Earth, the Glossary
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.[1]
Table of Contents
577 relations: Abiogenesis, Abyssal plain, Acceleration, Accretion (astrophysics), Acid rain, Aerobic organism, African Plate, Afro-Eurasia, Age of Earth, Allotropes of oxygen, Alpine tundra, Aluminium, American Museum of Natural History, Americas, Ancient Greece, Ancient Greek, Angular diameter, Angular velocity, Antarctic Circle, Antarctic Plate, Antarctic Treaty System, Antarctica, Ape, Apollo 17, Apsis, Arabian Plate, Arable land, Archean, Arctic Circle, Argon, Aridity, Arizona State University, Article (grammar), Associated Press, Asthenosphere, Astrobiology (journal), Astronomical object, Astronomical symbols, Astronomical unit, Astronomy (magazine), Atmosphere of Earth, Atmospheric circulation, Atmospheric escape, Atmospheric pressure, Aurora, Australia (continent), Axial precession, Axial tilt, Barycenter (astronomy), Basalt, ... Expand index (527 more) »
- Astronomical objects known since antiquity
- Global natural environment
- Nature
- Planets of the Solar System
- Terrestrial planets
Abiogenesis
Abiogenesis is the natural process by which life arises from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds.
Abyssal plain
An abyssal plain is an underwater plain on the deep ocean floor, usually found at depths between.
Acceleration
In mechanics, acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity of an object with respect to time.
Accretion (astrophysics)
In astrophysics, accretion is the accumulation of particles into a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter, typically gaseous matter, into an accretion disk.
See Earth and Accretion (astrophysics)
Acid rain
Acid rain is rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH).
Aerobic organism
An aerobic organism or aerobe is an organism that can survive and grow in an oxygenated environment.
See Earth and Aerobic organism
African Plate
The African Plate, also known as the Nubian Plate, is a major tectonic plate that includes much of the continent of Africa (except for its easternmost part) and the adjacent oceanic crust to the west and south.
Afro-Eurasia
Afro-Eurasia (also Afroeurasia and Eurafrasia) is a landmass comprising the continents of Africa, Asia, and Europe.
Age of Earth
The age of Earth is estimated to be 4.54 ± 0.05 billion years This age may represent the age of Earth's accretion, or core formation, or of the material from which Earth formed.
Allotropes of oxygen
There are several known allotropes of oxygen.
See Earth and Allotropes of oxygen
Alpine tundra
Alpine tundra is a type of natural region or biome that does not contain trees because it is at high elevation, with an associated harsh climate.
Aluminium
Aluminium (Aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element; it has symbol Al and atomic number 13.
American Museum of Natural History
The American Museum of Natural History (AMNH) is a natural history museum on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City.
See Earth and American Museum of Natural History
Americas
The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
Angular diameter
The angular diameter, angular size, apparent diameter, or apparent size is an angular distance describing how large a sphere or circle appears from a given point of view.
See Earth and Angular diameter
Angular velocity
In physics, angular velocity (symbol or \vec, the lowercase Greek letter omega), also known as angular frequency vector,(UP1) is a pseudovector representation of how the angular position or orientation of an object changes with time, i.e. how quickly an object rotates (spins or revolves) around an axis of rotation and how fast the axis itself changes direction.
See Earth and Angular velocity
Antarctic Circle
The Antarctic Circle is the most southerly of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of Earth.
See Earth and Antarctic Circle
Antarctic Plate
The Antarctic Plate is a tectonic plate containing the continent of Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau, and some remote islands in the Southern Ocean and other surrounding oceans.
Antarctic Treaty System
The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively known as the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only continent without a native human population.
See Earth and Antarctic Treaty System
Antarctica
Antarctica is Earth's southernmost and least-populated continent.
Ape
Apes (collectively Hominoidea) are a clade of Old World simians native to sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia (though they were more widespread in Africa, most of Asia, and Europe in prehistory), which together with its sister group Cercopithecidae form the catarrhine clade, cladistically making them monkeys.
See Earth and Ape
Apollo 17
Apollo 17 (December 7–19, 1972) was the eleventh and final mission of NASA's Apollo program, the sixth and most recent time humans have set foot on the Moon or traveled beyond low Earth orbit.
Apsis
An apsis is the farthest or nearest point in the orbit of a planetary body about its primary body.
See Earth and Apsis
Arabian Plate
The Arabian Plate is a minor tectonic plate in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres.
Arable land
Arable land (from the arabilis, "able to be ploughed") is any land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops.
Archean
The Archean Eon (also spelled Archaean or Archæan), in older sources sometimes called the Archaeozoic, is the second of the four geologic eons of Earth's history, preceded by the Hadean Eon and followed by the Proterozoic.
Arctic Circle
The Arctic Circle is one of the two polar circles, and the most northerly of the five major circles of latitude as shown on maps of Earth at about 66° 34' N. Its southern equivalent is the Antarctic Circle.
Argon
Argon is a chemical element; it has symbol Ar and atomic number 18.
See Earth and Argon
Aridity
Aridity is the condition of a region that severely lacks available water, to the extent of hindering or preventing the growth and development of plant and animal life.
Arizona State University
Arizona State University (Arizona State or ASU) is a public research university in the Phoenix metropolitan area.
See Earth and Arizona State University
Article (grammar)
In grammar, an article is any member of a class of dedicated words that are used with noun phrases to mark the identifiability of the referents of the noun phrases.
See Earth and Article (grammar)
Associated Press
The Associated Press (AP) is an American not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.
See Earth and Associated Press
Asthenosphere
The asthenosphere is the mechanically weak and ductile region of the upper mantle of Earth.
Astrobiology (journal)
Astrobiology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on the origin, evolution, distribution and future of life across the universe.
See Earth and Astrobiology (journal)
Astronomical object
An astronomical object, celestial object, stellar object or heavenly body is a naturally occurring physical entity, association, or structure that exists within the observable universe.
See Earth and Astronomical object
Astronomical symbols
Astronomical symbols are abstract pictorial symbols used to represent astronomical objects, theoretical constructs and observational events in European astronomy.
See Earth and Astronomical symbols
Astronomical unit
The astronomical unit (symbol: au, or AU) is a unit of length defined to be exactly equal to.
See Earth and Astronomical unit
Astronomy (magazine)
Astronomy is a monthly American magazine about astronomy.
See Earth and Astronomy (magazine)
Atmosphere of Earth
The atmosphere of Earth is composed of a layer of gas mixture that surrounds the Earth's planetary surface (both lands and oceans), known collectively as air, with variable quantities of suspended aerosols and particulates (which create weather features such as clouds and hazes), all retained by Earth's gravity.
See Earth and Atmosphere of Earth
Atmospheric circulation
Atmospheric circulation is the large-scale movement of air and together with ocean circulation is the means by which thermal energy is redistributed on the surface of the Earth.
See Earth and Atmospheric circulation
Atmospheric escape
Atmospheric escape is the loss of planetary atmospheric gases to outer space.
See Earth and Atmospheric escape
Atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure, also known as air pressure or barometric pressure (after the barometer), is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth.
See Earth and Atmospheric pressure
Aurora
An aurora (aurorae or auroras), also commonly known as the northern lights (aurora borealis) or southern lights (aurora australis), is a natural light display in Earth's sky, predominantly seen in high-latitude regions (around the Arctic and Antarctic).
See Earth and Aurora
Australia (continent)
The continent of Australia, sometimes known in technical contexts by the names Sahul, Australia-New Guinea, Australinea, Oceania, or Meganesia to distinguish it from the country of Australia, is located within the Southern and Eastern hemispheres.
See Earth and Australia (continent)
Axial precession
In astronomy, axial precession is a gravity-induced, slow, and continuous change in the orientation of an astronomical body's rotational axis.
See Earth and Axial precession
Axial tilt
In astronomy, axial tilt, also known as obliquity, is the angle between an object's rotational axis and its orbital axis, which is the line perpendicular to its orbital plane; equivalently, it is the angle between its equatorial plane and orbital plane.
Barycenter (astronomy)
In astronomy, the barycenter (or barycentre) is the center of mass of two or more bodies that orbit one another and is the point about which the bodies orbit.
See Earth and Barycenter (astronomy)
Basalt
Basalt is an aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the surface of a rocky planet or moon.
See Earth and Basalt
Bathymetry
Bathymetry is the study of underwater depth of ocean floors (seabed topography), lake floors, or river floors.
BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.
See Earth and BBC
BBC Bitesize
BBC Bitesize, also abbreviated to Bitesize, is the BBC's free online study support resource for school-age pupils in the United Kingdom.
Billiard ball
A billiard ball is a small, hard ball used in cue sports, such as carom billiards, pool, and snooker.
Biodiversity loss
Biodiversity loss happens when plant or animal species disappear completely from Earth (extinction) or when there is a decrease or disappearance of species in a specific area.
See Earth and Biodiversity loss
Biogenic substance
A biogenic substance is a product made by or of life forms.
See Earth and Biogenic substance
Biogeochemical cycle
A biogeochemical cycle, or more generally a cycle of matter, is the movement and transformation of chemical elements and compounds between living organisms, the atmosphere, and the Earth's crust.
See Earth and Biogeochemical cycle
Biological process
Biological processes are those processes that are necessary for an organism to live and that shape its capacities for interacting with its environment.
See Earth and Biological process
Biomass
Biomass is a term used in several contexts: in the context of ecology it means living organisms, and in the context of bioenergy it means matter from recently living (but now dead) organisms.
Biomass (ecology)
Biomass is the mass of living biological organisms in a given area or ecosystem at a given time.
See Earth and Biomass (ecology)
Biome
A biome is a distinct geographical region with specific climate, vegetation, and animal life.
See Earth and Biome
Biosphere
The biosphere, also called the ecosphere, is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems.
Biotic material
Biotic material or biological derived material is any material that originates from living organisms.
Blizzard
A blizzard is a severe snowstorm characterized by strong sustained winds and low visibility, lasting for a prolonged period of time—typically at least three or four hours.
Bond albedo
The Bond albedo (also called spheric albedo, planetary albedo, and bolometric albedo), named after the American astronomer George Phillips Bond (1825–1865), who originally proposed it, is the fraction of power in the total electromagnetic radiation incident on an astronomical body that is scattered back out into space.
Border
Borders are usually defined as geographical boundaries, imposed either by features such as oceans and terrain, or by political entities such as governments, sovereign states, federated states, and other subnational entities.
See Earth and Border
Bow shock
In astrophysics, a bow shock occurs when the magnetosphere of an astrophysical object interacts with the nearby flowing ambient plasma such as the solar wind.
Boydell & Brewer
Boydell & Brewer is an academic press based in Martlesham, Suffolk, England, that specializes in publishing historical and critical works.
See Earth and Boydell & Brewer
Building material
Building material is material used for construction.
See Earth and Building material
C4 carbon fixation
carbon fixation or the Hatch–Slack pathway is one of three known photosynthetic processes of carbon fixation in plants.
See Earth and C4 carbon fixation
Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20.
California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
California State Polytechnic University Pomona (Cal Poly Pomona), is a public polytechnic university in Pomona, California.
See Earth and California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
Cambrian explosion
The Cambrian explosion (also known as Cambrian radiation or Cambrian diversification) is an interval of time approximately in the Cambrian period of the early Paleozoic when a sudden radiation of complex life occurred, and practically all major animal phyla started appearing in the fossil record.
See Earth and Cambrian explosion
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.
Carbonate–silicate cycle
The carbonate–silicate geochemical cycle, also known as the inorganic carbon cycle, describes the long-term transformation of silicate rocks to carbonate rocks by weathering and sedimentation, and the transformation of carbonate rocks back into silicate rocks by metamorphism and volcanism.
See Earth and Carbonate–silicate cycle
Caribbean Plate
The Caribbean Plate is a mostly oceanic tectonic plate underlying Central America and the Caribbean Sea off the northern coast of South America.
Carleton University
Carleton University is an English-language public research university in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
See Earth and Carleton University
Celestial equator
The celestial equator is the great circle of the imaginary celestial sphere on the same plane as the equator of Earth.
See Earth and Celestial equator
Celestial pole
The north and south celestial poles are the two points in the sky where Earth's axis of rotation, indefinitely extended, intersects the celestial sphere.
Celestial sphere
In astronomy and navigation, the celestial sphere is an abstract sphere that has an arbitrarily large radius and is concentric to Earth.
See Earth and Celestial sphere
Center of mass
In physics, the center of mass of a distribution of mass in space (sometimes referred to as the barycenter or balance point) is the unique point at any given time where the weighted relative position of the distributed mass sums to zero.
Chandler wobble
The Chandler wobble or Chandler variation of latitude is a small deviation in the Earth's axis of rotation relative to the solid earth, which was discovered by and named after American astronomer Seth Carlo Chandler in 1891.
Charged particle
In physics, a charged particle is a particle with an electric charge.
See Earth and Charged particle
Charon (moon)
Charon, or (134340) Pluto I, is the largest of the five known natural satellites of the dwarf planet Pluto.
Chemical reaction
A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the chemical transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.
See Earth and Chemical reaction
Chemical substance
A chemical substance is a unique form of matter with constant chemical composition and characteristic properties.
See Earth and Chemical substance
Chicxulub crater
The Chicxulub crater is an impact crater buried underneath the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico.
See Earth and Chicxulub crater
Chimborazo
Chimborazo is an inactive stratovolcano situated in Ecuador in the Cordillera Occidental range of the Andes.
Circumference
In geometry, the circumference (from Latin circumferens, meaning "carrying around") is the perimeter of a circle or ellipse.
Circumstellar disc
A circumstellar disc (or circumstellar disk) is a torus, pancake or ring-shaped accretion disk of matter composed of gas, dust, planetesimals, asteroids, or collision fragments in orbit around a star.
See Earth and Circumstellar disc
Civilization
A civilization (civilisation) is any complex society characterized by the development of the state, social stratification, urbanization, and symbolic systems of communication beyond signed or spoken languages (namely, writing systems and graphic arts).
Claimed moons of Earth
Claims of the existence of other moons of Earth—that is, of one or more natural satellites with relatively stable orbits of Earth, other than the Moon—have existed for some time. Earth and Claimed moons of Earth are solar System.
See Earth and Claimed moons of Earth
Climate change
In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system.
Climate classification
Climate classifications are systems that categorize the world's climates.
See Earth and Climate classification
Climate system
Earth's climate system is a complex system with five interacting components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things).
Clockwise
Two-dimensional rotation can occur in two possible directions or senses of rotation.
Cloud cover
Cloud cover (also known as cloudiness, cloudage, or cloud amount) refers to the fraction of the sky obscured by clouds on average when observed from a particular location.
Co-orbital configuration
In astronomy, a co-orbital configuration is a configuration of two or more astronomical objects (such as asteroids, moons, or planets) orbiting at the same, or very similar, distance from their primary; i.e., they are in a 1:1 mean-motion resonance.
See Earth and Co-orbital configuration
Cocos Plate
The Cocos Plate is a young oceanic tectonic plate beneath the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of Central America, named for Cocos Island, which rides upon it.
Colony (biology)
In biology, a colony is composed of two or more conspecific individuals living in close association with, or connected to, one another.
See Earth and Colony (biology)
Comet
A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that warms and begins to release gases when passing close to the Sun, a process called outgassing. Earth and comet are solar System.
See Earth and Comet
Continent
A continent is any of several large geographical regions.
Continental climate
Continental climates often have a significant annual variation in temperature (warm to hot summers and cold winters).
See Earth and Continental climate
Continental crust
Continental crust is the layer of igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks that forms the geological continents and the areas of shallow seabed close to their shores, known as continental shelves.
See Earth and Continental crust
Continental shelf
A continental shelf is a portion of a continent that is submerged under an area of relatively shallow water, known as a shelf sea.
See Earth and Continental shelf
Convergent boundary
A convergent boundary (also known as a destructive boundary) is an area on Earth where two or more lithospheric plates collide.
See Earth and Convergent boundary
Cosmic dust
Cosmic dustalso called extraterrestrial dust, space dust, or star dustis dust that occurs in outer space or has fallen onto Earth.
Cosmic ray
Cosmic rays or astroparticles are high-energy particles or clusters of particles (primarily represented by protons or atomic nuclei) that move through space at nearly the speed of light.
Creation myth
A creation myth or cosmogonic myth is a type of cosmogony, a symbolic narrative of how the world began and how people first came to inhabit it.
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event, also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction, was the mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth approximately 66 million years ago.
See Earth and Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
Crustal recycling
Crustal recycling is a tectonic process by which surface material from the lithosphere is recycled into the mantle by subduction erosion or delamination.
See Earth and Crustal recycling
Culture
Culture is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.
Dead Sea
The Dead Sea (al-Baḥr al-Mayyit, or label; Yām hamMelaḥ), also known by other names, is a landlocked salt lake bordered by Jordan to the east and the Israeli-occupied West Bank and Israel to the west.
Death Valley National Park
Death Valley National Park is an American national park that straddles the California–Nevada border, east of the Sierra Nevada.
See Earth and Death Valley National Park
Deep sea
The deep sea is broadly defined as the ocean depth where light begins to fade, at an approximate depth of or the point of transition from continental shelves to continental slopes.
Deforestation
Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal and destruction of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use.
Deity
A deity or god is a supernatural being considered to be sacred and worthy of worship due to having authority over the universe, nature or human life.
See Earth and Deity
Desert
A desert is a landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions create unique biomes and ecosystems.
See Earth and Desert
Desertification
Desertification is a type of gradual land degradation of fertile land into arid desert due to a combination of natural processes and human activities.
Dipole
In physics, a dipole is an electromagnetic phenomenon which occurs in two ways.
See Earth and Dipole
Divergent boundary
In plate tectonics, a divergent boundary or divergent plate boundary (also known as a constructive boundary or an extensional boundary) is a linear feature that exists between two tectonic plates that are moving away from each other.
See Earth and Divergent boundary
Dwarf planet
A dwarf planet is a small planetary-mass object that is in direct orbit around the Sun, massive enough to be gravitationally rounded, but insufficient to achieve orbital dominance like the eight classical planets of the Solar System. Earth and dwarf planet are solar System.
Dynamo theory
In physics, the dynamo theory proposes a mechanism by which a celestial body such as Earth or a star generates a magnetic field.
Earliest known life forms
The earliest known life forms on Earth may be as old as 4.1 billion years old (or Ga) according to biologically fractionated graphite inside a single zircon grain in the Jack Hills range of Australia.
See Earth and Earliest known life forms
Early Modern English
Early Modern English (sometimes abbreviated EModEFor example, or EMnE) or Early New English (ENE) is the stage of the English language from the beginning of the Tudor period to the English Interregnum and Restoration, or from the transition from Middle English, in the late 15th century, to the transition to Modern English, in the mid-to-late 17th century.
See Earth and Early Modern English
Earth ellipsoid
An Earth ellipsoid or Earth spheroid is a mathematical figure approximating the Earth's form, used as a reference frame for computations in geodesy, astronomy, and the geosciences.
Earth mass
An Earth mass (denoted as M🜨, M♁ or ME, where 🜨 and ♁ are the astronomical symbols for Earth), is a unit of mass equal to the mass of the planet Earth.
Earth observation
Earth observation (EO) is the gathering of information about the physical, chemical, and biological systems of the planet Earth.
See Earth and Earth observation
Earth phase
The Earth phase, Terra phase, terrestrial phase, or phase of Earth, is the shape of the directly sunlit portion of Earth as viewed from the Moon (or elsewhere extraterrestrially).
Earth science
Earth science or geoscience includes all fields of natural science related to the planet Earth.
Earth trojan
An Earth trojan is an asteroid that orbits the Sun in the vicinity of the Earth–Sun Lagrangian points (leading 60°) or (trailing 60°), thus having an orbit similar to Earth's. Earth and Earth trojan are solar System.
Earth's circumference
Earth's circumference is the distance around Earth.
See Earth and Earth's circumference
Earth's crust
Earth's crust is its thick outer shell of rock, referring to less than one percent of the planet's radius and volume.
Earth's energy budget
Earth's energy budget (or Earth's energy balance) accounts for the balance between the energy that Earth receives from the Sun and the energy the Earth loses back into outer space.
See Earth and Earth's energy budget
Earth's inner core
Earth's inner core is the innermost geologic layer of the planet Earth.
See Earth and Earth's inner core
Earth's magnetic field
Earth's magnetic field, also known as the geomagnetic field, is the magnetic field that extends from Earth's interior out into space, where it interacts with the solar wind, a stream of charged particles emanating from the Sun.
See Earth and Earth's magnetic field
Earth's orbit
Earth orbits the Sun at an average distance of 149.60 million km (8.317 light minutes, 92.96 million mi) in a counterclockwise direction as viewed from above the Northern Hemisphere.
Earth's outer core
Earth's outer core is a fluid layer about thick, composed of mostly iron and nickel that lies above Earth's solid inner core and below its mantle.
See Earth and Earth's outer core
Earth's rotation
Earth's rotation or Earth's spin is the rotation of planet Earth around its own axis, as well as changes in the orientation of the rotation axis in space.
See Earth and Earth's rotation
Earthquake
An earthquakealso called a quake, tremor, or tembloris the shaking of the Earth's surface resulting from a sudden release of energy in the lithosphere that creates seismic waves.
Eastern Hemisphere
The Eastern Hemisphere is the half of the planet Earth which is east of the prime meridian (which crosses Greenwich, London, United Kingdom) and west of the antimeridian (which crosses the Pacific Ocean and relatively little land from pole to pole).
See Earth and Eastern Hemisphere
Ecliptic
The ecliptic or ecliptic plane is the orbital plane of Earth around the Sun.
Ecological network
An ecological network is a representation of the biotic interactions in an ecosystem, in which species (nodes) are connected by pairwise interactions (links).
See Earth and Ecological network
Ecosystem
An ecosystem (or ecological system) is a system that environments and their organisms form through their interaction.
Ediacaran
The Ediacaran is a geological period of the Neoproterozoic Era that spans 96 million years from the end of the Cryogenian Period at 635 Mya to the beginning of the Cambrian Period at 538.8 Mya.
Effective temperature
The effective temperature of a body such as a star or planet is the temperature of a black body that would emit the same total amount of electromagnetic radiation.
See Earth and Effective temperature
Effects of climate change
Effects of climate change are well documented and growing for Earth's natural environment and human societies.
See Earth and Effects of climate change
El Niño–Southern Oscillation
El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global climate phenomenon that emerges from variations in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific Ocean.
See Earth and El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Environmentalism
Environmentalism or environmental rights is a broad philosophy, ideology, and social movement about supporting life, habitats, and surroundings.
See Earth and Environmentalism
Eoarchean
The Eoarchean (also spelled Eoarchaean) is the first era of the Archean Eon of the geologic record.
Epoch (astronomy)
In astronomy, an epoch or reference epoch is a moment in time used as a reference point for some time-varying astronomical quantity.
See Earth and Epoch (astronomy)
Equator
The equator is a circle of latitude that divides a spheroid, such as Earth, into the Northern and Southern hemispheres.
Equatorial bulge
An equatorial bulge is a difference between the equatorial and polar diameters of a planet, due to the centrifugal force exerted by the rotation about the body's axis.
See Earth and Equatorial bulge
Equinox
A solar equinox is a moment in time when the Sun crosses the Earth's equator, which is to say, appears directly above the equator, rather than north or south of the equator.
Erosion
Erosion is the action of surface processes (such as water flow or wind) that removes soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location on the Earth's crust and then transports it to another location where it is deposited.
Escape velocity
In celestial mechanics, escape velocity or escape speed is the minimum speed needed for an object to escape from contact with or orbit of a primary body, assuming.
Eukaryote
The eukaryotes constitute the domain of Eukarya or Eukaryota, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Eurasian Plate
The Eurasian Plate is a tectonic plate that includes most of the continent of Eurasia (a landmass consisting of the traditional continents of Europe and Asia), with the notable exceptions of the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian subcontinent and the area east of the Chersky Range in eastern Siberia.
European Environment Agency
The European Environment Agency (EEA) is the agency of the European Union (EU) which provides independent information on the environment.
See Earth and European Environment Agency
European Terrestrial Reference System 1989
The European Terrestrial Reference System 1989 (ETRS89) is an ECEF (Earth-Centered, Earth-Fixed) geodetic Cartesian reference frame, in which the Eurasian Plate as a whole is static.
See Earth and European Terrestrial Reference System 1989
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.
Excite (web portal)
Excite is an American website (historically a web portal) operated by IAC that provides outsourced internet content such as a metasearch engine, with outsourced weather and news content on the main page.
See Earth and Excite (web portal)
Exosphere
The exosphere (ἔξω éxō "outside, external, beyond", σφαῖρα sphaĩra "sphere") is a thin, atmosphere-like volume surrounding a planet or natural satellite where molecules are gravitationally bound to that body, but where the density is so low that the molecules are essentially collision-less.
Extinction
Extinction is the termination of a taxon by the death of its last member.
Extinction event
An extinction event (also known as a mass extinction or biotic crisis) is a widespread and rapid decrease in the biodiversity on Earth.
See Earth and Extinction event
Extraterrestrial liquid water is water in its liquid state that naturally occurs outside Earth.
See Earth and Extraterrestrial liquid water
Extremes on Earth
This article lists extreme locations on Earth that hold geographical records or are otherwise known for their geophysical or meteorological superlatives.
See Earth and Extremes on Earth
Faint young Sun paradox
The faint young Sun paradox or faint young Sun problem describes the apparent contradiction between observations of liquid water early in Earth's history and the astrophysical expectation that the Sun's output would be only 70 percent as intense during that epoch as it is during the modern epoch.
See Earth and Faint young Sun paradox
Felsic
In geology, felsic is a modifier describing igneous rocks that are relatively rich in elements that form feldspar and quartz.
See Earth and Felsic
Figure of the Earth
In geodesy, the figure of the Earth is the size and shape used to model planet Earth.
See Earth and Figure of the Earth
Fixed stars
In astronomy, the fixed stars (stellae fixae) are the luminary points, mainly stars, that appear not to move relative to one another against the darkness of the night sky in the background.
Flat Earth
Flat Earth is an archaic and scientifically disproven conception of the Earth's shape as a plane or disk.
Flood basalt
A flood basalt (or plateau basalt) is the result of a giant volcanic eruption or series of eruptions that covers large stretches of land or the ocean floor with basalt lava.
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
There is evidence that the formation of the Solar System began about 4.6 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud. Earth and formation and evolution of the Solar System are solar System.
See Earth and Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.
See Earth and Fossil
Fossil fuel
A fossil fuel is a carbon compound- or hydrocarbon-containing material such as coal, oil, and natural gas, formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the remains of prehistoric organisms (animals, plants and planktons), a process that occurs within geological formations.
Four corners of the world
Several cosmological and mythological systems portray four corners of the world or four quarters of the world corresponding approximately to the four points of the compass (or the two solstices and two equinoxes).
See Earth and Four corners of the world
French language
French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
Frequency
Frequency (symbol f), most often measured in hertz (symbol: Hz), is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit of time.
Fresh water
Fresh water or freshwater is any naturally occurring liquid or frozen water containing low concentrations of dissolved salts and other total dissolved solids.
Gaia
In Greek mythology, Gaia (Γαῖα|, a poetic form of, meaning 'land' or 'earth'),,,. also spelled Gaea, is the personification of Earth.
See Earth and Gaia
Gaia hypothesis
The Gaia hypothesis, also known as the Gaia theory, Gaia paradigm, or the Gaia principle, proposes that living organisms interact with their inorganic surroundings on Earth to form a synergistic and self-regulating, complex system that helps to maintain and perpetuate the conditions for life on the planet.
Galactic plane
The galactic plane is the plane on which the majority of a disk-shaped galaxy's mass lies.
Geocentric model
In astronomy, the geocentric model (also known as geocentrism, often exemplified specifically by the Ptolemaic system) is a superseded description of the Universe with Earth at the center.
See Earth and Geocentric model
Geodesy
Geodesy or geodetics is the science of measuring and representing the geometry, gravity, and spatial orientation of the Earth in temporally varying 3D.
Geographical pole
A geographical pole or geographic pole is either of the two points on Earth where its axis of rotation intersects its surface.
See Earth and Geographical pole
Geoid
The geoid is the shape that the ocean surface would take under the influence of the gravity of Earth, including gravitational attraction and Earth's rotation, if other influences such as winds and tides were absent.
See Earth and Geoid
Geologic time scale
The geologic time scale or geological time scale (GTS) is a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth.
See Earth and Geologic time scale
Geomagnetic reversal
A geomagnetic reversal is a change in a planet's dipole magnetic field such that the positions of magnetic north and magnetic south are interchanged (not to be confused with geographic north and geographic south).
See Earth and Geomagnetic reversal
Geomagnetic secular variation
Geomagnetic secular variation refers to changes in the Earth's magnetic field on time scales of about a year or more.
See Earth and Geomagnetic secular variation
Geomagnetic storm
A geomagnetic storm, also known as a magnetic storm, is a temporary disturbance of the Earth's magnetosphere caused by a solar wind shock wave.
See Earth and Geomagnetic storm
Geometric albedo
In astronomy, the geometric albedo of a celestial body is the ratio of its actual brightness as seen from the light source (i.e. at zero phase angle) to that of an idealized flat, fully reflecting, diffusively scattering (Lambertian) disk with the same cross-section.
See Earth and Geometric albedo
Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa.
See Earth and Germanic languages
Germanic paganism
Germanic paganism or Germanic religion refers to the traditional, culturally significant religion of the Germanic peoples.
See Earth and Germanic paganism
Giant-impact hypothesis
The giant-impact hypothesis, sometimes called the Theia Impact, is an astrogeology hypothesis for the formation of the Moon first proposed in 1946 by Canadian geologist Reginald Daly.
See Earth and Giant-impact hypothesis
Glacier
A glacier is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving downhill under its own weight.
Globe
A globe is a spherical model of Earth, of some other celestial body, or of the celestial sphere.
See Earth and Globe
Globus cruciger
The cross-bearing orb, also known as stavroforos sphaira (σταυροφόρος σφαίρα) or "the orb and cross", is an orb surmounted by a cross.
Granite
Granite is a coarse-grained (phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase.
Graphite
Graphite is a crystalline form of the element carbon.
Gravitational acceleration
In physics, gravitational acceleration is the acceleration of an object in free fall within a vacuum (and thus without experiencing drag).
See Earth and Gravitational acceleration
Gravity anomaly
The gravity anomaly at a location on the Earth's surface is the difference between the observed value of gravity and the value predicted by a theoretical model.
Great Oxidation Event
The Great Oxidation Event (GOE) or Great Oxygenation Event, also called the Oxygen Catastrophe, Oxygen Revolution, Oxygen Crisis or Oxygen Holocaust, was a time interval during the Earth's Paleoproterozoic era when the Earth's atmosphere and shallow seas first experienced a rise in the concentration of free oxygen.
See Earth and Great Oxidation Event
Great Plains
The Great Plains are a broad expanse of flatland in North America.
Greenhouse effect
The greenhouse effect occurs when greenhouse gases in a planet's atmosphere insulate the planet from losing heat to space, raising its surface temperature.
See Earth and Greenhouse effect
Greenhouse gas
Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are the gases in the atmosphere that raise the surface temperature of planets such as the Earth.
Greenland
Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat,; Grønland) is a North American island autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark.
Groundwater
Groundwater is the water present beneath Earth's surface in rock and soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations.
Hadean zircon
Hadean zircon is the oldest-surviving crustal material from the Earth's earliest geological time period, the Hadean eon, about 4 billion years ago.
Hafnium
Hafnium is a chemical element; it has symbol Hf and atomic number 72.
Heliocentrism
Heliocentrism (also known as the heliocentric model) is a superseded astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the universe. Earth and Heliocentrism are solar System.
Helium
Helium (from lit) is a chemical element; it has symbol He and atomic number 2.
See Earth and Helium
Hemispheres of Earth
In geography and cartography, hemispheres of Earth are any division of the globe into two equal halves (hemispheres), typically divided into northern and southern halves by the Equator or into western and eastern halves by the Prime meridian.
See Earth and Hemispheres of Earth
Highest temperature recorded on Earth
The highest temperature recorded on Earth has been measured in three major ways: air, ground, and via satellite observation.
See Earth and Highest temperature recorded on Earth
Hill sphere
The Hill sphere is a common model for the calculation of a gravitational sphere of influence.
History of agriculture
Agriculture began independently in different parts of the globe, and included a diverse range of taxa.
See Earth and History of agriculture
History of Earth
The history of Earth concerns the development of planet Earth from its formation to the present day.
See Earth and History of Earth
History of human migration
Human migration is the movement by people from one place to another, particularly different countries, with the intention of settling temporarily or permanently in the new location.
See Earth and History of human migration
Holocene extinction
The Holocene extinction, or Anthropocene extinction, is the ongoing extinction event caused by humans during the Holocene epoch.
See Earth and Holocene extinction
Horseshoe orbit
In celestial mechanics, a horseshoe orbit is a type of co-orbital motion of a small orbiting body relative to a larger orbiting body.
Hotspot (geology)
In geology, hotspots (or hot spots) are volcanic locales thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle.
See Earth and Hotspot (geology)
Human
Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.
See Earth and Human
Human evolution
Human evolution is the evolutionary process within the history of primates that led to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family that includes all the great apes.
Human history
Human history is the development of humankind from prehistory to the present.
Human impact on the environment
Human impact on the environment (or anthropogenic environmental impact) refers to changes to biophysical environments and to ecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resources caused directly or indirectly by humans.
See Earth and Human impact on the environment
Humid subtropical climate
A humid subtropical climate is a temperate climate type characterized by hot and humid summers, and cool to mild winters.
See Earth and Humid subtropical climate
Humidity
Humidity is the concentration of water vapor present in the air.
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol H and atomic number 1.
Hydrosphere
The hydrosphere is the combined mass of water found on, under, and above the surface of a planet, minor planet, or natural satellite. Earth and hydrosphere are global natural environment.
Hydrostatic equilibrium
In fluid mechanics, hydrostatic equilibrium (hydrostatic balance, hydrostasy) is the condition of a fluid or plastic solid at rest, which occurs when external forces, such as gravity, are balanced by a pressure-gradient force.
See Earth and Hydrostatic equilibrium
Hypsometry
Hypsometry is the measurement of the elevation and depth of features of Earth's surface relative to mean sea level.
Iberdrola
Iberdrola is a Spanish multinational electric utility company based in Bilbao, Spain.
Ice
Ice is water that is frozen into a solid state, typically forming at or below temperatures of 0 °C, 32 °F, or 273.15 K. It occurs naturally on Earth, on other planets, in Oort cloud objects, and as interstellar ice.
See Earth and Ice
Ice age
An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
Ice cap
In glaciology, an ice cap is a mass of ice that covers less than of land area (usually covering a highland area).
Ice sheet
In glaciology, an ice sheet, also known as a continental glacier, is a mass of glacial ice that covers surrounding terrain and is greater than.
Ice shelf
An ice shelf is a large platform of glacial ice floating on the ocean, fed by one or multiple tributary glaciers.
Igneous rock
Igneous rock, or magmatic rock, is one of the three main rock types, the others being sedimentary and metamorphic.
Impact event
An impact event is a collision between astronomical objects causing measurable effects.
Indo-Australian Plate
The Indo-Australian Plate is a major tectonic plate that includes the continent of Australia and the surrounding ocean and extends north-west to include the Indian subcontinent and the adjacent waters.
See Earth and Indo-Australian Plate
International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS), formerly the International Earth Rotation Service, is the body responsible for maintaining global time and reference frame standards, notably through its Earth Orientation Parameter (EOP) and International Celestial Reference System (ICRS) groups.
See Earth and International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service
International organization
An international organization, also known as an intergovernmental organization or an international institution, is an organization that is established by a treaty or other type of instrument governed by international law and possesses its own legal personality, such as the United Nations, the World Health Organization, International Union for Conservation of Nature, and NATO.
See Earth and International organization
International Space Station
The International Space Station (ISS) is a large space station assembled and maintained in low Earth orbit by a collaboration of five space agencies and their contractors: NASA (United States), Roscosmos (Russia), ESA (Europe), JAXA (Japan), and CSA (Canada).
See Earth and International Space Station
International System of Units
The International System of Units, internationally known by the abbreviation SI (from French Système international d'unités), is the modern form of the metric system and the world's most widely used system of measurement.
See Earth and International System of Units
Intertropical Convergence Zone
The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ, or ICZ), known by sailors as the doldrums or the calms because of its monotonous windless weather, is the area where the northeast and the southeast trade winds converge.
See Earth and Intertropical Convergence Zone
Invariable plane
The invariable plane of a planetary system, also called Laplace's invariable plane, is the plane passing through its barycenter (center of mass) perpendicular to its angular momentum vector.
See Earth and Invariable plane
Ionosphere
The ionosphere is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about to above sea level, a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere.
Isotope
Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element.
Jörð
Jörð (earth) is the personification of earth and a goddess in Norse mythology.
See Earth and Jörð
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a Federally Funded Research and Development Center (FFRDC) in La Cañada Flintridge, California, Crescenta Valley, United States.
See Earth and Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Journal of African Earth Sciences
The Journal of African Earth Sciences is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier established in 1983.
See Earth and Journal of African Earth Sciences
Julian year (astronomy)
In astronomy, a Julian year (symbol: a or aj) is a unit of measurement of time defined as exactly 365.25 days of SI seconds each.
See Earth and Julian year (astronomy)
Kármán line
The Kármán line (or von Kármán line) is a conventional definition of the edge of space.
Köppen climate classification
The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems.
See Earth and Köppen climate classification
Kitaa
Kitaa, originally Vestgrønland ("West Greenland"), is a former administrative division of Greenland.
See Earth and Kitaa
Komatiite
Komatiite is a type of ultramafic mantle-derived volcanic rock defined as having crystallised from a lava of at least 18 wt% magnesium oxide (MgO).
Krypton
Krypton (from translit 'the hidden one') is a chemical element; it has symbol Kr and atomic number 36.
Lagrange point
In celestial mechanics, the Lagrange points (also Lagrangian points or libration points) are points of equilibrium for small-mass objects under the gravitational influence of two massive orbiting bodies.
Land and water hemispheres
The land hemisphere and water hemisphere are the hemispheres of Earth containing the largest possible total areas of land and ocean, respectively.
See Earth and Land and water hemispheres
Land cover
Land cover is the physical material at the land surface of Earth.
Landform
A landform is a natural or anthropogenic land feature on the solid surface of the Earth or other planetary body.
Landmass
A landmass, or land mass, is a large region or area of land that is in one piece and not broken up by oceans.
Landslide
Landslides, also known as landslips, or rockslides, are several forms of mass wasting that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as rockfalls, mudflows, shallow or deep-seated slope failures and debris flows.
Lapse rate
The lapse rate is the rate at which an atmospheric variable, normally temperature in Earth's atmosphere, falls with altitude.
Last Glacial Period
The Last Glacial Period (LGP), also known as the Last glacial cycle, occurred from the end of the Last Interglacial to the beginning of the Holocene, years ago, and thus corresponds to most of the timespan of the Late Pleistocene.
See Earth and Last Glacial Period
Last universal common ancestor
The last universal common ancestor (LUCA) is the hypothesized common ancestral cell from which the three domains of life,--> the Bacteria, the Archaea, and the Eukarya originated.
See Earth and Last universal common ancestor
Late Heavy Bombardment
The Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB), or lunar cataclysm, is a hypothesized astronomical event thought to have occurred approximately 4.1 to 3.8 billion years (Ga) ago, at a time corresponding to the Neohadean and Eoarchean eras on Earth.
See Earth and Late Heavy Bombardment
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
See Earth and Latin
Latitude
In geography, latitude is a coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the surface of the Earth or another celestial body.
Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
Species richness, or biodiversity, increases from the poles to the tropics for a wide variety of terrestrial and marine organisms, often referred to as the latitudinal diversity gradient.
See Earth and Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
Law of the sea
Law of the sea is a body of international law governing the rights and duties of states in maritime environments.
Leaf Group
Leaf Group, formerly Demand Media Inc., is an American content company that operates online brands, including eHow, livestrong.com, and marketplace brands Saatchi Art and Society6.
Lexico
Lexico was a dictionary website that provided a collection of English and Spanish dictionaries produced by Oxford University Press (OUP), the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See Earth and Lexico
Libration
In lunar astronomy, libration is the cyclic variation in the apparent position of the Moon perceived by Earth-bound observers and caused by changes between the orbital and rotational planes of the moon.
Light-second
The light-second is a unit of length useful in astronomy, telecommunications and relativistic physics.
Light-year
A light-year, alternatively spelled light year (ly or lyr), is a unit of length used to express astronomical distances and is equal to exactly 9,460,730,472,580.8 km (Scientific notation: 9.4607304725808 × 1012 km), which is approximately 5.88 trillion mi.
List of earth deities
This is a list of earth deities.
See Earth and List of earth deities
List of fertility deities
A fertility deity is a god or goddess associated with fertility, sex, pregnancy, childbirth, and crops.
See Earth and List of fertility deities
List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System
This is a list of most likely gravitationally rounded objects (GRO) of the Solar System, which are objects that have a rounded, ellipsoidal shape due to their own gravity (but are not necessarily in hydrostatic equilibrium). Earth and list of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System are solar System.
See Earth and List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System
List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System
Listed below are the largest ocean, lakes and seas in the Solar System and beyond includes single bodies of water or other liquid on or near the surface of a solid round body (terrestrial planet, planetoid, or moon).
See Earth and List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System
List of Solar System extremes
This article describes extreme locations of the Solar System. Earth and List of Solar System extremes are solar System.
See Earth and List of Solar System extremes
List of Solar System objects by size
This article includes a list of the most massive known objects of the Solar System and partial lists of smaller objects by observed mean radius. Earth and list of Solar System objects by size are solar System.
See Earth and List of Solar System objects by size
List of sovereign states
The following is a list providing an overview of sovereign states around the world with information on their status and recognition of their sovereignty.
See Earth and List of sovereign states
List of space travellers by first flight
This is a list of space travellers by first flight.
See Earth and List of space travellers by first flight
List of tectonic plates
This is a list of tectonic plates on Earth's surface.
See Earth and List of tectonic plates
Lithosphere
A lithosphere is the rigid, outermost rocky shell of a terrestrial planet or natural satellite.
Longitude
Longitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east–west position of a point on the surface of the Earth, or another celestial body.
Lord Kelvin
William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, (26 June 182417 December 1907) was a British mathematician, mathematical physicist and engineer born in Belfast.
Lower mantle
The lower mantle, historically also known as the mesosphere, represents approximately 56% of Earth's total volume, and is the region from 660 to 2900 km below Earth's surface; between the transition zone and the outer core.
Lowest temperature recorded on Earth
The lowest natural temperature ever directly recorded at ground level on Earth is at the then-Soviet Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983 by ground measurements.
See Earth and Lowest temperature recorded on Earth
Lunar and Planetary Institute
The Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI) is a scientific research institute dedicated to study of the solar system, its formation, evolution, and current state.
See Earth and Lunar and Planetary Institute
Lunar distance
The instantaneous Earth–Moon distance, or distance to the Moon, is the distance from the center of Earth to the center of the Moon.
Lunar eclipse
A lunar eclipse is an astronomical event that occurs when the Moon moves into the Earth's shadow, causing the Moon to be darkened.
Lunar month
In lunar calendars, a lunar month is the time between two successive syzygies of the same type: new moons or full moons.
Lunar phase
A lunar phase or Moon phase is the apparent shape of the Moon's directly sunlit portion as viewed from the Earth (because the Moon is tidally locked with the Earth, the same hemisphere is always facing the Earth).
Mafic
A mafic mineral or rock is a silicate mineral or igneous rock rich in magnesium and iron.
See Earth and Mafic
Magmatism
Magmatism is the emplacement of magma within and at the surface of the outer layers of a terrestrial planet, which solidifies as igneous rocks.
Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element; it has symbol Mg and atomic number 12.
Magnetic moment
In electromagnetism, the magnetic moment or magnetic dipole moment is the combination of strength and orientation of a magnet or other object or system that exerts a magnetic field.
Magnetosphere
In astronomy and planetary science, a magnetosphere is a region of space surrounding an astronomical object in which charged particles are affected by that object's magnetic field.
Mainland Australia
Mainland Australia is the main landmass of the Australian continent, excluding the Aru Islands, New Guinea, Tasmania, and other Australian offshore islands.
See Earth and Mainland Australia
Mammal
A mammal is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia.
See Earth and Mammal
Mantle (geology)
A mantle is a layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above by a crust.
See Earth and Mantle (geology)
Mantle convection
Mantle convection is the very slow creep of Earth's solid silicate mantle as convection currents carry heat from the interior to the planet's surface.
See Earth and Mantle convection
Mantle plume
A mantle plume is a proposed mechanism of convection within the Earth's mantle, hypothesized to explain anomalous volcanism.
March equinox
The March equinox or northward equinox is the equinox on the Earth when the subsolar point appears to leave the Southern Hemisphere and cross the celestial equator, heading northward as seen from Earth.
Mariana Trench
The Mariana Trench is an oceanic trench located in the western Pacific Ocean, about east of the Mariana Islands; it is the deepest oceanic trench on Earth.
Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun. Earth and Mars are astronomical objects known since antiquity, planets of the Solar System, solar System and terrestrial planets.
See Earth and Mars
Mass fraction (chemistry)
In chemistry, the mass fraction of a substance within a mixture is the ratio w_i (alternatively denoted Y_i) of the mass m_i of that substance to the total mass m_\text of the mixture.
See Earth and Mass fraction (chemistry)
Medication
A medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
Meridian (astronomy)
In astronomy, the meridian is the great circle passing through the celestial poles, as well as the zenith and nadir of an observer's location.
See Earth and Meridian (astronomy)
Meridian (geography)
In geography and geodesy, a meridian is the locus connecting points of equal longitude, which is the angle (in degrees or other units) east or west of a given prime meridian (currently, the IERS Reference Meridian).
See Earth and Meridian (geography)
Mesosphere
The mesosphere is the third layer of the atmosphere, directly above the stratosphere and directly below the thermosphere.
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
In geology, metasedimentary rock is a type of metamorphic rock.
See Earth and Metasedimentary rock
Meteoroid
A meteoroid is a small rocky or metallic body in outer space. Earth and meteoroid are solar System.
Methane
Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms).
Microbial mat
A microbial mat is a multi-layered sheet of microorganisms, mainly bacteria and archaea, or bacteria alone.
Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from sixth century BC India. The scientific study of microorganisms began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
Microsecond
A microsecond is a unit of time in the International System of Units (SI) equal to one millionth (0.000001 or 10−6 or) of a second.
Mid-ocean ridge
A mid-ocean ridge (MOR) is a seafloor mountain system formed by plate tectonics.
Middle English
Middle English (abbreviated to ME) is a form of the English language that was spoken after the Norman Conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century.
Middle latitudes
The middle latitudes (also called the mid-latitudes, sometimes midlatitudes, or moderate latitudes) are a spatial region on Earth located between the Tropic of Cancer (latitudes) to the Arctic Circle, and Tropic of Capricorn (-) to the Antarctic Circle (-). They include Earth's subtropical and temperate zones, which lie between the two tropics and the polar circles.
See Earth and Middle latitudes
Midnight sun
Midnight sun, also known as polar day, is a natural phenomenon that occurs in the summer months in places north of the Arctic Circle or south of the Antarctic Circle, when the Sun remains visible at the local midnight.
Milankovitch cycles
Milankovitch cycles describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements on its climate over thousands of years.
See Earth and Milankovitch cycles
Milky Way
The Milky Way is the galaxy that includes the Solar System, with the name describing the galaxy's appearance from Earth: a hazy band of light seen in the night sky formed from stars that cannot be individually distinguished by the naked eye. Earth and Milky Way are astronomical objects known since antiquity.
Millisecond
A millisecond (from milli- and second; symbol: ms) is a unit of time in the International System of Units equal to one thousandth (0.001 or 10−3 or 1/1000) of a second or 1000 microseconds.
Mindspark Interactive Network
Mindspark Interactive Network, Inc. was an operating business unit of IAC known for the development and marketing of entertainment and personal computing software, as well as mobile application development.
See Earth and Mindspark Interactive Network
Modern English
Modern English, sometimes called New English (NE) or present-day English (PDE) as opposed to Middle and Old English, is the form of the English language that has been spoken since the Great Vowel Shift in England, which began in the late 14th century and was completed by the 17th century.
Mohorovičić discontinuity
The Mohorovičić discontinuityusually called the Moho discontinuity, Moho boundary, or just Mohois the boundary between the crust and the mantle of Earth.
See Earth and Mohorovičić discontinuity
Molecular cloud
A molecular cloud, sometimes called a stellar nursery (if star formation is occurring within), is a type of interstellar cloud, the density and size of which permit absorption nebulae, the formation of molecules (most commonly molecular hydrogen, H2), and the formation of H II regions.
Molecular mass
The molecular mass (m) is the mass of a given molecule.
Mongabay
Mongabay (mongabay.com) is an American conservation news web portal that reports on environmental science, energy, and green design, and features extensive information on tropical rainforests, including pictures and deforestation statistics for countries of the world.
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in astronomy, astrophysics and related fields.
See Earth and Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
Moon
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. Earth and Moon are astronomical objects known since antiquity and solar System.
See Earth and Moon
Mother goddess
A mother goddess is a major goddess characterized as a mother or progenitor, either as an embodiment of motherhood and fertility or fulfilling the cosmological role of a creator- and/or destroyer-figure, typically associated the Earth, sky, and/or the life-giving bounties thereof in a maternal relation with humanity or other gods.
Mount Everest
Mount Everest is Earth's highest mountain above sea level, located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas.
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
See Earth and NASA
National Geographic
National Geographic (formerly The National Geographic Magazine, sometimes branded as NAT GEO) is an American monthly magazine published by National Geographic Partners.
See Earth and National Geographic
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency (NGA) is a combat support agency within the United States Department of Defense whose primary mission is collecting, analyzing, and distributing geospatial intelligence (GEOINT) in support of national security.
See Earth and National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
National Institute of Standards and Technology
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is an agency of the United States Department of Commerce whose mission is to promote American innovation and industrial competitiveness.
See Earth and National Institute of Standards and Technology
National Ocean Service
The National Ocean Service (NOS) is an office within the U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).
See Earth and National Ocean Service
Natural satellite
A natural satellite is, in the most common usage, an astronomical body that orbits a planet, dwarf planet, or small Solar System body (or sometimes another natural satellite). Earth and natural satellite are solar System.
See Earth and Natural satellite
Nature (journal)
Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.
See Earth and Nature (journal)
Nature Geoscience
Nature Geoscience is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Nature Publishing Group.
See Earth and Nature Geoscience
Nazca Plate
The Nazca Plate or Nasca Plate, named after the Nazca region of southern Peru, is an oceanic tectonic plate in the eastern Pacific Ocean basin off the west coast of South America.
Near-Earth object
A near-Earth object (NEO) is any small Solar System body orbiting the Sun whose closest approach to the Sun (perihelion) is less than 1.3 times the Earth–Sun distance (astronomical unit, AU). Earth and near-Earth object are solar System.
See Earth and Near-Earth object
Nebular hypothesis
The nebular hypothesis is the most widely accepted model in the field of cosmogony to explain the formation and evolution of the Solar System (as well as other planetary systems). Earth and nebular hypothesis are solar System.
See Earth and Nebular hypothesis
Neodymium
Neodymium is a chemical element; it has symbol Nd and atomic number 60.
Neon
Neon is a chemical element; it has symbol Ne and atomic number 10.
See Earth and Neon
Neoproterozoic
The Neoproterozoic Era is the unit of geologic time from 1 billion to 538.8 million years ago.
Nickel
Nickel is a chemical element; it has symbol Ni and atomic number 28.
See Earth and Nickel
Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol N and atomic number 7.
Nitrogen cycle
The nitrogen cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which nitrogen is converted into multiple chemical forms as it circulates among atmospheric, terrestrial, and marine ecosystems.
Nitrous oxide
Nitrous oxide (dinitrogen oxide or dinitrogen monoxide), commonly known as laughing gas, nitrous, nitro, or nos, is a chemical compound, an oxide of nitrogen with the formula.
Non-renewable resource
A non-renewable resource (also called a finite resource) is a natural resource that cannot be readily replaced by natural means at a pace quick enough to keep up with consumption.
See Earth and Non-renewable resource
Norse mythology
Norse, Nordic, or Scandinavian mythology, is the body of myths belonging to the North Germanic peoples, stemming from Old Norse religion and continuing after the Christianization of Scandinavia, and into the Nordic folklore of the modern period.
North American Plate
The North American Plate is a tectonic plate containing most of North America, Cuba, the Bahamas, extreme northeastern Asia, and parts of Iceland and the Azores.
See Earth and North American Plate
Northern Hemisphere
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator.
See Earth and Northern Hemisphere
Nutation
Nutation is a rocking, swaying, or nodding motion in the axis of rotation of a largely axially symmetric object, such as a gyroscope, planet, or bullet in flight, or as an intended behaviour of a mechanism.
Nutrient
A nutrient is a substance used by an organism to survive, grow and reproduce.
Ocean current
An ocean current is a continuous, directed movement of seawater generated by a number of forces acting upon the water, including wind, the Coriolis effect, breaking waves, cabbeling, and temperature and salinity differences.
Ocean heat content
Ocean heat content (OHC) or ocean heat uptake (OHU) is the energy absorbed and stored by oceans.
See Earth and Ocean heat content
Ocean surface topography
Ocean surface topography or sea surface topography, also called ocean dynamic topography, are highs and lows on the ocean surface, similar to the hills and valleys of Earth's land surface depicted on a topographic map.
See Earth and Ocean surface topography
Ocean world
An ocean world, ocean planet or water world is a type of planet that contains a substantial amount of water in the form of oceans, as part of its hydrosphere, either beneath the surface, as subsurface oceans, or on the surface, potentially submerging all dry land. Earth and ocean world are terrestrial planets.
Oceanic basin
In hydrology, an oceanic basin (or ocean basin) is anywhere on Earth that is covered by seawater.
Oceanic crust
Oceanic crust is the uppermost layer of the oceanic portion of the tectonic plates.
Oceanic plateau
An oceanic or submarine plateau is a large, relatively flat elevation that is higher than the surrounding relief with one or more relatively steep sides.
Oceanic trench
Oceanic trenches are prominent, long, narrow topographic depressions of the ocean floor.
Old English
Old English (Englisċ or Ænglisc), or Anglo-Saxon, was the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.
Orbit
In celestial mechanics, an orbit (also known as orbital revolution) is the curved trajectory of an object such as the trajectory of a planet around a star, or of a natural satellite around a planet, or of an artificial satellite around an object or position in space such as a planet, moon, asteroid, or Lagrange point.
See Earth and Orbit
Orders of magnitude (mass)
To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following lists describe various mass levels between 10−67 kg and 1052 kg.
See Earth and Orders of magnitude (mass)
Ore
Ore is natural rock or sediment that contains one or more valuable minerals concentrated above background levels, typically containing metals, that can be mined, treated and sold at a profit.
See Earth and Ore
Ore genesis
Various theories of ore genesis explain how the various types of mineral deposits form within Earth's crust.
Organic compound
Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon.
See Earth and Organic compound
Origin of water on Earth
The origin of water on Earth is the subject of a body of research in the fields of planetary science, astronomy, and astrobiology.
See Earth and Origin of water on Earth
Orion Arm
The Orion Arm, also known as the Orion–Cygnus Arm, is a minor spiral arm within the Milky Way Galaxy spanning in width and extending roughly in length.
Orogeny
Orogeny is a mountain-building process that takes place at a convergent plate margin when plate motion compresses the margin.
Outer space
Outer space (or simply space) is the expanse that exists beyond Earth's atmosphere and between celestial bodies.
Outgassing
Outgassing (sometimes called offgassing, particularly when in reference to indoor air quality) is the release of a gas that was dissolved, trapped, frozen, or absorbed in some material.
Outline of Earth
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the planet Earth: Earth – third planet from the Sun, the densest planet in the Solar System, the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets, and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.
See Earth and Outline of Earth
Overgrazing
Overgrazing occurs when plants are exposed to intensive grazing for extended periods of time, or without sufficient recovery periods.
Overview effect
The overview effect is a cognitive shift reported by some astronauts while viewing the Earth from space.
Oxford
Oxford is a city and non-metropolitan district in Oxfordshire, England, of which it is the county town.
See Earth and Oxford
Oxford spelling
Oxford spelling (also Oxford English Dictionary spelling, Oxford style, or Oxford English spelling) is a spelling standard, named after its use by the Oxford University Press, that prescribes the use of British spelling in combination with the suffix -ize in words like realize and organization instead of -ise endings.
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See Earth and Oxford University Press
Oxide
An oxide is a chemical compound containing at least one oxygen atom and one other element in its chemical formula.
See Earth and Oxide
Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.
See Earth and Oxygen
Ozone
Ozone (or trioxygen) is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula.
See Earth and Ozone
Ozone layer
The ozone layer or ozone shield is a region of Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet radiation.
Ozone–oxygen cycle
The ozone–oxygen cycle is the process by which ozone is continually regenerated in Earth's stratosphere, converting ultraviolet radiation (UV) into heat.
See Earth and Ozone–oxygen cycle
Pacific Plate
The Pacific Plate is an oceanic tectonic plate that lies beneath the Pacific Ocean.
Paleontology
Paleontology, also spelled palaeontology or palæontology, is the scientific study of life that existed prior to the start of the Holocene epoch (roughly 11,700 years before present).
Pangaea
Pangaea or Pangea was a supercontinent that existed during the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic eras.
Pannotia
Pannotia (from Greek: pan-, "all", -nótos, "south"; meaning "all southern land"), also known as the Vendian supercontinent, Greater Gondwana, and the Pan-African supercontinent, was a relatively short-lived Neoproterozoic supercontinent that formed at the end of the Precambrian during the Pan-African orogeny (650–500 Ma), during the Cryogenian period and broke apart 560 Ma with the opening of the Iapetus Ocean, in the late Ediacaran and early Cambrian.
Parmenides
Parmenides of Elea (Παρμενίδης ὁ Ἐλεάτης; fl. late sixth or early fifth century BC) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher from Elea in Magna Graecia.
Particle
In the physical sciences, a particle (or corpuscule in older texts) is a small localized object which can be described by several physical or chemical properties, such as volume, density, or mass.
Pedosphere
The pedosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth that is composed of soil and subject to soil formation processes.
Percentage point
A percentage point or percent point is the unit for the arithmetic difference between two percentages.
See Earth and Percentage point
Permafrost
Permafrost is soil or underwater sediment which continuously remains below for two years or more: the oldest permafrost had been continuously frozen for around 700,000 years.
Personification
Personification is the representation of a thing or abstraction as a person.
Phase transition
In physics, chemistry, and other related fields like biology, a phase transition (or phase change) is the physical process of transition between one state of a medium and another.
See Earth and Phase transition
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism.
Phys.org
Phys.org is an online science, research and technology news aggregator offering briefs from press releases and reports from news agencies.
Plain
In geography, a plain, commonly known as flatland, is a flat expanse of land that generally does not change much in elevation, and is primarily treeless.
See Earth and Plain
Planet
A planet is a large, rounded astronomical body that is generally required to be in orbit around a star, stellar remnant, or brown dwarf, and is not one itself. Earth and planet are solar System.
See Earth and Planet
Planetary boundaries
Planetary boundaries are a framework to describe limits to the impacts of human activities on the Earth system.
See Earth and Planetary boundaries
Planetary habitability
Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet's or a natural satellite's potential to develop and maintain environments hospitable to life.
See Earth and Planetary habitability
Planetary-mass moon
A planetary-mass moon is a planetary-mass object that is also a natural satellite.
See Earth and Planetary-mass moon
Planetesimal
Planetesimals are solid objects thought to exist in protoplanetary disks and debris disks.
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that Earth's lithosphere comprises a number of large tectonic plates, which have been slowly moving since 3–4 billion years ago.
Plateau
In geology and physical geography, a plateau (plateaus or plateaux), also called a high plain or a tableland, is an area of a highland consisting of flat terrain that is raised sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side.
Pleistocene
The Pleistocene (often referred to colloquially as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch that lasted from to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations.
Pluto
Pluto (minor-planet designation: 134340 Pluto) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune. Earth and Pluto are solar System.
See Earth and Pluto
Polar climate
The polar climate regions are characterized by a lack of warm summers but with varying winters.
Polar ice cap
A polar ice cap or polar cap is a high-latitude region of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite that is covered in ice.
Polar motion
Polar motion of the Earth is the motion of the Earth's rotational axis relative to its crust.
Polar night
Polar night is a phenomenon in the northernmost and southernmost regions of Earth where night lasts for more than 24 hours.
Polar regions of Earth
The polar regions, also called the frigid zones or polar zones, of Earth are Earth's polar ice caps, the regions of the planet that surround its geographical poles (the North and South Poles), lying within the polar circles.
See Earth and Polar regions of Earth
Portuguese language
Portuguese (português or, in full, língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family originating from the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.
See Earth and Portuguese language
Potassium-40
Potassium-40 (40K) is a radioactive isotope of potassium which has a long half-life of 1.25 billion years.
Precession
Precession is a change in the orientation of the rotational axis of a rotating body.
Precipitation
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls from clouds due to gravitational pull.
Primate
Primates is an order of mammals, which is further divided into the strepsirrhines, which include lemurs, galagos, and lorisids; and the haplorhines, which include tarsiers; and the simians, which include monkeys and apes.
Primordial nuclide
In geochemistry, geophysics and nuclear physics, primordial nuclides, also known as primordial isotopes, are nuclides found on Earth that have existed in their current form since before Earth was formed.
See Earth and Primordial nuclide
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal.
See Earth and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proto-Germanic language
Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages.
See Earth and Proto-Germanic language
Protoplanet
A protoplanet is a large planetary embryo that originated within a protoplanetary disk and has undergone internal melting to produce a differentiated interior.
Pythagoras
Pythagoras of Samos (Πυθαγόρας; BC) was an ancient Ionian Greek philosopher, polymath and the eponymous founder of Pythagoreanism.
Quasi-satellite
A quasi-satellite is an object in a specific type of co-orbital configuration (1:1 orbital resonance) with a planet (or dwarf planet) where the object stays close to that planet over many orbital periods.
Quasiperiodic motion
In mathematics and theoretical physics, quasiperiodic motion is in rough terms the type of motion executed by a dynamical system containing a finite number (two or more) of incommensurable frequencies.
See Earth and Quasiperiodic motion
Radiometric dating
Radiometric dating, radioactive dating or radioisotope dating is a technique which is used to date materials such as rocks or carbon, in which trace radioactive impurities were selectively incorporated when they were formed.
See Earth and Radiometric dating
Red giant
A red giant is a luminous giant star of low or intermediate mass (roughly 0.3–8 solar masses) in a late phase of stellar evolution.
Redox
Redox (reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change.
See Earth and Redox
Retreat of glaciers since 1850
The retreat of glaciers since 1850 is well documented and is one of the effects of climate change.
See Earth and Retreat of glaciers since 1850
Rheology
Rheology is the study of the flow of matter, primarily in a fluid (liquid or gas) state but also as "soft solids" or solids under conditions in which they respond with plastic flow rather than deforming elastically in response to an applied force.
Rodinia
Rodinia (from the Russian родина, rodina, meaning "motherland, birthplace") was a Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic supercontinent that assembled 1.26–0.90 billion years ago (Ga) and broke up 750–633 million years ago (Ma).
Romance languages
The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin.
See Earth and Romance languages
Runaway greenhouse effect
A runaway greenhouse effect will occur when a planet's atmosphere contains greenhouse gas in an amount sufficient to block thermal radiation from leaving the planet, preventing the planet from cooling and from having liquid water on its surface. Earth and runaway greenhouse effect are global natural environment.
See Earth and Runaway greenhouse effect
Saline water
Saline water (more commonly known as salt water) is water that contains a high concentration of dissolved salts (mainly sodium chloride).
Salinity
Salinity is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water, called saline water (see also soil salinity).
Sandstone
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) silicate grains, cemented together by another mineral.
Satellite
A satellite or artificial satellite is an object, typically a spacecraft, placed into orbit around a celestial body.
Scale height
In atmospheric, earth, and planetary sciences, a scale height, usually denoted by the capital letter H, is a distance (vertical or radial) over which a physical quantity decreases by a factor of e (the base of natural logarithms, approximately 2.718).
Scientific American
Scientific American, informally abbreviated SciAm or sometimes SA, is an American popular science magazine.
See Earth and Scientific American
Scotia Plate
The Scotia Plate is a minor tectonic plate on the edge of the South Atlantic and Southern oceans.
Sea ice
Sea ice arises as seawater freezes.
Sea level rise
Between 1901 and 2018, the average sea level rise was, with an increase of per year since the 1970s.
Sea surface microlayer
The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the boundary interface between the atmosphere and ocean, covering about 70% of Earth's surface.
See Earth and Sea surface microlayer
Seabed
The seabed (also known as the seafloor, sea floor, ocean floor, and ocean bottom) is the bottom of the ocean.
See Earth and Seabed
Seamount
A seamount is a large submarine landform that rises from the ocean floor without reaching the water surface (sea level), and thus is not an island, islet, or cliff-rock.
Season
A season is a division of the year based on changes in weather, ecology, and the number of daylight hours in a given region.
See Earth and Season
Secular variation
The secular variation of a time series is its long-term, non-periodic variation (see decomposition of time series).
See Earth and Secular variation
Sedentism
In cultural anthropology, sedentism (sometimes called sedentariness; compare sedentarism) is the practice of living in one place for a long time.
Sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or deposition of mineral or organic particles at Earth's surface, followed by cementation.
See Earth and Sedimentary rock
September equinox
The September equinox (or southward equinox) is the moment when the Sun appears to cross the celestial equator, heading southward.
See Earth and September equinox
Sidereal time
Sidereal time ("sidereal" pronounced) is a system of timekeeping used especially by astronomers.
Sidereal year
A sidereal year, also called a sidereal orbital period, is the time that Earth or another planetary body takes to orbit the Sun once with respect to the fixed stars.
Silicate mineral
Silicate minerals are rock-forming minerals made up of silicate groups.
See Earth and Silicate mineral
Silicon
Silicon is a chemical element; it has symbol Si and atomic number 14.
Snowball Earth
The Snowball Earth is a geohistorical hypothesis that proposes during one or more of Earth's icehouse climates, the planet's surface became nearly entirely frozen with no liquid oceanic or surface water exposed to the atmosphere.
Soil
Soil, also commonly referred to as earth or dirt, is a mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids, and organisms that together support the life of plants and soil organisms.
See Earth and Soil
Soil fertility
Soil fertility refers to the ability of soil to sustain agricultural plant growth, i.e. to provide plant habitat and result in sustained and consistent yields of high quality.
Soil formation
Soil formation, also known as pedogenesis, is the process of soil genesis as regulated by the effects of place, environment, and history.
Soil retrogression and degradation
Soil retrogression and degradation are two regressive evolution processes associated with the loss of equilibrium of a stable soil.
See Earth and Soil retrogression and degradation
Solar eclipse
A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, thereby obscuring the view of the Sun from a small part of Earth, totally or partially.
Solar irradiance
Solar irradiance is the power per unit area (surface power density) received from the Sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation in the wavelength range of the measuring instrument. Earth and Solar irradiance are solar System.
See Earth and Solar irradiance
Solar luminosity
The solar luminosity is a unit of radiant flux (power emitted in the form of photons) conventionally used by astronomers to measure the luminosity of stars, galaxies and other celestial objects in terms of the output of the Sun.
See Earth and Solar luminosity
Solar System
The Solar SystemCapitalization of the name varies.
Solar wind
The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the Sun's outermost atmospheric layer, the corona.
Solid angle
In geometry, a solid angle (symbol) is a measure of the amount of the field of view from some particular point that a given object covers.
Somali Plate
The Somali Plate is a minor tectonic plate which straddles the Equator in the Eastern Hemisphere.
South American Plate
The South American Plate is a major tectonic plate which includes the continent of South America as well as a sizable region of the Atlantic Ocean seabed extending eastward to the African Plate, with which it forms the southern part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
See Earth and South American Plate
Southern Hemisphere
The Southern Hemisphere is the half (hemisphere) of Earth that is south of the Equator.
See Earth and Southern Hemisphere
Southern Ocean
The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean, comprises the southernmost waters of the world ocean, generally taken to be south of 60° S latitude and encircling Antarctica.
Sovereign state
A sovereign state is a state that has the highest authority over a territory.
Space debris
Space debris (also known as space junk, space pollution, space waste, space trash, space garbage, or cosmic debris) are defunct human-made objects in spaceprincipally in Earth orbitwhich no longer serve a useful function.
Space station
A space station (or orbital station) is a spacecraft which remains in orbit and hosts humans for extended periods of time. Earth and space station are solar System.
Space.com
Space.com is an online publication focused on space exploration, astronomy, skywatching and entertainment, with editorial teams based in the United States and United Kingdom.
Spanish language
Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.
See Earth and Spanish language
Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)
A sphere of influence (SOI) in astrodynamics and astronomy is the oblate-spheroid-shaped region where a particular celestial body exerts the main gravitational influence on an orbiting object.
See Earth and Sphere of influence (astrodynamics)
Spherical Earth
Spherical Earth or Earth's curvature refers to the approximation of the figure of the Earth as a sphere.
Standard gravity
The standard acceleration of gravity or standard acceleration of free fall, often called simply standard gravity and denoted by or, is the nominal gravitational acceleration of an object in a vacuum near the surface of the Earth.
See Earth and Standard gravity
Stellar evolution
Stellar evolution is the process by which a star changes over the course of its lifetime and how it can lead to the creation of a new star.
See Earth and Stellar evolution
Stratosphere
The stratosphere is the second-lowest layer of the atmosphere of Earth, located above the troposphere and below the mesosphere.
Style guide
A style guide is a set of standards for the writing, formatting, and design of documents.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa, Subsahara, or Non-Mediterranean Africa is the area and regions of the continent of Africa that lie south of the Sahara.
See Earth and Sub-Saharan Africa
Subduction
Subduction is a geological process in which the oceanic lithosphere and some continental lithosphere is recycled into the Earth's mantle at convergent boundaries.
Submarine canyon
A submarine canyon is a steep-sided valley cut into the seabed of the continental slope, sometimes extending well onto the continental shelf, having nearly vertical walls, and occasionally having canyon wall heights of up to, from canyon floor to canyon rim, as with the Great Bahama Canyon.
See Earth and Submarine canyon
Submarine volcano
Submarine volcanoes are underwater vents or fissures in the Earth's surface from which magma can erupt.
See Earth and Submarine volcano
Substorm
A substorm, sometimes referred to as a magnetospheric substorm or an auroral substorm, is a brief disturbance in the Earth's magnetosphere that causes energy to be released from the "tail" of the magnetosphere and injected into the high latitude ionosphere.
Subtropics
The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics.
Sulfur
Sulfur (also spelled sulphur in British English) is a chemical element; it has symbol S and atomic number 16.
See Earth and Sulfur
Summer solstice
The summer solstice or estival solstice occurs when one of Earth's poles has its maximum tilt toward the Sun.
Sun
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. Earth and Sun are astronomical objects known since antiquity and solar System.
See Earth and Sun
Supercontinent
In geology, a supercontinent is the assembly of most or all of Earth's continental blocks or cratons to form a single large landmass.
Surface water
Surface water is water located on top of land, forming terrestrial (surrounding by land on all sides) waterbodies, and may also be referred to as blue water, opposed to the seawater and waterbodies like the ocean.
Sustainability
Sustainability is a social goal for people to co-exist on Earth over a long time.
Symbiogenesis
Symbiogenesis (endosymbiotic theory, or serial endosymbiotic theory) is the leading evolutionary theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic organisms.
Synodic day
A synodic day (or synodic rotation period or solar day) is the period for a celestial object to rotate once in relation to the star it is orbiting, and is the basis of solar time.
Temperate climate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (approximately 23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth.
See Earth and Temperate climate
Terra (mythology)
In ancient Roman religion and mythology, Tellus Mater or Terra Mater ("Mother Earth") is the personification of the Earth.
See Earth and Terra (mythology)
Terra nullius
Terra nullius (plural terrae nullius) is a Latin expression meaning "nobody's land".
Terrain
Terrain or relief (also topographical relief) involves the vertical and horizontal dimensions of land surface.
Terrestrial planet
A terrestrial planet, telluric planet, or rocky planet, is a planet that is composed primarily of silicate, rocks or metals. Earth and terrestrial planet are solar System and terrestrial planets.
See Earth and Terrestrial planet
Tesla (unit)
The tesla (symbol: T) is the unit of magnetic flux density (also called magnetic B-field strength) in the International System of Units (SI).
The Blue Marble
The Blue Marble is a photograph of Earth taken on December 7, 1972, from a distance of around from Earth's surface.
The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
See Earth and The New York Times
Theia (planet)
Theia is a hypothesized ancient planet in the early Solar System which, according to the giant-impact hypothesis, collided with the early Earth around 4.5 billion years ago, with some of the resulting ejected debris coalescing to form the Moon. Earth and Theia (planet) are solar System.
Thermal energy
The term "thermal energy" is used loosely in various contexts in physics and engineering, generally related to the kinetic energy of vibrating and colliding atoms in a substance.
Thermal reservoir
A thermal reservoir, also thermal energy reservoir or thermal bath, is a thermodynamic system with a heat capacity so large that the temperature of the reservoir changes relatively little when a significant amount of heat is added or extracted.
See Earth and Thermal reservoir
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation.
Thermohaline circulation
Thermohaline circulation (THC) is a part of the large-scale ocean circulation that is driven by global density gradients created by surface heat and freshwater fluxes.
See Earth and Thermohaline circulation
Thermosphere
The thermosphere is the layer in the Earth's atmosphere directly above the mesosphere and below the exosphere.
Thor
Thor (from Þórr) is a prominent god in Germanic paganism.
See Earth and Thor
Thorium-232
Thorium-232 is the main naturally occurring isotope of thorium, with a relative abundance of 99.98%.
Tidal acceleration
Tidal acceleration is an effect of the tidal forces between an orbiting natural satellite (e.g. the Moon) and the primary planet that it orbits (e.g. Earth).
See Earth and Tidal acceleration
Tidal force
The tidal force or tide-generating force is a gravitational effect that stretches a body along the line towards and away from the center of mass of another body due to spatial variations in strength in gravitational field from the other body.
Tidal locking
Tidal locking between a pair of co-orbiting astronomical bodies occurs when one of the objects reaches a state where there is no longer any net change in its rotation rate over the course of a complete orbit.
Tide
Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational forces exerted by the Moon (and to a much lesser extent, the Sun) and are also caused by the Earth and Moon orbiting one another.
See Earth and Tide
Timeline of first images of Earth from space
Photography and other imagery of planet Earth from outer space started in the 1940s, first from rockets in suborbital flight, subsequently from satellites around Earth, and then from spacecraft beyond Earth's orbit.
See Earth and Timeline of first images of Earth from space
Timeline of the far future
While the future cannot be predicted with certainty, present understanding in various scientific fields allows for the prediction of some far-future events, if only in the broadest outline.
See Earth and Timeline of the far future
Tonne
The tonne (or; symbol: t) is a unit of mass equal to 1,000 kilograms.
See Earth and Tonne
Topography
Topography is the study of the forms and features of land surfaces.
Topsoil
Topsoil is the upper layer of soil.
Tornado
A tornado is a violently rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud.
Torque
In physics and mechanics, torque is the rotational analogue of linear force.
See Earth and Torque
Trade winds
The trade winds or easterlies are permanent east-to-west prevailing winds that flow in the Earth's equatorial region.
Transform fault
A transform fault or transform boundary, is a fault along a plate boundary where the motion is predominantly horizontal.
Transition zone (Earth)
The transition zone is the part of Earth's mantle that is located between the lower and the upper mantle, most strictly between the seismic-discontinuity depths of about, but more broadly defined as the zone encompassing those discontinuities, i.e., between about depth.
See Earth and Transition zone (Earth)
Trojan (celestial body)
In astronomy, a trojan is a small celestial body (mostly asteroids) that shares the orbit of a larger body, remaining in a stable orbit approximately 60° ahead of or behind the main body near one of its Lagrangian points and. Earth and trojan (celestial body) are solar System.
See Earth and Trojan (celestial body)
Tropic of Cancer
The Tropic of Cancer, also known as the Northern Tropic, is the Earth's northernmost circle of latitude where the Sun can be seen directly overhead.
See Earth and Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
The Tropic of Capricorn (or the Southern Tropic) is the circle of latitude that contains the subsolar point at the December (or southern) solstice.
See Earth and Tropic of Capricorn
Tropical climate
Tropical climate is the first of the five major climate groups in the Köppen climate classification identified with the letter A. Tropical climates are defined by a monthly average temperature of or higher in the coolest month, featuring hot temperatures and high humidity all year-round.
See Earth and Tropical climate
Tropical cyclone
A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system with a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls.
See Earth and Tropical cyclone
Tropical rainforest
Tropical rainforests are dense and warm rainforests with high rainfall typically found between 10° north and south of the Equator.
See Earth and Tropical rainforest
Tropical year
A tropical year or solar year (or tropical period) is the time that the Sun takes to return to the same position in the sky – as viewed from the Earth or another celestial body of the Solar System – thus completing a full cycle of astronomical seasons.
Tropics
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator.
Troposphere
The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere of Earth.
Tsunami
A tsunami (from lit) is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake.
Typhoon
A typhoon is a tropical cyclone that develops between 180° and 100°E in the Northern Hemisphere and which produces sustained hurricane-force winds of at least.
U-shaped valley
U-shaped valleys, also called trough valleys or glacial troughs, are formed by the process of glaciation.
Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths of 10–400 nanometers, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays.
Underground living
Underground living refers to living below the ground's surface, whether in natural or manmade caves or structures (earth shelters).
See Earth and Underground living
Underwater habitat
Underwater habitats are underwater structures in which people can live for extended periods and carry out most of the basic human functions of a 24-hour day, such as working, resting, eating, attending to personal hygiene, and sleeping.
See Earth and Underwater habitat
Union of Concerned Scientists
The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) is a nonprofit science advocacy organization based in the United States.
See Earth and Union of Concerned Scientists
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
United States Department of Commerce
The United States Department of Commerce (DOC) is an executive department of the U.S. federal government concerned with creating the conditions for economic growth and opportunity.
See Earth and United States Department of Commerce
Universal Time
Universal Time (UT or UT1) is a time standard based on Earth's rotation.
Universities Space Research Association
The Universities Space Research Association (USRA) was incorporated on March 12, 1969, in Washington, D.C. as a private, nonprofit corporation under the auspices of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS).
See Earth and Universities Space Research Association
University of Toronto
The University of Toronto (UToronto or U of T) is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, located on the grounds that surround Queen's Park.
See Earth and University of Toronto
University of Wisconsin–Madison
The University of Wisconsin–Madison (University of Wisconsin, Wisconsin, UW, UW–Madison, or simply Madison) is a public land-grant research university in Madison, Wisconsin, United States.
See Earth and University of Wisconsin–Madison
Upper mantle
The upper mantle of Earth is a very thick layer of rock inside the planet, which begins just beneath the crust (at about under the oceans and about under the continents) and ends at the top of the lower mantle at.
Uranium-238
Uranium-238 (238U or U-238) is the most common isotope of uranium found in nature, with a relative abundance of 99%.
Van Allen radiation belt
Van Allen radiation belt is a zone of energetic charged particles, most of which originate from the solar wind, that are captured by and held around a planet by that planet's magnetosphere.
See Earth and Van Allen radiation belt
Vanguard 1
Vanguard 1 (Harvard designation: 1958-Beta 2, COSPAR ID: 1958-002B) is an American satellite that was the fourth artificial Earth-orbiting satellite to be successfully launched, following Sputnik 1, Sputnik 2, and Explorer 1.
Vector Map
The Vector Map (VMAP), also called Vector Smart Map, is a vector-based collection of geographic information system (GIS) data about Earth at various levels of detail.
Vertical datum
In geodesy, surveying, hydrography and navigation, vertical datum or altimetric datum is a reference coordinate surface used for vertical positions, such as the elevations of Earth-bound features (terrain, bathymetry, water level, and built structures) and altitudes of satellite orbits and in aviation.
Viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate.
Volcanism
Volcanism, vulcanism, volcanicity, or volcanic activity is the phenomenon where solids, liquids, gases, and their mixtures erupt to the surface of a solid-surface astronomical body such as a planet or a moon.
Volcano
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
Water cycle
The water cycle (or hydrologic cycle or hydrological cycle), is a biogeochemical cycle that involves the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth.
Water distribution on Earth
Most water in Earth's atmosphere and crust comes from saline seawater, while fresh water accounts for nearly 1% of the total.
See Earth and Water distribution on Earth
Water vapor
Water vapor, water vapour or aqueous vapor is the gaseous phase of water.
Weathering
Weathering is the deterioration of rocks, soils and minerals (as well as wood and artificial materials) through contact with water, atmospheric gases, sunlight, and biological organisms.
Westerlies
The westerlies, anti-trades, or prevailing westerlies, are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude.
Western Australia
Western Australia (WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western third of the land area of the Australian continent.
See Earth and Western Australia
Western Hemisphere
The Western Hemisphere is the half of the planet Earth that lies west of the Prime Meridian—which crosses Greenwich, London, England—and east of the 180th meridian.
See Earth and Western Hemisphere
Wildfire
A wildfire, forest fire, or a bushfire is an unplanned, uncontrolled and unpredictable fire in an area of combustible vegetation.
Winter solstice
The winter solstice, also called the hibernal solstice, occurs when either of Earth's poles reaches its maximum tilt away from the Sun.
World Geodetic System
The World Geodetic System (WGS) is a standard used in cartography, geodesy, and satellite navigation including GPS.
See Earth and World Geodetic System
World Meteorological Organization
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation on atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology and geophysics.
See Earth and World Meteorological Organization
World Nuclear Association
World Nuclear Association is the international organization that promotes nuclear power and supports the companies that comprise the global nuclear industry.
See Earth and World Nuclear Association
World population
In world demographics, the world population is the total number of humans currently living.
See Earth and World population
Year
A year is the time taken for astronomical objects to complete one orbit.
See Earth and Year
Zircon
Zircon is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates and is a source of the metal zirconium.
See Earth and Zircon
469219 Kamoʻoalewa
469219 Kamoʻoalewa, provisionally designated, is a very small asteroid, fast rotator and near-Earth object of the Apollo group, approximately in diameter.
See Earth and 469219 Kamoʻoalewa
See also
Astronomical objects known since antiquity
- Algol
- Alpha Centauri
- Alpheratz
- Altair
- Andromeda Galaxy
- Beehive Cluster
- Beta Aquarii
- Caesar's Comet
- Coma Star Cluster
- Double Cluster
- Earth
- Epsilon Eridani
- Halley's Comet
- Jupiter
- Large Magellanic Cloud
- Mars
- Mercury (planet)
- Messier 41
- Messier 7
- Milky Way
- Moon
- NGC 869
- NGC 884
- Omega Centauri
- Orion Nebula
- Pleiades
- Procyon
- SN 185
- SN 386
- SN 393
- Saturn
- Sirius
- Small Magellanic Cloud
- Sun
- Venus
Global natural environment
- Biological globalization
- Earth
- Earth system science
- Ecosystem ecology
- Environmental globalization
- Global Map
- Global change
- Global environmental issues
- Hydrosphere
- International environmental law
- Runaway greenhouse effect
- Water scarcity
- Wilderness
- World Environment Day
- World Ocean
Nature
- Aesthetics of nature
- Back to nature
- Balance of nature
- Earth
- Ecosystem health
- Energy
- Evolution
- Life
- Matter
- Mfinda
- Natural environment
- Natural hazards
- Natural landscape
- Natural materials
- Natural product
- Natural products
- Natural risk
- Natural sciences
- Naturalism (philosophy)
- Nature
- Nature-based solutions
- Nurture
- Patterns in nature
- Phenomena
- Physis
- Preternatural
- Sky
- Space
- Supernatural
- Trogloxene
- Universe
- Urban nature
- Vacuum
Planets of the Solar System
- Classical planet
- Definition of planet
- Earth
- Fictional planets of the Solar System
- Inferior and superior planets
- Jupiter
- Mars
- Mercury (planet)
- Neptune
- Outer planets
- Planetary mnemonic
- Planetary nomenclature
- Planetary rings
- Planets beyond Neptune
- Saturn
- Uranus
- Venus
Terrestrial planets
- 55 Cancri e
- 61 Virginis b
- Carbon planet
- CoRoT-7b
- Desert planet
- Earth
- Gliese 15 Ab
- Gliese 176 b
- Gliese 581e
- Gliese 876 d
- HD 181433 b
- HD 215497 b
- HD 219134 b
- HD 7924 b
- Ice planet
- Iron planet
- K2-288Bb
- Kepler-10b
- Kepler-37b
- Kepler-37c
- Kepler-409b
- Kepler-452b
- Kepler-59b
- Kepler-68b
- Kepler-68c
- Kepler-78b
- Kepler-9d
- LHS 3844 b
- Lava planet
- MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb
- Mars
- Mega-Earth
- Mercury (planet)
- OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb
- OGLE-2016-BLG-1195Lb
- Ocean world
- PSR B1257+12 A
- PSR B1257+12 B
- PSR B1257+12 C
- SPECULOOS-3 b
- Sub-Earth
- Super-Earth
- Super-Earths
- Terrestrial planet
- Venus
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth
Also known as 3rd Planet, Blue and green planet, Climate of Earth, Composition of the Earth, Density of the Earth, Eareth, Earth (Planet), Earth (word), Earth physical characteristics tables, Earth surface, Earth's density, Earth's mean density, Earth's surface, Earth, Sol, Earths surface, Etymology of the word "Earth", Formation of Earth, Formation of the Earth, Globe (Earth), Green and blue planet, Lexicography of Earth, Mean density of the Earth, Planet Earth, Planet III Terra, Planet Terra, Planet Three, Planet of Water, Size of the earth, Sol 3, Sol III, Sol Prime, Sol-3, Surface area of earth, Surface of Earth, Surface of the Earth, Telluris, Tellus (Planet), Terra (name for the earth), Terra (planet), The Earth, The Planet Earth, Third Planet, Third planet from the Sun, Tierra (planet), World (geography).
, Bathymetry, BBC, BBC Bitesize, Billiard ball, Biodiversity loss, Biogenic substance, Biogeochemical cycle, Biological process, Biomass, Biomass (ecology), Biome, Biosphere, Biotic material, Blizzard, Bond albedo, Border, Bow shock, Boydell & Brewer, Building material, C4 carbon fixation, Calcium, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, Cambrian explosion, Carbon dioxide, Carbonate–silicate cycle, Caribbean Plate, Carleton University, Celestial equator, Celestial pole, Celestial sphere, Center of mass, Chandler wobble, Charged particle, Charon (moon), Chemical reaction, Chemical substance, Chicxulub crater, Chimborazo, Circumference, Circumstellar disc, Civilization, Claimed moons of Earth, Climate change, Climate classification, Climate system, Clockwise, Cloud cover, Co-orbital configuration, Cocos Plate, Colony (biology), Comet, Continent, Continental climate, Continental crust, Continental shelf, Convergent boundary, Cosmic dust, Cosmic ray, Creation myth, Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, Crustal recycling, Culture, Dead Sea, Death Valley National Park, Deep sea, Deforestation, Deity, Desert, Desertification, Dipole, Divergent boundary, Dwarf planet, Dynamo theory, Earliest known life forms, Early Modern English, Earth ellipsoid, Earth mass, Earth observation, Earth phase, Earth science, Earth trojan, Earth's circumference, Earth's crust, Earth's energy budget, Earth's inner core, Earth's magnetic field, Earth's orbit, Earth's outer core, Earth's rotation, Earthquake, Eastern Hemisphere, Ecliptic, Ecological network, Ecosystem, Ediacaran, Effective temperature, Effects of climate change, El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Environmentalism, Eoarchean, Epoch (astronomy), Equator, Equatorial bulge, Equinox, Erosion, Escape velocity, Eukaryote, Eurasian Plate, European Environment Agency, European Terrestrial Reference System 1989, European Union, Excite (web portal), Exosphere, Extinction, Extinction event, Extraterrestrial liquid water, Extremes on Earth, Faint young Sun paradox, Felsic, Figure of the Earth, Fixed stars, Flat Earth, Flood basalt, Formation and evolution of the Solar System, Fossil, Fossil fuel, Four corners of the world, French language, Frequency, Fresh water, Gaia, Gaia hypothesis, Galactic plane, Geocentric model, Geodesy, Geographical pole, Geoid, Geologic time scale, Geomagnetic reversal, Geomagnetic secular variation, Geomagnetic storm, Geometric albedo, Germanic languages, Germanic paganism, Giant-impact hypothesis, Glacier, Globe, Globus cruciger, Granite, Graphite, Gravitational acceleration, Gravity anomaly, Great Oxidation Event, Great Plains, Greenhouse effect, Greenhouse gas, Greenland, Groundwater, Hadean zircon, Hafnium, Heliocentrism, Helium, Hemispheres of Earth, Highest temperature recorded on Earth, Hill sphere, History of agriculture, History of Earth, History of human migration, Holocene extinction, Horseshoe orbit, Hotspot (geology), Human, Human evolution, Human history, Human impact on the environment, Humid subtropical climate, Humidity, Hydrogen, Hydrosphere, Hydrostatic equilibrium, Hypsometry, Iberdrola, Ice, Ice age, Ice cap, Ice sheet, Ice shelf, Igneous rock, Impact event, Indo-Australian Plate, International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service, International organization, International Space Station, International System of Units, Intertropical Convergence Zone, Invariable plane, Ionosphere, Isotope, Jörð, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Journal of African Earth Sciences, Julian year (astronomy), Kármán line, Köppen climate classification, Kitaa, Komatiite, Krypton, Lagrange point, Land and water hemispheres, Land cover, Landform, Landmass, Landslide, Lapse rate, Last Glacial Period, Last universal common ancestor, Late Heavy Bombardment, Latin, Latitude, Latitudinal gradients in species diversity, Law of the sea, Leaf Group, Lexico, Libration, Light-second, Light-year, List of earth deities, List of fertility deities, List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System, List of largest lakes and seas in the Solar System, List of Solar System extremes, List of Solar System objects by size, List of sovereign states, List of space travellers by first flight, List of tectonic plates, Lithosphere, Longitude, Lord Kelvin, Lower mantle, Lowest temperature recorded on Earth, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Lunar distance, Lunar eclipse, Lunar month, Lunar phase, Mafic, Magmatism, Magnesium, Magnetic moment, Magnetosphere, Mainland Australia, Mammal, Mantle (geology), Mantle convection, Mantle plume, March equinox, Mariana Trench, Mars, Mass fraction (chemistry), Medication, Meridian (astronomy), Meridian (geography), Mesosphere, Metabolism, Metasedimentary rock, Meteoroid, Methane, Microbial mat, Microorganism, Microsecond, Mid-ocean ridge, Middle English, Middle latitudes, Midnight sun, Milankovitch cycles, Milky Way, Millisecond, Mindspark Interactive Network, Modern English, Mohorovičić discontinuity, Molecular cloud, 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Plate, Paleontology, Pangaea, Pannotia, Parmenides, Particle, Pedosphere, Percentage point, Permafrost, Personification, Phase transition, Photosynthesis, Phys.org, Plain, Planet, Planetary boundaries, Planetary habitability, Planetary-mass moon, Planetesimal, Plate tectonics, Plateau, Pleistocene, Pluto, Polar climate, Polar ice cap, Polar motion, Polar night, Polar regions of Earth, Portuguese language, Potassium-40, Precession, Precipitation, Primate, Primordial nuclide, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Proto-Germanic language, Protoplanet, Pythagoras, Quasi-satellite, Quasiperiodic motion, Radiometric dating, Red giant, Redox, Retreat of glaciers since 1850, Rheology, Rodinia, Romance languages, Runaway greenhouse effect, Saline water, Salinity, Sandstone, Satellite, Scale height, Scientific American, Scotia Plate, Sea ice, Sea level rise, Sea surface microlayer, Seabed, Seamount, Season, Secular variation, Sedentism, Sedimentary 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acceleration, Tidal force, Tidal locking, Tide, Timeline of first images of Earth from space, Timeline of the far future, Tonne, Topography, Topsoil, Tornado, Torque, Trade winds, Transform fault, Transition zone (Earth), Trojan (celestial body), Tropic of Cancer, Tropic of Capricorn, Tropical climate, Tropical cyclone, Tropical rainforest, Tropical year, Tropics, Troposphere, Tsunami, Typhoon, U-shaped valley, Ultraviolet, Underground living, Underwater habitat, Union of Concerned Scientists, United Nations, United States Department of Commerce, Universal Time, Universities Space Research Association, University of Toronto, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Upper mantle, Uranium-238, Van Allen radiation belt, Vanguard 1, Vector Map, Vertical datum, Viscosity, Volcanism, Volcano, Water cycle, Water distribution on Earth, Water vapor, Weathering, Westerlies, Western Australia, Western Hemisphere, Wildfire, Winter solstice, World Geodetic System, World Meteorological Organization, World Nuclear Association, World population, Year, Zircon, 469219 Kamoʻoalewa.