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Doctor of Medicine, the Glossary

Doctor of Medicine (abbreviated M.D., from the Latin Medicinae Doctor) is a medical degree, the meaning of which varies between different jurisdictions.^[1]

216 relations: Academic degree, Afghanistan, Akaki Tsereteli State University, American Medical Association, Anatomy, Ancient universities of Scotland, Argentina, Ariel University, Association of American Medical Colleges, Australian National University, Australian Qualifications Framework, Austria, Baccalauréat, Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery, Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery, Bachelor of Science, Bagrut certificate, Bangladesh, Bar-Ilan University, Belgium, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Biochemistry, Biophysics, Bologna Process, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Boston, Candidate of Medicine, Cardiology, CEGEP, Cell biology, Chile, China, College of Family Physicians of Canada, College of Physicians & Surgeons of Mumbai, Colombia, Columbia University, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, Comenius University, Commonwealth of Nations, Constitutions of Melfi, Consultant (medicine), Croatia, Cuba, Cumming School of Medicine, Czech Republic, Dawson College, Denmark, Dental degree, Diploma, Doctor Medicinae (Danish and Norwegian degree), ... Expand index (166 more) »
Academic degrees in healthcare
Higher doctorates
Medical degrees
Professional doctorates

Academic degree

An academic degree is a qualification awarded to a student upon successful completion of a course of study in higher education, usually at a college or university.

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Afghanistan

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.

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Akaki Tsereteli State University

Akaki Tsereteli State University (tr), also known as Kutaisi University (tr), is a university established in July 1930 in Tbilisi, Georgia, and now located in Kutaisi.

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American Medical Association

The American Medical Association (AMA) is an American professional association and lobbying group of physicians and medical students.

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Anatomy

Anatomy is the branch of morphology concerned with the study of the internal structure of organisms and their parts.

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Ancient universities of Scotland

The ancient universities of Scotland are medieval and renaissance universities that continue to exist in the present day.

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Argentina

Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America.

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Ariel University (אוניברסיטת אריאל), previously a public college known as the Ariel University Center of Samaria, is an Israeli university located in the urban Israeli settlement of Ariel in the West Bank.

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Association of American Medical Colleges

The Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) is a nonprofit organization based in Washington, D.C. that was established in 1876.

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Australian National University

The Australian National University (ANU) is a public research university and member of the Group of Eight, located in Canberra, the capital of Australia.

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Australian Qualifications Framework

The Australian Qualifications Framework (AQF) specifies the standards for educational qualifications in Australia.

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Austria

Austria, formally the Republic of Austria, is a landlocked country in Central Europe, lying in the Eastern Alps.

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Baccalauréat

The baccalauréat, often known in France colloquially as the bac, is a French national academic qualification that students can obtain at the completion of their secondary education (at the end of the lycée) by meeting certain requirements.

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Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery

Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (B.A.M.S.) is a professional degree focused on Ayurveda offered in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Doctor of Medicine and Bachelor of Ayurveda, Medicine and Surgery are medical degrees.

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Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery

A Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus Chirurgiae; MBBS, also abbreviated as BM BS, MB ChB, MB BCh, or MB BChir) is a medical degree granted by medical schools or universities in countries that adhere to the United Kingdom's higher education tradition. Doctor of Medicine and Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery are medical degrees.

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Bachelor of Science

A Bachelor of Science (BS, BSc, B.Sc., SB, or ScB; from the Latin scientiae baccalaureus) is a bachelor's degree that is awarded for programs that generally last three to five years.

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Bagrut certificate

Te'udat Bagrut (lit. "graduation certificate", Arabic: شهادة بجروت) is a certificate that attests that a student has successfully passed Israel's high school matriculation examination.

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Bangladesh

Bangladesh, officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia.

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Bar-Ilan University

Bar-Ilan University (BIU, אוניברסיטת בר-אילן, Universitat Bar-Ilan) is a public research university in the Tel Aviv District city of Ramat Gan, Israel.

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Belgium

Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a country in Northwestern Europe.

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Ben-Gurion University of the Negev

Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (BGU) (אוניברסיטת בן-גוריון בנגב, Universitat Ben-Guriyon baNegev) is a public research university in Beersheba, Israel.

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Biochemistry

Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.

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Biophysics

Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena.

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Bologna Process

The Bologna Process is a series of ministerial meetings and agreements between European countries to ensure comparability in the standards and quality of higher-education qualifications.

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Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina (Босна и Херцеговина), sometimes known as Bosnia-Herzegovina and informally as Bosnia, is a country in Southeast Europe, situated on the Balkan Peninsula.

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Boston

Boston, officially the City of Boston, is the capital and most populous city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States.

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Candidate of Medicine

Candidate of Medicine (candidatus medicinae (male), candidata medicinae (female), abbreviated cand. med.) is an academic degree awarded in Denmark, Iceland, and Norway following a six-year medical school education. Doctor of Medicine and candidate of Medicine are medical degrees.

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Cardiology

Cardiology is the study of the heart.

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CEGEP

A CEGEP (or; cégep,; also written CÉGEP and cegep) is a publicly funded college providing technical, academic, vocational or a mix of programs; they are exclusive to the province of Quebec's education system.

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Cell biology

Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells.

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Chile

Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America.

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China

China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.

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College of Family Physicians of Canada

The College of Family Physicians of Canada (CFPC; Collège des médecins de famille du Canada, CMFC) is a professional association and the legal certifying body for the practice of family medicine in Canada.

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College of Physicians & Surgeons of Mumbai

College of Physicians & Surgeons of Mumbai or or CPS Bombay, established in 1912, is an autonomous body imparting Postgraduate Medical Education and offers 10 Fellowship & 17 Diploma Courses.

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Colombia

Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with insular regions in North America.

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Columbia University

Columbia University, officially Columbia University in the City of New York, is a private Ivy League research university in New York City.

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Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons

The Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons (officially Columbia University Roy and Diana Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons) is the medical school of Columbia University, located at the Columbia University Irving Medical Center in the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan.

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Comenius University

Comenius University in Bratislava (Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave) is the largest university in Slovakia, with most of its faculties located in Bratislava.

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Commonwealth of Nations

The Commonwealth of Nations, often simply referred to as the Commonwealth, is an international association of 56 member states, the vast majority of which are former territories of the British Empire from which it developed.

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Constitutions of Melfi

The Constitutions of Melfi, or Liber Augustalis, were a new legal code for the Kingdom of Sicily promulgated on 1 September 1231 by Emperor Frederick II.

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Consultant (medicine)

In the United Kingdom, Ireland, and parts of the Commonwealth, consultant is the title of a senior hospital-based physician or surgeon who has completed all of their specialist training and been placed on the specialist register in their chosen speciality.

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Croatia

Croatia (Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska), is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeast Europe.

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Cuba

Cuba, officially the Republic of Cuba, is an island country, comprising the island of Cuba, Isla de la Juventud, archipelagos, 4,195 islands and cays surrounding the main island.

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Cumming School of Medicine

The University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine was established in 1967 and renamed the Cumming School of Medicine in 2014.

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Czech Republic

The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

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Dawson College

Dawson College is an English-language public college in Westmount and Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

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Denmark

Denmark (Danmark) is a Nordic country in the south-central portion of Northern Europe.

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Dental degree

A number of professional degrees in dentistry are offered by dental schools in various countries around the world. Doctor of Medicine and dental degree are medical degrees.

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Diploma

A diploma is a document awarded by an educational institution (such as a college or university) testifying the recipient has graduated by successfully completing their courses of studies.

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Doctor Medicinae (Danish and Norwegian degree)

Doctor Medicinae, also spelled Doctor Medicinæ and abbreviated Dr. Doctor of Medicine and Doctor Medicinae (Danish and Norwegian degree) are higher doctorates and medical degrees.

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Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine

Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (DO or D.O., or in Australia DO USA) is a medical degree conferred by the 38 osteopathic medical schools in the United States. Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine are academic degrees in healthcare and medical degrees.

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Doctor of Philosophy

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD or DPhil; philosophiae doctor or) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of graduate study and original research.

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Doctor of Science

A Doctor of Science (Scientiae Doctor; most commonly abbreviated DSc or ScD) is a science doctorate awarded in a number of countries throughout the world. Doctor of Medicine and doctor of Science are higher doctorates.

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Doctor of Sciences

Doctor of Sciences (p, abbreviated д-р наук or д. н.; доктор наук; доктор на науките; доктар навук) is a higher doctoral degree in the Russian Empire, Soviet Union and many post-Soviet countries, which may be earned after the Candidate of Sciences.

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Doctorate

A doctorate (from Latin doctor, meaning "teacher") or doctoral degree is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities and some other educational institutions, derived from the ancient formalism licentia docendi ("licence to teach").

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Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic is a North American country on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north.

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Duke University

Duke University is a private research university in Durham, North Carolina, United States.

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Duke–NUS Medical School

The Duke–NUS Medical School (Duke–NUS) is a graduate medical school in Singapore.

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East Africa

East Africa, also known as Eastern Africa or the East of Africa, is a region at the eastern edge of the African continent, distinguished by its geographical, historical, and cultural landscape.

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ECTS grading scale

The ECTS grading scale is a grading system defined in the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS) framework by the European Commission.

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Embryology

Embryology (from Greek ἔμβρυον, embryon, "the unborn, embryo"; and -λογία, -logia) is the branch of animal biology that studies the prenatal development of gametes (sex cells), fertilization, and development of embryos and fetuses.

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Estonia

Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.

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Ethics

Ethics is the philosophical study of moral phenomena.

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European Qualifications Framework

The European Qualifications Framework (EQF) acts as a translation device to make national qualifications more readable across Europe, promoting workers' and learners' mobility between countries and facilitating their lifelong learning.

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European Research Council

The European Research Council (ERC) is a public body for funding of scientific and technological research conducted within the European Union (EU).

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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External independent evaluation

External independent evaluation or External independent testing (EIT, external testing, ET) is the examination for admission to universities in Ukraine.

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Family medicine

Family medicine is a medical specialty within primary care that provides continuing and comprehensive health care for the individual and family across all ages, genders, diseases, and parts of the body.

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Fellowship (medicine)

A fellowship is the period of medical training, in the United States and Canada, that a physician, dentist, or veterinarian may undertake after completing a specialty training program (residency).

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Finland

Finland, officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe.

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Flanders

Flanders (Dutch: Vlaanderen) is the Dutch-speaking northern portion of Belgium and one of the communities, regions and language areas of Belgium.

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Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor

Frederick II (German: Friedrich; Italian: Federico; Latin: Fridericus; 26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225.

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General practitioner

A general practitioner (GP) or family physician is a doctor who is a consultant in general practice.

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General surgery

General surgery is a surgical specialty that focuses on alimentary canal and abdominal contents including the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, appendix and bile ducts, and often the thyroid gland.

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Genetics

Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.

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Georgia (country)

Georgia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and West Asia.

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Godey's Lady's Book

Godey's Lady's Book, alternatively known as Godey's Magazine and Lady's Book, was an American women's magazine that was published in Philadelphia from 1830 to 1878.

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Greece

Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.

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Guyana

Guyana, officially the Co-operative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern coast of South America, part of the historic mainland British West Indies. Guyana is an indigenous word which means "Land of Many Waters". Georgetown is the capital of Guyana and is also the country's largest city.

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Habilitation

Habilitation is the highest university degree, or the procedure by which it is achieved, in Germany, France, Italy and some other European and non-English-speaking countries. Doctor of Medicine and Habilitation are higher doctorates.

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Harvard University

Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Hebrew University of Jerusalem

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJI; הַאוּנִיבֶרְסִיטָה הַעִבְרִית בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם) is a public research university based in Jerusalem, Israel.

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Histology

Histology, also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy, is the branch of biology that studies the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues.

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Honorary degree

An honorary degree is an academic degree for which a university (or other degree-awarding institution) has waived all of the usual requirements.

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Howard Hughes Medical Institute

The Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) is an American non-profit medical research organization based in Chevy Chase, Maryland.

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Indonesia

Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania between the Indian and Pacific oceans.

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Internal medicine

Internal medicine, also known as general internal medicine in Commonwealth nations, is a medical specialty for medical doctors focused on the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of internal diseases in adults.

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International Standard Classification of Education

The International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) is a statistical framework for organizing information on education maintained by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

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Internship (medicine)

A medical (or surgical) intern is a physician in training who has completed medical school and has a medical degree, but does not yet have a license to practice medicine unsupervised.

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Iran

Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.

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Iranian University Entrance Exam

The Iranian University Entrance Exam, simply known as Konkour (Persian: کنکور; from the French Concours), is a standardized test used as one of the means to gain admission to higher education in Iran.

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Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.

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James Cook University

James Cook University (JCU) is a public university in North Queensland, Australia.

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Jessenius Faculty of Medicine

The Jessenius Faculty of Medicine or Jessenius School of Medicine (Jesseniova lekárska fakulta) is a co-educational medical school in Martin, Slovakia.

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Kenya

Kenya, officially the Republic of Kenya (Jamhuri ya Kenya), is a country in East Africa.

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Košice

Košice is the largest city in eastern Slovakia.

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Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Liaison Committee on Medical Education

The Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) is an accrediting body for educational programs at schools of medicine in the United States and Canada.

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List of medical schools in Australia

Medical education in Australia is provided by the medical schools and faculties of various universities, accreditation for which is provided by the Australian Medical Council (AMC).

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Logic

Logic is the study of correct reasoning.

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Mainland China

Mainland China is the territory under direct administration of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in the aftermath of the Chinese Civil War.

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Malaysia

Malaysia is a country in Southeast Asia.

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Master of Medicine

Master of Medicine (MMed, MM) is a postgraduate professional clinical degree awarded by medical schools to physicians following a period of instruction, supervised clinical rotations, and examination. Doctor of Medicine and Master of Medicine are academic degrees in healthcare and medical degrees.

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Master of Science

A Master of Science (Magister Scientiae; abbreviated MS, M.S., MSc, M.Sc., SM, S.M., ScM or Sc.M.) is a master's degree.

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Master of Surgery

The Master of Surgery (Latin: Magister Chirurgiae) is an advanced qualification in surgery. Doctor of Medicine and Master of Surgery are medical degrees.

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Master's degree

A master's degree (from Latin) is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice.

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McGill University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences

The Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences is one of the constituent faculties of McGill University.

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MD–PhD

The Doctor of Medicine–Doctor of Philosophy (MD–PhD) is a dual doctoral program for physician–scientists, combining the professional training of the Doctor of Medicine degree with the research program of the Doctor of Philosophy degree. Doctor of Medicine and MD–PhD are academic degrees in healthcare and medical degrees.

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Medical College Admission Test

The Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) is a computer-based standardized examination for prospective medical students (both Allopathic M.D. and Osteopathic D.O.) in the United States, Australia, Canada, and the Caribbean Islands.

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Medical Council of Canada

The Medical Council of Canada (MCC; Conseil médical du Canada, CMC) is an organization charged with the partial assessment and evaluation of medical graduates and physicians through standardized examination.

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Medical Council of India

The Medical Council of India (MCI) was a statutory body for establishing uniform and high standards of medical education in India until its dissolution on 25 September 2020 when it was replaced by National Medical Commission.

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Medical degree

A medical degree is a professional degree admitted to those who have passed coursework in the fields of medicine and/or surgery from an accredited medical school. Doctor of Medicine and medical degree are medical degrees.

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Medical school

A medical school is a tertiary educational institution, professional school, or forms a part of such an institution, that teaches medicine, and awards a professional degree for physicians.

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Medical Scientist Training Program

The Medical Scientist Training Programs (MSTPs) are dual-degree training programs that streamline the education towards both clinical (typically MD) and research doctoral degrees.

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Medical University of Vienna

The Medical University of Vienna (German: Medizinische Universität Wien) is a public university located in Vienna, Austria.

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Medicinal chemistry

Medicinal or pharmaceutical chemistry is a scientific discipline at the intersection of chemistry and pharmacy involved with designing and developing pharmaceutical drugs.

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Medicine

Medicine is the science and practice of caring for patients, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health.

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Mexico

Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America.

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Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine

The Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, known as the McMaster University School of Medicine prior to 2004, is the medical school of McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.

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Ministry of Health and Medical Education

The Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOHME) has executive responsibility for health and medical education within the Iranian government.

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Molecular biology

Molecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions.

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Monastir, Tunisia

Monastir, also called Mestir (المنستير, from the Greek μοναστήριον "hermit's cell, monastery"), is a city on the central coast of Tunisia, in the Sahel area, some south of Sousse and south of Tunis.

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Multiple mini-interview

In recruitment, the multiple mini-interview (MMI)Eva KW, Reiter HI, Rosenfeld J, Norman GR.

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National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences

National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences (NBEMS) is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India, and established in 1975 at New Delhi as a Society under Delhi Society registration act, to standardizing postgraduate medical education and examination in India.

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National Board of Health and Welfare (Sweden)

The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare (Socialstyrelsen) is a Swedish government agency.

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National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Postgraduate)

The National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Postgraduate), abbreviated as NEET (PG) is an entrance examination in India conducted by the National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences (NBEMS) for determining eligibility of candidates for admission to postgraduate medical programmes in government or private medical colleges, such as Doctor of Medicine (MD), Master of Surgery (MS), PG diploma, Diplomate of National Board (DNB), Doctorate of National Board (DrNB), and NBEMS diploma.

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National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)

The National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate) or NEET (UG), formerly the All India Pre-Medical Test (AIPMT), is an Indian nationwide entrance examination conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) for admission in undergraduate medical programs.

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National Institutes of Health

The National Institutes of Health, commonly referred to as NIH, is the primary agency of the United States government responsible for biomedical and public health research.

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National Science Foundation

The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent agency of the United States federal government that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering.

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National University of Malaysia

The National University of Malaysia (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, abbreviated as UKM) is a public research university located in Bandar Baru Bangi, Hulu Langat District, Selangor, Malaysia.

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National University of Singapore

The National University of Singapore (NUS) is a national public collegiate and research university in Singapore.

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Nauka (publisher)

Nauka (lit) is a Russian publisher of academic books and journals.

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Nepal

Nepal, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked country in South Asia.

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Netherlands

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.

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Neurosurgery

Neurosurgery or neurological surgery, known in common parlance as brain surgery, is the medical specialty concerned with the surgical treatment of disorders which affect any portion of the nervous system including the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system.

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New England Female Medical College

New England Female Medical College (NEFMC), originally Boston Female Medical College, was founded in 1848 by Samuel Gregory and was the first school to train women in the field of medicine.

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Norway

Norway (Norge, Noreg), formally the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic country in Northern Europe, situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula.

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Numerus clausus

Numerus clausus ("closed number" in Latin) is one of many methods used to limit the number of students who may study at a university.

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Oral exam

The oral exam (also oral test or viva voce; Rigorosum in German-speaking nations) is a practice in many schools and disciplines in which an examiner poses questions to the student in spoken form.

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Osteopathic medicine in the United States

Osteopathic medicine is a branch of the medical profession in the United States that promotes the practice of science-based medicine, often referred to in this context as allopathic medicine, with a set of philosophy and principles set by its earlier form, osteopathy.

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Pakistan

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

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Paris Descartes University

Paris Descartes University (Université Paris 5 René Descartes), also known as Paris V, was a French public university located in Paris.

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Paris Diderot University

Paris Diderot University, also known as Paris 7 (Université Paris Diderot), was a French university located in Paris, France.

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Pathology

Pathology is the study of disease and injury.

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Pediatrics

Pediatrics (also spelled paediatrics or pædiatrics) is the branch of medicine that involves the medical care of infants, children, adolescents, and young adults.

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Peking Union Medical College

Peking Union Medical College, founded in 1906, is a national public medical college located in Dongcheng, Beijing, China.

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Peking University Health Science Center

Peking University Health Science Center is the medical school of Peking University, which has 14 affiliated hospitals in Beijing, China.

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Perdana University

Perdana University (PU), is an emerging private university located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia focusing on health science and data science programmes at foundation (pre-university), undergraduate and postgraduate levels.

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Peru

Peru, officially the Republic of Peru, is a country in western South America. It is bordered in the north by Ecuador and Colombia, in the east by Brazil, in the southeast by Bolivia, in the south by Chile, and in the south and west by the Pacific Ocean. Peru is a megadiverse country with habitats ranging from the arid plains of the Pacific coastal region in the west to the peaks of the Andes mountains extending from the north to the southeast of the country to the tropical Amazon basin rainforest in the east with the Amazon River.

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Pharmacology

Pharmacology is the science of drugs and medications, including a substance's origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology.

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Physical examination

In a physical examination, medical examination, clinical examination, or medical checkup, a medical practitioner examines a patient for any possible medical signs or symptoms of a medical condition.

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Physician

A physician, medical practitioner (British English), medical doctor, or simply doctor is a health professional who practices medicine, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring health through the study, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of disease, injury, and other physical and mental impairments.

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Poland

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.

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Portugal

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, whose territory also includes the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira.

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Pre-medical

Pre-medical (often referred to as pre-med) is an educational track that undergraduate students mostly in the United States pursue prior to becoming medical students.

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Professional degree

A professional degree, formerly known in the US as a first professional degree, is a degree that prepares someone to work in a particular profession, practice, or industry sector often meeting the academic requirements for licensure or accreditation. Doctor of Medicine and professional degree are professional titles and certifications.

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Psychometric Entrance Test

The Psychometric Entrance Test (PET) – commonly known in Hebrew as "ha-Psikhometri" (The Psychometric) – is a standardized test that serves as an entrance exam for institutions of higher education in Israel.

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Puskesmas

The Pusat Kesehatan Masyarakat, abbreviated as Puskesmas, are government-mandated community health clinics located across Indonesia.

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Quebec

QuebecAccording to the Canadian government, Québec (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and Quebec (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.

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Republic of Ireland

Ireland (Éire), also known as the Republic of Ireland (Poblacht na hÉireann), is a country in north-western Europe consisting of 26 of the 32 counties of the island of Ireland.

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Research

Research is "creative and systematic work undertaken to increase the stock of knowledge".

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Reservation in India

Reservation is a system of caste-based affirmative action in India.

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Residency (medicine)

Residency or postgraduate training is a stage of graduate medical education.

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Riga Stradiņš University

Riga Stradiņš University (RSU) (Rīgas Stradiņa universitāte, Universitas Rigensis Stradina) is a public university located in the city of Riga, Latvia.

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Roger II of Sicily

Roger II or Roger the Great (Ruggero II, Ruggeru II, Greek: Ρογέριος; 22 December 1095 – 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily and Africa, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his brother Simon.

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Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada

The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (Collège royal des médecins et chirurgiens du Canada) is a regulatory college which acts as a national, nonprofit organization established in 1929 by a special Act of Parliament to oversee the medical education of specialists in Canada.

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Safed

Safed (also known as Tzfat; צְפַת, Ṣəfaṯ; صفد, Ṣafad) is a city in the Northern District of Israel.

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Schola Medica Salernitana

The Schola Medica Salernitana (Scuola Medica Salernitana) was a medieval medical school, the first and most important of its kind.

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Scotland

Scotland (Scots: Scotland; Scottish Gaelic: Alba) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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Serbia

Serbia, officially the Republic of Serbia, is a landlocked country at the crossroads of Southeast and Central Europe, located in the Balkans and the Pannonian Plain.

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Sfax

Sfax (Ṣafāqis) is a city in Tunisia, located southeast of Tunis.

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Shanghai Jiao Tong University

Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU) is a public university in Shanghai, China.

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Slovakia

Slovakia (Slovensko), officially the Slovak Republic (Slovenská republika), is a landlocked country in Central Europe.

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Slovenia

Slovenia (Slovenija), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene), is a country in southern Central Europe.

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Sousse

Sousse or Soussa (سوسة) is a city in Tunisia, capital of the Sousse Governorate.

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South Korea

South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia.

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Specialist degree

The specialist degree is an academic degree conferred by a college or university.

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Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka, historically known as Ceylon, and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an island country in South Asia.

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Staatsexamen

The Staatsexamen ("state examination" or "exam by state"; pl.: Staatsexamina) is a German government licensing examination that future physicians, dentists, physical therapists, teachers, research librarians, archivists, pharmacists, food chemists, psychotherapists and jurists (i.e., lawyers, judges, public prosecutors, civil-law notaries) as well as surveyors have to pass to be allowed to work in their profession.

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Sudan

Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa.

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Surgery

Surgery is a medical specialty that uses manual and instrumental techniques to diagnose or treat pathological conditions (e.g., trauma, disease, injury, malignancy), to alter bodily functions (i.e., malabsorption created by bariatric surgery such as gastric bypass), to reconstruct or improve aesthetics and appearance (cosmetic surgery), or to remove unwanted tissues (body fat, glands, scars or skin tags) or foreign bodies.

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Sweden

Sweden, formally the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Nordic country located on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe.

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Tanzania

Tanzania, officially the United Republic of Tanzania, (formerly Swahililand) is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region.

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Tbilisi State Medical University

Tbilisi State Medical University (TSMU) (tr) is a leading medical university in Tbilisi, Georgia.

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Technion – Israel Institute of Technology

The Technion – Israel Institute of Technology (הטכניון – מכון טכנולוגי לישראל) is a public research university located in Haifa, Israel.

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Tel Aviv University

Tel Aviv University (TAU; אוּנִיבֶרְסִיטַת תֵּל אָבִיב, Universitat Tel Aviv, جامعة تل أبيب, Jami’at Tel Abib) is a public research university in Tel Aviv, Israel.

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Texila American University

Texila American University (TAU) is an offshore private medical school, owned by the Texila American University Ltd – Hong Kong (TAU-HK).

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Trota of Salerno

Trota of Salerno (also spelled Trocta) was a medical practitioner and writer in the southern Italian coastal town of Salerno who lived in the early or middle decades of the 12th century.

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Tunis

Tunis (تونس) is the capital and largest city of Tunisia.

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Turkey

Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.

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UCSI University

UCSI University is a private university in Malaysia.

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Uganda

Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa.

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Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.

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United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

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United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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United States Department of Education

The United States Department of Education is a cabinet-level department of the United States government.

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United States Medical Licensing Examination

The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) is a three-step examination program for medical licensure in the United States sponsored by the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME).

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Université de Montréal

The (UdeM;; translates to University of Montreal) is a French-language public research university in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

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Université de Sherbrooke

The Université de Sherbrooke (UdeS; English: University of Sherbrooke) is a French-language public research university in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada, with a second campus in Longueuil, a suburb on the South Shore of Montreal.

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Université Laval

italic (English: Laval University) is a public research university in Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.

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Universiti Sains Malaysia

Universiti Sains Malaysia ('Science University of Malaysia'; abbreviated as USM) is a public research university in Malaysia.

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Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman

Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (abbreviated as UTAR) is a not-for-profit private research university in Malaysia.

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University of Glasgow

The University of Glasgow (abbreviated as Glas. in post-nominals) is a public research university in Glasgow, Scotland.

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University of Havana

The University of Havana (UH; Universidad de La Habana) is a public university located in the Vedado district of Havana, the capital of Cuba.

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University of Malaya

The Universiti Malaya (UM; abbreviated as UM or informally the Malayan University) is a public research university located in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

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University of Maryland, Baltimore

The University of Maryland, Baltimore (UMB) is a public university in Baltimore, Maryland. Founded in 1807, it comprises some of the oldest professional schools of dentistry, law, medicine, pharmacy, social work and nursing in the United States. It is the original campus of the University System of Maryland and has a strategic partnership with the University of Maryland, College Park.

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University of Melbourne

The University of Melbourne (also colloquially known as Melbourne University) is a public research university located in Melbourne, Australia.

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University of Oulu

The University of Oulu (Oulun yliopisto) is one of the largest universities in Finland, located in the city of Oulu.

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University of Pennsylvania

The University of Pennsylvania, commonly referenced as Penn or UPenn, is a private Ivy League research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.

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University of Putra Malaysia

University of Putra Malaysia (Malay: Universiti Putra Malaysia), abbreviated as UPM, is a Malaysian public research university located in Serdang, Selangor.

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University of Tartu

The University of Tartu (UT; Tartu Ülikool; Universitas Tartuensis) is a public research university located in the city of Tartu, Estonia.

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USMLE Step 3

Step 3 is the final exam in the USMLE series of examinations.

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Utrecht University

Utrecht University (UU; Universiteit Utrecht, formerly Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht) is a public research university in Utrecht, Netherlands.

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Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs

Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs (VWO, meaning "preparatory scientific education" in Dutch) is the highest variant in the secondary educational system of the Netherlands, attended by approximately a fifth of all Dutch high school students.

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Worshipful Society of Apothecaries

The Worshipful Society of Apothecaries of London is one of the livery companies of the City of London.

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Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine

The Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, established in 1905, is the first institution of higher learning in Singapore and the genesis of the National University of Singapore.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine

Also known as DCh., Doctor Chirurgiae, Doctor Medicinae, Doctor in Medicine, Doctor of Medicine and Master of Surgery, Doctorate in Medicine, Doctorate of Medicine, Doctors of Medicine, Doktor der Medizin, M. D., M.D., M.D. degree, MD degree, MDCM, MUDr., Medic Title, Medical Doctorate, Medicinae Doctor, Medicine doctor, Title of Medic, Título de Médico.

, Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine, Doctor of Philosophy, Doctor of Science, Doctor of Sciences, Doctorate, Dominican Republic, Duke University, Duke–NUS Medical School, East Africa, ECTS grading scale, Embryology, Estonia, Ethics, European Qualifications Framework, European Research Council, European Union, External independent evaluation, Family medicine, Fellowship (medicine), Finland, Flanders, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, General practitioner, General surgery, Genetics, Georgia (country), Godey's Lady's Book, Greece, Guyana, Habilitation, Harvard University, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Histology, Honorary degree, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Indonesia, Internal medicine, International Standard Classification of Education, Internship (medicine), Iran, Iranian University Entrance Exam, Italy, James Cook University, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Kenya, Košice, Latin, Liaison Committee on Medical Education, List of medical schools in Australia, Logic, Mainland China, Malaysia, Master of Medicine, Master of Science, Master of Surgery, Master's degree, McGill University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, MD–PhD, Medical College Admission Test, Medical Council of Canada, Medical Council of India, Medical degree, Medical school, Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical University of Vienna, Medicinal chemistry, Medicine, Mexico, Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Molecular biology, Monastir, Tunisia, Multiple mini-interview, National Board of Examinations in Medical Sciences, National Board of Health and Welfare (Sweden), National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Postgraduate), National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate), National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation, National University of Malaysia, National University of Singapore, Nauka (publisher), Nepal, Netherlands, Neurosurgery, New England Female Medical College, Norway, Numerus clausus, Oral exam, Osteopathic medicine in the United States, Pakistan, Paris Descartes University, Paris Diderot University, Pathology, Pediatrics, Peking Union Medical College, Peking University Health Science Center, Perdana University, Peru, Pharmacology, Physical examination, Physician, Poland, Portugal, Pre-medical, Professional degree, Psychometric Entrance Test, Puskesmas, Quebec, Republic of Ireland, Research, Reservation in India, Residency (medicine), Riga Stradiņš University, Roger II of Sicily, Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Safed, Schola Medica Salernitana, Scotland, Serbia, Sfax, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sousse, South Korea, Specialist degree, Sri Lanka, Staatsexamen, Sudan, Surgery, Sweden, Tanzania, Tbilisi State Medical University, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Tel Aviv University, Texila American University, Trota of Salerno, Tunis, Turkey, UCSI University, Uganda, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States, United States Department of Education, United States Medical Licensing Examination, Université de Montréal, Université de Sherbrooke, Université Laval, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, University of Glasgow, University of Havana, University of Malaya, University of Maryland, Baltimore, University of Melbourne, University of Oulu, University of Pennsylvania, University of Putra Malaysia, University of Tartu, USMLE Step 3, Utrecht University, Voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs, Worshipful Society of Apothecaries, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine.

Doctor of Medicine, the Glossary

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