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Fall of Mosul, the Glossary

Index Fall of Mosul

The fall of Mosul in Iraq occurred between 4 and 10 June 2014, when Islamic State (IS) insurgents, initially led by Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi, captured Mosul from the Iraqi Army, led by Lieutenant General Mahdi Al-Gharrawi.[1]

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Table of Contents

  1. 81 relations: Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi, Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, Abu Ghraib, Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi, Al Anbar Governorate, Al Jazeera Media Network, Al-Karmah, Al-Qa'im (town), Al-Tahera Church, Mosul, Anah, Audrey Azoulay, Baiji (city), Basra, Battle of Baiji (2014–2015), Battle of Mosul (2016–2017), Battle of Ramadi (2014–2015), BBC News, Beşir Atalay, Black Standard, Caliphate, CBS News, Clandestine cell system, December 2014 Sinjar offensive, Derna campaign (2014–2016), European Union, Fall of Fallujah, Fall of Hīt (2014), Fall of Nofaliya (2015), Fallujah, First Battle of Tikrit, Ghost soldiers, Great Mosque of al-Nuri, Mosul, Haditha, Hit, Iraq, Humvee, Iraq, Iraqi Ground Forces, Iraqi security forces, Islamic State, Jalawla, Jen Psaki, Jurf al-Nasr, Kirkuk, Libyan civil war (2014–2020), List of wars and battles involving the Islamic State, Mahdi Al-Gharrawi, Military of the Islamic State, Mosul, Mosul International Airport, Mosul offensive (2015), ... Expand index (31 more) »

  2. Battles of the War in Iraq (2013–2017)
  3. June 2014 events in Iraq
  4. Military operations of the Iraqi Civil War in 2014
  5. Military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Iraqi government
  6. Mosul during the War in Iraq (2013–2017)

Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi

Adnan Ismail Najm al-Bilawi Al-Dulaimi (extra 1971 – 4 June 2014), better known by the nom de guerre Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi al-Anbari (أبو عبد الرحمن البيلاوي الأنباري), was a top commander in the Islamic State and the head of its Military Council, prior to his killing by Iraqi security forces on 4 June 2014.

See Fall of Mosul and Abu Abdulrahman al-Bilawi

Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi

Ibrahim Awad Ibrahim Ali al-Badri (28 July 197127 October 2019), commonly known by his nom de guerre Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi (translit), was an Iraqi militant who was the first caliph of the Islamic State (IS) from 2014 until his death in 2019.

See Fall of Mosul and Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi

Abu Ghraib

Abu Ghraib (أبو غريب, Abū Ghurayb) is a city in the Baghdad Governorate of Iraq, located just west of Baghdad's city center, or northwest of Baghdad International Airport.

See Fall of Mosul and Abu Ghraib

Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi

Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi (Abū Ibrāhīm al-Hāshimī al-Qurashī; born Amir Mohammed Abdul Rahman al-Mawli al-Salbi (Amīr Muḥammad ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Mawlā al-Ṣalibi); 1 or 5 October 1976 – 3 February 2022) was an Iraqi militant and the second caliph of the Islamic State.

See Fall of Mosul and Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi

Al Anbar Governorate

Al Anbar Governorate (محافظة الأنبار; muḥāfaẓat al-’Anbār), or Anbar Province, is the largest governorate in Iraq by area.

See Fall of Mosul and Al Anbar Governorate

Al Jazeera Media Network (AJMN; The Peninsula) is a private-media conglomerate headquartered at Wadi Al Sail, Doha, funded in part by the government of Qatar.

See Fall of Mosul and Al Jazeera Media Network

Al-Karmah

Al-Karmah, also sometimes transliterated as Karma, Karmah, or Garma (Iraqi Arabic: الگرمة), is a city in central Iraq, 16 km (10 mi) northeast of Fallujah in the province of Al Anbar.

See Fall of Mosul and Al-Karmah

Al-Qa'im (town)

Al-Qa'im (القائم, Kurdish: قائیم) is an Iraqi border town located nearly 400 km (248 mi) northwest of Baghdad near the Syrian border and situated along the Euphrates River, and located in the Al Anbar Governorate.

See Fall of Mosul and Al-Qa'im (town)

Al-Tahera Church, Mosul

The Al-Tahera Church (Arabic: كنيسة الطاهرة القلعة) is a partially demolished Syriac Catholic church in Mosul, Iraq.

See Fall of Mosul and Al-Tahera Church, Mosul

Anah

Anah or Ana (ʿĀna, ܐܢܐ), formerly also known as Anna, is an Iraqi town on the Euphrates approximately midway between the Gulf of Alexandretta and the Persian Gulf.

See Fall of Mosul and Anah

Audrey Azoulay

Audrey Azoulay (born 4 August 1972) is a French civil servant and politician who has served as the 11th Director-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) since 2017, becoming the second female leader of the organization.

See Fall of Mosul and Audrey Azoulay

Baiji (city)

Baiji (Bayjī; also spelled Bayji) is a city of about 173,677 inhabitants in Salah ad Din governorate in northern Iraq.

See Fall of Mosul and Baiji (city)

Basra

Basra (al-Baṣrah) is a city in southern Iraq.

See Fall of Mosul and Basra

Battle of Baiji (2014–2015)

The Battle of Baiji took place in Baiji, Iraq, lasting from late October 2014 to late October 2015. Fall of Mosul and Battle of Baiji (2014–2015) are battles in 2014, battles of the War in Iraq (2013–2017), military operations of the Iraqi Civil War in 2014 and military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

See Fall of Mosul and Battle of Baiji (2014–2015)

Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)

The Battle of Mosul (معركة الموصل, Ma'rakat al-Mawṣil) was a major battle initiated by the Iraqi Government forces with allied militias, the Kurdistan Regional Government, and international forces to retake the city of Mosul from the Islamic State (ISIL), which had seized the city years prior in June 2014. Fall of Mosul and battle of Mosul (2016–2017) are military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Iraqi government, military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Mosul during the War in Iraq (2013–2017).

See Fall of Mosul and Battle of Mosul (2016–2017)

Battle of Ramadi (2014–2015)

The Battle of Ramadi, also called the Fall of Ramadi, was part of an ISIL offensive to capture all of the Anbar Province. Fall of Mosul and Battle of Ramadi (2014–2015) are battles in 2014, military operations of the Iraqi Civil War in 2014 and military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

See Fall of Mosul and Battle of Ramadi (2014–2015)

BBC News

BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.

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Beşir Atalay

Beşir Atalay (born 1947) is a Turkish politician who was Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey in the government of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan from 2011 to 2014.

See Fall of Mosul and Beşir Atalay

Black Standard

The Black Banner or Black Standard (ar-rāyat as-sawdāʾ, also known as راية العقاب ("banner of the eagle" or simply as,, "the banner") is one of the flags flown by the Islamic prophet Muhammad according to Muslim tradition. It was historically used by Abu Muslim in his uprising leading to the Abbasid Revolution in 747 and is therefore associated with the Abbasid Caliphate in particular.

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Caliphate

A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.

See Fall of Mosul and Caliphate

CBS News

CBS News is the news division of the American television and radio broadcaster CBS.

See Fall of Mosul and CBS News

Clandestine cell system

A clandestine cell system is a method for organizing a group of people, such as resistance fighters, spies, mercenaries, organized crime members, or terrorists, to make it harder for police, military or other hostile groups to catch them.

See Fall of Mosul and Clandestine cell system

December 2014 Sinjar offensive

The Sinjar offensive was a combination of operations of Kurdish Peshmerga, PKK and People's Protection Units forces in December 2014, to recapture regions formerly lost to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in their August offensive. Fall of Mosul and December 2014 Sinjar offensive are military operations of the Iraqi Civil War in 2014 and military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

See Fall of Mosul and December 2014 Sinjar offensive

Derna campaign (2014–2016)

In October 2014, the self-declared Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) took control of numerous government buildings, security vehicles and local landmarks in the Eastern Libyan coastal city of Derna.

See Fall of Mosul and Derna campaign (2014–2016)

European Union

The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.

See Fall of Mosul and European Union

Fall of Fallujah

The fall of Fallujah was a battle in the city of Fallujah in western Iraq that took place from late 2013 to early 2014, in which Islamic State (IS) and other Sunni insurgents captured the city of Fallujah. Fall of Mosul and fall of Fallujah are battles in 2014, battles of the War in Iraq (2013–2017), military operations of the Iraqi Civil War in 2014, military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Iraqi government and military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

See Fall of Mosul and Fall of Fallujah

Fall of Hīt (2014)

The Fall of Hīt was the capture of the important Iraqi town of Hīt by ISIL, which cut off the road leading to nearby Haditha. Fall of Mosul and Fall of Hīt (2014) are battles in 2014, battles of the War in Iraq (2013–2017), military operations of the Iraqi Civil War in 2014, military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Iraqi government and military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

See Fall of Mosul and Fall of Hīt (2014)

Fall of Nofaliya (2015)

The Fall of Nofaliya refers to the takeover of the town of Nofaliya in Sirte District, Libya, by the self-declared Islamic State in February 2015.

See Fall of Mosul and Fall of Nofaliya (2015)

Fallujah

Fallujah (ٱلْفَلُّوجَة) is a city in Al Anbar Governorate, Iraq.

See Fall of Mosul and Fallujah

First Battle of Tikrit

The First Battle of Tikrit was fought for the Iraqi city of Tikrit following the city's capture by the Islamic State and Ba'athist Loyalists during the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive. Fall of Mosul and First Battle of Tikrit are battles in 2014, battles of the War in Iraq (2013–2017), June 2014 events in Iraq, military operations of the Iraqi Civil War in 2014, military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Iraqi government and military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

See Fall of Mosul and First Battle of Tikrit

Ghost soldiers

Ghost soldiers or ghost battalions refers to absentee army troops whose names appear on military rolls, but who are not actually in military service, generally in order to divert part of the soldiers' salaries to an influential local entity such as army officers or others.

See Fall of Mosul and Ghost soldiers

Great Mosque of al-Nuri, Mosul

The Great Mosque of al-Nuri (Jāmiʿ an-Nūrī) was a mosque in Mosul, Iraq.

See Fall of Mosul and Great Mosque of al-Nuri, Mosul

Haditha

Haditha (حَدِيثَةٌ, al-Ḥadīthah) is a town in the Al Anbar Governorate, about northwest of Baghdad.

See Fall of Mosul and Haditha

Hit, Iraq

Hit or Heet (هيت, Hīt) is an Iraqi city in Al Anbar Governorate.

See Fall of Mosul and Hit, Iraq

Humvee

The High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV; colloquial: Humvee) is a family of light, four-wheel drive, military trucks and utility vehicles produced by AM General.

See Fall of Mosul and Humvee

Iraq

Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.

See Fall of Mosul and Iraq

Iraqi Ground Forces

The Iraqi Ground Forces (Arabic: القوات البرية العراقية), also referred to as the Iraqi Army (Arabic: الجيش العراقي), is the ground force component of the Iraqi Armed Forces.

See Fall of Mosul and Iraqi Ground Forces

Iraqi security forces

The Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) is a term used by the United States Department of Defense (DoD) to describe law enforcement and military forces of the federal government of the Republic of Iraq.

See Fall of Mosul and Iraqi security forces

Islamic State

The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and by its Arabic acronym Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist group and an unrecognised quasi-state.

See Fall of Mosul and Islamic State

Jalawla

Jalawla (جلولاء, translit also known as Jalula) is a town in Diyala Governorate, Iraq.

See Fall of Mosul and Jalawla

Jen Psaki

Jennifer Rene Psaki (born December 1, 1978) is an American television political analyst and former government official.

See Fall of Mosul and Jen Psaki

Jurf al-Nasr

Jurf al-Nasr (جرف النصر) is a small town in Iraq, located about 60 kilometers southwest of Baghdad.

See Fall of Mosul and Jurf al-Nasr

Kirkuk

Kirkuk (كركوك; translit;; Kerkük) is a city in Iraq, serving as the capital of the Kirkuk Governorate, located north of Baghdad.

See Fall of Mosul and Kirkuk

Libyan civil war (2014–2020)

The Libyan civil war (2014–2020), also more commonly known as the Second Libyan Civil War, was a multilateral civil war which was fought in Libya between a number of armed groups, but mainly the House of Representatives (HoR) and the Government of National Accord (GNA), for six years from 2014 to 2020.

See Fall of Mosul and Libyan civil war (2014–2020)

List of wars and battles involving the Islamic State

The following is a list of conflicts involving the jihadist militant group known as the Islamic State (IS/ISIL/ISIS/Daesh), throughout its various incarnations.

See Fall of Mosul and List of wars and battles involving the Islamic State

Mahdi Al-Gharrawi

Lt.

See Fall of Mosul and Mahdi Al-Gharrawi

Military of the Islamic State

The Military of the Islamic State is the fighting force of the Islamic State (IS).

See Fall of Mosul and Military of the Islamic State

Mosul

Mosul (al-Mawṣil,,; translit; Musul; Māwṣil) is a major city in northern Iraq, serving as the capital of Nineveh Governorate.

See Fall of Mosul and Mosul

Mosul International Airport

Mosul International Airport is an airport located at Mosul, capital of Nineveh Governorate, Iraq.

See Fall of Mosul and Mosul International Airport

Mosul offensive (2015)

The Mosul offensive (2015) was an offensive launched by Kurdish Peshmerga forces on 21 January 2015, with the objective of severing key ISIL supply routes to Mosul, Iraq, and to recapture neighboring areas around Mosul. Fall of Mosul and Mosul offensive (2015) are military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and Mosul during the War in Iraq (2013–2017).

See Fall of Mosul and Mosul offensive (2015)

Nineveh Governorate

Nineveh or Ninawa Governorate (muḥāfaẓat Naynawā; Hoparkiya d’Ninwe, Parêzgeha Neynewa) is a governorate in northern Iraq.

See Fall of Mosul and Nineveh Governorate

Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)

Between 1 and 15 August 2014, the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) expanded territory in northern Iraq under their control. Fall of Mosul and northern Iraq offensive (August 2014) are military operations of the Iraqi Civil War in 2014 and military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

See Fall of Mosul and Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014)

Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)

The Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014) began on 4 June 2014, when the Islamic State of Iraq and Levant, assisted by various insurgent groups in the region, began a major offensive from its territory in Syria into Iraq against Iraqi and Kurdish forces, following earlier clashes that had begun in December 2013 involving guerillas. Fall of Mosul and Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014) are June 2014 events in Iraq, military operations of the Iraqi Civil War in 2014 and military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

See Fall of Mosul and Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014)

Nouri al-Maliki

Nouri Kamil Muhammad-Hasan al-Maliki (نوري كامل محمد حسن المالكي; born 20 June 1950), also known as Jawad al-Maliki (rtl), is an Iraqi politician and leader of the Islamic Dawa Party since 2007.

See Fall of Mosul and Nouri al-Maliki

November 2015 Sinjar offensive

The November Sinjar offensive was a combination of operations of Kurdish Peshmerga, PKK, and Yezidi Kurd militias in November 2015, to recapture the city of Sinjar from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. It resulted in a decisive victory for the Kurdish forces, who expelled the ISIL militants from Sinjar and regained control of Highway 47, which until then had served as the major supply route between the ISIL strongholds of Raqqa and Mosul. Fall of Mosul and November 2015 Sinjar offensive are military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

See Fall of Mosul and November 2015 Sinjar offensive

Osama al-Nujaifi

Osama Abdul Aziz al-Nujaifi (أسامة النجيفي; born c. 1956) is an Iraqi politician and served as one of the three vice presidents of the country, from 2014 to 2015 and 2016 to 2018.

See Fall of Mosul and Osama al-Nujaifi

Patriotic Union of Kurdistan

The Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (PUK; translit) is a political party active in Kurdistan Region and the disputed territories in Iraq.

See Fall of Mosul and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan

Private military company

A private military company (PMC) or private military and security company (PMSC) is a private company providing armed combat or security services for financial gain.

See Fall of Mosul and Private military company

Private militias in Iraq

The term militia in contemporary Iraq refers to armed groups that fight on behalf of or as part of the Iraqi government, the Mahdi Army and Badr Organization being two of the biggest.

See Fall of Mosul and Private militias in Iraq

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan (born 26 February 1954) is a Turkish politician who is the 12th and current president of Turkey since 2014.

See Fall of Mosul and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan

Reuters

Reuters is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters.

See Fall of Mosul and Reuters

Saladin Governorate

The Saladin, Salah ad Din, or Salah Al-Din Governorate (محافظة صلاح الدين) is one of Iraq's 19 governorates, north of Baghdad.

See Fall of Mosul and Saladin Governorate

Samarra

Samarra (سَامَرَّاء) is a city in Iraq.

See Fall of Mosul and Samarra

Second Battle of Tikrit

The Second Battle of Tikrit was a battle in which Iraqi Security Forces recaptured the city of Tikrit (the provincial capital of the Saladin Governorate) from the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL). Fall of Mosul and Second Battle of Tikrit are battles of the War in Iraq (2013–2017), military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Iraqi government and military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.

See Fall of Mosul and Second Battle of Tikrit

Shabaks

Shabaks (الشبك; translit) are a group with a disputed ethnic origin.

See Fall of Mosul and Shabaks

Siege of Kobanî

The siege of Kobanî was launched by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) on 13 September 2014, in order to capture the Kobanî Canton and its main city of Kobanî (also known as Kobanê or Ayn al-Arab) in northern Syria, in the de facto autonomous region of Rojava. By 2 October 2014, ISIL succeeded in capturing 350 Kurdish villages and towns in the vicinity of Kobanê, generating a wave of some 300,000 Kurdish refugees, who fled across the border into Turkey's Şanlıurfa Province.

See Fall of Mosul and Siege of Kobanî

Sinjar massacre

The Sinjar massacre marked the beginning of the genocide of Yazidis by ISIL, the killing and abduction of thousands of Yazidi men, women and children. Fall of Mosul and Sinjar massacre are military operations of the Iraqi Civil War in 2014.

See Fall of Mosul and Sinjar massacre

Sons of Iraq

The Sons of Iraq (أبناء العراق. Abnāʼ al-ʻIrāq) or al-Sahwah were a coalition in the Al Anbar province in Iraq between Sunni tribal leaders as well as former Ba'athist Iraqi military officers that united in 2005 to maintain stability in their communities.

See Fall of Mosul and Sons of Iraq

Special Forces Command (Turkey)

The Special Forces Command (Özel Kuvvetler Komutanlığı — ÖKK) is a corps of the Turkish Armed Forces, initially established as a brigade in 14 April 1992, operating directly under the Turkish General Staff.

See Fall of Mosul and Special Forces Command (Turkey)

Syria

Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.

See Fall of Mosul and Syria

Syrian civil war

The Syrian civil war is an ongoing multi-sided conflict in Syria involving various state-sponsored and non-state actors.

See Fall of Mosul and Syrian civil war

The New York Times

The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.

See Fall of Mosul and The New York Times

The Washington Post

The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.

See Fall of Mosul and The Washington Post

Tigris

The Tigris (see below) is the eastern of the two great rivers that define Mesopotamia, the other being the Euphrates.

See Fall of Mosul and Tigris

Tikrit

Tikrit (تِكْرِيت Tikrīt) is a city in Iraq, located northwest of Baghdad and southeast of Mosul on the Tigris River.

See Fall of Mosul and Tikrit

UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.

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United Arab Emirates

The United Arab Emirates (UAE), or simply the Emirates, is a country in West Asia, in the Middle East.

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United States Department of State

The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations.

See Fall of Mosul and United States Department of State

War in Iraq (2013–2017)

The War in Iraq (2013–2017) was an armed conflict between Iraq and its allies and the Islamic State.

See Fall of Mosul and War in Iraq (2013–2017)

2nd Division (Iraq)

The 2nd Division was a formation of the Iraqi Army.

See Fall of Mosul and 2nd Division (Iraq)

3rd Division (Iraq)

The 3rd Division was a formation of the Iraqi Army.

See Fall of Mosul and 3rd Division (Iraq)

See also

Battles of the War in Iraq (2013–2017)

June 2014 events in Iraq

Military operations of the Iraqi Civil War in 2014

Military operations of the War in Iraq (2013–2017) involving the Iraqi government

Mosul during the War in Iraq (2013–2017)

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Mosul

Also known as 2014 Fall of Mosul, 2014 ISIL takeover of Mosul, Battle of Mosul (2014), Fall of Mosul (2014), Liberation of Mosul (2014).

, Nineveh Governorate, Northern Iraq offensive (August 2014), Northern Iraq offensive (June 2014), Nouri al-Maliki, November 2015 Sinjar offensive, Osama al-Nujaifi, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, Private military company, Private militias in Iraq, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Reuters, Saladin Governorate, Samarra, Second Battle of Tikrit, Shabaks, Siege of Kobanî, Sinjar massacre, Sons of Iraq, Special Forces Command (Turkey), Syria, Syrian civil war, The New York Times, The Washington Post, Tigris, Tikrit, UNESCO, United Arab Emirates, United States Department of State, War in Iraq (2013–2017), 2nd Division (Iraq), 3rd Division (Iraq).