faex) are the solid or semi-solid remains of food that was not digested in the small intestine, and has been broken down by bacteria in the large intestine.
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), alternatively known as University of Brazil, is a public research university in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
See Dinosaur and Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
Femur
The femur (femurs or femora), or thigh bone is the only bone in the thigh.
Fibula
The fibula (fibulae or fibulas) or calf bone is a leg bone on the lateral side of the tibia, to which it is connected above and below.
Fiction
Fiction is any creative work, chiefly any narrative work, portraying individuals, events, or places that are imaginary or in ways that are imaginary.
Film
A film (British English) also called a movie (American English), motion picture, moving picture, picture, photoplay or (slang) flick is a work of visual art that simulates experiences and otherwise communicates ideas, stories, perceptions, feelings, beauty, or atmosphere through the use of moving images.
Flocking
Flocking is the behavior exhibited when a group of birds, called a flock, are foraging or in flight.
Flood basalt
A flood basalt (or plateau basalt) is the result of a giant volcanic eruption or series of eruptions that covers large stretches of land or the ocean floor with basalt lava.
Flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae, commonly called angiosperms.
See Dinosaur and Flowering plant
Food web
A food web is the natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation of what-eats-what in an ecological community.
Forbes
Forbes is an American business magazine founded by B. C. Forbes in 1917 and owned by Hong Kong-based investment group Integrated Whale Media Investments since 2014.
Fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.
Fossil track
A fossil track or ichnite (Greek "ιχνιον" (ichnion) – a track, trace or footstep) is a fossilized footprint.
Fossorial
A fossorial animal is one that is adapted to digging and which lives primarily (but not solely) underground.
Fourth trochanter
The fourth trochanter is a shared characteristic common to archosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Fourth trochanter
Fowl
Fowl are birds belonging to one of two biological orders, namely the gamefowl or landfowl (Galliformes) and the waterfowl (Anseriformes).
French Academy of Sciences
The French Academy of Sciences (French: Académie des sciences) is a learned society, founded in 1666 by Louis XIV at the suggestion of Jean-Baptiste Colbert, to encourage and protect the spirit of French scientific research.
See Dinosaur and French Academy of Sciences
Furcula
The italics (Latin for "little fork";: furculae) or wishbone is a forked bone found in most birds and some species of non-avian dinosaurs, and is formed by the fusion of the two clavicles.
Gastornis
Gastornis is an extinct genus of large, flightless birds that lived during the mid-Paleocene to mid-Eocene epochs of the Paleogene period.
Gastrolith
A gastrolith, also called a stomach stone or gizzard stone, is a rock held inside a gastrointestinal tract.
Gazetteer
A gazetteer is a geographical dictionary or directory used in conjunction with a map or atlas.
Genus
Genus (genera) is a taxonomic rank above species and below family as used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses.
Geologic time scale
The geologic time scale or geological time scale (GTS) is a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth.
See Dinosaur and Geologic time scale
Geological Society of America
The Geological Society of America (GSA) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the advancement of the geosciences.
See Dinosaur and Geological Society of America
Geological Society of America Bulletin
The Geological Society of America Bulletin (until 1960 called The Bulletin of the Geological Society of America and also commonly referred to as GSA Bulletin) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that has been published by the Geological Society of America since 1890.
See Dinosaur and Geological Society of America Bulletin
Geological Society of Glasgow
The Geological Society of Glasgow is a scientific society devoted to the study of geology in Scotland.
See Dinosaur and Geological Society of Glasgow
Geological Society of London
The Geological Society of London, known commonly as the Geological Society, is a learned society based in the United Kingdom.
See Dinosaur and Geological Society of London
Geologists' Association
The Geologists' Association, founded in 1858, is a British organisation with charitable status for those concerned with the study of geology.
See Dinosaur and Geologists' Association
Geology (journal)
Geology is a peer-reviewed publication of the Geological Society of America (GSA).
See Dinosaur and Geology (journal)
Geology Today
Geology Today is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley on behalf of the Geologists' Association and the Geological Society of London.
See Dinosaur and Geology Today
Geranoididae
Geranoididae is a clade of extinct birds from the early to late Eocene and possibly early Oligocene of North America and Europe.
Gerhard Heilmann
Gerhard Heilmann (later sometimes spelt "Heilman") (25 June 1859 – 26 March 1946) was a Danish artist and paleontologist who created artistic depictions of Archaeopteryx, Proavis and other early bird relatives apart from writing the 1926 book The Origin of Birds, a pioneering and influential account of bird evolution.
See Dinosaur and Gerhard Heilmann
Gertie the Dinosaur
Gertie the Dinosaur is a 1914 animated short film by American cartoonist and animator Winsor McCay.
See Dinosaur and Gertie the Dinosaur
Giant
In folklore, giants (from Ancient Greek: gigas, cognate giga-) are beings of humanoid appearance, but are at times prodigious in size and strength or bear an otherwise notable appearance.
Gideon Mantell
Gideon Algernon Mantell MRCS FRS (3 February 1790 – 10 November 1852) was an English obstetrician, geologist and palaeontologist.
See Dinosaur and Gideon Mantell
Giganotosaurus
Giganotosaurus is a genus of theropod dinosaur that lived in what is now Argentina, during the early Cenomanian age of the Late Cretaceous period, approximately 99.6 to 95 million years ago.
See Dinosaur and Giganotosaurus
Gigantothermy
Gigantothermy (sometimes called ectothermic homeothermy or inertial homeothermy) is a phenomenon with significance in biology and paleontology, whereby large, bulky ectothermic animals are more easily able to maintain a constant, relatively high body temperature than smaller animals by virtue of their smaller surface-area-to-volume ratio.
See Dinosaur and Gigantothermy
Giraffatitan
Giraffatitan (name meaning "titanic giraffe") is a genus of sauropod dinosaur that lived during the late Jurassic Period (Kimmeridgian–Tithonian stages) in what is now Lindi Region, Tanzania.
Gizzard
The gizzard, also referred to as the ventriculus, gastric mill, and gigerium, is an organ found in the digestive tract of some animals, including archosaurs (birds and other dinosaurs, crocodiles, alligators, pterosaurs), earthworms, some gastropods, some fish, and some crustaceans.
Gnathovorax
Gnathovorax is a genus of herrerasaurid saurischian dinosaur from the Santa Maria Formation in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
Gobi Desert
The Gobi Desert (Говь) is a large, cold desert and grassland region in northern China and southern Mongolia and is the sixth largest desert in the world.
Godzilla (1954 film)
is a 1954 Japanese epic kaiju film directed and co-written by Ishirō Honda, with special effects by Eiji Tsuburaya.
See Dinosaur and Godzilla (1954 film)
Gondwana
Gondwana was a large landmass, sometimes referred to as a supercontinent.
Gondwana Research
Gondwana Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal with an "all earth science" scope and an emphasis on the origin and evolution of continents.
See Dinosaur and Gondwana Research
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are the gases in the atmosphere that raise the surface temperature of planets such as the Earth.
See Dinosaur and Greenhouse gas
Growth curve (biology)
A growth curve is an empirical model of the evolution of a quantity over time.
See Dinosaur and Growth curve (biology)
Guaibasauridae
Guaibasauridae is a family of basal sauropodomorph dinosaurs, known from fossil remains of late Triassic period formations in Brazil, Argentina and India. Dinosaur and Guaibasauridae are Carnian first appearances.
See Dinosaur and Guaibasauridae
Guaibasaurus
Guaibasaurus is an extinct genus of basal saurischian dinosaur known from the Late Triassic Caturrita Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil.
Gymnosperm
The gymnosperms are a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and gnetophytes, forming the clade Gymnospermae.
Habitat
In ecology, habitat refers to the array of resources, physical and biotic factors that are present in an area, such as to support the survival and reproduction of a particular species.
Haddonfield, New Jersey
Haddonfield is a borough located in Camden County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.
See Dinosaur and Haddonfield, New Jersey
Hadrosauridae
Hadrosaurids, or duck-billed dinosaurs, are members of the ornithischian family Hadrosauridae.
See Dinosaur and Hadrosauridae
Hadrosauromorpha
Hadrosauromorpha is a clade of iguanodontian ornithopods, defined in 2014 by David B. Norman to divide Hadrosauroidea into the basal taxa with compressed manual bones and a pollex, and the derived taxa that lack them.
See Dinosaur and Hadrosauromorpha
Hadrosaurus
Hadrosaurus is a genus of hadrosaurid ornithopod dinosaurs that lived in North America during the Late Cretaceous Period in what is now the Woodbury Formation In Pennsylvania about 78-80 Ma.
Halszkaraptorinae
Halszkaraptorinae is a basal ("primitive") subfamily of Dromaeosauridae (or possibly Unenlagiidae) that includes the enigmatic genera Halszkaraptor, Natovenator, Mahakala, and Hulsanpes.
See Dinosaur and Halszkaraptorinae
Harmondsworth
Harmondsworth is a village in the London Borough of Hillingdon in the county of Greater London with a short border to the south onto London Heathrow Airport and close to the Berkshire county border.
See Dinosaur and Harmondsworth
HarperCollins
HarperCollins Publishers LLC is a British-American publishing company that is considered to be one of the "Big Five" English-language publishers, along with Penguin Random House, Hachette, Macmillan, and Simon & Schuster.
See Dinosaur and HarperCollins
Harry Forbes Witherby
Harry Forbes Witherby, MBE, FZS, MBOU (7 October 1873 – 11 December 1943) was a noted British ornithologist, author, publisher and founding editor (in 1907) of the magazine ''British Birds''.
See Dinosaur and Harry Forbes Witherby
Henry Liddell
Henry George Liddell (6 February 1811– 18 January 1898) was dean (1855–1891) of Christ Church, Oxford, Vice-Chancellor of Oxford University (1870–1874), headmaster (1846–1855) of Westminster School (where a house is now named after him), author of A History of Rome (1855), and co-author (with Robert Scott) of the monumental work A Greek–English Lexicon, known as "Liddell and Scott", which is still widely used by students of Greek.
See Dinosaur and Henry Liddell
Herbivore
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet.
Herd
A herd is a social group of certain animals of the same species, either wild or domestic.
Herrerasauridae
Herrerasauridae is a family of carnivorous dinosaurs, possibly basal to either theropods or even all of saurischians, or even their own branching from Dracohors, separate from Dinosauria altogether. Dinosaur and Herrerasauridae are Carnian first appearances.
See Dinosaur and Herrerasauridae
Herrerasaurus
Herrerasaurus is likely a genus of saurischian dinosaur from the Late Triassic period.
See Dinosaur and Herrerasaurus
Hesperornithes
Hesperornithes is an extinct and highly specialized group of aquatic avialans closely related to the ancestors of modern birds.
See Dinosaur and Hesperornithes
Heterodontosauridae
Heterodontosauridae is a family of ornithischian dinosaurs that were likely among the most basal (primitive) members of the group.
See Dinosaur and Heterodontosauridae
Histology
Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology that studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues.
Historical Biology
Historical Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of paleobiology.
See Dinosaur and Historical Biology
History of life
The history of life on Earth traces the processes by which living and extinct organisms evolved, from the earliest emergence of life to the present day.
See Dinosaur and History of life
Hoboken, New Jersey
Hoboken (Unami: Hupokàn) is a city in Hudson County in the U.S. state of New Jersey.
See Dinosaur and Hoboken, New Jersey
Holocene
The Holocene is the current geological epoch, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago.
Homology (biology)
In biology, homology is similarity due to shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa.
See Dinosaur and Homology (biology)
House sparrow
The house sparrow (Passer domesticus) is a bird of the sparrow family Passeridae, found in most parts of the world.
See Dinosaur and House sparrow
Hugh Torrens
Hugh Simon Torrens (born 1940) is a British historian of geology and paleontology, and Emeritus Professor of History of Science and Technology at Keele University.
Humerus
The humerus (humeri) is a long bone in the arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow.
Hummingbird
Hummingbirds are birds native to the Americas and comprise the biological family Trochilidae.
Hydrophobe
In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water (known as a hydrophobe).
Hylaeosaurus
Hylaeosaurus (Greek: hylaios/ὑλαῖος "belonging to the forest" and sauros/σαυρος "lizard") is a herbivorous ankylosaurian dinosaur that lived about 136 million years ago, in the late Valanginian stage of the early Cretaceous period of England.
Hypacrosaurus
Hypacrosaurus (meaning "near the highest lizard", because it was almost but not quite as large as Tyrannosaurus) was a genus of duckbill dinosaur similar in appearance to Corythosaurus.
See Dinosaur and Hypacrosaurus
Hypsilophodon
Hypsilophodon (meaning "high-crested tooth") is a neornithischian dinosaur genus from the Early Cretaceous period of England.
See Dinosaur and Hypsilophodon
Hypsilophodontidae
Hypsilophodontidae (or Hypsilophodontia) is a traditionally used family of ornithopod dinosaurs, generally considered invalid today.
See Dinosaur and Hypsilophodontidae
Ichthyosauria
Ichthyosauria (Ancient Greek for "fish lizard" – and) is an order of large extinct marine reptiles sometimes referred to as "ichthyosaurs", although the term is also used for wider clades in which the order resides.
See Dinosaur and Ichthyosauria
Iguana
Iguana is a genus of herbivorous lizards that are native to tropical areas of Mexico, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean.
Iguanodon
Iguanodon (meaning 'iguana-tooth'), named in 1825, is a genus of iguanodontian dinosaur.
Ilium (bone)
The ilium (ilia) is the uppermost and largest region of the coxal bone, and appears in most vertebrates including mammals and birds, but not bony fish.
Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry is a form of immunostaining.
See Dinosaur and Immunohistochemistry
Impact event
An impact event is a collision between astronomical objects causing measurable effects.
Impact winter
An impact winter is a hypothesized period of prolonged cold weather due to the impact of a large asteroid or comet on the Earth's surface.
See Dinosaur and Impact winter
Indiana University Press
Indiana University Press, also known as IU Press, is an academic publisher founded in 1950 at Indiana University that specializes in the humanities and social sciences.
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Inner Mongolia
Inner Mongolia, officially the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China.
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Interclavicle
An interclavicle is a bone which, in most tetrapods, is located between the clavicles.
See Dinosaur and Interclavicle
Iridium
Iridium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ir and atomic number 77.
Isaac Newton
Sir Isaac Newton (25 December 1642 – 20 March 1726/27) was an English polymath active as a mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author who was described in his time as a natural philosopher.
Ischigualasto Formation
The Ischigualasto Formation is a Late Triassic geological formation in the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin of southwestern La Rioja Province and northeastern San Juan Province in northwestern Argentina.
See Dinosaur and Ischigualasto Formation
Ischium
The ischium (ischia) forms the lower and back region of the hip bone (os coxae).
Isle of Skye
The Isle of Skye, or simply Skye (An t-Eilean Sgitheanach or Eilean a' Cheò), is the largest and northernmost of the major islands in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland.
Jack Horner (paleontologist)
John Robert Horner (born June 15, 1946) is an American paleontologist most famous for describing Maiasaura, providing the first clear evidence that some dinosaurs cared for their young.
See Dinosaur and Jack Horner (paleontologist)
Jacques Gauthier
Jacques Armand Gauthier (born June 7, 1948, in New York City) is an American vertebrate paleontologist, comparative morphologist, and systematist, and one of the founders of the use of cladistics in biology.
See Dinosaur and Jacques Gauthier
Jaklapallisaurus
Jaklapallisaurus is a genus of unaysaurid sauropodomorph dinosaur.
See Dinosaur and Jaklapallisaurus
Jefferson, North Carolina
Jefferson is a town in and the county seat of Ashe County, North Carolina, United States.
See Dinosaur and Jefferson, North Carolina
Jehol Biota
The Jehol Biota includes all the living organisms – the ecosystem – of northeastern China between 133 and 120 million years ago.
Jersey City, New Jersey
Jersey City is the second-most populous, New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce Development.
See Dinosaur and Jersey City, New Jersey
Jin dynasty (266–420)
The Jin dynasty or Jin Empire, sometimes distinguished as the or the, was an imperial dynasty in China that existed from 266 to 420.
See Dinosaur and Jin dynasty (266–420)
John Murray (publishing house)
John Murray is a Scottish publisher, known for the authors it has published in its long history including Jane Austen, Arthur Conan Doyle, Lord Byron, Charles Lyell, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Herman Melville, Edward Whymper, Thomas Robert Malthus, David Ricardo, and Charles Darwin.
See Dinosaur and John Murray (publishing house)
John Ostrom
John Harold Ostrom (February 18, 1928 – July 16, 2005) was an American paleontologist who revolutionized the modern understanding of dinosaurs.
Johns Hopkins University Press
Johns Hopkins University Press (also referred to as JHU Press or JHUP) is the publishing division of Johns Hopkins University.
See Dinosaur and Johns Hopkins University Press
Journal of Anatomy
The Journal of Anatomy is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley on behalf of the Anatomical Society.
See Dinosaur and Journal of Anatomy
Journal of Evolutionary Biology
The Journal of Evolutionary Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published monthly covering the field of evolutionary biology.
See Dinosaur and Journal of Evolutionary Biology
Journal of Experimental Zoology
Journal of Experimental Zoology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of zoology established in 1904.
See Dinosaur and Journal of Experimental Zoology
Journal of Morphology
The Journal of Morphology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of anatomy and morphology featuring primary research articles, review articles, and meeting abstracts.
See Dinosaur and Journal of Morphology
Journal of Natural History
The Journal of Natural History is a scientific journal published by Taylor & Francis focusing on entomology and zoology.
See Dinosaur and Journal of Natural History
Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
The Journal of Systematic Palaeontology (Print:, online) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of palaeontology published by Taylor & Francis on behalf of the British Natural History Museum.
See Dinosaur and Journal of Systematic Palaeontology
Journal of the Geological Society
The Journal of the Geological Society is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Geological Society of London.
See Dinosaur and Journal of the Geological Society
Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
The Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal that was established in 1980 by Jiri Zidek (University of Oklahoma).
See Dinosaur and Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology
Journey to the Center of the Earth
Journey to the Center of the Earth (Voyage au centre de la Terre), also translated with the variant titles A Journey to the Centre of the Earth and A Journey into the Interior of the Earth, is a classic science fiction novel by Jules Verne.
See Dinosaur and Journey to the Center of the Earth
Jules Verne
Jules Gabriel Verne (Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.; 8 February 1828 – 24 March 1905) was a French novelist, poet, and playwright.
Julian Messner
Julian Messner, Inc. was an American publishing house founded in 1933.
See Dinosaur and Julian Messner
Jurassic
The Jurassic is a geologic period and stratigraphic system that spanned from the end of the Triassic Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period, approximately Mya.
Jurassic Park
Jurassic Park, later also referred to as Jurassic World, is an American science fiction media franchise created by Michael Crichton and centered on a disastrous attempt to create a theme park of cloned dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Jurassic Park
Jurassic Park (film)
Jurassic Park is a 1993 American science fiction action film directed by Steven Spielberg, produced by Kathleen Kennedy and Gerald R. Molen, and starring Sam Neill, Laura Dern, Jeff Goldblum, and Richard Attenborough.
See Dinosaur and Jurassic Park (film)
Jurassic Park (novel)
Jurassic Park is a 1990 science fiction novel written by Michael Crichton.
See Dinosaur and Jurassic Park (novel)
Juravenator
Juravenator is a genus of small (75 cm long) coelurosaurian theropod dinosaur (although a 2020 study proposed it to be a hatchling megalosauroid), which lived in the area which would someday become the top of the Franconian Jura of Germany (Painten Formation), about 151 or 152 million years ago.
Keel (bird anatomy)
A keel or carina (carinae) in bird anatomy is an extension of the sternum (breastbone) which runs axially along the midline of the sternum and extends outward, perpendicular to the plane of the ribs.
See Dinosaur and Keel (bird anatomy)
Kenneth Carpenter
Kenneth Carpenter (born 21 September 1949, in Tokyo, Japan) is an American paleontologist.
See Dinosaur and Kenneth Carpenter
Keratin
Keratin is one of a family of structural fibrous proteins also known as scleroproteins.
Kevin Padian
Kevin Padian (born 1951) is an American paleontologist.
Kidney
In humans, the kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped blood-filtering organs that are a multilobar, multipapillary form of mammalian kidneys, usually without signs of external lobulation.
King Kong (1933 film)
King Kong is a 1933 American pre-Code adventure romance monster film directed and produced by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack, with special effects by Willis H. O'Brien and music by Max Steiner.
See Dinosaur and King Kong (1933 film)
Lagerpeton
Lagerpeton is a genus of lagerpetid avemetatarsalian, comprising a single species, L. chanarensis.
Lagerstätte
A Fossil-Lagerstätte (from Lager 'storage, lair' Stätte 'place'; plural Lagerstätten) is a sedimentary deposit that exhibits extraordinary fossils with exceptional preservation—sometimes including preserved soft tissues.
Lagosuchus
Lagosuchus is an extinct genus of avemetatarsalian archosaur from the Late Triassic of Argentina.
Lambeosaurinae
Lambeosaurinae is an extinct group of crested hadrosaurid dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Lambeosaurinae
Laminin
Laminins are a family of glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix of all animals.
Largest organisms
This article lists the largest organisms for various types of life and mostly considers extant species, which found on Earth can be determined according to various aspects of an organism's size, such as: mass, volume, area, length, height, or even genome size.
See Dinosaur and Largest organisms
Larry Martin
Larry Dean Martin (December 8, 1943 – March 9, 2013) was an American vertebrate paleontologist and curator of the Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center at the University of Kansas.
Larynx
The larynx, commonly called the voice box, is an organ in the top of the neck involved in breathing, producing sound and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.
Late Cretaceous
The Late Cretaceous (100.5–66 Ma) is the younger of two epochs into which the Cretaceous Period is divided in the geologic time scale.
See Dinosaur and Late Cretaceous
Late Jurassic
The Late Jurassic is the third epoch of the Jurassic Period, and it spans the geologic time from 161.5 ± 1.0 to 145.0 ± 0.8 million years ago (Ma), which is preserved in Upper Jurassic strata.
See Dinosaur and Late Jurassic
Late Triassic
The Late Triassic is the third and final epoch of the Triassic Period in the geologic time scale, spanning the time between Ma and Ma (million years ago).
See Dinosaur and Late Triassic
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is a federally funded research and development center in the hills of Berkeley, California, United States.
See Dinosaur and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory
Leptoceratopsidae
Leptoceratopsidae is an extinct family of neoceratopsian dinosaurs from Asia, North America and Europe.
See Dinosaur and Leptoceratopsidae
Lessemsauridae
Lessemsauridae is a clade of early sauropodiform dinosaurs that lived in the Triassic and Jurassic of Argentina, South Africa and possibly Lesotho.
See Dinosaur and Lessemsauridae
Linnaean taxonomy
Linnaean taxonomy can mean either of two related concepts.
See Dinosaur and Linnaean taxonomy
Lisbon
Lisbon (Lisboa) is the capital and largest city of Portugal, with an estimated population of 567,131 as of 2023 within its administrative limits and 2,961,177 within the metropolis.
List of bird genera
List of bird genera concerns the chordata class of aves or birds, characterised by feathers, a beak with no teeth, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, and a high metabolic rate.
See Dinosaur and List of bird genera
List of birds
This article lists living orders and families of birds.
See Dinosaur and List of birds
List of dinosaur genera
Dinosaurs are a diverse group of reptiles of the clade Dinosauria.
See Dinosaur and List of dinosaur genera
List of films featuring dinosaurs
This is a list of films that feature non-avian dinosaurs and other prehistoric (mainly Mesozoic) archosaurs, pterosaurs, and marine reptiles such as mosasaurs and plesiosaurs.
See Dinosaur and List of films featuring dinosaurs
List of informally named dinosaurs
This list of informally named dinosaurs is a listing of dinosaurs (excluding Aves; birds and their extinct relatives) that have never been given formally published scientific names.
See Dinosaur and List of informally named dinosaurs
Lists of dinosaur-bearing stratigraphic units
This list of dinosaur-bearing rock formations is a list of geologic formations in which dinosaur fossils have been documented.
See Dinosaur and Lists of dinosaur-bearing stratigraphic units
Literature
Literature is any collection of written work, but it is also used more narrowly for writings specifically considered to be an art form, especially novels, plays, and poems.
Lizard
Lizard is the common name used for all squamate reptiles other than snakes (and to a lesser extent amphisbaenians), encompassing over 7,000 species, ranging across all continents except Antarctica, as well as most oceanic island chains.
London
London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.
Lower Maleri Formation
The Lower Maleri Formation is a sedimentary rock formation found in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, India.
See Dinosaur and Lower Maleri Formation
Luis Rey
Luis V. Rey (born 1955) is a Spanish-Mexican artist and illustrator.
Luis Walter Alvarez
Luis Walter Alvarez (June 13, 1911 – September 1, 1988) was an American experimental physicist, inventor, and professor who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1968 for his discovery of resonance states in particle physics using the hydrogen bubble chamber.
See Dinosaur and Luis Walter Alvarez
Maastrichtian
The Maastrichtian is, in the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) geologic timescale, the latest age (uppermost stage) of the Late Cretaceous Epoch or Upper Cretaceous Series, the Cretaceous Period or System, and of the Mesozoic Era or Erathem.
See Dinosaur and Maastrichtian
Macrocollum
Macrocollum is a genus of unaysaurid sauropodomorph dinosaur that lived during the Late Triassic period (early Norian) in what is now Brazil.
Macronaria
Macronaria is a clade of sauropod dinosaurs.
Macuahuitl
A macuahuitl is a weapon, a wooden club with several embedded obsidian blades.
Madagascar
Madagascar, officially the Republic of Madagascar and the Fourth Republic of Madagascar, is an island country comprising the island of Madagascar and numerous smaller peripheral islands.
Maiasaura
Maiasaura (from the Greek μαῖα, meaning "good mother" and σαύρα, the feminine form of saurus, meaning "reptile") is a large herbivorous saurolophine hadrosaurid ("duck-billed") dinosaur genus that lived in the area currently covered by the state of Montana and the province of Alberta, Canada, in the Upper Cretaceous Period (mid to late Campanian), from 86.3 to 70.6 million years ago.
Maidstone
Maidstone is the largest town in Kent, England, of which it is the county town.
Majungasaurus
Majungasaurus is a genus of abelisaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in Madagascar from 70 to 66 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous Period, making it one of the last-known non-avian dinosaurs that went extinct during the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.
See Dinosaur and Majungasaurus
Malden, Massachusetts
Malden is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States.
See Dinosaur and Malden, Massachusetts
Mamenchisaurus
Mamenchisaurus (or spelling pronunciation) is a genus of sauropod dinosaur known for their remarkably long necks which made up nearly half the total body length.
See Dinosaur and Mamenchisaurus
Mammal
A mammal is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia.
Manda Formation
The Manda Formation (also known as the Manda Beds) is a Middle Triassic (Anisian?) or possibly Late Triassic (Carnian?) geologic formation in Tanzania.
See Dinosaur and Manda Formation
Maniraptora
Maniraptora is a clade of coelurosaurian dinosaurs which includes the birds and the non-avian dinosaurs that were more closely related to them than to Ornithomimus velox.
Mantle plume
A mantle plume is a proposed mechanism of convection within the Earth's mantle, hypothesized to explain anomalous volcanism.
Maraapunisaurus
Maraapunisaurus is a genus of sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation of western North America.
See Dinosaur and Maraapunisaurus
Marginocephalia
Marginocephalia (/mär′jə-nō-sə-făl′ē-ən/ Latin: margin-head) is a clade of ornithischian dinosaurs that is characterized by a bony shelf or margin at the back of the skull.
See Dinosaur and Marginocephalia
Mark Norell
Mark Allen Norell (born July 26, 1957) is an American vertebrate paleontologist.
Marl
Marl is an earthy material rich in carbonate minerals, clays, and silt.
Mary Ann Mantell
Mary Ann Mantell (née Woodhouse; 9 April 1795 – 20 October 1869) was a British fossil collector and the wife of the British paleontologist Gideon Mantell.
See Dinosaur and Mary Ann Mantell
Mary Higby Schweitzer
Mary Higby Schweitzer is an American paleontologist at North Carolina State University, who led the groups that discovered the remains of blood cells in dinosaur fossils and later discovered soft tissue remains in the Tyrannosaurus rex specimen MOR 1125, as well as evidence that the specimen was a pregnant female when she died.
See Dinosaur and Mary Higby Schweitzer
Massopoda
Massopoda is a clade of sauropodomorph dinosaurs which lived during the Late Triassic to Late Cretaceous epochs.
Massospondylidae
Massospondylidae is a family of early massopod dinosaurs that existed in Asia, Africa, North America, South America and AntarcticaHellert, Spencer M. "A New Basal Sauropodomorph from The Early Jurassic Hanson Formation of Antarctica." Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs,.
See Dinosaur and Massospondylidae
Massospondylus
Massospondylus (from Greek, μάσσων (massōn, "longer") and σπόνδυλος (spondylos, "vertebra")) was a genus of sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Early Jurassic (Hettangian to Pliensbachian ages, ca. 200–183 million years ago). Dinosaur and Massospondylus are taxa named by Richard Owen.
See Dinosaur and Massospondylus
Matt Lamanna
Matthew Carl Lamanna is a paleontologist and the assistant curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, where he oversees the dinosaur collection.
Mbiresaurus
Mbiresaurus (meaning "Mbire reptile") is an extinct genus of basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Pebbly Arkose Formation of Zimbabwe.
McFarland & Company
McFarland & Company, Inc., is an American independent book publisher based in Jefferson, North Carolina, that specializes in academic and reference works, as well as general-interest adult nonfiction.
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Medford, Massachusetts
Medford is a city northwest of downtown Boston on the Mystic River in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States.
See Dinosaur and Medford, Massachusetts
In communication, media are the outlets or tools used to store and deliver content; semantic information or subject matter of which the media contains.
See Dinosaur and Media (communication)
Megalosauridae
Megalosauridae is a monophyletic family of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs within the group Megalosauroidea.
See Dinosaur and Megalosauridae
Megalosauroidea
Megalosauroidea (meaning 'great/big lizard forms') is a superfamily (or clade) of tetanuran theropod dinosaurs that lived from the Middle Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous period.
See Dinosaur and Megalosauroidea
Megalosaurus
Megalosaurus (meaning "great lizard", from Greek μέγας, megas, meaning 'big', 'tall' or 'great' and σαῦρος, sauros, meaning 'lizard') is an extinct genus of large carnivorous theropod dinosaurs of the Middle Jurassic Epoch (Bathonian stage, 166 million years ago) of southern England.
Megapnosaurus
Megapnosaurus (meaning "big dead lizard", from Greek μέγα.
See Dinosaur and Megapnosaurus
Megapode
The megapodes, also known as incubator birds or mound-builders, are stocky, medium-large, chicken-like birds with small heads and large feet in the family Megapodiidae.
Megaraptora
Megaraptora is a clade of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs with controversial relationships to other tetanuran theropods.
Mei long
Mei (from l) is a genus of duck-sized troodontid dinosaur first unearthed by paleontologists from the Yixian Formation in Liaoning, China in 2004.
Melanin
Melanin is a family of biomolecules organized as oligomers or polymers, which among other functions provide the pigments of many organisms.
Melanosome
A melanosome is an organelle found in animal cells and is the site for synthesis, storage and transport of melanin, the most common light-absorbing pigment found in the animal kingdom.
Mesotherm
A mesotherm (from Greek μέσος mesos "intermediate" and thermē "heat") is a type of animal with a thermoregulatory strategy intermediate to cold-blooded ectotherms and warm-blooded endotherms.
Mesozoic
The Mesozoic Era is the penultimate era of Earth's geological history, lasting from about, comprising the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous Periods.
Metabolic wastes or excrements are substances left over from metabolic processes (such as cellular respiration) which cannot be used by the organism (they are surplus or toxic), and must therefore be excreted.
See Dinosaur and Metabolic waste
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
Metriacanthosauridae
Metriacanthosauridae is an extinct family of allosauroid theropod dinosaurs that lived from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous.
See Dinosaur and Metriacanthosauridae
Mexico
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America.
Michael Benton
Michael James Benton One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from the royalsociety.org website where: (born 8 April 1956) is a British palaeontologist, and professor of vertebrate palaeontology in the School of Earth Sciences at the University of Bristol.
See Dinosaur and Michael Benton
Michael Crichton
John Michael Crichton (October 23, 1942 – November 4, 2008) was an American author, screenwriter and filmmaker.
See Dinosaur and Michael Crichton
Microceratus
Microceratus (meaning "small-horned") is a genus of small ceratopsian dinosaur that lived in the Cretaceous period in Asia.
Microraptor
Microraptor (Greek, μικρός, mīkros: "small"; Latin, raptor: "one who seizes") is a genus of small, four-winged dromaeosaurid dinosaurs.
Microraptoria
Microraptoria (Greek, μίκρος, mīkros: "small"; Latin, raptor: "one who seizes") is a clade of basal dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Microraptoria
Middle Jurassic
The Middle Jurassic is the second epoch of the Jurassic Period.
See Dinosaur and Middle Jurassic
Middle Triassic
In the geologic timescale, the Middle Triassic is the second of three epochs of the Triassic period or the middle of three series in which the Triassic system is divided in chronostratigraphy.
See Dinosaur and Middle Triassic
Million years ago
Million years ago, abbreviated as Mya, Myr (megayear) or Ma (megaannum), is a unit of time equal to (i.e. years), or approximately 31.6 teraseconds.
See Dinosaur and Million years ago
Milton Park
Milton Park is a mixed use business and technology park in Oxfordshire, England, operated by MEPC plc.
Miocene
The Miocene is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma).
Mode (statistics)
In statistics, the mode is the value that appears most often in a set of data values.
See Dinosaur and Mode (statistics)
Molecular phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships.
See Dinosaur and Molecular phylogenetics
Mollusca
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals, after Arthropoda; members are known as molluscs or mollusks.
Morphology (biology)
Morphology in biology is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.
See Dinosaur and Morphology (biology)
Morrison Formation
The Morrison Formation is a distinctive sequence of Upper Jurassic sedimentary rock found in the western United States which has been the most fertile source of dinosaur fossils in North America.
See Dinosaur and Morrison Formation
Mosasaur
Mosasaurs (from Latin Mosa meaning the 'Meuse', and Greek σαύρος sauros meaning 'lizard') are an extinct group of large aquatic reptiles within the family Mosasauridae that lived during the Late Cretaceous.
Most recent common ancestor
In biology and genetic genealogy, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA), also known as the last common ancestor (LCA), of a set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all the organisms of the set are descended.
See Dinosaur and Most recent common ancestor
Museo Carmen Funes
Museo Municipal Carmen Funes, or, the Carmen Funes Municipal Museum, is a museum of paleontology in Plaza Huincul, Neuquén Province, Argentina.
See Dinosaur and Museo Carmen Funes
Nambalia
Nambalia is a genus of basal sauropodomorph dinosaur.
National Academy of Sciences
The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a United States nonprofit, non-governmental organization.
See Dinosaur and National Academy of Sciences
National Geographic Society
The National Geographic Society (NGS), headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States, is one of the largest nonprofit scientific and educational organizations in the world.
See Dinosaur and National Geographic Society
National Museum of Brazil
The National Museum of Brazil (Museu Nacional) is the oldest scientific institution of Brazil.
See Dinosaur and National Museum of Brazil
National Museum of Natural History
The National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) is a natural history museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution, located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., United States.
See Dinosaur and National Museum of Natural History
National Museum of Natural History and Science, Lisbon
The National Museum of Natural History and Science in Lisbon, Portugal (Museu Nacional de História Natural e da Ciência) is the country's main museum focusing on nature.
See Dinosaur and National Museum of Natural History and Science, Lisbon
National museums of Canada
The national museums of Canada (musées nationaux du Canada) are the nine museums in Canada designated under the federal Museums Act and operated by the Government of Canada.
See Dinosaur and National museums of Canada
Natural history museum
A natural history museum or museum of natural history is a scientific institution with natural history collections that include current and historical records of animals, plants, fungi, ecosystems, geology, paleontology, climatology, and more.
See Dinosaur and Natural history museum
Natural History Museum, Berlin
The Natural History Museum (Museum für Naturkunde) is a natural history museum located in Berlin, Germany.
See Dinosaur and Natural History Museum, Berlin
Natural History Museum, London
The Natural History Museum in London is a museum that exhibits a vast range of specimens from various segments of natural history.
See Dinosaur and Natural History Museum, London
Nature (journal)
Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.
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Nature Communications
Nature Communications is a peer-reviewed, open access, scientific journal published by Nature Portfolio since 2010.
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Nature Portfolio
Nature Portfolio (formerly known as Nature Publishing Group and Nature Research) is a division of the international scientific publishing company Springer Nature that publishes academic journals, magazines, online databases, and services in science and medicine.
See Dinosaur and Nature Portfolio
Nautilus
The nautilus is an ancient pelagic marine mollusc of the cephalopod family Nautilidae.
Neck frill
A neck frill is the relatively extensive margin seen on the back of the heads of reptiles with either a bony support such as those present on the skulls of dinosaurs of the suborder Marginocephalia or a cartilaginous one as in the frill-necked lizard.
Neogene
The Neogene is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period million years ago.
Neontology
Neontology is a part of biology that, in contrast to paleontology, deals with living (or, more generally, recent) organisms.
Neornithischia
Neornithischia ("new ornithischians") is a clade of the dinosaur order Ornithischia.
See Dinosaur and Neornithischia
Neosauropoda
Neosauropoda is a clade within Dinosauria, coined in 1986 by Argentine paleontologist José Bonaparte and currently described as Saltasaurus loricatus, Diplodocus longus, and all animals directly descended from their most recent common ancestor.
Nest
A nest is a structure built for certain animals to hold eggs or young.
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie
Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research in geology and paleontology.
See Dinosaur and Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie
New Haven, Connecticut
New Haven is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States.
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New Mexico
New Mexico (Nuevo MéxicoIn Peninsular Spanish, a spelling variant, Méjico, is also used alongside México. According to the Diccionario panhispánico de dudas by Royal Spanish Academy and Association of Academies of the Spanish Language, the spelling version with J is correct; however, the spelling with X is recommended, as it is the one that is used in Mexican Spanish.; Yootó Hahoodzo) is a state in the Southwestern region of the United States.
New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science
The New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science is a natural history and science museum in Albuquerque, New Mexico near Old Town Albuquerque.
See Dinosaur and New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science
New York City
New York, often called New York City (to distinguish it from New York State) or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States.
See Dinosaur and New York City
Nhandumirim
Nhandumirim (meaning "small rhea" in the Tupi language) is a genus of basal sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Carnian age of Late Triassic Brazil.
Nigersaurus
Nigersaurus is a genus of rebbachisaurid sauropod dinosaur that lived during the middle Cretaceous period, about 115 to 105 million years ago.
Noasauridae
Noasauridae is an extinct family of theropod dinosaurs belonging to the group Ceratosauria.
Nocturnality
Nocturnality is a behavior in some non-human animals characterized by being active during the night and sleeping during the day.
Nodosauridae
Nodosauridae is a family of ankylosaurian dinosaurs known from the Late Jurassic to the Late Cretaceous periods in what is now Asia, Europe, North America, and possibly South America.
Non-fiction
Non-fiction (or nonfiction) is any document or media content that attempts, in good faith, to convey information only about the real world, rather than being grounded in imagination.
Norian
The Norian is a division of the Triassic Period.
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern and Western Hemispheres.
See Dinosaur and North America
Nyasasaurus
Nyasasaurus (meaning "Lake Nyasa lizard") is an extinct genus of avemetatarsalian archosaur from the putatively Middle Triassic Manda Formation of Tanzania that may be the earliest known dinosaur.
Ocean acidification
Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's ocean.
See Dinosaur and Ocean acidification
Ohio University
Ohio University (Ohio or OU) is a public research university with its main campus in Athens, Ohio.
See Dinosaur and Ohio University
Oligocene
The Oligocene is a geologic epoch of the Paleogene Period and extends from about 33.9 million to 23 million years before the present (to). As with other older geologic periods, the rock beds that define the epoch are well identified but the exact dates of the start and end of the epoch are slightly uncertain.
Omnivore
An omnivore is an animal that has the ability to eat and survive on both plant and animal matter.
On the Origin of Species
On the Origin of Species (or, more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life)The book's full original title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.
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Order (biology)
Order (ordo) is one of the eight major hierarchical taxonomic ranks in Linnaean taxonomy.
See Dinosaur and Order (biology)
Order of magnitude
An order of magnitude is an approximation of the logarithm of a value relative to some contextually understood reference value, usually 10, interpreted as the base of the logarithm and the representative of values of magnitude one.
See Dinosaur and Order of magnitude
Organ (biology)
In a multicellular organism, an organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function.
See Dinosaur and Organ (biology)
Ornithischia
Ornithischia is an extinct clade of mainly herbivorous dinosaurs characterized by a pelvic structure superficially similar to that of birds. Dinosaur and Ornithischia are Carnian first appearances.
Ornithological Applications
Ornithological Applications, formerly The Condor and The Condor: Ornithological Applications, is a peer-reviewed quarterly scientific journal covering ornithology.
See Dinosaur and Ornithological Applications
Ornithology (journal)
Ornithology, formerly The Auk and The Auk: Ornithological Advances, is a peer-reviewed scientific journal and the official publication of the American Ornithological Society (AOS).
See Dinosaur and Ornithology (journal)
Ornithomimidae
Ornithomimidae (meaning "bird-mimics") is an extinct family of theropod dinosaurs which bore a superficial resemblance to modern ostriches.
See Dinosaur and Ornithomimidae
Ornithomimosauria
Ornithomimosauria ("bird-mimic lizards") are theropod dinosaurs which bore a superficial resemblance to the modern-day ostrich.
See Dinosaur and Ornithomimosauria
Ornithopoda
Ornithopoda is a clade of ornithischian dinosaurs, called ornithopods.
Ornithoscelida
Ornithoscelida is a proposed clade that includes various major groupings of dinosaurs. Dinosaur and Ornithoscelida are dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Ornithoscelida
Ornithosuchidae
Ornithosuchidae is an extinct family of pseudosuchian archosaurs (distant relatives of modern crocodilians) from the Triassic period.
See Dinosaur and Ornithosuchidae
Oryctodromeus
Oryctodromeus (meaning "digging runner") was a genus of small orodromine thescelosaurid dinosaur.
See Dinosaur and Oryctodromeus
Ossification
Ossification (also called osteogenesis or bone mineralization) in bone remodeling is the process of laying down new bone material by cells named osteoblasts.
Osteon
In osteology, the osteon or haversian system (named for Clopton Havers) is the fundamental functional unit of much compact bone.
Othniel Charles Marsh
Othniel Charles Marsh (October 29, 1831 – March 18, 1899) was an American professor of Paleontology in Yale College and President of the National Academy of Sciences.
See Dinosaur and Othniel Charles Marsh
Ottawa
Ottawa (Canadian French) is the capital city of Canada.
Oviduct
The oviduct in vertebrates is the passageway from an ovary.
Oviparity
Oviparous animals are animals that reproduce by depositing fertilized zygotes outside the body (known as laying or spawning) in metabolically independent incubation organs known as eggs, which nurture the embryo into moving offsprings known as hatchlings with little or no embryonic development within the mother.
Oviraptor
Oviraptor is a genus of oviraptorid dinosaur that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous period.
Oviraptoridae
Oviraptoridae is a group of bird-like, herbivorous and omnivorous maniraptoran dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Oviraptoridae
Oviraptorosauria
Oviraptorosaurs ("egg thief lizards") are a group of feathered maniraptoran dinosaurs from the Cretaceous Period of what are now Asia and North America.
See Dinosaur and Oviraptorosauria
Oxford
Oxford is a city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town.
Oxford University Museum of Natural History
The Oxford University Museum of Natural History (OUMNH) is a museum displaying many of the University of Oxford's natural history specimens, located on Parks Road in Oxford, England.
See Dinosaur and Oxford University Museum of Natural History
Oxfordshire
Oxfordshire (abbreviated Oxon) is a ceremonial county in South East England.
Oxygen-18
Oxygen-18 (Ω) is a natural, stable isotope of oxygen and one of the environmental isotopes.
Pachycephalosauria
Pachycephalosauria (from Greek παχυκεφαλόσαυρος for 'thick headed lizards') is a clade of ornithischian dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Pachycephalosauria
Pack hunter
A pack hunter or social predator is a predatory animal which hunts its prey by working together with other members of its species.
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology ("Palaeo3") is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing multidisciplinary studies and comprehensive reviews in the field of palaeoenvironmental geology.
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Palaeontology (journal)
Palaeontology is one of the two scientific journals of the Palaeontological Association (the other being Papers in Palaeontology).
See Dinosaur and Palaeontology (journal)
Paleobiology (journal)
Paleobiology is a scientific journal promoting the integration of biology and conventional paleontology, with emphasis placed on biological or paleobiological processes and patterns.
See Dinosaur and Paleobiology (journal)
Paleocene
The Paleocene, or Palaeocene, is a geological epoch that lasted from about 66 to 56 million years ago (mya).
Paleogene
The Paleogene Period (also spelled Palaeogene or Palæogene) is a geologic period and system that spans 43 million years from the end of the Cretaceous Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Neogene Period Ma.
Paleontological Society
The Paleontological Society, formerly the Paleontological Society of America, is an international organisation devoted to the promotion of paleontology.
See Dinosaur and Paleontological Society
Paleontology
Paleontology, also spelled palaeontology or palæontology, is the scientific study of life that existed prior to the start of the Holocene epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present).
Palo Alto, California
Palo Alto (Spanish for) is a charter city in the northwestern corner of Santa Clara County, California, United States, in the San Francisco Bay Area, named after a coastal redwood tree known as El Palo Alto.
See Dinosaur and Palo Alto, California
Pampadromaeus
Pampadromaeus is an extinct genus of basal sauropodomorph dinosaurs known from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Santa Maria Formation of the Paraná Basin in Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil.
See Dinosaur and Pampadromaeus
Pangaea
Pangaea or Pangea was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras.
Panphagia
Panphagia is a genus of sauropodomorph dinosaur described in 2009.
Paraceratherium
Paraceratherium is an extinct genus of hornless rhinocerotoids belonging to the family Paraceratheriidae.
See Dinosaur and Paraceratherium
Parankylosauria
Parankylosauria is a group of basal ankylosaurian dinosaurs known from the Cretaceous of South America, Antarctica, and Australia.
See Dinosaur and Parankylosauria
Paraphyly
Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages.
Paraves
Paraves are a widespread group of theropod dinosaurs that originated in the Middle Jurassic period.
Parsippany–Troy Hills, New Jersey
Parsippany–Troy Hills, commonly known as Parsippany, is a township in Morris County, in the northern portion of the U.S. state of New Jersey.
See Dinosaur and Parsippany–Troy Hills, New Jersey
Patagotitan
Patagotitan is a genus of titanosaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Cerro Barcino Formation in Chubut Province, Patagonia, Argentina.
Paul Sereno
Paul Callistus Sereno (born October 11, 1957) is a professor of paleontology at the University of Chicago who has discovered several new dinosaur species on several continents, including at sites in Inner Mongolia, Argentina, Morocco and Niger.
Peabody Museum of Natural History
The Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University (also known as the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History or the Yale Peabody Museum) is one of the oldest, largest, and most prolific university natural history museums in the world.
See Dinosaur and Peabody Museum of Natural History
Pebbly Arkose Formation
The Pebbly Arkose Formation is a Late Triassic geologic formation found in southern Africa.
See Dinosaur and Pebbly Arkose Formation
PeerJ
PeerJ is an open access peer-reviewed scientific mega journal covering research in the biological and medical sciences.
Pellet (ornithology)
A pellet, in ornithology, is the mass of undigested parts of a bird's food that some bird species occasionally regurgitate.
See Dinosaur and Pellet (ornithology)
Pelvis
The pelvis (pelves or pelvises) is the lower part of the trunk, between the abdomen and the thighs (sometimes also called pelvic region), together with its embedded skeleton (sometimes also called bony pelvis or pelvic skeleton).
Penguin Books
Penguin Books Limited is a British publishing house.
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Pensoft Publishers
Pensoft Publishers (also known as: Pensoft) are a publisher of scientific literature based in Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Permian–Triassic extinction event
Approximately 251.9 million years ago, the Permian–Triassic (P–T, P–Tr) extinction event (PTME; also known as the Late Permian extinction event, the Latest Permian extinction event, the End-Permian extinction event, and colloquially as the Great Dying) forms the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods, and with them the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.
See Dinosaur and Permian–Triassic extinction event
Perseus Digital Library
The Perseus Digital Library, formerly known as the Perseus Project, is a free-access digital library founded by Gregory Crane in 1987 and hosted by the Department of Classical Studies of Tufts University.
See Dinosaur and Perseus Digital Library
Perucetus
Perucetus is an extinct genus of an early whale from Peru that lived during the Bartonian age of the middle Eocene.
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society is a scientific journal published by the Royal Society.
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Royal Society.
See Dinosaur and Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B
Phorusrhacidae
Phorusrhacids, colloquially known as terror birds, are an extinct family of large carnivorous, mostly flightless birds that were among the largest apex predators in South America during the Cenozoic era.
See Dinosaur and Phorusrhacidae
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism.
See Dinosaur and Photosynthesis
Phylogenetic nomenclature
Phylogenetic nomenclature is a method of nomenclature for taxa in biology that uses phylogenetic definitions for taxon names as explained below.
See Dinosaur and Phylogenetic nomenclature
Phylogenetic tree
A phylogenetic tree, phylogeny or evolutionary tree is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time.
See Dinosaur and Phylogenetic tree
Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms.
See Dinosaur and Phylogenetics
Physical Review Letters
Physical Review Letters (PRL), established in 1958, is a peer-reviewed, scientific journal that is published 52 times per year by the American Physical Society.
See Dinosaur and Physical Review Letters
Physics
Physics is the natural science of matter, involving the study of matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force.
Phytosaur
Phytosaurs (Φυτόσαυροι in greek, meaning 'plant lizard') are an extinct group of large, mostly semiaquatic Late Triassic archosauriform reptiles. Dinosaur and Phytosaur are Carnian first appearances.
Piatnitzkysauridae
Piatnitzkysauridae is an extinct family of megalosauroid or basal allosauroid dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Piatnitzkysauridae
Pietraroja Plattenkalk
The Pietraroia Plattenkalk is a Cretaceous geologic formation located in the Italian municipality of Pietraroja, near Benevento, in Campania region.
See Dinosaur and Pietraroja Plattenkalk
Pinacosaurus
Pinacosaurus (meaning "Plank lizard") is a genus of ankylosaurid thyreophoran dinosaur that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous (Campanian, roughly 75 to 71 million years ago), mainly in Mongolia and China.
Pisanosaurus
Pisanosaurus is an extinct genus of early dinosauriform, likely an ornithischian or silesaurid, from the Late Triassic of Argentina.
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh is a city in and the county seat of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States.
Plateosauridae
Plateosauridae is a family of plateosaurian sauropodomorphs from the Late Triassic of Europe, Greenland, Africa and Asia.
See Dinosaur and Plateosauridae
Plaza Huincul
Plaza Huincul is a small city in Neuquen province, with a population of around 13,000 people, located in southwestern Argentina.
See Dinosaur and Plaza Huincul
Pleistocene
The Pleistocene (often referred to colloquially as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch that lasted from to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations.
Plesiosaur
The Plesiosauria (Greek: πλησίος, plesios, meaning "near to" and ''sauros'', meaning "lizard") or plesiosaurs are an order or clade of extinct Mesozoic marine reptiles, belonging to the Sauropterygia.
Pliocene
The Pliocene (also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years ago.
PLOS
PLOS (for Public Library of Science; PLoS until 2012&thinsp) is a nonprofit publisher of open-access journals in science, technology, and medicine and other scientific literature, under an open-content license.
PLOS One
PLOS One (stylized PLOS ONE, and formerly PLoS ONE) is a peer-reviewed open access mega journal published by the Public Library of Science (PLOS) since 2006.
Poikilotherm
A poikilotherm is an animal (Greek poikilos – 'various, spotted', and therme – 'heat) whose internal temperature varies considerably.
Polish Academy of Sciences
The Polish Academy of Sciences (Polska Akademia Nauk, PAN) is a Polish state-sponsored institution of higher learning.
See Dinosaur and Polish Academy of Sciences
Precociality and altriciality
Precocial species in birds and mammals are those in which the young are relatively mature and mobile from the moment of birth or hatching.
See Dinosaur and Precociality and altriciality
Predation
Predation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey.
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Franz August Karl Albert Emanuel; 26 August 1819 – 14 December 1861) was the husband of Queen Victoria.
See Dinosaur and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
Princeton University Press
Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.
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Princeton, New Jersey
Princeton is a borough in Mercer County, in the U.S. state of New Jersey.
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal.
See Dinosaur and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceratosauridae
Proceratosauridae is a family or clade of tyrannosauroid theropod dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous.
See Dinosaur and Proceratosauridae
Protoceratops
Protoceratops is a genus of small protoceratopsid dinosaurs that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous, around 75 to 71 million years ago.
See Dinosaur and Protoceratops
Protoceratopsidae
Protoceratopsidae is a family of basal (primitive) ceratopsians from the Late Cretaceous period.
See Dinosaur and Protoceratopsidae
Protorosauria
Protorosauria is an extinct, likely paraphyletic group of basal archosauromorph reptiles from the latest Middle Permian (Capitanian stage) to the end of the Late Triassic (Rhaetian stage) of Asia, Europe and North America.
See Dinosaur and Protorosauria
Pseudosuchia
Pseudosuchia (from ψεύδος (pseudos), "false" and σούχος (souchos), "crocodile") is one of two major divisions of Archosauria, including living crocodilians and all archosaurs more closely related to crocodilians than to birds.
Psittacosaurus
Psittacosaurus ("parrot lizard") is a genus of extinct ceratopsian dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of what is now Asia, existing between 125 and 105 million years ago.
See Dinosaur and Psittacosaurus
Pteridophyte
A pteridophyte is a vascular plant (with xylem and phloem) that reproduces by means of spores.
Pterosaur
Pterosaurs (from Greek pteron and sauros, meaning "wing lizard") are an extinct clade of flying reptiles in the order Pterosauria.
Pubis (bone)
In vertebrates, the pubis or pubic bone (os pubis) forms the lower and anterior part of each side of the hip bone.
Quadrupedalism
Quadrupedalism is a form of locomotion where animals have four legs are used to bear weight and move around.
See Dinosaur and Quadrupedalism
Quaternary
The Quaternary is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS).
Queen Victoria
Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901) was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death in 1901.
See Dinosaur and Queen Victoria
Radiometric dating
Radiometric dating, radioactive dating or radioisotope dating is a technique which is used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed.
See Dinosaur and Radiometric dating
Radius (bone)
The radius or radial bone (radii or radiuses) is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna.
See Dinosaur and Radius (bone)
Random House
Random House is an imprint and publishing group of Penguin Random House.
Ratite
A ratite is any of a group of mostly flightless birds within the infraclass Palaeognathae.
Rauisuchia
"Rauisuchia" is a paraphyletic group of mostly large and carnivorous Triassic archosaurs.
Rebbachisauridae
Rebbachisauridae is a family of sauropod dinosaurs known from fragmentary fossil remains from the Cretaceous of South America, Africa, North America, Europe and possibly Central Asia.
See Dinosaur and Rebbachisauridae
Red blood cell
Red blood cells (RBCs), referred to as erythrocytes (with -cyte translated as 'cell' in modern usage) in academia and medical publishing, also known as red cells, erythroid cells, and rarely haematids, are the most common type of blood cell and the vertebrate's principal means of delivering oxygen to the body tissues—via blood flow through the circulatory system.
See Dinosaur and Red blood cell
Reef
A reef is a ridge or shoal of rock, coral, or similar relatively stable material lying beneath the surface of a natural body of water.
Regents of the University of Michigan
The Regents of the University of Michigan, sometimes referred to as the board of regents, is a constitutional office of the U.S. state of Michigan which forms the governing body of the University of Michigan, University of Michigan–Flint, and University of Michigan–Dearborn.
See Dinosaur and Regents of the University of Michigan
Reginald Hooley
Reginald Walter Hooley (5 September 1865 – 5 May 1923) was a businessman and amateur paleontologist, collecting on the Isle of Wight.
See Dinosaur and Reginald Hooley
Reptile
Reptiles, as commonly defined, are a group of tetrapods with usually an ectothermic ('cold-blooded') metabolism and amniotic development.
Rhabdodontidae
Rhabdodontidae is a family of herbivorous iguanodontian ornithopod dinosaurs whose earliest stem members appeared in the middle of the Lower Cretaceous.
See Dinosaur and Rhabdodontidae
Rhabdodontomorpha
Rhabdodontomorpha is a clade of basal iguanodont dinosaurs.
See Dinosaur and Rhabdodontomorpha
Rhaetian
The Rhaetian is the latest age of the Triassic Period (in geochronology) or the uppermost stage of the Triassic System (in chronostratigraphy).
Rhynchocephalia
Rhynchocephalia is an order of lizard-like reptiles that includes only one living species, the tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus) of New Zealand.
See Dinosaur and Rhynchocephalia
Rhynchosaur
Rhynchosaurs are a group of extinct herbivorous Triassic archosauromorph reptiles, belonging to the order Rhynchosauria.
Richard Owen
Sir Richard Owen (20 July 1804 – 18 December 1892) was an English biologist, comparative anatomist and palaeontologist.
Ridge, New York
Ridge is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the town of Brookhaven, Suffolk County, New York, United States.
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Rinchen Barsbold
Rinchen Barsbold (Ринченгийн Барсболд, Rinchyengiin Barsbold, born December 21, 1935, in Ulaanbaatar) is a Mongolian paleontologist and geologist.
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Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro, or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of Rio de Janeiro.
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Riojasauridae
Riojasauridae is an extinct family of sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Late Triassic Period (late Carnian to Norian Ages).
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Robert McNeill Alexander
Robert McNeill (Neill) Alexander, CBE FRS (7 July 1934 – 21 March 2016) was a British zoologist and a leading authority in the field of biomechanics.
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Robert Plot
Robert Plot (13 December 1640 – 30 April 1696) was an English naturalist and antiquarian who was the first professor of chemistry at the University of Oxford and the first keeper of the Ashmolean Museum.
Robert Scott (philologist)
Robert Scott (26 January 1811 – 2 December 1887) was a British academic philologist and Church of England priest.
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Robert T. Bakker
Robert Thomas Bakker (born March 24, 1945) is an American paleontologist who helped reshape modern theories about dinosaurs, particularly by adding support to the theory that some dinosaurs were endothermic (warm-blooded).
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Royal Society
The Royal Society, formally The Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, is a learned society and the United Kingdom's national academy of sciences.
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Rudists
Rudists are a group of extinct box-, tube- or ring-shaped marine heterodont bivalves belonging to the order Hippuritida that arose during the Late Jurassic and became so diverse during the Cretaceous that they were major reef-building organisms in the Tethys Ocean, until their complete extinction at the close of the Cretaceous.
Sacrum
The sacrum (sacra or sacrums), in human anatomy, is a large, triangular bone at the base of the spine that forms by the fusing of the sacral vertebrae (S1S5) between ages 18 and 30.
Samuel Beckles
Samuel Husbands Beckles (12 April 1814, in Barbados – 4 September 1890, in Hastings) was a Bajan/English 19th-century lawyer, turned dinosaur hunter, who collected remains in Sussex and the Isle of Wight.
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San Diego
San Diego is a city on the Pacific Ocean coast in Southern California located immediately adjacent to the Mexico–United States border.
San Francisco
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is a commercial, financial, and cultural center in Northern California.
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San Juan Basin
The San Juan Basin is a geologic structural basin located near the Four Corners region of the Southwestern United States.
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Sanjuansaurus
Sanjuansaurus ("San Juan Province lizard") is a genus of herrerasaurid dinosaur from the Late Triassic (Carnian) Ischigualasto Formation of the Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin in northwestern Argentina.
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Santa Maria Formation
The Santa Maria Formation is a sedimentary rock formation found in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Saturnalia tupiniquim
Saturnalia is an extinct genus of basal sauropodomorph dinosaur known from the Late Triassic Santa Maria Formation of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil.
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Saurischia
Saurischia (meaning "reptile-hipped" from the Greek (σαῦρος) meaning 'lizard' and (ἴσχιον) meaning 'hip joint') is one of the two basic divisions of dinosaurs (the other being Ornithischia), classified by their hip structure. Dinosaur and Saurischia are Carnian first appearances and extant Late Triassic first appearances.
Saurolophinae
Saurolophinae is a subfamily of hadrosaurid dinosaurs.
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Sauropoda
Sauropoda, whose members are known as sauropods (from sauro- + -pod, 'lizard-footed'), is a clade of saurischian ('lizard-hipped') dinosaurs.
Sauropodomorpha
Sauropodomorpha (from Greek, meaning "lizard-footed forms") is an extinct clade of long-necked, herbivorous, saurischian dinosaurs that includes the sauropods and their ancestral relatives. Dinosaur and Sauropodomorpha are Carnian first appearances.
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Sauroposeidon
Sauroposeidon (meaning "lizard earthquake god", after the Greek god Poseidon) is a genus of sauropod dinosaur known from several incomplete specimens including a bone bed and fossilized trackways that have been found in the U.S. states of Oklahoma, Wyoming, and Texas.
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Sauropsida
Sauropsida (Greek for "lizard faces") is a clade of amniotes, broadly equivalent to the class Reptilia, though typically used in a broader sense to also include extinct stem-group relatives of modern reptiles and birds (which, as theropod dinosaurs, are nested within reptiles as more closely related to crocodilians than to lizards or turtles).
Scansoriopterygidae
Scansoriopterygidae (meaning "climbing wings") is an extinct family of climbing and gliding maniraptoran dinosaurs.
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Scapula
The scapula (scapulae or scapulas), also known as the shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle (collar bone).
Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
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Science Bulletin
Science Bulletin is a multidisciplinary scientific journal co-sponsored by the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
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Scientific journal
In academic publishing, a scientific journal is a periodical publication designed to further the progress of science by disseminating new research findings to the scientific community.
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Scientific theory
A scientific theory is an explanation of an aspect of the natural world and universe that can be (or a fortiori, that has been) repeatedly tested and corroborated in accordance with the scientific method, using accepted protocols of observation, measurement, and evaluation of results.
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Scipionyx
Scipionyx was a genus of theropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Pietraroja Formation of Italy, around 113 million years ago.
Scleral Ring
The scleral ring is a hardened ring of plates, often derived from bone, that is found in the eyes of many animals in several groups of vertebrates.
Scotland
Scotland (Scots: Scotland; Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
Scute
A scute or scutum (Latin: scutum; plural: scuta "shield") is a bony external plate or scale overlaid with horn, as on the shell of a turtle, the skin of crocodilians, and the feet of birds.
Sebecosuchia
Sebecosuchia (meaning "Sobek crocodiles") is an extinct group of mesoeucrocodylian crocodyliforms that includes the families Sebecidae and Baurusuchidae.
Seed predation
Seed predation, often referred to as granivory, is a type of plant-animal interaction in which granivores (seed predators) feed on the seeds of plants as a main or exclusive food source,Hulme, P.E. and Benkman, C.W. (2002) "Granivory", pp.
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Seismic wave
A seismic wave is a mechanical wave of acoustic energy that travels through the Earth or another planetary body.
Semiaquatic
In biology, being semi-aquatic refers to various macroorganisms that live regularly in both aquatic and terrestrial environments.
Shantungosaurus
Shantungosaurus (meaning "Shandong Lizard") is a genus of very large saurolophine hadrosaurid dinosaur found in the Late Cretaceous Wangshi Group of the Shandong Peninsula in China, containing a single species, Shantungosaurus giganteus.
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Shocked quartz
Shocked quartz is a form of quartz that has a microscopic structure that is different from normal quartz.
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Shoulder girdle
The shoulder girdle or pectoral girdle is the set of bones in the appendicular skeleton which connects to the arm on each side.
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Sichuan
Sichuan is a province in Southwestern China occupying the Sichuan Basin and Tibetan Plateau between the Jinsha River on the west, the Daba Mountains in the north and the Yungui Plateau to the south.
Siena
Siena (Sena Iulia) is a city in Tuscany, Italy.
Silesauridae
Silesauridae is an extinct family of Triassic dinosauriforms.
Simon & Schuster
Simon & Schuster LLC is an American publishing company owned by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts.
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Sinkhole
A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer.
Sinornithoides
Sinornithoides (meaning "Chinese bird form") is a genus of troodontid theropod dinosaurs containing the single species Sinornithoides youngi.
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Sinornithomimus
Sinornithomimus is a genus of ornithomimid that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous period.
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Sinosauropteryx
Sinosauropteryx (meaning "Chinese reptilian wing") is a compsognathid dinosaur.
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Skeleton
A skeleton is the structural frame that supports the body of most animals.
Skull
The skull is a bone protective cavity for the brain.
Smok wawelski
Smok (meaning "dragon" in Polish) is an extinct genus of large carnivorous archosaur.
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Snake
Snakes are elongated, limbless reptiles of the suborder Serpentes.
Society for the Study of Evolution
The Society for the Study of Evolution is a professional organization of evolutionary biologists.
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Society of Vertebrate Paleontology
The Society of Vertebrate Paleontology (SVP) is a professional organization that was founded in the United States in 1940 to advance the science of vertebrate paleontology around the world.
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Sofia
Sofia (Sofiya) is the capital and largest city of Bulgaria.
Soft tissue
Soft tissue connects and surrounds or supports internal organs and bones, and includes muscle, tendons, ligaments, fat, fibrous tissue, lymph and blood vessels, fasciae, and synovial membranes.
Somerville, Massachusetts
Somerville is a city located directly to the northwest of Boston, and north of Cambridge, in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States.
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Somphospondyli
Somphospondyli is an extinct clade of titanosauriform sauropods that lived from the Late Jurassic until the end of the Late Cretaceous, comprising all titanosauriforms more closely related to Titanosauria proper than Brachiosauridae.
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Sonic boom
A sonic boom is a sound associated with shock waves created when an object travels through the air faster than the speed of sound.
Soot
Soot is a mass of impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons.
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere.
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Species
A species (species) is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction.
Spencer G. Lucas
Spencer George Lucas is an American paleontologist and stratigrapher, and curator of paleontology at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science.
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Spine (zoology)
In a zoological context, spines are hard, needle-like anatomical structures found in both vertebrate and invertebrate species.
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Spinosauridae
Spinosauridae (or spinosaurids) is a clade or family of tetanuran theropod dinosaurs comprising ten to seventeen known genera.
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Spinosaurus
Spinosaurus is a genus of spinosaurid dinosaur that lived in what now is North Africa during the Cenomanian stage of the Late Cretaceous period, about 100 to 94 million years ago.
Springbok
The springbok or springbuck (Antidorcas marsupialis) is an antelope found mainly in south and southwest Africa.
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
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St. Martin's Press
St.
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Stage (stratigraphy)
In chronostratigraphy, a stage is a succession of rock strata laid down in a single age on the geologic timescale, which usually represents millions of years of deposition.
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State Oceanic Administration
The State Oceanic Administration (SOA) was an administrative agency subordinate to the Ministry of Land and Resources, responsible for the supervision and management of sea area in the People's Republic of China and coastal environmental protection, protecting national maritime rights and organizing scientific and technical research of its territorial waters.
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Staurikosaurus
Staurikosaurus (Pronounced "STORE-ee-koh-SAWR-us", "Southern Cross lizard") is a genus of herrerasaurid dinosaur from the Late Triassic of Brazil, found in the Santa Maria Formation.
See Dinosaur and Staurikosaurus
Stegosauria
Stegosauria is a group of herbivorous ornithischian dinosaurs that lived during the Jurassic and early Cretaceous periods.
Stegosaurus
Stegosaurus is a genus of herbivorous, four-legged, armored dinosaur from the Late Jurassic, characterized by the distinctive kite-shaped upright plates along their backs and spikes on their tails.
Sterling Nesbitt
Sterling Nesbitt (born March 25, 1982, in Mesa, Arizona) is an American paleontologist best known for his work on the origin and early evolutionary patterns of archosaurs.
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Sternum
The sternum (sternums or sterna) or breastbone is a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest.
Stuttgart
Stuttgart (Swabian: italics) is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg.
Sulfate
The sulfate or sulphate ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula.
Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide (IUPAC-recommended spelling) or sulphur dioxide (traditional Commonwealth English) is the chemical compound with the formula.
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Supersaurus
Supersaurus (meaning "super lizard") is a genus of diplodocid sauropod dinosaur that lived in North America during the Late Jurassic period.
Synapsida
Synapsida is one of the two major clades of vertebrate animals in the group Amniota, the other being the Sauropsida (which includes reptiles and birds).
Syrinx (bird anatomy)
The syrinx (from the Greek word "σύριγξ" for ''pan pipes'') is the vocal organ of birds.
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Talus bone
The talus (Latin for ankle or ankle bone;: tali), talus bone, astragalus, or ankle bone is one of the group of foot bones known as the tarsus.
Taphonomy
Taphonomy is the study of how organisms decay and become fossilized or preserved in the paleontological record.
Tawa hallae
Tawa (named after the Hopi word for the Puebloan sun god) is a genus of possible basal theropod dinosaurs from the Late Triassic period.
Taxon
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from taxonomy;: taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit.
Taxonomy (biology)
In biology, taxonomy is the scientific study of naming, defining (circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics.
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Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in England that publishes books and academic journals.
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Temporal fenestra
Temporal fenestrae are openings in the temporal region of the skull of some amniotes, behind the orbit (eye socket).
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Tendaguru Formation
The Tendaguru Formation, or Tendaguru Beds are a highly fossiliferous formation and Lagerstätte located in the Lindi Region of southeastern Tanzania.
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Tenontosaurus
Tenontosaurus is a genus of iguanodontian ornithopod dinosaur.
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Teresa Maryańska
Teresa Maryańska (1937 – 3 October 2019) was a Polish paleontologist who specialized in Mongolian dinosaurs, particularly pachycephalosaurians and ankylosaurians.
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Territory (animal)
In ethology, territory is the sociographical area that an animal consistently defends against conspecific competition (or, occasionally, against animals of other species) using agonistic behaviors or (less commonly) real physical aggression.
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Tetanurae
Tetanurae (/ˌtɛtəˈnjuːriː/ or "stiff tails") is a clade that includes most theropod dinosaurs, including megalosauroids, allosauroids, tyrannosauroids, ornithomimosaurs, compsognathids and maniraptorans (including birds).
The American Naturalist
The American Naturalist is the monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of the American Society of Naturalists, whose purpose is "to advance and to diffuse knowledge of organic evolution and other broad biological principles so as to enhance the conceptual unification of the biological sciences." It was established in 1867 and is published by the University of Chicago Press.
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The Dinosaur Heresies
The Dinosaur Heresies: New Theories Unlocking the Mystery of the Dinosaurs and Their Extinction is a 1986 book written by Robert T. Bakker.
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The Dinosauria
The Dinosauria is an extensive book on dinosaurs, compiled by David B. Weishampel, Peter Dodson, and Halszka Osmólska.
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The Economist
The Economist is a British weekly newspaper published in printed magazine format and digitally.
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The Journal of Experimental Biology
Journal of Experimental Biology (formerly The British Journal of Experimental Biology) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of comparative physiology and integrative biology.
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The Lost World (Doyle novel)
The Lost World is a science fiction novel by British writer Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, published by Hodder & Stoughton in 1912, concerning an expedition to a plateau in the Amazon basin of South America where prehistoric animals still survive.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
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The Science of Nature
The Science of Nature, formerly Naturwissenschaften, is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media covering all aspects of the natural sciences relating to questions of biological significance.
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Thecodontia
Thecodontia (meaning 'socket-teeth'), now considered an obsolete taxonomic grouping, was formerly used to describe a diverse "order" of early archosaurian reptiles that first appeared in the latest Permian period and flourished until the end of the Triassic period.
Thecospondylus
Thecospondylus (THEEK-o-SPON-di-lus, "sheath vertebra") is a dubious genus of dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous of England.
See Dinosaur and Thecospondylus
Therapsida
Therapsida is a clade comprising a major group of eupelycosaurian synapsids that includes mammals and their ancestors and close relatives.
Therizinosauria
Therizinosaurs (once called segnosaurs) are an extinct group of large herbivorous theropod dinosaurs whose fossils have been found across the Middle Jurassic to Late Cretaceous deposits in Europe, Asia and North America.
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Therizinosauridae
Therizinosauridae (meaning 'scythe lizards').
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Therizinosaurus
Therizinosaurus (meaning 'scythe lizard') is a genus of very large therizinosaurid that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous period in what is now the Nemegt Formation around 72.1 million years ago to 66 million years ago.
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Thermal radiation
Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation emitted by the thermal motion of particles in matter.
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Theropoda
Theropoda (from ancient Greek whose members are known as theropods, is a dinosaur clade that is characterized by hollow bones and three toes and claws on each limb. Theropods are generally classed as a group of saurischian dinosaurs. They were ancestrally carnivorous, although a number of theropod groups evolved to become herbivores and omnivores. Dinosaur and theropoda are Carnian first appearances and extant Late Triassic first appearances.
Thescelosauridae
Thescelosauridae is a clade of neornithischians from the Cretaceous of East Asia and North America.
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Thomas Henry Huxley
Thomas Henry Huxley (4 May 1825 – 29 June 1895) was an English biologist and anthropologist who specialized in comparative anatomy.
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Thomas R. Holtz Jr.
Thomas Richard Holtz Jr. (born September 13, 1965) is an American vertebrate palaeontologist, author, and principal lecturer at the University of Maryland's Department of Geology.
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Thyreophora
Thyreophora ("shield bearers", often known simply as "armored dinosaurs") is a group of armored ornithischian dinosaurs that lived from the Early Jurassic until the end of the Cretaceous.
Tibia
The tibia (tibiae or tibias), also known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the larger, stronger, and anterior (frontal) of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula, behind and to the outside of the tibia); it connects the knee with the ankle.
Tidal volume
Tidal volume (symbol VT or TV) is the volume of air inspired and expired with each passive breath.
Titanosauria
Titanosaurs (or titanosaurians; members of the group Titanosauria) were a diverse group of sauropod dinosaurs, including genera from all seven continents.
Titans
In Greek mythology, the Titans (οἱ Τῑτᾶνες, hoi Tītânes, ὁ Τῑτᾱ́ν, -ήν, ho Tītân) were the pre-Olympian gods.
Tooth
A tooth (teeth) is a hard, calcified structure found in the jaws (or mouths) of many vertebrates and used to break down food.
Traditional Chinese medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an alternative medical practice drawn from traditional medicine in China.
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Transitional fossil
A transitional fossil is any fossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group.
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Triassic
The Triassic (sometimes symbolized 🝈) is a geologic period and system which spans 50.5 million years from the end of the Permian Period 251.902 million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Jurassic Period 201.4 Mya.
Triassic–Jurassic extinction event
The Triassic–Jurassic (Tr-J) extinction event (TJME), often called the end-Triassic extinction, was a Mesozoic extinction event that marks the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic periods,, and is one of the top five major extinction events of the Phanerozoic eon, profoundly affecting life on land and in the oceans.
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Triceratops
Triceratops is a genus of chasmosaurine ceratopsian dinosaur that lived during the late Maastrichtian age of the Late Cretaceous period, about 68 to 66 million years ago in what is now western North America.
Troodon
Troodon (Troödon in older sources) is a former wastebasket taxon and a potentially dubious genus of relatively small, bird-like theropod dinosaurs definitively known from the Campanian age of the Late Cretaceous period (about 77 mya).
Troodontidae
Troodontidae is a clade of bird-like theropod dinosaurs from the Late Jurassic to Late Cretaceous.
Tufts University
Tufts University is a private research university in Medford and Somerville, Massachusetts, with additional facilities in Boston and Grafton, Massachusetts, and in Talloires.
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Turiasauria
Turiasauria is an unranked clade of basal sauropod dinosaurs known from Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous deposits in Europe, North America, and Africa.
Turtle
Turtles are reptiles of the order Testudines, characterized by a special shell developed mainly from their ribs.
Tyrannosauridae
Tyrannosauridae (or tyrannosaurids, meaning "tyrant lizards") is a family of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs that comprises two subfamilies containing up to fifteen genera, including the eponymous Tyrannosaurus.
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Tyrannosauroidea
Tyrannosauroidea (meaning 'tyrant lizard forms') is a superfamily (or clade) of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs that includes the family Tyrannosauridae as well as more basal relatives.
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Tyrannosaurus
Tyrannosaurus is a genus of large theropod dinosaur.
See Dinosaur and Tyrannosaurus
Unaysauridae
Unaysauridae is a clade of basal sauropodomorphs from the Late Triassic of India and Brazil.
Unaysaurus
Unaysaurus is a genus of unaysaurid sauropodomorph herbivore dinosaur.
Unenlagiidae
Unenlagiidae is a proposed family of eumaniraptoran paravians that includes the subfamilies Unenlagiinae and possibly Halszkaraptorinae.
Unenlagiinae
Unenlagiinae is a subfamily of long-snouted paravian theropods.
United States
The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.
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University of California
The University of California (UC) is a public land-grant research university system in the U.S. state of California.
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University of California Museum of Paleontology
The University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP) is a paleontology museum located on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley.
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University of California Press
The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.
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University of Oxford
The University of Oxford is a collegiate research university in Oxford, England.
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Upper Maleri Formation
The Upper Maleri Formation is a sedimentary rock formation found in Telangana, India.
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Urea
Urea, also called carbamide (because it is a diamide of carbonic acid), is an organic compound with chemical formula.
Uric acid
Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3.
Vegavis
Vegavis is a genus of extinct bird that lived in Antarctica during the Maastrichtian stage of the Late Cretaceous.
Velociraptor
Velociraptor is a genus of small dromaeosaurid dinosaurs that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous epoch, about 75 million to 71 million years ago.
Vernacular
Vernacular is the ordinary, informal, spoken form of language, particularly when perceived as being of lower social status in contrast to standard language, which is more codified, institutional, literary, or formal.
Vertebra
Each vertebra (vertebrae) is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, that make up the vertebral column or spine, of vertebrates.
Vertebrate
Vertebrates are deuterostomal animals with bony or cartilaginous axial endoskeleton — known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone — around and along the spinal cord, including all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Victorian era
In the history of the United Kingdom and the British Empire, the Victorian era was the reign of Queen Victoria, from 20 June 1837 until her death on 22 January 1901.
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Vulcanodontidae
The Early Jurassic sauropod dinosaurs Zizhongosaurus, Barapasaurus, Tazoudasaurus, and Vulcanodon may form a natural group of basal sauropods called the Vulcanodontidae.
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Walter Alvarez
Walter Alvarez (born October 3, 1940) is a professor in the Earth and Planetary Science department at the University of California, Berkeley.
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Wannanosaurus
Wannanosaurus (meaning "Wannan lizard", named after the location where it was discovered) is a genus of basal pachycephalosaurian dinosaur from the Maastrichtian Upper Cretaceous Xiaoyan Formation, about 70 million years ago in what is now Anhui, China.
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Warsaw
Warsaw, officially the Capital City of Warsaw, is the capital and largest city of Poland.
Washington, D.C.
Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly known as Washington or D.C., is the capital city and federal district of the United States.
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Whip
A whip is a blunt weapon or implement used in a striking motion to create sound or pain.
Wiley (publisher)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley, is an American multinational publishing company that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials.
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Wiley-Blackwell
Wiley-Blackwell is an international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of John Wiley & Sons.
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William Buckland
William Buckland DD, FRS (12 March 1784 – 14 August 1856) was an English theologian who became Dean of Westminster.
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William Morrow and Company
William Morrow and Company is an American publishing company founded by William Morrow in 1926.
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William Parker Foulke
William Parker Foulke (1816–1865) discovered the first full dinosaur skeleton in North America (Hadrosaurus foulkii, which means "Foulke's big lizard") in Haddonfield, New Jersey, in 1858.
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William Sarjeant
William Antony Swithin Sarjeant (15 July 1935 – 8 July 2002), also known by the pen name Antony Swithin, was a professor of geology at University of Saskatchewan.
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Witney
Witney is a market town on the River Windrush in West Oxfordshire in the county of Oxfordshire, England.
World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
Wrist
In human anatomy, the wrist is variously defined as (1) the carpus or carpal bones, the complex of eight bones forming the proximal skeletal segment of the hand; "The wrist contains eight bones, roughly aligned in two rows, known as the carpal bones." (2) the wrist joint or radiocarpal joint, the joint between the radius and the carpus and; (3) the anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints.
Wyoming
Wyoming is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States.
Xu Xing (paleontologist)
Xu Xing (born July 1969) is a Chinese paleontologist who has named more dinosaurs than any other living paleontologist.
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Yale University
Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.
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Yale University Press
Yale University Press is the university press of Yale University.
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Yanliao Biota
The Yanliao Biota is the name given to an assembly of fossils preserved in northeastern China from the Middle to Late Jurassic.
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Yucatán Peninsula
The Yucatán Peninsula (also,; Península de Yucatán) is a large peninsula in southeast Mexico and adjacent portions of Belize and Guatemala.
See Dinosaur and Yucatán Peninsula
ZooKeys
ZooKeys is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering zoological taxonomy, phylogeny, and biogeography.
See also
Carnian first appearances
- Belemnitida
- Dinosaur
- Discophyllitidae
- Eocoronidae
- Griesbachites
- Grylloidea
- Guaibasauridae
- Herrerasauridae
- Hyperodapedontinae
- Mammaliaformes
- Mammaliamorpha
- Ornithischia
- Parasuchidae
- Phytosaur
- Placodontia
- Prozostrodontia
- Pterosauromorpha
- Saturnaliidae
- Saurischia
- Sauropodomorpha
- Sciadopitys verticillata
- Shuvosauridae
- Theropoda
Dinosaurs
- Attenborough and the Giant Dinosaur
- Bird
- Chicxulub crater
- Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
- Dinosaur
- Dinosaur classification
- Dinosaur taxonomy
- Dinosaurs in popular culture
- Glossary of dinosaur anatomy
- List of non-avian dinosaur species preserved with evidence of feathers
- Opisthotonic death pose
- Origin of birds
- Ornithischians
- Ornithoscelida
- Outline of dinosaurs
- Physiology of dinosaurs
- Phytodinosauria
- Protobird
- Saurischians
Extant Late Triassic first appearances
- Anomura
- Aporrhais
- Bathyotica
- Belostomatidae
- Blattodea
- Cicada
- Coccolithophore
- Crocodylomorpha
- Diadematacia
- Dinosaur
- Dipluridae
- Earwig
- Euechinoidea
- Grylloidea
- Mammaliaformes
- Mammaliamorpha
- Monotreme
- Nautilaceae
- Nautilina
- Odonata
- Omma
- Polychelida
- Proganochelys
- Prozostrodontia
- Psychodidae
- Saurischia
- Sciadopitys verticillata
- Squamata
- Testudinata
- Theropoda
- Triops cancriformis
- Yinotheria
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur
Also known as Behavior of dinosaurs, Behaviour of dinosaurs, Cenozoic dinosaurs, Death of the dinosaurs, Dinasaur, Dinasour, Dinosaur Intelligence, Dinosaur behavior, Dinosaur brain, Dinosaur brain size, Dinosaur brains, Dinosaur brains and intelligence, Dinosaur brains intelligence, Dinosaur evolution, Dinosaur neurology, Dinosauria, Dinosaurian, Dinosaurs, Dinosoor, Dinosor, Dinosour, Dinosuar, Dinosur, Discovery of dinosaurs, Evolution of dinosaurs, Jurassic dinosaurs, Non-avian dinosaur, Non-avian dinosaurs, Pachypodes, Pachypodosauria, Paleocene dinosaur, Paleocene dinosaurs, Pandinosauria, Reproductive biology of dinosaurs, Sapient dinosaur, Sapient dinosaurs, Terrible lizard, Terrible lizards, The Death of the Dinosaurs, The dinosaur, Theropod intelligence, Triassic dinosaurs.
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