Finance, the Glossary
Finance refers to monetary resources and to the study and discipline of money, currency and capital assets.[1]
Table of Contents
271 relations: Academic discipline, Accounting, Active management, Actuarial science, Aegina, Algorithmic trading, Alternative investment, American Management Association, Angel investor, Applied mathematics, Art, Asset, Asset allocation, Asset and liability management, Asset classes, Asset management, Asset pricing, Asset-backed security, Aswath Damodaran, Athens, Australian Journal of Management, Automated trading system, Bank, Bank of England, Basel III, Behavioral economics, Black–Scholes model, Bond (finance), Bond fund, Bond market, Bronze Age, Business, Business school, Business valuation, Call option, Campbell Harvey, Capital asset, Capital asset pricing model, Capital budgeting, Capital requirement, Capital structure, Career, Cashflow matching, Certainty, China, Classical Greece, Code of Hammurabi, Common stock, Computational finance, Computer science, ... Expand index (221 more) »
Academic discipline
An academic discipline or academic field is a subdivision of knowledge that is taught and researched at the college or university level.
See Finance and Academic discipline
Accounting
Accounting, also known as accountancy, is the process of recording and processing information about economic entities, such as businesses and corporations.
Active management
Active management (also called active investing) is an approach to investing.
See Finance and Active management
Actuarial science
Actuarial science is the discipline that applies mathematical and statistical methods to assess risk in insurance, pension, finance, investment and other industries and professions.
See Finance and Actuarial science
Aegina
Aegina (Αίγινα, Aígina; Αἴγῑνα) is one of the Saronic Islands of Greece in the Saronic Gulf, from Athens.
Algorithmic trading
Algorithmic trading is a method of executing orders using automated pre-programmed trading instructions accounting for variables such as time, price, and volume.
See Finance and Algorithmic trading
Alternative investment
An alternative investment, also known as an alternative asset or alternative investment fund (AIF), is an investment in any asset class excluding capital stocks, bonds, and cash.
See Finance and Alternative investment
American Management Association
The American Management Association (AMA) is an American non-profit educational membership organization for the promotion of management, based in New York City.
See Finance and American Management Association
Angel investor
An angel investor (also known as a business angel, informal investor, angel funder, private investor, or seed investor) is an individual who provides capital to a business or businesses, including startups, usually in exchange for convertible debt or ownership equity.
See Finance and Angel investor
Applied mathematics
Applied mathematics is the application of mathematical methods by different fields such as physics, engineering, medicine, biology, finance, business, computer science, and industry.
See Finance and Applied mathematics
Art
Art is a diverse range of human activity and its resulting product that involves creative or imaginative talent generally expressive of technical proficiency, beauty, emotional power, or conceptual ideas.
See Finance and Art
Asset
In financial accounting, an asset is any resource owned or controlled by a business or an economic entity.
Asset allocation
Asset allocation is the implementation of an investment strategy that attempts to balance risk versus reward by adjusting the percentage of each asset in an investment portfolio according to the investor's risk tolerance, goals and investment time frame.
See Finance and Asset allocation
Asset and liability management
Asset and liability management (often abbreviated ALM) is the practice of managing financial risks that arise due to mismatches between the assets and liabilities as part of an investment strategy in financial accounting.
See Finance and Asset and liability management
Asset classes
In finance, an asset class is a group of financial instruments that have similar financial characteristics and behave similarly in the marketplace.
Asset management
Asset management is a systematic approach to the governance and realization of all value for which a group or entity is responsible.
See Finance and Asset management
Asset pricing
In financial economics, asset pricing refers to a formal treatment and development of two interrelated pricing principles, outlined below, together with the resultant models.
Asset-backed security
An asset-backed security (ABS) is a security whose income payments, and hence value, are derived from and collateralized (or "backed") by a specified pool of underlying assets.
See Finance and Asset-backed security
Aswath Damodaran
Aswath Damodaran (born 24 September 1957), is a Professor of Finance at the Stern School of Business at New York University (Kerschner Family Chair in Finance Education), where he teaches corporate finance and equity valuation.
See Finance and Aswath Damodaran
Athens
Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece.
Australian Journal of Management
The Australian Journal of Management is a triannual peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research in accounting, applied economics, finance, industrial relations, political science, psychology, statistics, and other disciplines in relation to their application to management.
See Finance and Australian Journal of Management
Automated trading system
An automated trading system (ATS), a subset of algorithmic trading, uses a computer program to create buy and sell orders and automatically submits the orders to a market center or exchange.
See Finance and Automated trading system
Bank
A bank is a financial institution that accepts deposits from the public and creates a demand deposit while simultaneously making loans.
See Finance and Bank
Bank of England
The Bank of England is the central bank of the United Kingdom and the model on which most modern central banks have been based.
See Finance and Bank of England
Basel III
Basel III is the third Basel Accord, a framework that sets international standards for bank capital adequacy, stress testing, and liquidity requirements.
Behavioral economics
Behavioral economics is the study of the psychological, cognitive, emotional, cultural and social factors involved in the decisions of individuals or institutions, and how these decisions deviate from those implied by classical economic theory.
See Finance and Behavioral economics
Black–Scholes model
The Black–Scholes or Black–Scholes–Merton model is a mathematical model for the dynamics of a financial market containing derivative investment instruments.
See Finance and Black–Scholes model
Bond (finance)
In finance, a bond is a type of security under which the issuer (debtor) owes the holder (creditor) a debt, and is obliged – depending on the terms – to provide cash flow to the creditor (e.g. repay the principal (i.e. amount borrowed) of the bond at the maturity date as well as interest (called the coupon) over a specified amount of time).
See Finance and Bond (finance)
Bond fund
A bond fund or debt fund is a fund that invests in bonds, or other debt securities.
Bond market
The bond market (also debt market or credit market) is a financial market in which participants can issue new debt, known as the primary market, or buy and sell debt securities, known as the secondary market.
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.
Business
Business is the practice of making one's living or making money by producing or buying and selling products (such as goods and services).
Business school
A business school is a higher education institution or professional school that teaches courses leading to degrees in business administration or management.
See Finance and Business school
Business valuation
Business valuation is a process and a set of procedures used to estimate the economic value of an owner's interest in a business.
See Finance and Business valuation
Call option
In finance, a call option, often simply labeled a "call", is a contract between the buyer and the seller of the call option to exchange a security at a set price.
Campbell Harvey
Campbell Russell "Cam" Harvey (born June 23, 1958) is a Canadian economist, known for his work on asset allocation with changing risk and risk premiums and the problem of separating luck from skill in investment management.
See Finance and Campbell Harvey
Capital asset
A capital asset is defined as property of any kind held by an assessee.
Capital asset pricing model
In finance, the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is a model used to determine a theoretically appropriate required rate of return of an asset, to make decisions about adding assets to a well-diversified portfolio.
See Finance and Capital asset pricing model
Capital budgeting
Capital budgeting in corporate finance, corporate planning and accounting is an area of capital management that concerns the planning process used to determine whether an organization's long term capital investments such as new machinery, replacement of machinery, new plants, new products, and research development projects are worth the funding of cash through the firm's capitalization structures (debt, equity or retained earnings).
See Finance and Capital budgeting
Capital requirement
A capital requirement (also known as regulatory capital, capital adequacy or capital base) is the amount of capital a bank or other financial institution has to have as required by its financial regulator.
See Finance and Capital requirement
Capital structure
In corporate finance, capital structure refers to the mix of various forms of external funds, known as capital, used to finance a business.
See Finance and Capital structure
Career
A career is an individual's metaphorical "journey" through learning, work and other aspects of life.
Cashflow matching
Cash flow matching is a process of hedging in which a company or other entity matches its cash outflows (i.e., financial obligations) with its cash inflows over a given time horizon.
See Finance and Cashflow matching
Certainty
Certainty (also known as epistemic certainty or objective certainty) is the epistemic property of beliefs which a person has no rational grounds for doubting.
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.
Classical Greece
Classical Greece was a period of around 200 years (the 5th and 4th centuries BC) in Ancient Greece,The "Classical Age" is "the modern designation of the period from about 500 B.C. to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C." (Thomas R. Martin, Ancient Greece, Yale University Press, 1996, p.
See Finance and Classical Greece
Code of Hammurabi
The Code of Hammurabi is a Babylonian legal text composed during 1755–1750 BC.
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Common stock
Common stock is a form of corporate equity ownership, a type of security.
Computational finance
Computational finance is a branch of applied computer science that deals with problems of practical interest in finance.
See Finance and Computational finance
Computer science
Computer science is the study of computation, information, and automation.
See Finance and Computer science
Consumption (economics)
Consumption is the act of using resources to satisfy current needs and wants.
See Finance and Consumption (economics)
Contingent claim
In finance, a contingent claim is a derivative whose future payoff depends on the value of another “underlying” asset,Dale F. Gray, Robert C. Merton and Zvi Bodie.
See Finance and Contingent claim
Corinth
Corinth (Kórinthos) is a municipality in Corinthia in Greece.
Corporate bond
A corporate bond is a bond issued by a corporation in order to raise financing for a variety of reasons such as to ongoing operations, mergers & acquisitions, or to expand business.
See Finance and Corporate bond
Corporate finance
Corporate finance is the area of finance that deals with the sources of funding, and the capital structure of businesses, the actions that managers take to increase the value of the firm to the shareholders, and the tools and analysis used to allocate financial resources.
See Finance and Corporate finance
Cost of capital
In economics and accounting, the cost of capital is the cost of a company's funds (both debt and equity), or from an investor's point of view is "the required rate of return on a portfolio company's existing securities".
See Finance and Cost of capital
Cowrie
Cowrie or cowry is the common name for a group of small to large sea snails in the family Cypraeidae.
Credit derivative
In finance, a credit derivative refers to any one of "various instruments and techniques designed to separate and then transfer the credit risk"The Economist Passing on the risks 2 November 1996 or the risk of an event of default of a corporate or sovereign borrower, transferring it to an entity other than the lender or debtholder.
See Finance and Credit derivative
Credit risk
Credit risk is the possibility of losing a lender holds due to a risk of default on a debt that may arise from a borrower failing to make required payments.
Creditor
A creditor or lender is a party (e.g., person, organization, company, or government) that has a claim on the services of a second party.
Currency
A currency is a standardization of money in any form, in use or circulation as a medium of exchange, for example banknotes and coins.
Debt
Debt is an obligation that requires one party, the debtor, to pay money borrowed or otherwise withheld from another party, the creditor.
See Finance and Debt
Debt-to-equity ratio
The debt-to-equity ratio (D/E) is a financial ratio indicating the relative proportion of shareholders' equity and debt used to finance a company's assets.
See Finance and Debt-to-equity ratio
Debtor
A debtor or debitor is a legal entity (legal person) that owes a debt to another entity.
Default (finance)
In finance, default is failure to meet the legal obligations (or conditions) of a loan, for example when a home buyer fails to make a mortgage payment, or when a corporation or government fails to pay a bond which has reached maturity.
See Finance and Default (finance)
Development finance institution
Development financial institution (DFI), also known as a Development bank, is a financial institution that provides risk capital for economic development projects on a non-commercial basis.
See Finance and Development finance institution
Discounted cash flow
The discounted cash flow (DCF) analysis, in financial analysis, is a method used to value a security, project, company, or asset, that incorporates the time value of money.
See Finance and Discounted cash flow
Distribution (economics)
In economics, distribution is the way total output, income, or wealth is distributed among individuals or among the factors of production (such as labour, land, and capital).
See Finance and Distribution (economics)
Diversification (finance)
In finance, diversification is the process of allocating capital in a way that reduces the exposure to any one particular asset or risk.
See Finance and Diversification (finance)
Dividend discount model
In financial economics, the dividend discount model (DDM) is a method of valuing the price of a company's capital stock or business value based on the assertion that intrinsic value is determined by the sum of future cash flows from dividend payments to shareholders, discounted back to their present value.
See Finance and Dividend discount model
Dividend policy
Dividend policy, in financial management and corporate finance, is concerned with Aswath Damodaran (N.D.). the policies regarding dividends; more specifically paying a cash dividend in the present, as opposed to, presumably, paying an increased dividend at a later stage.
See Finance and Dividend policy
Durable good
In economics, a durable good or a hard good or consumer durable is a good that does not quickly wear out or, more specifically, one that yields utility over time rather than being completely consumed in one use.
Economic capital
In finance, mainly for financial services firms, economic capital (ecap) is the amount of risk capital, assessed on a realistic basis, which a firm requires to cover the risks that it is running or collecting as a going concern, such as market risk, credit risk, legal risk, and operational risk.
See Finance and Economic capital
Economic development
In the economics study of the public sector, economic and social development is the process by which the economic well-being and quality of life of a nation, region, local community, or an individual are improved according to targeted goals and objectives.
See Finance and Economic development
Economics
Economics is a social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
Econophysics
Econophysics is a non-orthodox (in economics) interdisciplinary research field, applying theories and methods originally developed by physicists in order to solve problems in economics, usually those including uncertainty or stochastic processes and nonlinear dynamics.
Efficient-market hypothesis
The efficient-market hypothesis (EMH) is a hypothesis in financial economics that states that asset prices reflect all available information.
See Finance and Efficient-market hypothesis
Enterprise risk management
Enterprise risk management (ERM) in business includes the methods and processes used by organizations to manage risks and seize opportunities related to the achievement of their objectives.
See Finance and Enterprise risk management
Enterprise value
Enterprise value (EV), total enterprise value (TEV), or firm value (FV) is an economic measure reflecting the market value of a business (i.e. as distinct from market price).
See Finance and Enterprise value
Equity (finance)
In finance, equity is an ownership interest in property that may be offset by debts or other liabilities.
See Finance and Equity (finance)
Exchange-traded fund
An exchange-traded fund (ETF) is a type of investment fund that is also an exchange-traded product, i.e., it is traded on stock exchanges.
See Finance and Exchange-traded fund
Exotic derivative
An exotic derivative, in finance, is a derivative which is more complex than commonly traded "vanilla" products.
See Finance and Exotic derivative
Expense
An expense is an item requiring an outflow of money, or any form of fortune in general, to another person or group as payment for an item, service, or other category of costs.
Experimental finance
The goals of experimental finance are to understand human and market behavior in settings relevant to finance.
See Finance and Experimental finance
Federal Reserve
The Federal Reserve System (often shortened to the Federal Reserve, or simply the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States.
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Financial analysis
Financial analysis (also known as financial statement analysis, accounting analysis, or analysis of finance) refers to an assessment of the viability, stability, and profitability of a business, sub-business or project.
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Financial analyst
A financial analyst is a professional undertaking financial analysis for external or internal clients as a core feature of the job.
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Financial crisis
A financial crisis is any of a broad variety of situations in which some financial assets suddenly lose a large part of their nominal value.
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Financial econometrics
Financial econometrics is the application of statistical methods to financial market data.
See Finance and Financial econometrics
Financial economics
Financial economics is the branch of economics characterized by a "concentration on monetary activities", in which "money of one type or another is likely to appear on both sides of a trade".
See Finance and Financial economics
Financial engineering
Financial engineering is a multidisciplinary field involving financial theory, methods of engineering, tools of mathematics and the practice of programming.
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Financial forecast
A financial forecast is an estimate of future financial outcomes for a company or project, usually applied in budgeting, capital budgeting and / or valuation.
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Financial instrument
Financial instruments are monetary contracts between parties.
See Finance and Financial instrument
A financial intermediary is an institution or individual that serves as a "middleman" among diverse parties in order to facilitate financial transactions.
See Finance and Financial intermediary
Financial law
Financial law is the law and regulation of the commercial banking, capital markets, insurance, derivatives and investment management sectors.
Financial Literacy and Education Commission
The Financial Literacy and Education Commission (the Commission) was established under Title V, the Financial Literacy and Education Improvement Act which was part of the Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act (FACT) Act of 2003, to improve financial literacy and education of persons in the United States.
See Finance and Financial Literacy and Education Commission
Financial management
Financial management is the business function concerned with profitability, expenses, cash and credit.
See Finance and Financial management
Financial market
A financial market is a market in which people trade financial securities and derivatives at low transaction costs.
See Finance and Financial market
Financial market participants
There are two basic financial market participant distinctions, investors versus speculators and institutional versus retail.
See Finance and Financial market participants
Financial modeling
Financial modeling is the task of building an abstract representation (a model) of a real world financial situation.
See Finance and Financial modeling
Financial risk
Financial risk is any of various types of risk associated with financing, including financial transactions that include company loans in risk of default.
See Finance and Financial risk
Financial risk management
Financial risk management is the practice of protecting economic value in a firm by managing exposure to financial risk - principally operational risk, credit risk and market risk, with more specific variants as listed aside.
See Finance and Financial risk management
Financial system
A financial system is a system that allows the exchange of funds between financial market participants such as lenders, investors, and borrowers.
See Finance and Financial system
Fintech
Fintech, a portmanteau of "financial technology", refers to the application of innovative technologies to products and services in the financial industry.
Fisher separation theorem
In economics, the Fisher separation theorem asserts that the primary objective of a corporation will be the maximization of its present value, regardless of the preferences of its shareholders.
See Finance and Fisher separation theorem
Frank J. Fabozzi
Frank J. Fabozzi is an American economist, educator, writer, and investor, currently Professor of Practice at The Johns Hopkins University Carey Business School and a Member of Edhec Risk Institute.
See Finance and Frank J. Fabozzi
Free cash flow
In financial accounting, free cash flow (FCF) or free cash flow to firm (FCFF) is the amount by which a business's operating cash flow exceeds its working capital needs and expenditures on fixed assets (known as capital expenditures).
See Finance and Free cash flow
Front office
The front office is the part of a company that comes in contact with clients, such as the marketing, sales, and service departments.
Fundamental analysis
Fundamental analysis, in accounting and finance, is the analysis of a business's financial statements (usually to analyze the business's assets, liabilities, and earnings); health; competitors and markets.
See Finance and Fundamental analysis
Fundamental Review of the Trading Book
The Fundamental Review of the Trading Book (FRTB), is a set of proposals by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision for a new market risk-related capital requirement for banks.
See Finance and Fundamental Review of the Trading Book
Fundamental theorem of asset pricing
The fundamental theorems of asset pricing (also: of arbitrage, of finance), in both financial economics and mathematical finance, provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a market to be arbitrage-free, and for a market to be complete.
See Finance and Fundamental theorem of asset pricing
Futures contract
In finance, a futures contract (sometimes called futures) is a standardized legal contract to buy or sell something at a predetermined price for delivery at a specified time in the future, between parties not yet known to each other.
See Finance and Futures contract
Gallery Publishing Group
Gallery Publishing Group is a general interest publisher and a division of Simon & Schuster which houses the imprints Gallery Books, Pocket Books, Scout Press, Gallery 13, and Saga Press.
See Finance and Gallery Publishing Group
George Soros
George Soros (born György Schwartz on August 12, 1930) is a Hungarian-American businessman, investor, and philanthropist.
Georgetown University
Georgetown University is a private Jesuit research university in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C., United States.
See Finance and Georgetown University
Global financial system
The global financial system is the worldwide framework of legal agreements, institutions, and both formal and informal economic action that together facilitate international flows of financial capital for purposes of investment and trade financing.
See Finance and Global financial system
Global Risk Institute
The Global Risk Institute (GRI) is a Toronto based organization, focused on risk management for the financial services sector.
See Finance and Global Risk Institute
Goods and services
Goods are items that are usually (but not always) tangible, such as pens or apples.
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Government bond
A government bond or sovereign bond is a form of bond issued by a government to support public spending.
See Finance and Government bond
Government budget
A government budget or a budget is a projection of the government's revenues and expenditure for a particular period of time often referred to as a financial or fiscal year, which may or may not correspond with the calendar year.
See Finance and Government budget
Government revenue
Government revenue or national revenue is money received by a government from taxes and non-tax sources to enable it, assuming full resource employment, to undertake non-inflationary public expenditure.
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Government spending
Government spending or expenditure includes all government consumption, investment, and transfer payments.
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Growth investing
Growth investing is a type of investment strategy focused on capital appreciation.
See Finance and Growth investing
Gunduz Caginalp
Gunduz Caginalp (died December 7th, 2021) was a Turkish-born American mathematician whose research has also contributed over 100 papers to physics, materials science and economics/finance journals, including two with Michael Fisher and nine with Nobel Laureate Vernon Smith.
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Hachette Book Group
Hachette Book Group (HBG) is a publishing company owned by Hachette Livre, the largest publishing company in France, and the third largest trade and educational publisher in the world.
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HarperCollins
HarperCollins Publishers LLC is a British-American publishing company that is considered to be one of the "Big Five" English-language publishers, along with Penguin Random House, Hachette, Macmillan, and Simon & Schuster.
Hedge (finance)
A hedge is an investment position intended to offset potential losses or gains that may be incurred by a companion investment.
See Finance and Hedge (finance)
High-frequency trading
High-frequency trading (HFT) is a type of algorithmic trading in finance characterized by high speeds, high turnover rates, and high order-to-trade ratios that leverages high-frequency financial data and electronic trading tools.
See Finance and High-frequency trading
History of money
The history of money is the development over time of systems for the exchange, storage, and measurement of wealth.
See Finance and History of money
Homo economicus
The term Homo economicus, or economic man, is the portrayal of humans as agents who are consistently rational and narrowly self-interested, and who pursue their subjectively defined ends optimally.
See Finance and Homo economicus
Immunization (finance)
In finance, interest rate immunization is a portfolio management strategy designed to take advantage of the offsetting effects of interest rate risk and reinvestment risk.
See Finance and Immunization (finance)
Infrastructure
Infrastructure is the set of facilities and systems that serve a country, city, or other area, and encompasses the services and facilities necessary for its economy, households and firms to function.
See Finance and Infrastructure
Institutional investor
An institutional investor is an entity that pools money to purchase securities, real property, and other investment assets or originate loans.
See Finance and Institutional investor
Insurance
Insurance is a means of protection from financial loss in which, in exchange for a fee, a party agrees to compensate another party in the event of a certain loss, damage, or injury.
Interest rate
An interest rate is the amount of interest due per period, as a proportion of the amount lent, deposited, or borrowed (called the principal sum).
Interest rate derivative
In finance, an interest rate derivative (IRD) is a derivative whose payments are determined through calculation techniques where the underlying benchmark product is an interest rate, or set of different interest rates.
See Finance and Interest rate derivative
Inventory
Inventory (American English) or stock (British English) refers to the goods and materials that a business holds for the ultimate goal of resale, production or utilisation.
Investment
Investment is traditionally defined as the "commitment of resources to achieve later benefits".
Investment banking
Investment banking is an advisory-based financial service for institutional investors, corporations, governments, and similar clients.
See Finance and Investment banking
Investment management
Investment management (sometimes referred to more generally as asset management) is the professional asset management of various securities, including shareholdings, bonds, and other assets, such as real estate, to meet specified investment goals for the benefit of investors.
See Finance and Investment management
Investment performance
Investment performance is the return on an investment portfolio.
See Finance and Investment performance
Investment policy
Within public finance, an investment policy is any government regulation or law that encourages or discourages foreign investment in the local economy, e.g. currency exchange limits.
See Finance and Investment policy
Investment strategy
In finance, an investment strategy is a set of rules, behaviors or procedures, designed to guide an investor's selection of an investment portfolio.
See Finance and Investment strategy
Investment style
Investment style, is a term in investment management (and more generally, in finance), referring to how a characteristic investment philosophy is employed by an investor or fund manager.
See Finance and Investment style
Investopedia
Investopedia is a global financial media website headquartered in New York City.
Investor profile
An investor profile or style defines an individual's preferences in investment decisions, for example.
See Finance and Investor profile
Itô calculus
Itô calculus, named after Kiyosi Itô, extends the methods of calculus to stochastic processes such as Brownian motion (see Wiener process).
James Van Horne
James Carter Van Horne (born 1935) is an American economist.
See Finance and James Van Horne
Jason Zweig
Jason Zweig is an American financial journalist.
John Burr Williams
John Burr Williams (November 27, 1900 – September 15, 1989) was an American economist, recognized as an important figure in the field of fundamental analysis, and for his analysis of stock prices as reflecting their "intrinsic value".
See Finance and John Burr Williams
Journal of Behavioral Finance
The Journal of Behavioral Finance is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal that covers research related to the field of behavioral finance.
See Finance and Journal of Behavioral Finance
Julius Caesar
Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.
Justinian I
Justinian I (Iūstīniānus,; Ioustinianós,; 48214 November 565), also known as Justinian the Great, was the Eastern Roman emperor from 527 to 565.
Lender of last resort
In public finance, a lender of last resort (LOLR) is the institution in a financial system that acts as the provider of liquidity to a financial institution which finds itself unable to obtain sufficient liquidity in the interbank lending market when other facilities or such sources have been exhausted.
See Finance and Lender of last resort
Leverage (finance)
In finance, leverage, also known as gearing, is any technique involving borrowing funds to buy an investment.
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Liability (financial accounting)
In financial accounting, a liability is a quantity of value that a financial entity owes.
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List of unsolved problems in economics
This is a list of some of the major unsolved problems, puzzles, or questions in economics.
See Finance and List of unsolved problems in economics
Loan
In finance, a loan is the transfer of money by one party to another with an agreement to pay it back.
See Finance and Loan
Lydia
Lydia (translit; Lȳdia) was an Iron Age historical region in western Anatolia, in modern-day Turkey.
Machine learning
Machine learning (ML) is a field of study in artificial intelligence concerned with the development and study of statistical algorithms that can learn from data and generalize to unseen data and thus perform tasks without explicit instructions.
See Finance and Machine learning
Management
Management (or managing) is the administration of organizations, whether they are a business, a nonprofit organization, or a government body through business administration, nonprofit management, or the political science sub-field of public administration respectively.
Management accounting
In management accounting or managerial accounting, managers use accounting information in decision-making and to assist in the management and performance of their control functions.
See Finance and Management accounting
Management science
Management science (or managerial science) is a wide and interdisciplinary study of solving complex problems and making strategic decisions as it pertains to institutions, corporations, governments and other types of organizational entities.
See Finance and Management science
Market (economics)
In economics, a market is a composition of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations or infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange.
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Market capitalization
Market capitalization, sometimes referred to as market cap, is the total value of a publicly traded company's outstanding common shares owned by stockholders.
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Market risk
Market risk is the risk of losses in positions arising from movements in market variables like prices and volatility.
Master of Finance
The Master of Finance is a master's degree awarded by universities or graduate schools preparing students for careers in finance.
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Mathematical finance
Mathematical finance, also known as quantitative finance and financial mathematics, is a field of applied mathematics, concerned with mathematical modeling in the financial field.
See Finance and Mathematical finance
Mathematical model
A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete system using mathematical concepts and language.
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McGraw Hill Education
McGraw Hill is an American publishing company for educational content, software, and services for pre-K through postgraduate education.
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Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.
Middle office
The middle office is a team of employees working in a financial services institution.
Modern portfolio theory
Modern portfolio theory (MPT), or mean-variance analysis, is a mathematical framework for assembling a portfolio of assets such that the expected return is maximized for a given level of risk.
See Finance and Modern portfolio theory
Modigliani–Miller theorem
The Modigliani–Miller theorem (of Franco Modigliani, Merton Miller) is an influential element of economic theory; it forms the basis for modern thinking on capital structure.
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Money
Money is any item or verifiable record that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts, such as taxes, in a particular country or socio-economic context.
Monte Carlo methods in finance
Monte Carlo methods are used in corporate finance and mathematical finance to value and analyze (complex) instruments, portfolios and investments by simulating the various sources of uncertainty affecting their value, and then determining the distribution of their value over the range of resultant outcomes.
See Finance and Monte Carlo methods in finance
Municipal bond
A municipal bond, commonly known as a muni, is a bond issued by state or local governments, or entities they create such as authorities and special districts.
See Finance and Municipal bond
Mutual fund
A mutual fund is an investment fund that pools money from many investors to purchase securities.
Numerical analysis
Numerical analysis is the study of algorithms that use numerical approximation (as opposed to symbolic manipulations) for the problems of mathematical analysis (as distinguished from discrete mathematics).
See Finance and Numerical analysis
Operational risk
Operational risk is the risk of losses caused by flawed or failed processes, policies, systems or events that disrupt business operations.
See Finance and Operational risk
Operations management
Operations management is concerned with designing and controlling the production of goods and services, ensuring that businesses are efficient in using resources to meet customer requirements.
See Finance and Operations management
Option (finance)
In finance, an option is a contract which conveys to its owner, the holder, the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a specific quantity of an underlying asset or instrument at a specified strike price on or before a specified date, depending on the style of the option.
See Finance and Option (finance)
Outline of finance
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to finance: Finance – addresses the ways in which individuals and organizations raise and allocate monetary resources over time, taking into account the risks entailed in their projects.
See Finance and Outline of finance
Partial differential equation
In mathematics, a partial differential equation (PDE) is an equation which computes a function between various partial derivatives of a multivariable function.
See Finance and Partial differential equation
Passive management
Passive management (also called passive investing) is an investing strategy that tracks a market-weighted index or portfolio.
See Finance and Passive management
Pension fund
A pension fund, also known as a superannuation fund in some countries, is any program, fund, or scheme which provides retirement income.
Performance attribution
Performance attribution, or investment performance attribution is a set of techniques that performance analysts use to explain why a portfolio's performance differed from the benchmark.
See Finance and Performance attribution
Personal finance
Personal finance is the financial management that an individual or a family unit performs to budget, save, and spend monetary resources in a controlled manner, taking into account various financial risks and future life events.
See Finance and Personal finance
Philip Arthur Fisher
Philip Arthur Fisher (September 8, 1907 – March 11, 2004 in San Francisco, California) proponents of the growth investing strategy.
See Finance and Philip Arthur Fisher
Portfolio insurance
Portfolio insurance is a hedging strategy developed to limit the losses an investor might face from a declining index of stocks without having to sell the stocks themselves.
See Finance and Portfolio insurance
Portfolio optimization
Portfolio optimization is the process of selecting an optimal portfolio (asset distribution), out of a set of considered portfolios, according to some objective.
See Finance and Portfolio optimization
Preferred stock
Preferred stock (also called preferred shares, preference shares, or simply preferreds) is a component of share capital that may have any combination of features not possessed by common stock, including properties of both an equity and a debt instrument, and is generally considered a hybrid instrument.
See Finance and Preferred stock
Prehistory
Prehistory, also called pre-literary history, is the period of human history between the first known use of stone tools by hominins million years ago and the beginning of recorded history with the invention of writing systems.
Present value
In economics and finance, present value (PV), also known as present discounted value, is the value of an expected income stream determined as of the date of valuation.
Price
A price is the (usually not negative) quantity of payment or compensation expected, required, or given by one party to another in return for goods or services.
Private equity
Private equity (PE) is capital stock in a private company that does not offer stock to the general public.
See Finance and Private equity
Production (economics)
Production is the process of combining various inputs, both material (such as metal, wood, glass, or plastics) and immaterial (such as plans, or knowledge) in order to create output.
See Finance and Production (economics)
Profit (economics)
In economics, profit is the difference between revenue that an economic entity has received from its outputs and total costs of its inputs, also known as surplus value.
See Finance and Profit (economics)
Program trading
Program trading is a type of trading in securities, usually consisting of baskets of fifteen stocks or more that are executed by a computer program simultaneously based on predetermined conditions.
See Finance and Program trading
Psychology
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior.
Public finance
Public finance is the study of the role of the government in the economy.
See Finance and Public finance
Public works
Public works are a broad category of infrastructure projects, financed and procured by a government body for recreational, employment, and health and safety uses in the greater community.
Public–private partnership
A public–private partnership (PPP, 3P, or P3) is a long-term arrangement between a government and private sector institutions.
See Finance and Public–private partnership
Quantitative analysis (finance)
Quantitative analysis is the use of mathematical and statistical methods in finance and investment management.
See Finance and Quantitative analysis (finance)
Quantitative behavioral finance
Quantitative behavioral finance is a new discipline that uses mathematical and statistical methodology to understand behavioral biases in conjunction with valuation.
See Finance and Quantitative behavioral finance
Quantitative fund
A quantitative fund is an investment fund that uses quantitative investment management instead of fundamental human analysis.
See Finance and Quantitative fund
Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms.
See Finance and Quantum mechanics
Rate of return
In finance, return is a profit on an investment.
See Finance and Rate of return
Rational pricing
Rational pricing is the assumption in financial economics that asset prices – and hence asset pricing models – will reflect the arbitrage-free price of the asset as any deviation from this price will be "arbitraged away".
See Finance and Rational pricing
Real and nominal value
In economics, nominal value refers to value measured in terms of absolute money amounts, whereas real value is considered and measured against the actual goods or services for which it can be exchanged at a given time.
See Finance and Real and nominal value
Real estate
Real estate is property consisting of land and the buildings on it, along with its natural resources such as growing crops (e.g. timber), minerals or water, and wild animals; immovable property of this nature; an interest vested in this (also) an item of real property, (more generally) buildings or housing in general.
Real estate investment trust
A real estate investment trust (REIT, pronounced "reet") is a company that owns, and in most cases operates, income-producing real estate.
See Finance and Real estate investment trust
Real options valuation
Real options valuation, also often termed real options analysis,Adam Borison (Stanford University).
See Finance and Real options valuation
Regulatory compliance
In general, compliance means conforming to a rule, such as a specification, policy, standard or law.
See Finance and Regulatory compliance
Retirement
Retirement is the withdrawal from one's position or occupation or from one's active working life.
Return on equity
The return on equity (ROE) is a measure of the profitability of a business in relation to its equity; where: Thus, ROE is equal to a fiscal year's net income (after preferred stock dividends, before common stock dividends), divided by total equity (excluding preferred shares), expressed as a percentage.
See Finance and Return on equity
Rich Dad Poor Dad
Rich Dad Poor Dad is a 1997 book written by Robert T. Kiyosaki and Sharon Lechter.
See Finance and Rich Dad Poor Dad
Risk management
Risk management is the identification, evaluation, and prioritization of risks followed by coordinated and economical application of resources to minimize, monitor, and control the probability or impact of unfortunate events or to maximize the realization of opportunities.
See Finance and Risk management
Risk-neutral measure
In mathematical finance, a risk-neutral measure (also called an equilibrium measure, or equivalent martingale measure) is a probability measure such that each share price is exactly equal to the discounted expectation of the share price under this measure.
See Finance and Risk-neutral measure
Risk–return spectrum
The risk–return spectrum (also called the risk–return tradeoff or risk–reward) is the relationship between the amount of return gained on an investment and the amount of risk undertaken in that investment.
See Finance and Risk–return spectrum
Robert Kiyosaki
Robert Toru Kiyosaki (born April 8, 1947) is an American businessman and author, known for the Rich Dad Poor Dad series of personal finance books.
See Finance and Robert Kiyosaki
Roman Republic
The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium.
See Finance and Roman Republic
Sales and trading
Sales and trading is one of the primary front-office divisions of major investment banks.
See Finance and Sales and trading
Science
Science is a strict systematic discipline that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the world.
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect is a website that provides access to a large bibliographic database of scientific and medical publications of the Dutch publisher Elsevier.
Scientific method
The scientific method is an empirical method for acquiring knowledge that has characterized the development of science since at least the 17th century.
See Finance and Scientific method
Securities research
Securities research is a discipline within the financial services industry.
See Finance and Securities research
Security (finance)
A security is a tradable financial asset.
See Finance and Security (finance)
In financial markets, a share (sometimes referred to as stock or equity) is a unit of equity ownership in the capital stock of a corporation, and can refer to units of mutual funds, limited partnerships, and real estate investment trusts.
See Finance and Share (finance)
Sharon Lechter
Sharon L. Lechter (born January 12, 1954) is an American accountant, author, and businesswoman.
See Finance and Sharon Lechter
Simon & Schuster
Simon & Schuster LLC is an American publishing company owned by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts.
See Finance and Simon & Schuster
Small cap company
In the United States, a small cap company is a company whose market capitalization (shares x value of each share) is considered small, from $250 million to $2 billion.
See Finance and Small cap company
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM) is a professional society dedicated to applied mathematics, computational science, and data science through research, publications, and community.
See Finance and Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
Spacetime
In physics, spacetime, also called the space-time continuum, is a mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum.
Stock
Stocks (also capital stock, or sometimes interchangeably, shares) consist of all the shares by which ownership of a corporation or company is divided.
Stock exchange
A stock exchange, securities exchange, or bourse is an exchange where stockbrokers and traders can buy and sell securities, such as shares of stock, bonds and other financial instruments.
See Finance and Stock exchange
Stock market cycle
Stock market cycles are proposed patterns that proponents argue may exist in stock markets.
See Finance and Stock market cycle
Stock valuation
Stock valuation is the method of calculating theoretical values of companies and their stocks.
See Finance and Stock valuation
Stockbroker
A stockbroker is an individual or company that buys and sells stocks and other investments for a financial market participant in return for a commission, markup, or fee.
Strategic financial management
Strategic financial management is the study of finance with a long term view considering the strategic goals of the enterprise.
See Finance and Strategic financial management
Strategic management
In the field of management, strategic management involves the formulation and implementation of the major goals and initiatives taken by an organization's managers on behalf of stakeholders, based on consideration of resources and an assessment of the internal and external environments in which the organization operates.
See Finance and Strategic management
Stress test (financial)
In finance, a stress test is an analysis or simulation designed to determine the ability of a given financial instrument or financial institution to deal with an economic crisis.
See Finance and Stress test (financial)
Structured finance
Structured finance is a sector of finance — specifically financial law — that manages leverage and risk.
See Finance and Structured finance
Structured product
A structured product, also known as a market-linked investment, is a pre-packaged structured finance investment strategy based on a single security, a basket of securities, options, indices, commodities, debt issuance or foreign currencies, and to a lesser extent, derivatives.
See Finance and Structured product
Swap (finance)
In finance, a swap is an agreement between two counterparties to exchange financial instruments, cashflows, or payments for a certain time.
See Finance and Swap (finance)
Technical analysis
In finance, technical analysis is an analysis methodology for analysing and forecasting the direction of prices through the study of past market data, primarily price and volume.
See Finance and Technical analysis
The Journal of Finance
The Journal of Finance is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Finance Association.
See Finance and The Journal of Finance
Time value of money
The time value of money is the widely accepted conjecture that there is greater benefit to receiving a sum of money now rather than an identical sum later.
See Finance and Time value of money
Tracking error
In finance, tracking error or active risk is a measure of the risk in an investment portfolio that is due to active management decisions made by the portfolio manager; it indicates how closely a portfolio follows the index to which it is benchmarked.
See Finance and Tracking error
Trade credit insurance
Trade credit insurance, business credit insurance, export credit insurance, or credit insurance is a type of insurance policy and a risk management product offered by private insurance companies and governmental export credit agencies to business entities wishing to protect their accounts receivable from loss due to credit risks such as protracted default, insolvency or bankruptcy.
See Finance and Trade credit insurance
Trading strategy
In finance, a trading strategy is a fixed plan that is designed to achieve a profitable return by going long or short in markets.
See Finance and Trading strategy
Treasury management
Treasury management (or treasury operations) entails management of an enterprise's financial holdings, focusing on the firm's liquidity, and mitigating its financial-, operational- and reputational risk.
See Finance and Treasury management
UCAS
The Universities and Colleges Admissions Service (UCAS) is a charity and private limited company based in Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England, which provides educational support services.
See Finance and UCAS
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.
See Finance and United Kingdom
United States
The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.
Uruk
Uruk, known today as Warka, was an ancient city in the Near East, located east of the current bed of the Euphrates River, on an ancient, now-dried channel of the river.
See Finance and Uruk
Valuation (finance)
In finance, valuation is the process of determining the value of a (potential) investment, asset, or security.
See Finance and Valuation (finance)
Valuation of options
In finance, a price (premium) is paid or received for purchasing or selling options.
See Finance and Valuation of options
Value (economics)
In economics, economic value is a measure of the benefit provided by a good or service to an economic agent, and value for money represents an assessment of whether financial or other resources are being used effectively in order to secure such benefit.
See Finance and Value (economics)
Value at risk
Value at risk (VaR) is a measure of the risk of loss of investment/Capital.
Value investing
Value investing is an investment paradigm that involves buying securities that appear underpriced by some form of fundamental analysis.
See Finance and Value investing
Variable (mathematics)
In mathematics, a variable (from Latin variabilis, "changeable") is a symbol that represents a mathematical object.
See Finance and Variable (mathematics)
Venture capital
Venture capital (VC) is a form of private equity financing provided by firms or funds to startup, early-stage, and emerging companies, that have been deemed to have high growth potential or that have demonstrated high growth in terms of number of employees, annual revenue, scale of operations, etc.
See Finance and Venture capital
Vernon L. Smith
Vernon Lomax Smith (born January 1, 1927) is an American economist who is currently a professor of economics and law at Chapman University.
See Finance and Vernon L. Smith
Volatility (finance)
In finance, volatility (usually denoted by "σ") is the degree of variation of a trading price series over time, usually measured by the standard deviation of logarithmic returns.
See Finance and Volatility (finance)
Volatility clustering
In finance, volatility clustering refers to the observation, first noted by Mandelbrot (1963), that "large changes tend to be followed by large changes, of either sign, and small changes tend to be followed by small changes." A quantitative manifestation of this fact is that, while returns themselves are uncorrelated, absolute returns |r_| or their squares display a positive, significant and slowly decaying autocorrelation function: corr(|r|, |r |) > 0 for τ ranging from a few minutes to several weeks.
See Finance and Volatility clustering
Wealth management
Wealth management (WM) or wealth management advisory (WMA) is an investment advisory service that provides financial management and wealth advisory services to a wide array of clients ranging from affluent to high-net-worth (HNW) and ultra-high-net-worth (UHNW) individuals and families.
See Finance and Wealth management
Weighted average cost of capital
The weighted average cost of capital (WACC) is the rate that a company is expected to pay on average to all its security holders to finance its assets.
See Finance and Weighted average cost of capital
Wiley (publisher)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley, is an American multinational publishing company that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials.
See Finance and Wiley (publisher)
William F. Sharpe
William Forsyth Sharpe (born June 16, 1934) is an American economist.
See Finance and William F. Sharpe
2007–2008 financial crisis
The 2007–2008 financial crisis, or the global financial crisis (GFC), was the most severe worldwide economic crisis since the Great Depression.
See Finance and 2007–2008 financial crisis
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance
Also known as Cash leakage, E-finance, Equipment financing, Finance and investment, Finance theory, Finances, Financial, Financial reform, Financial theory, Financials, History of finance, Theoretical Finance.
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