Energy & Quasar - Unionpedia, the concept map

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held as one of the most influential scientists. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence formula, which arises from relativity theory, has been called "the world's most famous equation". He received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his services to theoretical physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect", a pivotal step in the development of quantum theory. His intellectual achievements and originality have made the word Einstein broadly synonymous with genius. Born in the German Empire, Einstein moved to Switzerland in 1895, forsaking his German citizenship (as a subject of the Kingdom of Württemberg) the following year. In 1897, at the age of seventeen, he enrolled in the mathematics and physics teaching diploma program at the Swiss federal polytechnic school in Zürich, graduating in 1900. In 1901, he acquired Swiss citizenship, which he kept for the rest of his life. In 1903, he secured a permanent position at the Swiss Patent Office in Bern. In 1905, he submitted a successful PhD dissertation to the University of Zurich. In 1914, he moved to Berlin in order to join the Prussian Academy of Sciences and the Humboldt University of Berlin. In 1917, he became director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics; he also became a German citizen again, this time as a subject of the Kingdom of Prussia. In 1933, while he was visiting the United States, Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. Horrified by the Nazi war of extermination against his fellow Jews, Einstein decided to remain in the US, and was granted American citizenship in 1940. On the eve of World War II, he endorsed a letter to President Franklin D. Roosevelt alerting him to the potential German nuclear weapons program and recommended that the US begin similar research. Einstein supported the Allies but generally viewed the idea of nuclear weapons with great dismay. Einstein's work is also known for its influence on the philosophy of science. In 1905, he published four groundbreaking papers, sometimes described as his annus mirabilis (miracle year). These papers outlined a theory of the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, introduced his special theory of relativity—a theory which addressed the inability of classical mechanics to account satisfactorily for the behavior of the electromagnetic field—and demonstrated that if the special theory is correct, mass and energy are equivalent to each other. In 1915, he proposed a general theory of relativity that extended his system of mechanics to incorporate gravitation. A cosmological paper that he published the following year laid out the implications of general relativity for the modeling of the structure and evolution of the universe as a whole. In the middle part of his career, Einstein made important contributions to statistical mechanics and quantum theory. Especially notable was his work on the quantum physics of radiation, in which light consists of particles, subsequently called photons. With the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose, he laid the groundwork for Bose-Einstein statistics. For much of the last phase of his academic life, Einstein worked on two endeavors that proved ultimately unsuccessful. First, he advocated against quantum theory's introduction of fundamental randomness into science's picture of the world, objecting that "God does not play dice". Second, he attempted to devise a unified field theory by generalizing his geometric theory of gravitation to include electromagnetism too. As a result, he became increasingly isolated from the mainstream modern physics. In a 1999 poll of 130 leading physicists worldwide by the British journal Physics World, Einstein was ranked the greatest physicist of all time.

Albert Einstein and Energy · Albert Einstein and Quasar · See more »

Antimatter

In modern physics, antimatter is defined as matter composed of the antiparticles (or "partners") of the corresponding particles in "ordinary" matter, and can be thought of as matter with reversed charge, parity, and time, known as CPT reversal.

Antimatter and Energy · Antimatter and Quasar · See more »

Big Bang

The Big Bang is a physical theory that describes how the universe expanded from an initial state of high density and temperature.

Big Bang and Energy · Big Bang and Quasar · See more »

Electromagnetic radiation

In physics, electromagnetic radiation (EMR) consists of waves of the electromagnetic (EM) field, which propagate through space and carry momentum and electromagnetic radiant energy.

Electromagnetic radiation and Energy · Electromagnetic radiation and Quasar · See more »

Energy

Energy is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light.

Energy and Energy · Energy and Quasar · See more »

Friction

Friction is the force resisting the relative motion of solid surfaces, fluid layers, and material elements sliding against each other.

Energy and Friction · Friction and Quasar · See more »

Gamma-ray burst

In gamma-ray astronomy, gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are immensely energetic explosions that have been observed in distant galaxies, being the brightest and most extreme explosive events in the entire universe, as NASA describes the bursts as the "most powerful class of explosions in the universe".

Energy and Gamma-ray burst · Gamma-ray burst and Quasar · See more »

Gravitational energy

Gravitational energy or gravitational potential energy is the potential energy a massive object has due to its position in a gravitational field.

Energy and Gravitational energy · Gravitational energy and Quasar · See more »

Light

Light, visible light, or visible radiation is electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived by the human eye.

Energy and Light · Light and Quasar · See more »

Mass

Mass is an intrinsic property of a body.

Energy and Mass · Mass and Quasar · See more »

Matter

In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume.

Energy and Matter · Matter and Quasar · See more »

Nuclear fusion

Nuclear fusion is a reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei, usually deuterium and tritium (hydrogen isotopes), combine to form one or more different atomic nuclei and subatomic particles (neutrons or protons).

Energy and Nuclear fusion · Nuclear fusion and Quasar · See more »

Plasma (physics)

Plasma is one of four fundamental states of matter (the other three being solid, liquid, and gas) characterized by the presence of a significant portion of charged particles in any combination of ions or electrons.

Energy and Plasma (physics) · Plasma (physics) and Quasar · See more »

Radiant energy

In physics, and in particular as measured by radiometry, radiant energy is the energy of electromagnetic and gravitational radiation.

Energy and Radiant energy · Quasar and Radiant energy · See more »

Special relativity

In physics, the special theory of relativity, or special relativity for short, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time.

Energy and Special relativity · Quasar and Special relativity · See more »

Star

A star is a luminous spheroid of plasma held together by self-gravity.

Energy and Star · Quasar and Star · See more »

Supernova

A supernova (supernovae or supernovas) is a powerful and luminous explosion of a star.

Energy and Supernova · Quasar and Supernova · See more »

Watt

The watt (symbol: W) is the unit of power or radiant flux in the International System of Units (SI), equal to 1 joule per second or 1 kg⋅m2⋅s−3.

Energy and Watt · Quasar and Watt · See more »