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Earth's mantle, the Glossary

Earth's mantle is a layer of silicate rock between the crust and the outer core.^[1]

107 relations: Aluminium oxide, Andrija Mohorovičić, Asthenosphere, Atlantic Ocean, Atlantis Massif, Atomic energy, Basalt, Boundary layer, Calcium oxide, Cape Verde, Caramel, Caribbean Sea, Chaos theory, Chikyū, Chromium(III) oxide, Cobalt-60, Continental crust, Continental drift, Convection, Convergent boundary, Core–mantle boundary, Crust (geology), Deep Sea Drilling Project, Dotdash Meredith, Dynamic topography, Earth's crust, Earth's outer core, Ferropericlase, Fluid, Fluid dynamics, Garnet, Geologic time scale, Giant-impact hypothesis, Glomar Challenger, Hotspot (geology), Integrated Ocean Drilling Program, Internal structure of Earth, Iron(II) oxide, Isotopes of iron, JOIDES Resolution, Keith Bullen (mathematician), Kimberlite, Large low-shear-velocity provinces, Liquidus and solidus, Lithosphere, Lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary, Lower mantle, Magma, Magnesium oxide, Majorite, ... Expand index (57 more) »

Aluminium oxide

Aluminium oxide (or aluminium(III) oxide) is a chemical compound of aluminium and oxygen with the chemical formula.

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Andrija Mohorovičić

Andrija Mohorovičić (23 January 1857 – 18 December 1936) was a Croatian geophysicist.

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Asthenosphere

The asthenosphere is the mechanically weak and ductile region of the upper mantle of Earth. Earth's mantle and asthenosphere are structure of the Earth.

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Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about.

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Atlantis Massif

The Atlantis Massif is a prominent undersea massif in the North Atlantic Ocean.

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Atomic energy

Atomic energy or energy of atoms is energy carried by atoms.

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Basalt is an aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the surface of a rocky planet or moon.

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Boundary layer

In physics and fluid mechanics, a boundary layer is the thin layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a bounding surface formed by the fluid flowing along the surface.

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Calcium oxide

Calcium oxide (formula: CaO), commonly known as quicklime or burnt lime, is a widely used chemical compound.

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Cape Verde

Cape Verde or Cabo Verde, officially the Republic of Cabo Verde, is an archipelago and island country of West Africa in the central Atlantic Ocean, consisting of ten volcanic islands with a combined land area of about.

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Caramel

Caramel is an orange-brown confectionery product made by heating a range of sugars.

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Caribbean Sea

The Caribbean Sea is a sea of the Atlantic Ocean in the tropics of the Western Hemisphere.

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Chaos theory

Chaos theory is an interdisciplinary area of scientific study and branch of mathematics.

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Chikyū

is a Japanese scientific drilling ship built for the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP). Earth's mantle and Chikyū are structure of the Earth.

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Chromium(III) oxide

Chromium(III) oxide (or chromia) is an inorganic compound with the formula.

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Cobalt-60

Cobalt-60 (Co) is a synthetic radioactive isotope of cobalt with a half-life of 5.2714 years.

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Continental crust

Continental crust is the layer of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks that forms the geological continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves. Earth's mantle and continental crust are structure of the Earth.

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Continental drift

Continental drift is the hypothesis, originating in the early 20th century, that Earth's continents move or drift relative to each other over geologic time.

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Convection

Convection is single or multiphase fluid flow that occurs spontaneously due to the combined effects of material property heterogeneity and body forces on a fluid, most commonly density and gravity (see buoyancy).

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Convergent boundary

A convergent boundary (also known as a destructive boundary) is an area on Earth where two or more lithospheric plates collide.

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Core–mantle boundary

The core–mantle boundary (CMB) of Earth lies between the planet's silicate mantle and its liquid iron–nickel outer core, at a depth of below Earth's surface. Earth's mantle and core–mantle boundary are structure of the Earth.

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Crust (geology)

In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite. Earth's mantle and crust (geology) are structure of the Earth.

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Deep Sea Drilling Project

The Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) was an ocean drilling project operated from 1968 to 1983.

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Dotdash Meredith

Dotdash Meredith (formerly The Mining Company, About.com and Dotdash) is an American digital media company based in New York City.

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Dynamic topography

The term dynamic topography is used in geodynamics to refer the elevation differences caused by the flow within Earth's mantle.

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Earth's crust

Earth's crust is its thick outer shell of rock, referring to less than one percent of the planet's radius and volume. Earth's mantle and Earth's crust are structure of the Earth.

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Earth's outer core

Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about thick, composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle. Earth's mantle and Earth's outer core are structure of the Earth.

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Ferropericlase

Ferropericlase or magnesiowüstite is a magnesium/iron oxide with the chemical formula that is interpreted to be one of the main constituents of the Earth's lower mantle together with the silicate perovskite, a magnesium/iron silicate with a perovskite structure.

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Fluid

In physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that may continuously move and deform (flow) under an applied shear stress, or external force.

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Fluid dynamics

In physics, physical chemistry and engineering, fluid dynamics is a subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids—liquids and gases.

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Garnet

Garnets are a group of silicate minerals that have been used since the Bronze Age as gemstones and abrasives.

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Geologic time scale

The geologic time scale or geological time scale (GTS) is a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth.

See Earth's mantle and Geologic time scale

Giant-impact hypothesis

The giant-impact hypothesis, sometimes called the Theia Impact, is an astrogeology hypothesis for the formation of the Moon first proposed in 1946 by Canadian geologist Reginald Daly.

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Glomar Challenger

The Glomar Challenger was a deep sea research and scientific drilling vessel for oceanography and marine geology studies.

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Hotspot (geology)

In geology, hotspots (or hot spots) are volcanic locales thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle. Earth's mantle and hotspot (geology) are structure of the Earth.

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Integrated Ocean Drilling Program

The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program (IODP) was an international marine research program, running from 2003 to 2013.

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Internal structure of Earth

The internal structure of Earth are the layers of the Earth, excluding its atmosphere and hydrosphere. Earth's mantle and internal structure of Earth are structure of the Earth.

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Iron(II) oxide

Iron(II) oxide or ferrous oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula FeO.

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Isotopes of iron

Naturally occurring iron (26Fe) consists of four stable isotopes: 5.845% of 54Fe (possibly radioactive with a half-life over years), 91.754% of 56Fe, 2.119% of 57Fe and 0.286% of 58Fe.

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JOIDES Resolution

Drillship ''JOIDES Resolution'' in 1988 The riserless research vessel JOIDES Resolution (Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling), often referred to as the JR, is one of the scientific drilling ships used by the International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP), an international, multi-drilling platform research program.

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Keith Bullen (mathematician)

Keith Edward Bullen FAA FRS (29 June 1906 – 23 September 1976) was a New Zealand-born mathematician and geophysicist.

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Kimberlite

Kimberlite, an igneous rock and a rare variant of peridotite, is most commonly known to be the main host matrix for diamonds.

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Large low-shear-velocity provinces

Large low-shear-velocity provinces (LLSVPs), also called large low-velocity provinces (LLVPs) or superplumes, are characteristic structures of parts of the lowermost mantle, the region surrounding the outer core deep inside the Earth. Earth's mantle and large low-shear-velocity provinces are structure of the Earth.

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Liquidus and solidus

While chemically pure materials have a single melting point, chemical mixtures often partially melt at the solidus temperature (TS or Tsol), and fully melt at the higher liquidus temperature (TL or Tliq).

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Lithosphere

A lithosphere is the rigid, outermost rocky shell of a terrestrial planet or natural satellite. Earth's mantle and lithosphere are structure of the Earth.

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Lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary

The lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary (referred to as the LAB by geophysicists) represents a mechanical difference between layers in Earth's inner structure.

See Earth's mantle and Lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary

Lower mantle

The lower mantle, historically also known as the mesosphere, represents approximately 56% of Earth's total volume, and is the region from 660 to 2900 km below Earth's surface; between the transition zone and the outer core. Earth's mantle and lower mantle are structure of the Earth.

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Magma

Magma is the molten or semi-molten natural material from which all igneous rocks are formed.

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Magnesium oxide

Magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesia, is a white hygroscopic solid mineral that occurs naturally as periclase and is a source of magnesium (see also oxide).

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Majorite

Majorite is a mineral found in the mantle of the Earth.

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Manganese(II) oxide

Manganese(II) oxide is an inorganic compound with chemical formula MnO.

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Mantle (geology)

A mantle is a layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above by a crust. Earth's mantle and mantle (geology) are structure of the Earth.

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Mantle plume

A mantle plume is a proposed mechanism of convection within the Earth's mantle, hypothesized to explain anomalous volcanism.

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Melting point

The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid.

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Mid-ocean ridge

A mid-ocean ridge (MOR) is a seafloor mountain system formed by plate tectonics.

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Mohorovičić discontinuity

The Mohorovičić discontinuityusually called the Moho discontinuity, Moho boundary, or just Mohois the boundary between the crust and the mantle of Earth. Earth's mantle and Mohorovičić discontinuity are structure of the Earth.

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Nickel(II) oxide

Nickel(II) oxide is the chemical compound with the formula.

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Nova Science Publishers

Nova Science Publishers is an academic publisher of books, encyclopedias, handbooks, e-books and journals, based in Hauppauge, New York.

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Obduction

Obduction is a geological process whereby denser oceanic crust (and even upper mantle) is scraped off a descending ocean plate at a convergent plate boundary and thrust on top of an adjacent plate.

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Ocean Drilling Program

The Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) was a multinational effort to explore and study the composition and structure of the Earth's oceanic basins, running from 1985 to 2004.

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Oceanic crust

Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of the tectonic plates. Earth's mantle and oceanic crust are structure of the Earth.

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Offshore drilling

Offshore drilling is a mechanical process where a wellbore is drilled below the seabed.

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Olivine

The mineral olivine is a magnesium iron silicate with the chemical formula.

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Ophiolite

An ophiolite is a section of Earth's oceanic crust and the underlying upper mantle that has been uplifted and exposed, and often emplaced onto continental crustal rocks.

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Overburden pressure

Pressure is force magnitude applied over an area.

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Partial melting

Partial melting is the phenomenon that occurs when a rock is subjected to temperatures high enough to cause certain minerals to melt, but not all of them.

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Peridotite

Peridotite is a dense, coarse-grained igneous rock consisting mostly of the silicate minerals olivine and pyroxene.

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Phase transition

In physics, chemistry, and other related fields like biology, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another.

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Phases of ice

The phases of ice are all possible states of matter for water as a solid.

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Phosphorus pentoxide

Phosphorus pentoxide is a chemical compound with molecular formula P4O10 (with its common name derived from its empirical formula, P2O5).

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Phys.org

Phys.org is an online science, research and technology news aggregator offering briefs from press releases and reports from news agencies.

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Plagioclase

Plagioclase is a series of tectosilicate (framework silicate) minerals within the feldspar group.

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Plate tectonics

Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that Earth's lithosphere comprises a number of large tectonic plates, which have been slowly moving since 3–4 billion years ago.

See Earth's mantle and Plate tectonics

Plate theory (volcanism)

The plate theory is a model of volcanism that attributes all volcanic activity on Earth, even that which appears superficially to be anomalous, to the operation of plate tectonics. Earth's mantle and plate theory (volcanism) are structure of the Earth.

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Post-perovskite

Post-perovskite (pPv) is a high-pressure phase of magnesium silicate (MgSiO3).

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Potassium oxide

Potassium oxide (2O) is an ionic compound of potassium and oxygen.

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Project Mohole

Project Mohole was an attempt in the early 1960s to drill through the Earth's crust to obtain samples of the Mohorovičić discontinuity, or Moho, the boundary between the Earth's crust and mantle. Earth's mantle and Project Mohole are structure of the Earth.

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Pyroxene

The pyroxenes (commonly abbreviated Px) are a group of important rock-forming inosilicate minerals found in many igneous and metamorphic rocks.

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Rheology

Rheology is the study of the flow of matter, primarily in a fluid (liquid or gas) state but also as "soft solids" or solids under conditions in which they respond with plastic flow rather than deforming elastically in response to an applied force.

See Earth's mantle and Rheology

Ringwoodite

Ringwoodite is a high-pressure phase of Mg2SiO4 (magnesium silicate) formed at high temperatures and pressures of the Earth's mantle between depth.

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RRS James Cook

The RRS James Cook is a British Royal Research Ship operated by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).

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ScienceDaily

ScienceDaily is an American website launched in 1995 that aggregates press releases and publishes lightly edited press releases (a practice called churnalism) about science, similar to Phys.org and EurekAlert!.

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Scripps Institution of Oceanography

The Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) is the center for oceanography and Earth science based at the University of California, San Diego.

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Seabed

The seabed (also known as the seafloor, sea floor, ocean floor, and ocean bottom) is the bottom of the ocean.

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Seafloor spreading

Seafloor spreading, or seafloor spread, is a process that occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed through volcanic activity and then gradually moves away from the ridge.

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Seismic wave

A seismic wave is a mechanical wave of acoustic energy that travels through the Earth or another planetary body.

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Silicate mineral

Silicate minerals are rock-forming minerals made up of silicate groups.

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Silicate perovskite

Silicate perovskite is either (the magnesium end-member is called bridgmanite) or (calcium silicate known as davemaoite) when arranged in a perovskite structure.

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Silicon dioxide

Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula, commonly found in nature as quartz.

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Slab (geology)

In geology, the slab is a significant constituent of subduction zones.

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Sodium oxide

Sodium oxide is a chemical compound with the formula.

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Spinel

Spinel is the magnesium/aluminium member of the larger spinel group of minerals.

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Stishovite

Stishovite is an extremely hard, dense tetragonal form (polymorph) of silicon dioxide.

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Subduction

Subduction is a geological process in which the oceanic lithosphere and some continental lithosphere is recycled into the Earth's mantle at convergent boundaries.

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Supercomputer

A supercomputer is a type of computer with a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer.

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Theia (planet)

Theia is a hypothesized ancient planet in the early Solar System which, according to the giant-impact hypothesis, collided with the early Earth around 4.5 billion years ago, with some of the resulting ejected debris coalescing to form the Moon.

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Tibetan Plateau

The Tibetan Plateau, also known as Qinghai–Tibet Plateau and Qing–Zang Plateau, is a vast elevated plateau located at the intersection of Central, South, and East Asia covering most of the Tibet Autonomous Region, most of Qinghai, western half of Sichuan, Southern Gansu provinces in Western China, southern Xinjiang, Bhutan, the Indian regions of Ladakh and Lahaul and Spiti (Himachal Pradesh) as well as Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan, northwestern Nepal, eastern Tajikistan and southern Kyrgyzstan.

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Titanium dioxide

Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV) oxide or titania, is the inorganic compound derived from titanium with the chemical formula.

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Transition zone (Earth)

The transition zone is the part of Earth's mantle that is located between the lower and the upper mantle, most strictly between the seismic-discontinuity depths of about, but more broadly defined as the zone encompassing those discontinuities, i.e., between about depth. Earth's mantle and transition zone (Earth) are structure of the Earth.

See Earth's mantle and Transition zone (Earth)

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_mantle

Also known as Earth mantle, Mantle of the earth, Mantle rock, Mantle the second layer of the earth.

, Manganese(II) oxide, Mantle (geology), Mantle plume, Melting point, Mid-ocean ridge, Mohorovičić discontinuity, Nickel(II) oxide, Nova Science Publishers, Obduction, Ocean Drilling Program, Oceanic crust, Offshore drilling, Olivine, Ophiolite, Overburden pressure, Partial melting, Peridotite, Phase transition, Phases of ice, Phosphorus pentoxide, Phys.org, Plagioclase, Plate tectonics, Plate theory (volcanism), Post-perovskite, Potassium oxide, Project Mohole, Pyroxene, Rheology, Ringwoodite, RRS James Cook, ScienceDaily, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Seabed, Seafloor spreading, Seismic wave, Silicate mineral, Silicate perovskite, Silicon dioxide, Slab (geology), Sodium oxide, Spinel, Stishovite, Subduction, Supercomputer, Theia (planet), Tibetan Plateau, Titanium dioxide, Transition zone (Earth), Tungsten, Ultra-low velocity zone, University of California, San Diego, Upper mantle, Viscosity, Volcanism, Wadsleyite, Xenolith.

Earth's mantle, the Glossary

Table of Contents

References