Fungus, the Glossary
A fungus (fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms.[1]
Table of Contents
841 relations: Academic Press, Acetate, Acrasidae, Actinomycetales, Actinomycetota, Adjuvant, Aflatoxin, Agar, Agaricales, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina, Agaricostilbomycetes, Agaricus bisporus, Agaricus subrufescens, Agronomy Journal, Alcoholic beverage, Algae, Alkaloid, Allergy, Alpine climate, Alternaria, Alveolar macrophage, Alveolate, Amanita, Amanita muscaria, Amanita phalloides, Amanita virosa, Amastigomycota, Amatoxin, Amber, Ambrosia beetle, American Journal of Botany, American Phytopathological Society, Amino acid, Ammonia, Amoebidiidae, Amoebozoa, Amphibian, Amylase, Amylostereum areolatum, Anaerobic organism, Anastomosis, Ancient Greek, Animal, Annals of Botany, Ant–fungus mutualism, Antibiotic, Antimicrobial, Aphelida, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, ... Expand index (791 more) »
- Cryptogams
- Extant Early Devonian first appearances
- Fungi
- Kingdoms (biology)
- Taxa described in 1980
- Taxa named by Royall T. Moore
Academic Press
Academic Press (AP) is an academic book publisher founded in 1941.
Acetate
An acetate is a salt formed by the combination of acetic acid with a base (e.g. alkaline, earthy, metallic, nonmetallic or radical base).
Acrasidae
The family Acrasidae (ICZN, or Acrasiomycota, ICBN) is a family of slime molds which belongs to the excavate group Percolozoa.
Actinomycetales
The Actinomycetales is an order of Actinomycetota.
See Fungus and Actinomycetales
Actinomycetota
The Actinomycetota (or Actinobacteria) are a diverse phylum of Gram-positive bacteria with high GC content.
Adjuvant
In pharmacology, an adjuvant is a drug or other substance, or a combination of substances, that is used to increase the efficacy or potency of certain drugs.
Aflatoxin
Aflatoxins are various poisonous carcinogens and mutagens that are produced by certain molds, particularly Aspergillus species mainly by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus.
Agar
Agar, or agar-agar, is a jelly-like substance consisting of polysaccharides obtained from the cell walls of some species of red algae, primarily from "ogonori" (Gracilaria) and "tengusa" (Gelidiaceae).
See Fungus and Agar
Agaricales
The Agaricales are an order of fungi in the division Basidiomycota.
Agaricomycetes
The Agaricomycetes are a class of fungi in the division Basidiomycota.
Agaricomycotina
Agaricomycotina is one of three subdivisions of the Basidiomycota (fungi bearing spores on basidia), and represents all of the fungi which form macroscopic fruiting bodies.
See Fungus and Agaricomycotina
Agaricostilbomycetes
The Agaricostilbomycetes are a class of fungi in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina of the Basidiomycota.
See Fungus and Agaricostilbomycetes
Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus bisporus, commonly known as the cultivated mushroom, is a basidiomycete mushroom native to grasslands in Eurasia and North America.
See Fungus and Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus subrufescens
Agaricus subrufescens (syn. Agaricus blazei, Agaricus brasiliensis or Agaricus rufotegulis) is a species of mushroom, commonly known as almond mushroom, almond agaricus, mushroom of the sun, God's mushroom, mushroom of life, royal sun agaricus, jisongrong, or himematsutake (Chinese: 姬松茸, Japanese: 姫まつたけ, "princess matsutake").
See Fungus and Agaricus subrufescens
Agronomy Journal
Agronomy Journal is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by American Society of Agronomy.
See Fungus and Agronomy Journal
Alcoholic beverage
An alcoholic beverage (also called an adult beverage, alcoholic drink, strong drink, or simply a drink) is a beverage containing alcohol.
See Fungus and Alcoholic beverage
Algae
Algae (alga) are any of a large and diverse group of photosynthetic, eukaryotic organisms.
See Fungus and Algae
Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a class of basic, naturally occurring organic compounds that contain at least one nitrogen atom.
Allergy
Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are various conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment.
Alpine climate
Alpine climate is the typical climate for elevations above the tree line, where trees fail to grow due to cold.
Alternaria
Alternaria is a genus of Deuteromycetes fungi.
Alveolar macrophage
An alveolar macrophage, pulmonary macrophage, (or dust cell) is a type of macrophage, a professional phagocyte, found in the airways and at the level of the alveoli in the lungs, but separated from their walls.
See Fungus and Alveolar macrophage
Alveolate
The alveolates (meaning "pitted like a honeycomb") are a group of protists, considered a major clade and superphylum within Eukarya.
Amanita
The genus Amanita contains about 600 species of agarics, including some of the most toxic known mushrooms found worldwide, as well as some well-regarded edible species (and many species of unknown edibility).
Amanita muscaria
Amanita muscaria, commonly known as the fly agaric or fly amanita, is a basidiomycete of the genus Amanita.
See Fungus and Amanita muscaria
Amanita phalloides
Amanita phalloides, commonly known as the death cap, is a deadly poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus Amanita.
See Fungus and Amanita phalloides
Amanita virosa
Amanita virosa is a species of fungus in the class Agaricomycetes.
Amastigomycota
Amastigomycota or Eufungi is a clade of fungi.
Amatoxin
Amatoxin is the collective name of a subgroup of at least nine related toxic compounds found in three genera of poisonous mushrooms (Amanita, Galerina and Lepiota) and one species of the genus Pholiotina.
Amber
Amber is fossilized tree resin.
See Fungus and Amber
Ambrosia beetle
Ambrosia beetles are beetles of the weevil subfamilies Scolytinae and Platypodinae (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), which live in nutritional symbiosis with ambrosia fungi.
See Fungus and Ambrosia beetle
American Journal of Botany
The American Journal of Botany is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal which covers all aspects of plant biology.
See Fungus and American Journal of Botany
American Phytopathological Society
The American Phytopathological Society (APS) is an international scientific organization devoted to the study of plant diseases (phytopathology).
See Fungus and American Phytopathological Society
Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.
Ammonia
Ammonia is an inorganic chemical compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula.
Amoebidiidae
Amoebidiidae is a family of single-celled eukaryotes, previously thought to be zygomycete fungi belonging to the class, but molecular phylogenetic analysesBenny, G. L., and O'Donnell, K. 2000.
Amoebozoa
Amoebozoa is a major taxonomic group containing about 2,400 described species of amoeboid protists, often possessing blunt, fingerlike, lobose pseudopods and tubular mitochondrial cristae.
Amphibian
Amphibians are ectothermic, anamniotic, four-limbed vertebrate animals that constitute the class Amphibia.
Amylase
An amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch (Latin) into sugars.
Amylostereum areolatum
Amylostereum areolatum (patchy duster) is a species of crust fungus.
See Fungus and Amylostereum areolatum
Anaerobic organism
An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require molecular oxygen for growth.
See Fungus and Anaerobic organism
Anastomosis
An anastomosis (anastomoses) is a connection or opening between two things (especially cavities or passages) that are normally diverging or branching, such as between blood vessels, leaf veins, or streams.
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
Animal
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic organisms in the biological kingdom Animalia. Fungus and Animal are kingdoms (biology).
Annals of Botany
Annals of Botany is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing experimental, theoretical and applied papers on all aspects of plant biology.
See Fungus and Annals of Botany
Ant–fungus mutualism
Ant–fungus mutualism is a symbiosis seen between certain ant and fungal species, in which ants actively cultivate fungus much like humans farm crops as a food source.
See Fungus and Ant–fungus mutualism
Antibiotic
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria.
Antimicrobial
An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms (microbicide) or stops their growth (bacteriostatic agent).
Aphelida
Aphelida is a phylum of Fungi that appears to be the sister to true fungi.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Applied and Environmental Microbiology is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Society for Microbiology.
See Fungus and Applied and Environmental Microbiology
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
The Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology is a peer-reviewed biweekly journal publishes papers and mini-reviews of new and emerging products, processes and technologies in the area of prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells, relevant enzymes and proteins; applied genetics and molecular biotechnology; genomics and proteomics; applied microbial and cell physiology; environmental biotechnology; process and products and more.
See Fungus and Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
Applied Microbiology International
Applied Microbiology International, formally known as the Society for Applied Microbiology (SfAM), is the oldest microbiology society in the UK founded in 1931.
See Fungus and Applied Microbiology International
Appressorium
An appressorium is a specialized cell typical of many fungal plant pathogens that is used to infect host plants.
Aquatic Microbial Ecology
Aquatic Microbial Ecology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of aquatic microbial dynamics, in particular viruses, prokaryotes, and eukaryotes in marine, limnetic, and brackish habitats.
See Fungus and Aquatic Microbial Ecology
Arbuscular mycorrhiza
An arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) (plural mycorrhizae) is a type of mycorrhiza in which the symbiont fungus (AM fungi, or AMF) penetrates the cortical cells of the roots of a vascular plant forming arbuscules.
See Fungus and Arbuscular mycorrhiza
Archaeomarasmius
Archaeomarasmius is an extinct genus of gilled fungus in the Agaricales family Tricholomataceae, containing the single species Archaeomarasmius leggetti.
See Fungus and Archaeomarasmius
Archaeorhizomycetes
Archaeorhizomycetes is a class of fungi in the subdivision Taphrinomycotina of the Ascomycota.
See Fungus and Archaeorhizomycetes
Armillaria
Armillaria is a genus of fungi that includes the A. mellea species known as honey fungi that live on trees and woody shrubs.
Armillaria ostoyae
Armillaria ostoyae (synonym Armillaria solidipes) is a species of fungus (mushroom), pathogenic to trees, in the family Physalacriaceae.
See Fungus and Armillaria ostoyae
Ars Technica
Ars Technica is a website covering news and opinions in technology, science, politics, and society, created by Ken Fisher and Jon Stokes in 1998.
Arthoniomycetes
Arthoniomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi.
See Fungus and Arthoniomycetes
Arthropod
Arthropods are invertebrates in the phylum Arthropoda.
Arthur Henry Reginald Buller
Arthur Henry Reginald Buller, (19 August 1874 – 3 July 1944) was a British-Canadian mycologist.
See Fungus and Arthur Henry Reginald Buller
Ascocarp
An ascocarp, or ascoma (ascomata), is the fruiting body (sporocarp) of an ascomycete phylum fungus.
Ascomycota
Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya.
Ascus
An ascus (asci) is the sexual spore-bearing cell produced in ascomycete fungi.
See Fungus and Ascus
Asexual reproduction
Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve the fusion of gametes or change in the number of chromosomes.
See Fungus and Asexual reproduction
Aspergillosis
Aspergillosis is a fungal infection of usually the lungs, caused by the genus Aspergillus, a common mould that is breathed in frequently from the air, but does not usually affect most people.
Aspergillus
Aspergillus is a genus consisting of several hundred mold species found in various climates worldwide.
Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus flavus is a saprotrophic and pathogenic fungus with a cosmopolitan distribution.
See Fungus and Aspergillus flavus
Aspergillus nidulans
Aspergillus nidulans (also called Emericella nidulans when referring to its sexual form, or teleomorph) is one of many species of filamentous fungi in the phylum Ascomycota.
See Fungus and Aspergillus nidulans
Aspergillus oryzae
Aspergillus oryzae is a mold used in East Asia to saccharify rice, sweet potato, and barley in the making of alcoholic beverages such as sake and shōchū, and also to ferment soybeans for making soy sauce and miso.
See Fungus and Aspergillus oryzae
Aspergillus terreus
Aspergillus terreus, also known as Aspergillus terrestris, is a fungus (mold) found worldwide in soil.
See Fungus and Aspergillus terreus
Asterotremella albida
Asterotremella albida is a species of fungus first described by C. Ramírez in 1957.
See Fungus and Asterotremella albida
Athlete's foot, known medically as tinea pedis, is a common skin infection of the feet caused by a fungus.
Atractiellomycetes
The Atractiellomycetes are class of fungi in the Pucciniomycotina subdivision of the Basidiomycota.
See Fungus and Atractiellomycetes
August Carl Joseph Corda
August Carl Joseph Corda (1809–1849) was a Czech physician and mycologist.
See Fungus and August Carl Joseph Corda
Autogamy
Autogamy or self-fertilization refers to the fusion of two gametes that come from one individual.
Ötzi
Ötzi, also called The Iceman, is the natural mummy of a man who lived between 3350 and 3105 BC.
See Fungus and Ötzi
Bacteria
Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
Baker's yeast
Baker's yeast is the common name for the strains of yeast commonly used in baking bread and other bakery products, serving as a leavening agent which causes the bread to rise (expand and become lighter and softer) by converting the fermentable sugars present in the dough into carbon dioxide and ethanol.
Bark (botany)
Bark is the outermost layer of stems and roots of woody plants.
Bartheletia
Bartheletia paradoxa is a species of dimorphic fungus and is the only member of the genus Bartheletia.
Basal (phylogenetics)
In phylogenetics, basal is the direction of the base (or root) of a rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram.
See Fungus and Basal (phylogenetics)
Basidiobolomycetes
Basidiobolomycetes is one of the currently recognized classes within the kingdom Fungi, and subdivision Basidiobolomycotina.
See Fungus and Basidiobolomycetes
Basidiocarp
In fungi, a basidiocarp, basidiome, or basidioma is the sporocarp of a basidiomycete, the multicellular structure on which the spore-producing hymenium is borne.
Basidiomycota
Basidiomycota is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi. Fungus and Basidiomycota are taxa described in 1980 and taxa named by Royall T. Moore.
Basidiospore
A basidiospore is a reproductive spore produced by basidiomycete fungi, a grouping that includes mushrooms, shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts.
Basidium
A basidium (basidia) is a microscopic spore-producing structure found on the hymenophore of reproductive bodies of basidiomycete fungi.
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, also known as Bd or the amphibian chytrid fungus, is a fungus that causes the disease chytridiomycosis in amphibians.
See Fungus and Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans
Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal) is a pathogenic chytrid fungus that infects amphibian species.
See Fungus and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans
BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.
Beauveria bassiana
Beauveria bassiana is a fungus that grows naturally in soils throughout the world and acts as a parasite on various arthropod species, causing white muscardine disease; it thus belongs to the group of entomopathogenic fungi.
See Fungus and Beauveria bassiana
Beetle
Beetles are insects that form the order Coleoptera, in the superorder Holometabola.
Bentham Science Publishers
Bentham Science Publishers is a company that publishes scientific, technical, and medical journals and e-books.
See Fungus and Bentham Science Publishers
Benthic zone
The benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean, lake, or stream, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers.
Benzylpenicillin
Benzylpenicillin, also known as penicillin G (PenG) or BENPEN, is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.
See Fungus and Benzylpenicillin
Beta-glucan
Beta-glucans, β-glucans comprise a group of β-D-glucose polysaccharides (glucans) naturally occurring in the cell walls of cereals, bacteria, and fungi, with significantly differing physicochemical properties dependent on source.
Beta-lactam antibiotics
β-lactam antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics) are antibiotics that contain a beta-lactam ring in their chemical structure.
See Fungus and Beta-lactam antibiotics
Binomial nomenclature
In taxonomy, binomial nomenclature ("two-term naming system"), also called binary nomenclature, is a formal system of naming species of living things by giving each a name composed of two parts, both of which use Latin grammatical forms, although they can be based on words from other languages.
See Fungus and Binomial nomenclature
Bioactive compound
A bioactive compound is a compound that has an effect on a living organism, tissue or cell, usually demonstrated by basic research in vitro or in vivo in the laboratory.
See Fungus and Bioactive compound
Biochemical Society Transactions
Biochemical Society Transactions is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal which publishes the transactions of the annual conference and focused meetings of the Biochemical Society, together with independent meetings supported by the society.
See Fungus and Biochemical Society Transactions
Biochemistry
Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
Biodiversity
Biodiversity (or biological diversity) is the variety and variability of life on Earth.
Bioeconomy
Biobased economy, bioeconomy or biotechonomy is economic activity involving the use of biotechnology and biomass in the production of goods, services, or energy.
BioEssays
BioEssays is a monthly peer-reviewed review journal covering molecular and cellular biology.
Biofilm
A biofilm is a syntrophic community of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface.
Biogeochemical cycle
A biogeochemical cycle, or more generally a cycle of matter, is the movement and transformation of chemical elements and compounds between living organisms, the atmosphere, and the Earth's crust.
See Fungus and Biogeochemical cycle
Biological activity
In pharmacology, biological activity or pharmacological activity describes the beneficial or adverse effects of a drug on living matter.
See Fungus and Biological activity
Biological carbon fixation
Biological carbon fixation, or сarbon assimilation, is the process by which living organisms convert inorganic carbon (particularly carbon dioxide) to organic compounds.
See Fungus and Biological carbon fixation
Biological life cycle
In biology, a biological life cycle (or just life cycle when the biological context is clear) is a series of stages of the life of an organism, that begins as a zygote, often in an egg, and concludes as an adult that reproduces, producing an offspring in the form of a new zygote which then itself goes through the same series of stages, the process repeating in a cyclic fashion.
See Fungus and Biological life cycle
Biological membrane
A biological membrane, biomembrane or cell membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment or creates intracellular compartments by serving as a boundary between one part of the cell and another.
See Fungus and Biological membrane
Biological pest control
Biological control or biocontrol is a method of controlling pests, whether pest animals such as insects and mites, weeds, or pathogens affecting animals or plants by using other organisms.
See Fungus and Biological pest control
Biological pigment
Biological pigments, also known simply as pigments or biochromes, are substances produced by living organisms that have a color resulting from selective color absorption.
See Fungus and Biological pigment
Biology
Biology is the scientific study of life.
Biology Letters
Biology Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Royal Society, established in 2005.
See Fungus and Biology Letters
Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by living organisms.
See Fungus and Bioluminescence
Biomineralization
Biomineralization, also written biomineralisation, is the process by which living organisms produce minerals, often resulting in hardened or stiffened mineralized tissues.
See Fungus and Biomineralization
Biopesticide
A biopesticide is a biological substance or organism that damages, kills, or repels organisms seen as pests.
Biophysics
Biophysics is an interdisciplinary science that applies approaches and methods traditionally used in physics to study biological phenomena.
Biopolymer
Biopolymers are natural polymers produced by the cells of living organisms.
Bioremediation broadly refers to any process wherein a biological system (typically bacteria, microalgae, fungi in mycoremediation, and plants in phytoremediation), living or dead, is employed for removing environmental pollutants from air, water, soil, flue gasses, industrial effluents etc., in natural or artificial settings.
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis, i.e., chemical synthesis occuring in biological contexts, is a term most often referring to multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed processes where chemical substances absorbed as nutrients (or previously converted through biosynthesis) serve as enzyme substrates, with conversion by the living organism either into simpler or more complex products.
Biotechnology
Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services.
Biotechnology Letters
Biotechnology Letters is a scientific journal of biotechnology published by Springer Science+Business Media.
See Fungus and Biotechnology Letters
Blastocladiomycota
Blastocladiomycota is one of the currently recognized phyla within the kingdom Fungi.
See Fungus and Blastocladiomycota
Blastocystis
Blastocystis is a genus of single-celled parasites belonging to the Stramenopiles that includes algae, diatoms, and water molds.
Blastospore
A blastospore is an asexual fungal spore produced by budding.
Blue cheese
Blue cheese is any of a wide range of cheeses made with the addition of cultures of edible molds, which create blue-green spots or veins through the cheese.
Bolete
A bolete is a type of mushroom, or fungal fruiting body.
Boletus edulis
Boletus edulis (English: cep, penny bun, porcino or porcini) is a basidiomycete fungus, and the type species of the genus Boletus.
Botanical nomenclature
Botanical nomenclature is the formal, scientific naming of plants.
See Fungus and Botanical nomenclature
Botany
Botany, also called plant science (or plant sciences), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology.
Brain connectivity estimators
Brain connectivity estimators represent patterns of links in the brain.
See Fungus and Brain connectivity estimators
Bread
Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour (usually wheat) and water, usually by baking.
See Fungus and Bread
Breeding program
A breeding programme is the planned breeding of a group of animals or plants, usually involving at least several individuals and extending over several generations.
See Fungus and Breeding program
Brewing
Brewing is the production of beer by steeping a starch source (commonly cereal grains, the most popular of which is barley) in water and fermenting the resulting sweet liquid with yeast.
British Mycological Society
The British Mycological Society is a learned society established in 1896 to promote the study of fungi.
See Fungus and British Mycological Society
Bryophyte
Bryophytes are a group of land plants, sometimes treated as a taxonomic division, that contains three groups of non-vascular land plants (embryophytes): the liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. Fungus and Bryophyte are cryptogams.
Budding
Budding or blastogenesis is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism develops from an outgrowth or bud due to cell division at one particular site.
Calcarisporiellales
Calcarisporiellaceae is a family of fungi within the subkingdom Mucoromycota. Fungus and Calcarisporiellales are fungi.
See Fungus and Calcarisporiellales
Cambrian
The Cambrian is the first geological period of the Paleozoic Era, and the Phanerozoic Eon.
Cambridge Philosophical Society
The Cambridge Philosophical Society (CPS) is a scientific society at the University of Cambridge.
See Fungus and Cambridge Philosophical Society
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
See Fungus and Cambridge University Press
Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians
The Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians (CAEP) is the professional association of emergency physicians in Canada.
See Fungus and Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians
Canadian Journal of Forest Research
The Canadian Journal of Forest Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Canadian Science Publishing.
See Fungus and Canadian Journal of Forest Research
Cancer cell
Cancer cells are cells that divide continually, forming solid tumors or flooding the blood or lymph with abnormal cells.
Candida (fungus)
Candida is a genus of yeasts.
See Fungus and Candida (fungus)
Candida albicans
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic yeast that is a common member of the human gut flora.
See Fungus and Candida albicans
Candidiasis
Candidiasis is a fungal infection due to any species of the genus Candida (a yeast).
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.
Carboniferous
The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic that spans 60 million years from the end of the Devonian Period Ma (million years ago) to the beginning of the Permian Period, Ma.
Carcinogen
A carcinogen is any agent that promotes the development of cancer.
Carl Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné,Blunt (2004), p. 171.
Carnivorous fungus
Carnivorous fungi or predaceous fungi are fungi that derive some or most of their nutrients from trapping and eating microscopic or other minute animals.
See Fungus and Carnivorous fungus
Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics
Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of the biology of cells, especially their biochemistry and biophysics.
See Fungus and Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics
Cell biology
Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells.
Cell cycle
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the sequential series of events that take place in a cell that causes it to divide into two daughter cells.
Cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells.
Cell nucleus
The cell nucleus (nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
Cell wall
A cell wall is a structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found immediately outside the cell membrane.
Cellulase
Cellulase (systematic name 4-β-D-glucan 4-glucanohydrolase) is any of several enzymes produced chiefly by fungi, bacteria, and protozoans that catalyze cellulolysis, the decomposition of cellulose and of some related polysaccharides: The name is also used for any naturally occurring mixture or complex of various such enzymes, that act serially or synergistically to decompose cellulosic material.
Cellulose
Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.
Cellulosic ethanol
Cellulosic ethanol is ethanol (ethyl alcohol) produced from cellulose (the stringy fiber of a plant) rather than from the plant's seeds or fruit.
See Fungus and Cellulosic ethanol
Cereal
A cereal is a grass cultivated for its edible grain.
Chaetothyriales
The Chaetothyriales are an order of ascomycetous fungi in the class Eurotiomycetes and within the subclass Chaetothyriomycetidae.
See Fungus and Chaetothyriales
Chanterelle
Chanterelle is the common name of several species of fungi in the genera Cantharellus, Craterellus, Gomphus, and Polyozellus.
Charles Tulasne
Charles Tulasne (5 September 1816 – 28 August 1884) was a French physician, mycologist and illustrator born in Langeais in the département of Indre-et-Loire.
See Fungus and Charles Tulasne
Chemical synthesis
Chemical synthesis (chemical combination) is the artificial execution of chemical reactions to obtain one or several products.
See Fungus and Chemical synthesis
Chemical tests in mushroom identification
Chemical tests in mushroom identification are methods that aid in determining the variety of some fungi.
See Fungus and Chemical tests in mushroom identification
Chestnut blight
The pathogenic fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (formerly Endothia parasitica) is a member of the Ascomycota (sac fungi).
See Fungus and Chestnut blight
Chitin
Chitin (C8H13O5N)n is a long-chain polymer of ''N''-acetylglucosamine, an amide derivative of glucose.
Chitin-glucan complex
Chitin-glucan complex (CGC) is a copolymer (polysaccharide) that makes up fungal cell walls, consisting of covalently-bonded chitin and branched 1,3/1,6-ß-D-glucan.
See Fungus and Chitin-glucan complex
Chloroplast
A chloroplast is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells.
Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
Christiaan Hendrik Persoon (1 February 1761 – 16 November 1836) was a Cape Colony mycologist who made additions to Linnaeus' mushroom taxonomy.
See Fungus and Christiaan Hendrik Persoon
Chromatin
Chromatin is a complex of DNA and protein found in eukaryotic cells.
Chromista
Chromista is a proposed but polyphyletic biological kingdom, refined from the Chromalveolata, consisting of single-celled and multicellular eukaryotic species that share similar features in their photosynthetic organelles (plastids). Fungus and Chromista are kingdoms (biology).
Chromosome
A chromosome is a package of DNA with part or all of the genetic material of an organism.
Chytridiomycetes
Chytridiomycetes is a class of fungi.
See Fungus and Chytridiomycetes
Chytridiomycota
Chytridiomycota are a division of zoosporic organisms in the kingdom Fungi, informally known as chytrids.
See Fungus and Chytridiomycota
Ciclosporin
Ciclosporin, also spelled cyclosporine and cyclosporin, is a calcineurin inhibitor, used as an immunosuppressant medication.
Citric acid
Citric acid is an organic compound with the chemical formula.
Clade
In biological phylogenetics, a clade, also known as a monophyletic group or natural group, is a grouping of organisms that are monophyletic – that is, composed of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants – on a phylogenetic tree.
See Fungus and Clade
Cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek clados "branch" and gramma "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms.
Clamp connection
A clamp connection is a hook-like structure formed by growing hyphal cells of certain fungi.
See Fungus and Clamp connection
Class (biology)
In biological classification, class (classis) is a taxonomic rank, as well as a taxonomic unit, a taxon, in that rank.
See Fungus and Class (biology)
Classiculomycetes
The Classiculomycetes are a class of fungi in the Pucciniomycotina subdivision of the Basidiomycota.
See Fungus and Classiculomycetes
Claviceps purpurea
Claviceps purpurea is an ergot fungus that grows on the ears of rye and related cereal and forage plants.
See Fungus and Claviceps purpurea
Clinical Microbiology Reviews
Clinical Microbiology Reviews is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering the areas of clinical microbiology, immunology, medical microbiology, infectious diseases, veterinary microbiology, and microbial pathogenesis.
See Fungus and Clinical Microbiology Reviews
Clone (cell biology)
A clone is a group of identical cells that share a common ancestry, meaning they are derived from the same cell.
See Fungus and Clone (cell biology)
Coal tar
Coal tar is a thick dark liquid which is a by-product of the production of coke and coal gas from coal.
Coarse woody debris
Coarse woody debris (CWD) or coarse woody habitat (CWH) refers to fallen dead trees and the remains of large branches on the ground in forests and in rivers or wetlands.
See Fungus and Coarse woody debris
Coccidioidomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis, commonly known as cocci, Valley fever, as well as California fever, desert rheumatism, or San Joaquin Valley fever, is a mammalian fungal disease caused by Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii.
See Fungus and Coccidioidomycosis
Cochliobolus
The fungal genus Cochliobolus includes 19 species, it includes some plant pathogenic species such as Cochliobolus heterostrophus.
Cockroach
Cockroaches (or roaches) are insects belonging to the order Blattodea (Blattaria). About 30 cockroach species out of 4,600 are associated with human habitats. Some species are well-known pests. The cockroaches are an ancient group, with their ancestors, known as "roachoids", originating during the Carboniferous period, some 320 million years ago.
Coenocyte
A coenocyte is a multinucleate cell which can result from multiple nuclear divisions without their accompanying cytokinesis, in contrast to a syncytium, which results from cellular aggregation followed by dissolution of the cell membranes inside the mass.
Colony (biology)
In biology, a colony is composed of two or more conspecific individuals living in close association with, or connected to, one another.
See Fungus and Colony (biology)
Commensalism
Commensalism is a long-term biological interaction (symbiosis) in which members of one species gain benefits while those of the other species neither benefit nor are harmed.
Common descent
Common descent is a concept in evolutionary biology applicable when one species is the ancestor of two or more species later in time.
Competitive exclusion principle
In ecology, the competitive exclusion principle, sometimes referred to as Gause's law, is a proposition that two species which compete for the same limited resource cannot coexist at constant population values.
See Fungus and Competitive exclusion principle
Compression fossil
A compression fossil is a fossil preserved in sedimentary rock that has undergone physical compression.
See Fungus and Compression fossil
Conidium
A conidium (conidia), sometimes termed an asexual chlamydospore or chlamydoconidium (chlamydoconidia), is an asexual, non-motile spore of a fungus.
Coniocybaceae
The Coniocybaceae are the sole family of lichen-forming fungi in the Coniocybales, which itself is the only order in the class Coniocybomycetes.
Conocybe
Conocybe is a genus of mushrooms with Conocybe tenera as the type species and at least 243 other species.
Conservation of fungi
Fungi are considered to be in urgent need of conservation by the British Mycological Society on the grounds that it is a traditionally neglected taxon which has legal protection in few countries.
See Fungus and Conservation of fungi
Convergent evolution
Convergent evolution is the independent evolution of similar features in species of different periods or epochs in time.
See Fungus and Convergent evolution
Corallochytrium
Corallochytrium belongs to the class of Corallochytrea within Teretosporea and is a sister group to Ichthyosporea.
See Fungus and Corallochytrium
Corn smut
Corn smut is a plant disease caused by the pathogenic fungus Mycosarcoma maydis.
Cosmic ray
Cosmic rays or astroparticles are high-energy particles or clusters of particles (primarily represented by protons or atomic nuclei) that move through space at nearly the speed of light.
Craterellus
Craterellus is a genus of generally edible fungi similar to the closely related chanterelles, with some new species recently moved from the latter to the former.
CRC Press
The CRC Press, LLC is an American publishing group that specializes in producing technical books.
Creosote
Creosote is a category of carbonaceous chemicals formed by the distillation of various tars and pyrolysis of plant-derived material, such as wood, or fossil fuel.
Cretaceous
The Cretaceous is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya).
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
The Cretaceous–Paleogene (K–Pg) extinction event, also known as the Cretaceous–Tertiary extinction, was the mass extinction of three-quarters of the plant and animal species on Earth approximately 66 million years ago.
See Fungus and Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition is a food science journal published monthly by Taylor & Francis.
See Fungus and Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
Critical Reviews in Microbiology
Critical Reviews in Microbiology is an international, peer-reviewed academic journal that publishes comprehensive review articles covering all areas of medical microbiology.
See Fungus and Critical Reviews in Microbiology
Crop
A crop is a plant that can be grown and harvested extensively for profit or subsistence.
See Fungus and Crop
Crypsis
In ecology, crypsis is the ability of an animal or a plant to avoid observation or detection by other animals.
Cryptococcosis
Cryptococcosis is a potentially fatal fungal infection of mainly the lungs, presenting as a pneumonia, and brain, where it appears as a meningitis.
Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptococcus neoformans is an encapsulated yeast belonging to the class Tremellomycetes and an obligate aerobe that can live in both plants and animals.
See Fungus and Cryptococcus neoformans
Cryptomycocolacomycetes
The Cryptomycocolacomycetes are a class of fungi in the Pucciniomycotina subdivision of the Basidiomycota.
See Fungus and Cryptomycocolacomycetes
Current Biology
Current Biology is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers all areas of biology, especially molecular biology, cell biology, genetics, neurobiology, ecology, and evolutionary biology.
See Fungus and Current Biology
Current Opinion (Elsevier)
Current Opinion is a collection of review journals on various disciplines of the life sciences.
See Fungus and Current Opinion (Elsevier)
Curtis Gates Lloyd
Curtis Gates Lloyd (July 17, 1859 – November 11, 1926) was an American mycologist known for both his research on the gasteroid and polypore fungi, as well as his controversial views on naming conventions in taxonomy.
See Fungus and Curtis Gates Lloyd
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also called Cyanobacteriota or Cyanophyta, are a phylum of autotrophic gram-negative bacteria that can obtain biological energy via oxygenic photosynthesis.
Cystobasidiomycetes
The Cystobasidiomycetes are a class of fungi in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina of the Basidiomycota.
See Fungus and Cystobasidiomycetes
Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm describes all material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus.
Dacrymycetales
The Dacrymycetes are a class of fungi in the Basidiomycota.
De Gruyter
Walter de Gruyter GmbH, known as De Gruyter, is a German scholarly publishing house specializing in academic literature.
Decomposer
Decomposers are organisms that break down dead or decaying organisms; they carry out decomposition, a process possible by only certain kingdoms, such as fungi.
Deep sea
The deep sea is broadly defined as the ocean depth where light begins to fade, at an approximate depth of or the point of transition from continental shelves to continental slopes.
Dermatophyte
Dermatophyte (from Greek δέρμα derma "skin" (GEN δέρματος dermatos) and φυτόν phyton "plant") is a common label for a group of fungus of Arthrodermataceae that commonly causes skin disease in animals and humans.
Dermatophytosis
Dermatophytosis, also known as tinea and ringworm, is a fungal infection of the skin (a dermatomycosis), that may affect skin, hair, and nails.
See Fungus and Dermatophytosis
Desert fungi
The desert fungi are a variety of terricolous fungi inhabiting the biological soil crust of arid regions.
Desiccation
Desiccation is the state of extreme dryness, or the process of extreme drying.
Detergent enzymes
Detergent enzymes are biological enzymes that are used with detergents.
See Fungus and Detergent enzymes
Devonian
The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era during the Phanerozoic eon, spanning 60.3 million years from the end of the preceding Silurian period at million years ago (Ma), to the beginning of the succeeding Carboniferous period at Ma.
Digestive enzyme
Digestive enzymes take part in the chemical process of digestion, which follows the mechanical process of digestion.
See Fungus and Digestive enzyme
Dikarya
Dikarya is a subkingdom of Fungi that includes the divisions Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, both of which in general produce dikaryons, may be filamentous or unicellular, but are always without flagella.
Dikaryon
The dikaryon is a nuclear feature that is unique to certain fungi.
Dimargaritales
Dimargaritales is a monotypic order of fungi in the monotypic Dimargaritomycetes class within the subdivision of Kickxellomycotina.
Dimorphic fungus
Dimorphic fungi are fungi that can exist in the form of both mold and yeast.
See Fungus and Dimorphic fungus
Disaccharide
A disaccharide (also called a double sugar or biose) is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage.
DMC1 (gene)
Meiotic recombination protein DMC1/LIM15 homolog is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DMC1 gene.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
See Fungus and DNA
DNA repair
DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.
DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA.
Dolipore septum
Dolipore septa are specialized dividing walls between cells (septa) found in almost all species of fungi in the phylum Basidiomycota.
See Fungus and Dolipore septum
Domatium
A domatium (plural: domatia, from the Latin "domus", meaning home) is a tiny chamber that houses arthropods, produced by a plant.
Domestication
Domestication is a multi-generational mutualistic relationship in which an animal species, such as humans or leafcutter ants, takes over control and care of another species, such as sheep or fungi, to obtain from them a steady supply of resources, such as meat, milk, or labor.
Dothideomycetes
Dothideomycetes is the largest and most diverse class of ascomycete fungi.
See Fungus and Dothideomycetes
Dumpling
Dumpling is a broad class of dishes that consist of pieces of cooked dough (made from a variety of starchy sources), often wrapped around a filling.
Dutch elm disease
Dutch elm disease (DED) is caused by a member of the sac fungi (Ascomycota) affecting elm trees, and is spread by elm bark beetles.
See Fungus and Dutch elm disease
Earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.
See Fungus and Earth
Eccrinales
Eccrinales are an order of eukaryotes, previously thought to be zygomycete fungi belonging to the class Trichomycetes, but now considered to be members of the opisthokont group Mesomycetozoea.
Ecological niche
In ecology, a niche is the match of a species to a specific environmental condition.
See Fungus and Ecological niche
Ecological succession
Ecological succession is the process of change in the species that make up an ecological community over time.
See Fungus and Ecological succession
Ecosystem
An ecosystem (or ecological system) is a system that environments and their organisms form through their interaction.
Edible mushroom
Edible mushrooms are the fleshy fruit bodies of several species of macrofungi (fungi that bear fruiting structures large enough to be seen with the naked eye).
See Fungus and Edible mushroom
Edmond Tulasne
Louis René Étienne Tulasne, a.k.a. Edmond Tulasne (12 September 1815 – 22 December 1885) was a French botanist and mycologist born in Azay-le-Rideau.
Elias Magnus Fries
Elias Magnus Fries (15 August 1794 – 8 February 1878) was a Swedish mycologist and botanist.
See Fungus and Elias Magnus Fries
Elizabeth Kolbert
Elizabeth Kolbert (born July 6, 1961) is an American journalist, author, and visiting fellow at Williams College.
See Fungus and Elizabeth Kolbert
Ellobiopsis
Ellobiopsis is a genus of unicellular, ectoparasitic eukaryotes causing disease in crustaceans.
Elsevier
Elsevier is a Dutch academic publishing company specializing in scientific, technical, and medical content.
Endophyte
An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease.
Entheogen
Entheogens are psychoactive substances, including psychedelic drugs, such as magic mushrooms and magic plants used in sacred contexts in religion for inducing spiritual development throughout history.
Entomopathogenic fungus
An entomopathogenic fungus is a fungus that can kill or seriously disable insects.
See Fungus and Entomopathogenic fungus
Entomophthorales
The Entomophthorales are an order of fungi that were previously classified in the class Zygomycetes.
See Fungus and Entomophthorales
Entomophthoromycota
Entomophthoromycota is a division of kingdom fungi.
See Fungus and Entomophthoromycota
Entorrhizomycetes
Entorrhizomycetes is the sole class in the phylum Entorrhizomycota, within the Fungi subkingdom Dikarya along with Basidiomycota and Ascomycota.
See Fungus and Entorrhizomycetes
Environmental Health Perspectives
Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) is a peer-reviewed open access journal published monthly with support from the U.S. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS).
See Fungus and Environmental Health Perspectives
Environmental impacts of animal agriculture
The environmental impacts of animal agriculture vary because of the wide variety of agricultural practices employed around the world.
See Fungus and Environmental impacts of animal agriculture
Environmental Microbiology
Environmental Microbiology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal focused on microbial interactions and microbial processes in the environment.
See Fungus and Environmental Microbiology
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.
Epichloë
Epichloë is a genus of ascomycete fungi forming an endophytic symbiosis with grasses.
Epichloë coenophiala
Epichloë coenophiala is a systemic and seed-transmissible endophyte of tall fescue, a grass endemic to Eurasia and North Africa, but widely naturalized in North America, Australia and New Zealand.
See Fungus and Epichloë coenophiala
Epidermis (botany)
The epidermis (from the Greek ἐπιδερμίς, meaning "over-skin") is a single layer of cells that covers the leaves, flowers, roots and stems of plants.
See Fungus and Epidermis (botany)
Ergot
Ergot or ergot fungi refers to a group of fungi of the genus Claviceps.
See Fungus and Ergot
Ergotamine
Ergotamine, sold under the brand name Ergomar among others, is an ergopeptine and part of the ergot family of alkaloids; it is structurally and biochemically closely related to ergoline.
Ergotism
Ergotism (pron.) is the effect of long-term ergot poisoning, traditionally due to the ingestion of the alkaloids produced by the Claviceps purpurea fungus—from the Latin clava "club" or clavus "nail" and -ceps for "head", i.e. the purple club-headed fungus—that infects rye and other cereals, and more recently by the action of a number of ergoline-based drugs.
Ethanol
Ethanol (also called ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol, drinking alcohol, or simply alcohol) is an organic compound with the chemical formula.
Ethnomycology
Ethnomycology is the study of the historical uses and sociological impact of fungi and can be considered a subfield of ethnobotany or ethnobiology.
Euglenid
Euglenids or euglenoids are one of the best-known groups of flagellates.
Eukaryote
The eukaryotes constitute the domain of Eukarya or Eukaryota, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Eukaryotic ribosome
Ribosomes are a large and complex molecular machine that catalyzes the synthesis of proteins, referred to as translation.
See Fungus and Eukaryotic ribosome
Eumycetoma
Eumycetoma, also known as Madura foot, is a persistent fungal infection of the skin and the tissues just under the skin, affecting most commonly the feet, although it can occur in hands and other body parts.
Eurotiomycetes
Eurotiomycetes is a large class of ascomycetes with cleistothecial ascocarps within the subphylum Pezizomycotina, currently containing around 3810 species according to the Catalogue of Life.
Evolution
Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
Evolutionary history of plants
The evolution of plants has resulted in a wide range of complexity, from the earliest algal mats of unicellular archaeplastids evolved through endosymbiosis, through multicellular marine and freshwater green algae, to spore-bearing terrestrial bryophytes, lycopods and ferns, and eventually to the complex seed-bearing gymnosperms and angiosperms (flowering plants) of today.
See Fungus and Evolutionary history of plants
Excavata
Excavata is an extensive and diverse but paraphyletic group of unicellular Eukaryota.
Exobasidiomycetes
The Exobasidiomycetes are a class of fungi sometimes associated with the abnormal outgrowths of plant tissues known as galls.
See Fungus and Exobasidiomycetes
Exon
An exon is any part of a gene that will form a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing.
See Fungus and Exon
Exoskeleton
An exoskeleton (from Greek έξω éxō "outer" and σκελετός skeletós "skeleton") is a skeleton that is on the exterior of an animal in the form of hardened integument, which both supports the body's shape and protects the internal organs, in contrast to an internal endoskeleton (e.g.
Fantastic Fungi
Fantastic Fungi is a 2019 American documentary film directed by Louie Schwartzberg.
See Fungus and Fantastic Fungi
Fauna
Fauna (faunae or faunas) is all of the animal life present in a particular region or time.
See Fungus and Fauna
FEMS Microbiology Letters
FEMS Microbiology Letters is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of microbiology, including virology.
See Fungus and FEMS Microbiology Letters
FEMS Microbiology Reviews
FEMS Microbiology Reviews is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing invited review articles in the field of microbiology.
See Fungus and FEMS Microbiology Reviews
FEMS Yeast Research
FEMS Yeast Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on yeast and yeast-like organisms.
See Fungus and FEMS Yeast Research
Fermentation
Fermentation is a metabolic process that produces chemical changes in organic substances through the action of enzymes.
Fermentation in food processing
In food processing, fermentation is the conversion of carbohydrates to alcohol or organic acids using microorganisms—yeasts or bacteria—under anaerobic (oxygen-free) conditions.
See Fungus and Fermentation in food processing
Fermentation in winemaking
The process of fermentation in winemaking turns grape juice into an alcoholic beverage.
See Fungus and Fermentation in winemaking
Fern
The ferns (Polypodiopsida or Polypodiophyta) are a group of vascular plants (plants with xylem and phloem) that reproduce via spores and have neither seeds nor flowers.
See Fungus and Fern
Fission (biology)
Fission, in biology, is the division of a single entity into two or more parts and the regeneration of those parts to separate entities resembling the original.
See Fungus and Fission (biology)
Fitness (biology)
Fitness (often denoted w or ω in population genetics models) is a quantitative representation of individual reproductive success.
See Fungus and Fitness (biology)
Fitoterapia
Fitoterapia is a peer-reviewed medical journal covering research on the use of medicinal plants and bioactive natural products of plant origin in pharmacotherapy.
Flagellate
A flagellate is a cell or organism with one or more whip-like appendages called flagella.
Flagellum
A flagellum (flagella) (Latin for 'whip' or 'scourge') is a hairlike appendage that protrudes from certain plant and animal sperm cells, from fungal spores (zoospores), and from a wide range of microorganisms to provide motility.
Flammulina
Flammulina is a genus of fungi in the family Physalacriaceae.
Flammulina filiformis
Flammulina filiformis is a species of edible agaric (gilled mushroom) in the family Physalacriaceae.
See Fungus and Flammulina filiformis
Flora
Flora (floras or florae) is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous) native plants. The corresponding term for animals is fauna, and for fungi, it is funga.
See Fungus and Flora
Fomes fomentarius
Fomes fomentarius (commonly known as the tinder fungus, false tinder fungus, hoof fungus, tinder conk, tinder polypore or ice man fungus) is a species of fungal plant pathogen found in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America. The species produces very large polypore fruit bodies which are shaped like a horse's hoof and vary in colour from a silvery grey to almost black, though they are normally brown.
See Fungus and Fomes fomentarius
Fomitopsis betulina
Fomitopsis betulina (previously Piptoporus betulinus), commonly known as the birch polypore, birch bracket, or razor strop, is a common bracket fungus and, as the name suggests, grows almost exclusively on birch trees.
See Fungus and Fomitopsis betulina
Fonticula
Fonticula is a genus of cellular slime mold which forms a fruiting body in a volcano shape.
Food security
Food security is the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food.
Food spoilage
Food spoilage is the process where a food product becomes unsuitable to ingest by the consumer.
Food web
A food web is the natural interconnection of food chains and a graphical representation of what-eats-what in an ecological community.
Forage
Forage is a plant material (mainly plant leaves and stems) eaten by grazing livestock.
Fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin) is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.
Fragmentation (reproduction)
Fragmentation in multicellular or colonial organisms is a form of asexual reproduction or cloning, where an organism is split into fragments upon maturation and the spilted part becomes the new individual.
See Fungus and Fragmentation (reproduction)
Frontiers Media SA is a publisher of peer-reviewed, open access, scientific journals currently active in science, technology, and medicine.
See Fungus and Frontiers Media
Fumonisin
The fumonisins are a group of mycotoxins derived from Fusarium and their Liseola section.
Functional integration (neurobiology)
Functional integration is the study of how brain regions work together to process information and effect responses.
See Fungus and Functional integration (neurobiology)
Funga
Funga refers to the fungi of a particular region, habitat, or geological period. Fungus and funga are fungi.
See Fungus and Funga
Fungal Biology
Fungal Biology is a scientific journal that publishes peer-reviewed papers on all aspects of basic and applied research of the fungi, including lichens, yeasts, oomycetes, and slime moulds.
Fungal Diversity
Fungal Diversity is an international journal which publishes papers spanning all facets of the field of mycology.
See Fungus and Fungal Diversity
Fungal Genetics and Biology
Fungal Genetics and Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 1977 as Experimental Mycology, obtaining its current title in 1996.
See Fungus and Fungal Genetics and Biology
Fungal infection
Fungal infection, also known as mycosis, is a disease caused by fungi.
See Fungus and Fungal infection
Fungi imperfecti
The fungi imperfecti or imperfect fungi are fungi which do not fit into the commonly established taxonomic classifications of fungi that are based on biological species concepts or morphological characteristics of sexual structures because their sexual form of reproduction has never been observed.
See Fungus and Fungi imperfecti
Fungi in art
Fungi are a common theme and working material in art.
Fungiculture
Fungiculture is the cultivation of fungi such as mushrooms.
Fungivore
Fungivory or mycophagy is the process of organisms consuming fungi.
Fungus
A fungus (fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. Fungus and fungus are cryptogams, Extant Early Devonian first appearances, fungi, kingdoms (biology), taxa described in 1980 and taxa named by Royall T. Moore.
Fusarium
Fusarium is a large genus of filamentous fungi, part of a group often referred to as hyphomycetes, widely distributed in soil and associated with plants.
Fusarium venenatum
Fusarium venenatum is a microfungus of the genus Fusarium that has a high protein content.
See Fungus and Fusarium venenatum
Fusidic acid
Fusidic acid, sold under the brand name Fucidin among others, is a steroid antibiotic that is often used topically in creams or ointments and eyedrops but may also be given systemically as tablets or injections.
G-force
The g-force or gravitational force equivalent is mass-specific force (force per unit mass), expressed in units of standard gravity (symbol g or g0, not to be confused with "g", the symbol for grams).
Galerina
Galerina is a genus of small brown-spore saprobic fungi (colloquially often mushrooms), with over 300 species found throughout the world from the far north to remote Macquarie Island in the Southern Ocean.
A gametangium (gametangia) is an organ or cell in which gametes are produced that is found in many multicellular protists, algae, fungi, and the gametophytes of plants.
Gamete
A gamete (ultimately) is a haploid cell that fuses with another haploid cell during fertilization in organisms that reproduce sexually.
Gamma ray
A gamma ray, also known as gamma radiation (symbol), is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei.
Ganoderma lucidum
Ganoderma lucidum, commonly known as the reishi, varnished conk, or ling chih, is a red-colored species of Ganoderma with a limited distribution in Europe and parts of China, where it grows on decaying hardwood trees.
See Fungus and Ganoderma lucidum
Gastrointestinal tract
The gastrointestinal tract (GI tract, digestive tract, alimentary canal) is the tract or passageway of the digestive system that leads from the mouth to the anus. The GI tract contains all the major organs of the digestive system, in humans and other animals, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines.
See Fungus and Gastrointestinal tract
Genetic divergence
Genetic divergence is the process in which two or more populations of an ancestral species accumulate independent genetic changes (mutations) through time, often leading to reproductive isolation and continued mutation even after the populations have become reproductively isolated for some period of time, as there is not any genetic exchange anymore.
See Fungus and Genetic divergence
Genetic diversity
Genetic diversity is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species.
See Fungus and Genetic diversity
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology.
See Fungus and Genetic engineering
Genetics
Genetics is the study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms.
Geoglossaceae
Geoglossaceae is a family of fungi in the order Geoglossales, class Geoglossomycetes.
Geology (journal)
Geology is a peer-reviewed publication of the Geological Society of America (GSA).
See Fungus and Geology (journal)
Giambattista della Porta
Giambattista della Porta (1535 – 4 February 1615), also known as Giovanni Battista Della Porta, was an Italian scholar, polymath and playwright who lived in Naples at the time of the Renaissance, Scientific Revolution and Counter-Reformation.
See Fungus and Giambattista della Porta
Glomerales
Glomerales is an order of symbiotic fungi within the phylum Glomeromycota.
Glomeromycota
Glomeromycota (often referred to as glomeromycetes, as they include only one class, Glomeromycetes) are one of eight currently recognized divisions within the kingdom Fungi, with approximately 230 described species.
Glossary of biology
This glossary of biology terms is a list of definitions of fundamental terms and concepts used in biology, the study of life and of living organisms.
See Fungus and Glossary of biology
Glossary of mycology
This glossary of mycology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to mycology, the study of fungi.
See Fungus and Glossary of mycology
Glucan
A glucan is a polysaccharide derived from D-glucose, linked by glycosidic bonds.
Gluconic acid
Gluconic acid is an organic compound with molecular formula C6H12O7 and condensed structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4CO2H.
Glycerol
Glycerol, also called glycerine or glycerin, is a simple triol compound.
Glycogen
Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals, fungi, and bacteria.
Greek language
Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.
Green algae
The green algae (green alga) are a group of chlorophyll-containing autotrophic eukaryotes consisting of the phylum Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister group that contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta.
Greenhouse gas emissions
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from human activities intensify the greenhouse effect.
See Fungus and Greenhouse gas emissions
Griseofulvin
Griseofulvin is an antifungal medication used to treat a number of types of dermatophytoses (ringworm).
Grocery store
A grocery store (AE), grocery shop (BE) or simply grocery is a foodservice retail store that primarily retails a general range of food products, which may be fresh or packaged.
Gyromitra esculenta
Gyromitra esculenta is an ascomycete fungus from the genus Gyromitra, widely distributed across Europe and North America.
See Fungus and Gyromitra esculenta
Hallucination
A hallucination is a perception in the absence of an external stimulus that has the compelling sense of reality.
Hallucinogen
Hallucinogens are a large and diverse class of psychoactive drugs that can produce altered states of consciousness characterized by major alterations in thought, mood, and perception as well as other changes.
Haustorium
In botany and mycology, a haustorium (plural haustoria) is a rootlike structure that grows into or around another structure to absorb water or nutrients.
Hectare
The hectare (SI symbol: ha) is a non-SI metric unit of area equal to a square with 100-metre sides (1 hm2), that is, 10,000 square meters (10,000 m2), and is primarily used in the measurement of land.
Heinrich Anton de Bary
Heinrich Anton de Bary (26 January 183119 January 1888) was a German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, and mycologist (fungal systematics and physiology).
See Fungus and Heinrich Anton de Bary
Hepatotoxicity
Hepatotoxicity (from hepatic toxicity) implies chemical-driven liver damage.
Herbicide
Herbicides, also commonly known as weed killers, are substances used to control undesired plants, also known as weeds.
Herbivore
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet.
Heterokaryon
A heterokaryon is a multinucleate cell that contains genetically different nuclei.
Heterothallism
Heterothallic species have sexes that reside in different individuals.
Heterotroph
A heterotroph is an organism that cannot produce its own food, instead taking nutrition from other sources of organic carbon, mainly plant or animal matter.
Hirsutella
Hirsutella is a genus of asexually reproducing fungi in the Ophiocordycipitaceae family.
Histoplasma
Histoplasma is a genus of fungi in the order Onygenales.
Histoplasmosis
Histoplasmosis is a fungal infection caused by Histoplasma capsulatum.
History of life
The history of life on Earth traces the processes by which living and extinct organisms evolved, from the earliest emergence of life to the present day.
See Fungus and History of life
HMG-CoA reductase
HMG-CoA reductase (3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, official symbol HMGCR) is the rate-controlling enzyme (NADH-dependent,; NADPH-dependent) of the mevalonate pathway, the metabolic pathway that produces cholesterol and other isoprenoids.
See Fungus and HMG-CoA reductase
Holocene
The Holocene is the current geological epoch, beginning approximately 11,700 years ago.
Homothallism
Homothallic refers to the possession, within a single organism, of the resources to reproduce sexually; i.e., having male and female reproductive structures on the same thallus.
Horace
Quintus Horatius Flaccus (8 December 65 BC – 27 November 8 BC),Suetonius,. commonly known in the English-speaking world as Horace, was the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus (also known as Octavian). The rhetorician Quintilian regarded his Odes as the only Latin lyrics worth reading: "He can be lofty sometimes, yet he is also full of charm and grace, versatile in his figures, and felicitously daring in his choice of words."Quintilian 10.1.96.
Hyaloraphidium
Hyaloraphidium is a genus of chytrid-like fungi.
Hydnoid fungi
The hydnoid fungi are a group of fungi in the Basidiomycota with basidiocarps (fruit bodies) producing spores on pendant, tooth-like or spine-like projections.
Hydrogenosome
A hydrogenosome is a membrane-enclosed organelle found in some anaerobic ciliates, flagellates, and fungi.
Hydrophobe
In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water (known as a hydrophobe).
Hydrophobin
Hydrophobins are a group of small (~100 amino acids) cysteine-rich proteins that were discovered in filamentous fungi that are lichenized or not.
Hydrothermal circulation
Hydrothermal circulation in its most general sense is the circulation of hot water (Ancient Greek ὕδωρ, water,Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
See Fungus and Hydrothermal circulation
Hymenium
The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores.
Hypha
A hypha (hyphae) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium.
See Fungus and Hypha
Hyphochytriomycetes
Hyphochytrids are eukaryotic organisms in the group of Stramenopiles (Heterokonta).
See Fungus and Hyphochytriomycetes
Hypomyces chrysospermus
Hypomyces chrysospermus, the bolete eater, is a parasitic ascomycete fungus that grows on bolete mushrooms, turning the afflicted host a whitish, golden yellow, or tan color.
See Fungus and Hypomyces chrysospermus
Ichthyosporea
The Ichthyosporea (or DRIP clade, or Mesomycetozoea) are a small group of Opisthokonta in Eukaryota (formerly protists), mostly parasites of fish and other animals.
Immunodeficiency
Immunodeficiency, also known as immunocompromisation, is a state in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious diseases and cancer is compromised or entirely absent.
See Fungus and Immunodeficiency
Immunosuppressive drug
Immunosuppressive drugs, also known as immunosuppressive agents, immunosuppressants and antirejection medications, are drugs that inhibit or prevent the activity of the immune system.
See Fungus and Immunosuppressive drug
Incertae sedis
of uncertain placement or problematica is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined.
Index Fungorum
Index Fungorum is an international project to index all formal names (scientific names) in the fungus kingdom.
Industrial enzymes
Industrial enzymes are enzymes that are commercially used in a variety of industries such as pharmaceuticals, chemical production, biofuels, food & beverage, and consumer products.
See Fungus and Industrial enzymes
Infection, Genetics and Evolution
Infection, Genetics and Evolution, Journal of Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics of Infectious Diseases is a peer-reviewed scientific journal established in 2001.
See Fungus and Infection, Genetics and Evolution
Insecticide
Insecticides are pesticides used to kill insects.
Intercellular communication
Intercellular communication (ICC) refers to the various ways and structures that biological cells use to communicate with each other directly or through their environment.
See Fungus and Intercellular communication
International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
The International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN or ICNafp) is the set of rules and recommendations dealing with the formal botanical names that are given to plants, fungi and a few other groups of organisms, all those "traditionally treated as algae, fungi, or plants".
See Fungus and International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
International Journal of Food Microbiology
The International Journal of Food Microbiology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing research papers, short communications, review articles, and book reviews in area of food microbiology and relates fields of mycology, bacteriology, virology, parasitology, and immunology.
See Fungus and International Journal of Food Microbiology
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
The International Journal of Molecular Sciences is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering research in chemistry, molecular physics, and molecular biology.
See Fungus and International Journal of Molecular Sciences
International Union for Conservation of Nature
The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) is an international organization working in the field of nature conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.
See Fungus and International Union for Conservation of Nature
Intron
An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is not expressed or operative in the final RNA product.
Invertase
β-Fructofuranosidase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis (breakdown) of the table sugar sucrose into fructose and glucose.
Ionizing radiation
Ionizing radiation (US, ionising radiation in the UK), including nuclear radiation, consists of subatomic particles or electromagnetic waves that have sufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules by detaching electrons from them.
See Fungus and Ionizing radiation
Japan
Japan is an island country in East Asia, located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland.
See Fungus and Japan
Jones & Bartlett Learning
Jones & Bartlett Learning, a division of Ascend Learning, is a scholarly publisher.
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Journal of Animal Science
The Journal of Animal Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of animal science.
See Fungus and Journal of Animal Science
Journal of Cell Science
The Journal of Cell Science (formerly the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of cell biology.
See Fungus and Journal of Cell Science
Journal of Cellular Physiology
The Journal of Cellular Physiology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal focusing on all aspects of cellular physiology.
See Fungus and Journal of Cellular Physiology
Journal of Experimental Botany
The Journal of Experimental Botany (JXB) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Experimental Biology.
See Fungus and Journal of Experimental Botany
Journal of Food Protection
Journal of Food Protection is a scientific journal that covers original research in food science.
See Fungus and Journal of Food Protection
Journal of Fungi
Journal of Fungi is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by MDPI quarterly covering all aspects of Fungi.
See Fungus and Journal of Fungi
Journal of Natural Products
The Journal of Natural Products is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of research on the chemistry and/or biochemistry of naturally occurring compounds.
See Fungus and Journal of Natural Products
Karyogamy
Karyogamy is the final step in the process of fusing together two haploid eukaryotic cells, and refers specifically to the fusion of the two nuclei.
Keroplatidae
Keroplatidae is a family of small flies known as fungus gnats.
Kickxellomycotina
Kickxellomycotina is a fungus grouping.
See Fungus and Kickxellomycotina
Kingdom (biology)
In biology, a kingdom is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain. Fungus and kingdom (biology) are kingdoms (biology).
See Fungus and Kingdom (biology)
Kluyveromyces
Kluyveromyces is a genus of ascomycetous yeasts in the family Saccharomycetaceae.
Komagataella
Komagataella is a methylotrophic yeast within the order Saccharomycetales.
Koryaks
Koryaks are an Indigenous people of the Russian Far East, who live immediately north of the Kamchatka Peninsula in Kamchatka Krai and inhabit the coastlands of the Bering Sea.
Laboulbeniomycetes
The Laboulbeniomycetes are a unique group of fungi that are obligatorily associated with arthropods, either as external parasites (Herpomycetales and Laboulbeniales) or for dispersal (Pyxidiophorales).
See Fungus and Laboulbeniomycetes
Labyrinthulomycetes
Labyrinthulomycetes (ICBN) or Labyrinthulea (ICZN) is a class of protists that produce a network of filaments or tubes, which serve as tracks for the cells to glide along and absorb nutrients for them.
See Fungus and Labyrinthulomycetes
Lactarius deliciosus
Lactarius deliciosus, commonly known as the delicious milk cap, saffron milk cap, or red pine mushroom, is one of the best known members of the large milk-cap genus Lactarius in the order Russulales.
See Fungus and Lactarius deliciosus
Lactic acid
Lactic acid is an organic acid.
Lahmiales
The Lahmiales are an order of fungi in the Ascomycota, or sac fungi.
Large-scale brain network
Large-scale brain networks (also known as intrinsic brain networks) are collections of widespread brain regions showing functional connectivity by statistical analysis of the fMRI BOLD signal or other recording methods such as EEG, PET and MEG.
See Fungus and Large-scale brain network
Latent period (epidemiology)
In epidemiology, particularly in the discussion of infectious disease dynamics (modeling), the latent period (also known as the latency period or the pre-infectious period) is the time interval between when an individual or host is infected by a pathogen and when that individual becomes infectious, i.e.
See Fungus and Latent period (epidemiology)
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
See Fungus and Latin
Leavening agent
In cooking, a leavening agent or raising agent, also called a leaven or leavener, is any one of a number of substances used in doughs and batters that cause a foaming action (gas bubbles) that lightens and softens the mixture.
See Fungus and Leavening agent
Lecanicillium lecanii
Lecanicillium lecanii is now an approved name of an entomopathogenic fungus species, that was previously widely known as Verticillium lecanii (Zimmerman) Viegas), but is now understood to be an anamorphic form in the Cordyceps group of genera in the Clavicipitaceae. Isolates formerly classified as V.
See Fungus and Lecanicillium lecanii
Lecanoromycetes
Lecanoromycetes is the largest class of lichenized fungi.
See Fungus and Lecanoromycetes
Lentinan
Lentinan is a polysaccharide isolated from the fruit body of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes).
Leotiomyceta
Leotiomyceta represents all the filamentous ascomycete fungi (Pezizomycotina), excluding the classes Pezizomycetes and Orbiliomycetes.
Leotiomycetes
The Leotiomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi.
Lepiota
Lepiota is a genus of gilled mushrooms in the family Agaricaceae.
Leprosy
Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease (HD), is a long-term infection by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae or Mycobacterium lepromatosis.
Lichen
A lichen is a symbiosis of algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species, along with a yeast embedded in the cortex or "skin", in a mutualistic relationship. Fungus and lichen are cryptogams.
Lichinales
Lichinales is the sole order of ascomycete fungi in the class Lichinomycetes.
Life (magazine)
Life is an American magazine published weekly from 1883 to 1972, as an intermittent "special" until 1978, a monthly from 1978 until 2000, and an online supplement since 2008.
See Fungus and Life (magazine)
Lineage (evolution)
An evolutionary lineage is a temporal series of populations, organisms, cells, or genes connected by a continuous line of descent from ancestor to descendant.
See Fungus and Lineage (evolution)
Lipase
In biochemistry, lipase refers to a class of enzymes that catalyzes the hydrolysis of fats.
Lipid
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
See Fungus and Lipid
List of bioluminescent fungi
Found largely in temperate and tropical climates, currently there are more than 125 known species of bioluminescent fungi,Stevani, C. V., Zamuner, C. K., Bastos, E. L., de Nóbrega, B. B., Soares, D. M. M., Oliveira, A. G., Bechara, E. J. H., Shakhova, E. S., Sarkisyan, K. S., Yampolsky, I. V., & Kaskova, Z.
See Fungus and List of bioluminescent fungi
Livestock
Livestock are the domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting in order to provide labour and produce diversified products for consumption such as meat, eggs, milk, fur, leather, and wool.
Lovastatin
Lovastatin, sold under the brand name Mevacor among others, is a statin medication, to treat high blood cholesterol and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Macroscopic scale
The macroscopic scale is the length scale on which objects or phenomena are large enough to be visible with the naked eye, without magnifying optical instruments.
See Fungus and Macroscopic scale
Magnaporthe grisea
Magnaporthe grisea, also known as rice blast fungus, rice rotten neck, rice seedling blight, blast of rice, oval leaf spot of graminea, pitting disease, ryegrass blast, Johnson spot, neck blast, wheat blast and, is a plant-pathogenic fungus and model organism that causes a serious disease affecting rice.
See Fungus and Magnaporthe grisea
Maize
Maize (Zea mays), also known as corn in North American English, is a tall stout grass that produces cereal grain.
See Fungus and Maize
Malassezia
Malassezia is a genus of fungi (specifically, a yeast).
Malic acid
Malic acid is an organic compound with the molecular formula.
Mannitol
Mannitol is a type of sugar alcohol used as a sweetener and medication.
Marine fungi
Marine fungi are species of fungi that live in marine or estuarine environments.
Mastigomycotina
Mastigomycotina is a former polyphyletic taxonomic grouping, a subdivision, of fungi, similar to Phycomycetes, and that included the zoosporic classes Chytridiomycetes, Hyphochytriomycetes, Plasmodiophoromycetes and Oomycetes.
See Fungus and Mastigomycotina
Mating
In biology, mating is the pairing of either opposite-sex or hermaphroditic organisms for the purposes of sexual reproduction.
Mating in fungi
Fungi are a diverse group of organisms that employ a huge variety of reproductive strategies, ranging from fully asexual to almost exclusively sexual species.
See Fungus and Mating in fungi
Mating system
A mating system is a way in which a group is structured in relation to sexual behaviour.
Mating type
Mating types are the microorganism equivalent to sexes in multicellular lifeforms and are thought to be the ancestor to distinct sexes.
MBio
mBio is a bimonthly peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by the American Society for Microbiology in association with the American Academy of Microbiology.
See Fungus and MBio
Meat alternative
A meat alternative or meat substitute (also called plant-based meat, mock meat, or fake meat sometimes pejoratively), is a food product made from vegetarian or vegan ingredients, eaten as a replacement for meat.
See Fungus and Meat alternative
Medication
A medication (also called medicament, medicine, pharmaceutical drug, medicinal drug or simply drug) is a drug used to diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent disease.
Medicine
Medicine is the science and practice of caring for patients, managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment, palliation of their injury or disease, and promoting their health.
Meiosis
Meiosis ((since it is a reductional division) is a special type of cell division of germ cells in sexually-reproducing organisms that produces the gametes, the sperm or egg cells. It involves two rounds of division that ultimately result in four cells, each with only one copy of each chromosome (haploid).
Melanin
Melanin is a family of biomolecules organized as oligomers or polymers, which among other functions provide the pigments of many organisms.
Metabolic engineering is the practice of optimizing genetic and regulatory processes within cells to increase the cell's production of a certain substance.
See Fungus and Metabolic engineering
In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.
See Fungus and Metabolic pathway
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
Metarhizium is a genus of entomopathogenic fungi in the Clavicipitaceae family.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a group of gram-positive bacteria that are genetically distinct from other strains of Staphylococcus aureus.
See Fungus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Mevalonate pathway
The mevalonate pathway, also known as the isoprenoid pathway or HMG-CoA reductase pathway is an essential metabolic pathway present in eukaryotes, archaea, and some bacteria.
See Fungus and Mevalonate pathway
Mevalonic acid
Mevalonic acid (MVA) is a key organic compound in biochemistry; the name is a contraction of dihydroxymethylvalerolactone.
Mevastatin
Mevastatin (compactin, ML-236B) is a hypolipidemic agent that belongs to the statins class.
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews (published as MMBR) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Society for Microbiology.
See Fungus and Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
Microbotryomycetes
The Microbotryomycetes are a class of fungi in the subdivision Pucciniomycotina of the Basidiomycota.
See Fungus and Microbotryomycetes
Microfossil
A microfossil is a fossil that is generally between 0.001 mm and 1 mm in size, the visual study of which requires the use of light or electron microscopy.
Micrometre
The micrometre (Commonwealth English) as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American English), also commonly known by the non-SI term micron, is a unit of length in the International System of Units (SI) equalling (SI standard prefix "micro-".
Microscope
A microscope is a laboratory instrument used to examine objects that are too small to be seen by the naked eye.
Microsporidia
Microsporidia are a group of spore-forming unicellular parasites.
Miles Joseph Berkeley
Miles Joseph Berkeley (1 April 1803 – 30 July 1889) was an English cryptogamist and clergyman, and one of the founders of the science of plant pathology.
See Fungus and Miles Joseph Berkeley
Miso
is a traditional Japanese seasoning.
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Mite
Mites are small arachnids (eight-legged arthropods).
See Fungus and Mite
Mitochondrion
A mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.
Mixiomycetes
The Mixiomycetes are a class of fungi in the Pucciniomycotina subdivision of the Basidiomycota.
Model organism
A model organism (often shortened to model) is a non-human species that is extensively studied to understand particular biological phenomena, with the expectation that discoveries made in the model organism will provide insight into the workings of other organisms.
Mold
A mold or mould is one of the structures that certain fungi can form.
See Fungus and Mold
Molecular and Cellular Biology
Molecular and Cellular Biology is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of molecular and cellular biology.
See Fungus and Molecular and Cellular Biology
Molecular biology
Molecular biology is a branch of biology that seeks to understand the molecular basis of biological activity in and between cells, including biomolecular synthesis, modification, mechanisms, and interactions.
See Fungus and Molecular biology
Molecular Biology and Evolution
Molecular Biology and Evolution (MBE) is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.
See Fungus and Molecular Biology and Evolution
Molecular Biotechnology
Molecular Biotechnology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Springer Science+Business Media.
See Fungus and Molecular Biotechnology
Molecular cloning
Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms.
See Fungus and Molecular cloning
Molecular ecology
Molecular ecology is a field of evolutionary biology that is concerned with applying molecular population genetics, molecular phylogenetics, and more recently genomics to traditional ecological questions (e.g., species diagnosis, conservation and assessment of biodiversity, species-area relationships, and many questions in behavioral ecology).
See Fungus and Molecular ecology
Molecular genetics
Molecular genetics is a branch of biology that addresses how differences in the structures or expression of DNA molecules manifests as variation among organisms.
See Fungus and Molecular genetics
Molecular phylogenetics
Molecular phylogenetics is the branch of phylogeny that analyzes genetic, hereditary molecular differences, predominantly in DNA sequences, to gain information on an organism's evolutionary relationships.
See Fungus and Molecular phylogenetics
Molecular Plant Pathology
Molecular Plant Pathology is a monthly open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the British Society for Plant Pathology.
See Fungus and Molecular Plant Pathology
Monascus
Monascus is a genus of mold.
Moniliella
Moniliella is a genus of fungi in the subdivision Ustilaginomycotina.
Monoblepharidomycetes
Members of the Monoblepharidomycetes have a filamentous thallus that is either extensive or simple and unbranched.
See Fungus and Monoblepharidomycetes
Monophyly
In biological cladistics for the classification of organisms, monophyly is the condition of a taxonomic grouping being a clade – that is, a grouping of taxa which meets these criteria.
Morchella
Morchella, the true morels, is a genus of edible sac fungi closely related to anatomically simpler cup fungi in the order Pezizales (division Ascomycota).
Mordecai Cubitt Cooke
Mordecai Cubitt Cooke (12 July 1825, in Horning, Norfolk – 12 November 1914, in Southsea, Hampshire) was an English botanist and mycologist who was, at various points, a London schoolteacher, a Kew mycologist, curator at the India Museum, journalist and author.
See Fungus and Mordecai Cubitt Cooke
Morphology (biology)
Morphology in biology is the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.
See Fungus and Morphology (biology)
Mortierellales
Mortierellales is a monotypic fungal order, within the phylum of Zygomycota and the monotypic, division of Mortierellomycota.
Moss
Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta sensu stricto.
See Fungus and Moss
Motility
Motility is the ability of an organism to move independently, using metabolic energy.
Mucor
Mucor is a microbial genus of approximately 40 species of molds in the family Mucoraceae.
See Fungus and Mucor
Mucorales
The Mucorales is the largest and best-studied order of zygomycete fungi.
Mucoromycota
Mucoromycota is a division within the kingdom fungi.
Mucoromycotina
Mucoromycotina is a subphylum of uncertain placement in Fungi.
Multicellular organism
A multicellular organism is an organism that consists of more than one cell, unlike unicellular organisms.
See Fungus and Multicellular organism
Multinucleate
Multinucleate cells (also known as multinucleated cells or polynuclear cells) are eukaryotic cells that have more than one nucleus, i.e., multiple nuclei share one common cytoplasm.
Mushroom
A mushroom or toadstool is the fleshy, spore-bearing fruiting body of a fungus, typically produced above ground, on soil, or on its food source.
Mushroom hunting
Mushroom hunting, mushrooming, mushroom picking, mushroom foraging, and similar terms describe the activity of gathering mushrooms in the wild.
See Fungus and Mushroom hunting
Mushroom poisoning
Mushroom poisoning is poisoning resulting from the ingestion of mushrooms that contain toxic substances.
See Fungus and Mushroom poisoning
Mutualism (biology)
Mutualism describes the ecological interaction between two or more species where each species has a net benefit.
See Fungus and Mutualism (biology)
Mycelial cord
Mycelial cords are linear aggregations of parallel-oriented hyphae.
Mycelium
Mycelium (mycelia) is a root-like structure of a fungus consisting of a mass of branching, thread-like hyphae.
Mycetophilidae
Mycetophilidae is a family of small flies, forming the bulk of those species known as fungus gnats.
Mycetozoa
Mycetozoa is a polyphyletic grouping of slime molds.
Myco-heterotrophy
Myco-heterotrophy (from Greek μύκης, ἕτερος, and τροφή) is a symbiotic relationship between certain kinds of plants and fungi, in which the plant gets all or part of its food from parasitism upon fungi rather than from photosynthesis.
See Fungus and Myco-heterotrophy
MycoBank
MycoBank is an online database, documenting new mycological names and combinations, eventually combined with descriptions and illustrations.
Mycobiota
Mycobiota (plural noun, no singular) are a group of all the fungi present in a particular geographic region (e.g. "the mycobiota of Ireland") or habitat type (e.g. "the mycobiota of cocoa").
Mycologia
Mycologia is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that publishes papers on all aspects of the fungi, including lichens.
Mycological Progress
Mycological Progress is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the study of fungi including lichens.
See Fungus and Mycological Progress
Mycology
Mycology is the branch of biology concerned with the study of fungi, including their taxonomy, genetics, biochemical properties, and use by humans.
Mycoparasitism
A mycoparasite is an organism with the ability to parasitize fungi.
Mycopathologia
Mycopathologia is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that covers the role of fungi in human and animal disease, i.e., medical and veterinary mycology.
Mycorrhiza
A mycorrhiza (mycorrhiza, or mycorrhizas) is a symbiotic association between a fungus and a plant.
Mycorrhizal network
Mycorrhizal associations have profoundly impacted the evolution of plant life on Earth ever since the initial adaptation of plant life to land.
See Fungus and Mycorrhizal network
Mycotoxin
A mycotoxin (from the Greek μύκης, "fungus" and τοξικός, "poisonous") is a toxic secondary metabolite produced by fungi and is capable of causing disease and death in both humans and other animals.
Mycovirus
Mycoviruses (Ancient Greek: μύκης mykes ("fungus") + Latin virus), also known as mycophages, are viruses that infect fungi.
Natural product
A natural product is a natural compound or substance produced by a living organism—that is, found in nature.
See Fungus and Natural product
Nature (journal)
Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.
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Nature Biotechnology
Nature Biotechnology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Portfolio.
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Nature Communications
Nature Communications is a peer-reviewed, open access, scientific journal published by Nature Portfolio since 2010.
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Nature Ecology and Evolution
Nature Ecology and Evolution is an online-only monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Portfolio covering all aspects of research on ecology and evolutionary biology.
See Fungus and Nature Ecology and Evolution
Nature Medicine
Nature Medicine is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal published by Nature Portfolio covering all aspects of medicine.
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Nature Reviews Microbiology
Nature Reviews Microbiology is a monthly peer-reviewed review journal published by Nature Portfolio.
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Nature Sustainability
Nature Sustainability is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Nature Portfolio.
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Nematode
The nematodes (or; Νηματώδη; Nematoda), roundworms or eelworms constitute the phylum Nematoda. Fungus and nematode are Extant Early Devonian first appearances.
Nematophagous fungus
Nematophagous fungi are carnivorous fungi specialized in trapping and digesting nematodes.
See Fungus and Nematophagous fungus
Neocallimastigomycota
Neocallimastigomycota is a phylum containing anaerobic fungi, which are symbionts found in the digestive tracts of larger herbivores.
See Fungus and Neocallimastigomycota
Neolecta
Neolecta is a genus of ascomycetous fungi.
Neolithic
The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.
Neontology
Neontology is a part of biology that, in contrast to paleontology, deals with living (or, more generally, recent) organisms.
Neoproterozoic
The Neoproterozoic Era is the unit of geologic time from 1 billion to 538.8 million years ago.
Neuroptera
The insect order Neuroptera, or net-winged insects, includes the lacewings, mantisflies, antlions, and their relatives.
Neurospora crassa
Neurospora crassa is a type of red bread mold of the phylum Ascomycota.
See Fungus and Neurospora crassa
New Phytologist
New Phytologist is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published on behalf of the New Phytologist Foundation by Wiley-Blackwell.
See Fungus and New Phytologist
Nidulariaceae
The Nidulariaceae ('nidulus' - small nest) are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales.
Nitrate
Nitrate is a polyatomic ion with the chemical formula.
Nomenclature codes
Nomenclature codes or codes of nomenclature are the various rulebooks that govern the naming of living organisms.
See Fungus and Nomenclature codes
Non-coding DNA
Non-coding DNA (ncDNA) sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences.
Northern Canada
Northern Canada (Nord du Canada), colloquially the North or the Territories, is the vast northernmost region of Canada, variously defined by geography and politics.
See Fungus and Northern Canada
Nucleariida
Nucleariida is a group of amoebae with filose pseudopods, known mostly from soils and freshwater.
Nucleophaga
Nucleophaga is a genus of eukaryotic microorganisms that are internal parasites of amoeba, flagellates, and ciliates.
Nutrient cycle
A nutrient cycle (or ecological recycling) is the movement and exchange of inorganic and organic matter back into the production of matter.
Ochratoxin
Ochratoxins are a group of mycotoxins produced by some Aspergillus species (mainly ''A. ochraceus'' and A. carbonarius, but also by 33% of ''A. niger'' industrial strains) and some Penicillium species, especially P. verrucosum.
Olpidiaceae
Olpidiaceae is a fungal plant pathogen family of genera that was placed in the order Olpidiales.
One gene–one enzyme hypothesis
The one gene–one enzyme hypothesis is the idea that genes act through the production of enzymes, with each gene responsible for producing a single enzyme that in turn affects a single step in a metabolic pathway.
See Fungus and One gene–one enzyme hypothesis
Oomycete
The Oomycetes, or Oomycota, form a distinct phylogenetic lineage of fungus-like eukaryotic microorganisms within the Stramenopiles.
Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (synonym Cordyceps sinensis), known colloquially as caterpillar fungus, is an entomopathogenic fungus (a fungus that grows on insects) in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae.
See Fungus and Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Ophiostoma novo-ulmi
Ophiostoma novo-ulmi is a species of fungus in the family Ophiostomataceae.
See Fungus and Ophiostoma novo-ulmi
Ophiostoma ulmi
Ophiostoma ulmi is a species of fungus in the family Ophiostomataceae.
See Fungus and Ophiostoma ulmi
Opisthokont
The opisthokonts are a broad group of eukaryotes, including both the animal and fungus kingdoms.
Opisthosporidia
Opisthosporidia is a superphylum of intracellular parasites with amoeboid vegetative stage, defined as a common group of eukaryotic groups Microsporidia, Cryptomycota (also known as Rozellida, Rozellomycota, or Rozellosporidia) and Aphelidea.
See Fungus and Opisthosporidia
Opportunistic infection
An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by pathogens (bacteria, fungi, parasites or viruses) that take advantage of an opportunity not normally available.
See Fungus and Opportunistic infection
Optical microscope
The optical microscope, also referred to as a light microscope, is a type of microscope that commonly uses visible light and a system of lenses to generate magnified images of small objects.
See Fungus and Optical microscope
Orbiliaceae
The Orbiliaceae are a family of saprobic sac fungi.
Ordovician
The Ordovician is a geologic period and system, the second of six periods of the Paleozoic Era.
Organ transplantation
Organ transplantation is a medical procedure in which an organ is removed from one body and placed in the body of a recipient, to replace a damaged or missing organ.
See Fungus and Organ transplantation
Organelle
In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit, usually within a cell, that has a specific function.
Organic compound
Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon.
See Fungus and Organic compound
Organic matter
Organic matter, organic material, or natural organic matter refers to the large source of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial, and aquatic environments.
Orthomycotina
Orthomycotina is a clade of fungi containing Agaricomycotina and Ustilaginomycotina, or all Basidiomycete fungi except Pucciniomycotina according to the 2007 fungal phylogeny "The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research" and Tedersoo et al.
Osmolyte
Osmolytes are low-molecular-weight organic compounds that influence the properties of biological fluids.
Osmotrophy
Osmotrophy is a feeding mechanism involving the movement of dissolved organic compounds by osmosis for nutrition.
Ourasphaira giraldae
Ourasphaira giraldae is an extinct process-bearing multicellular eukaryotic microorganism.
See Fungus and Ourasphaira giraldae
Outline of fungi
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to fungi and mycology: Fungi – "Fungi" is plural for "fungus". Fungus and outline of fungi are fungi.
See Fungus and Outline of fungi
Outline of lichens
The following outline provides an overview of and topical guide to lichens.
See Fungus and Outline of lichens
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
See Fungus and Oxford University Press
Paecilomyces
Paecilomyces is a genus of fungi.
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology ("Palaeo3") is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing multidisciplinary studies and comprehensive reviews in the field of palaeoenvironmental geology.
See Fungus and Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
Paleoproterozoic
The Paleoproterozoic Era (also spelled Palaeoproterozoic) is the first of the three sub-divisions (eras) of the Proterozoic eon, and also the longest era of the Earth's geological history, spanning from (2.5–1.6 Ga).
See Fungus and Paleoproterozoic
Paleopyrenomycites
Paleopyrenomycites is a Devonian genus of fungus of uncertain phylogenetic affinity within the Pezizomycotina total group, known from the Rhynie chert.
See Fungus and Paleopyrenomycites
Paleozoic
The Paleozoic (or Palaeozoic) Era is the first of three geological eras of the Phanerozoic Eon.
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), also known as South American blastomycosis, is a fungal infection that can occur as a mouth and skin type, lymphangitic type, multi-organ involvement type (particularly lungs), or mixed type.
See Fungus and Paracoccidioidomycosis
Paraphyly
Paraphyly is a taxonomic term describing a grouping that consists of the grouping's last common ancestor and some but not all of its descendant lineages.
Parasexual cycle
The parasexual cycle, a process restricted to fungi and single-celled organisms, is a nonsexual mechanism of parasexuality for transferring genetic material without meiosis or the development of sexual structures.
See Fungus and Parasexual cycle
Parasitism
Parasitism is a close relationship between species, where one organism, the parasite, lives on or inside another organism, the host, causing it some harm, and is adapted structurally to this way of life.
Pasture
Pasture (from the Latin pastus, past participle of pascere, "to feed") is land used for grazing.
Pathogen
In biology, a pathogen (πάθος, "suffering", "passion" and -γενής, "producer of"), in the oldest and broadest sense, is any organism or agent that can produce disease.
Pathogenic fungus
Pathogenic fungi are fungi that cause disease in humans or other organisms.
See Fungus and Pathogenic fungus
Patulin
Patulin is an organic compound classified as a polyketide.
Penicillin
Penicillins (P, PCN or PEN) are a group of β-lactam antibiotics originally obtained from Penicillium moulds, principally P. chrysogenum and P. rubens.
Penicillium
Penicillium is a genus of ascomycetous fungi that is part of the mycobiome of many species and is of major importance in the natural environment, in food spoilage, and in food and drug production.
Penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillium chrysogenum (formerly known as Penicillium notatum) is a species of fungus in the genus Penicillium.
See Fungus and Penicillium chrysogenum
Penicillium citrinum
Penicillium citrinum is an anamorph, mesophilic fungus species of the genus of Penicillium which produces tanzawaic acid A-D, ACC, Mevastatin, Quinocitrinine A, Quinocitrinine B, and nephrotoxic citrinin.
See Fungus and Penicillium citrinum
Penicillium griseofulvum
Penicillium griseofulvum is a species of the genus of Penicillium which produces patulin, penifulvin A, cyclopiazonic acid, roquefortine C, shikimic acid, griseofulvin, and 6-Methylsalicylic acid (via a polyketide synthase).
See Fungus and Penicillium griseofulvum
Penicillium roqueforti
Penicillium roqueforti is a common saprotrophic fungus in the genus Penicillium.
See Fungus and Penicillium roqueforti
Pennsylvanian (geology)
The Pennsylvanian (also known as Upper Carboniferous or Late Carboniferous) is, on the ICS geologic timescale, the younger of two subperiods of the Carboniferous Period (or the upper of two subsystems of the Carboniferous System).
See Fungus and Pennsylvanian (geology)
Pentachlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is an organochlorine compound used as a pesticide and a disinfectant.
See Fungus and Pentachlorophenol
Peptide
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Permian–Triassic extinction event
Approximately 251.9 million years ago, the Permian–Triassic (P–T, P–Tr) extinction event (PTME; also known as the Late Permian extinction event, the Latest Permian extinction event, the End-Permian extinction event, and colloquially as the Great Dying) forms the boundary between the Permian and Triassic geologic periods, and with them the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras.
See Fungus and Permian–Triassic extinction event
Permineralization
Permineralization is a process of fossilization of bones and tissues in which mineral deposits form internal casts of organisms.
See Fungus and Permineralization
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
Perspectives in Biology and Medicine is a peer-reviewed academic journal established in 1957.
See Fungus and Perspectives in Biology and Medicine
Petri dish
A Petri dish (alternatively known as a Petri plate or cell-culture dish) is a shallow transparent lidded dish that biologists use to hold growth medium in which cells can be cultured,R.
Pezizomycetes
Pezizomycetes are a class of fungi within the division Ascomycota.
Pezizomycotina
Pezizomycotina make up most of the Ascomycota fungi and include most lichenized fungi too.
Phagocytosis
Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle (≥ 0.5 μm), giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome.
Phallaceae
Phallaceae is a family of fungi, commonly known as stinkhorns, within the order Phallales.
Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the science of drugs and medications, including a substance's origin, composition, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, therapeutic use, and toxicology.
Phloem
Phloem is the living tissue in vascular plants that transports the soluble organic compounds made during photosynthesis and known as photosynthates, in particular the sugar sucrose, to the rest of the plant.
Phosphate
In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a system of biological processes by which photosynthetic organisms, such as most plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, convert light energy, typically from sunlight, into the chemical energy necessary to fuel their metabolism.
Phycomycetes
Phycomycetes is an obsolete polyphyletic taxon for certain fungi with aseptate hyphae.
Phylogenetics
In biology, phylogenetics is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms.
Phylum
In biology, a phylum (phyla) is a level of classification or taxonomic rank below kingdom and above class.
Physiology
Physiology is the scientific study of functions and mechanisms in a living system.
Physodermataceae
Physodermatacae is a family of chytrid fungi in the order Physodermatales.
See Fungus and Physodermataceae
Phytomyxea
The Phytomyxea are a class of parasites that are cosmopolitan, obligate biotrophic protist parasites of plants, diatoms, oomycetes and brown algae.
Pichia
Pichia (Hansenula and Hyphopichia are obsolete synonyms) is a genus of yeasts in the family Pichiaceae with spherical, elliptical, or oblong acuminate cells.
Pier Andrea Saccardo
Pier Andrea Saccardo (23 April 1845 in Treviso, Treviso – 12 February 1920 in Padua) was an Italian botanist and mycologist.
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Pier Antonio Micheli
Pier Antonio Micheli (11 December 1679 – 1 January 1737) was a noted Italian botanist, professor of botany in Pisa, curator of the Orto Botanico di Firenze, author of Nova plantarum genera iuxta Tournefortii methodum disposita.
See Fungus and Pier Antonio Micheli
Pilobolus
Pilobolus is a genus of fungi that commonly grows on herbivore dung.
Pine
A pine is any conifer tree or shrub in the genus Pinus of the family Pinaceae.
See Fungus and Pine
Pizza
Pizza is an Italian dish typically consisting of a flat base of leavened wheat-based dough topped with tomato, cheese, and other ingredients, baked at a high temperature, traditionally in a wood-fired oven.
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Plant
Plants are the eukaryotes that form the kingdom Plantae; they are predominantly photosynthetic. Fungus and Plant are kingdoms (biology).
See Fungus and Plant
Plant breeding
Plant breeding is the science of changing the traits of plants in order to produce desired characteristics.
Plant disease
Plant diseases are diseases in plants caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors).
Plant pathology
Plant pathology or phytopathology is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens (infectious organisms) and environmental conditions (physiological factors).
See Fungus and Plant pathology
Plasmogamy
Plasmogamy is a stage in the sexual reproduction of fungi, in which the protoplasm of two parent cells (usually from the mycelia) fuse without the fusion of nuclei, effectively bringing two haploid nuclei close together in the same cell.
Pleurotus ostreatus
Pleurotus ostreatus, the oyster mushroom, oyster fungus, hiratake, or pearl oyster mushroom is a common edible mushroom.
See Fungus and Pleurotus ostreatus
Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/24 AD 79), called Pliny the Elder, was a Roman author, naturalist, natural philosopher, naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian.
See Fungus and Pliny the Elder
Ploidy
Ploidy is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes.
PLOS One
PLOS One (stylized PLOS ONE, and formerly PLoS ONE) is a peer-reviewed open access mega journal published by the Public Library of Science (PLOS) since 2006.
Pneumocystidomycetes
The Pneumocystidomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi.
See Fungus and Pneumocystidomycetes
Pneumocystis jirovecii
Pneumocystis jirovecii (previously P. carinii) is a yeast-like fungus of the genus Pneumocystis.
See Fungus and Pneumocystis jirovecii
Polar regions of Earth
The polar regions, also called the frigid zones or polar zones, of Earth are Earth's polar ice caps, the regions of the planet that surround its geographical poles (the North and South Poles), lying within the polar circles.
See Fungus and Polar regions of Earth
Polyketide
In organic chemistry, polyketides are a class of natural products derived from a precursor molecule consisting of a chain of alternating ketone (or its reduced forms) and methylene groups:.
Polyphyly
A polyphyletic group is an assemblage that includes organisms with mixed evolutionary origin but does not include their most recent common ancestor.
Polypore
Polypores are a group of fungi that form large fruiting bodies with pores or tubes on the underside (see Delimitation for exceptions).
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharides, or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food.
Polysaccharide-K
Polysaccharide-K (Krestin, PSK) is a protein-bound polysaccharide isolated from the mycelium of Trametes versicolor.
See Fungus and Polysaccharide-K
Precursor (chemistry)
In chemistry, a precursor is a compound that participates in a chemical reaction that produces another compound.
See Fungus and Precursor (chemistry)
Prentice Hall
Prentice Hall was a major American educational publisher.
Primitive (phylogenetics)
In phylogenetics, a primitive (or ancestral) character, trait, or feature of a lineage or taxon is one that is inherited from the common ancestor of a clade (or clade group) and has undergone little change since.
See Fungus and Primitive (phylogenetics)
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal.
See Fungus and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Production of antibiotics
Production of antibiotics is a naturally occurring event, that thanks to advances in science can now be replicated and improved upon in laboratory settings.
See Fungus and Production of antibiotics
Propagule
In biology, a propagule is any material that functions in propagating an organism to the next stage in its life cycle, such as by dispersal.
Protease
A protease (also called a peptidase, proteinase, or proteolytic enzyme) is an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring the formation of new protein products.
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
Protein primary structure
Protein primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein.
See Fungus and Protein primary structure
Protein production
Protein production is the biotechnological process of generating a specific protein.
See Fungus and Protein production
Protist
A protist or protoctist is any eukaryotic organism that is not an animal, land plant, or fungus.
Prototaxites
Prototaxites is an extinct genus of terrestrial fossil fungi dating from the Late Silurian until the Late Devonian periods.
Protozoa
Protozoa (protozoan or protozoon; alternative plural: protozoans) are a polyphyletic group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic debris.
Psilocybin
Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic prodrug compound produced by more than 200 species of fungi.
Psilocybin mushroom
Psilocybin mushrooms, commonly known as magic mushrooms or shrooms, are a polyphyletic informal group of fungi that contain psilocybin, which turns into psilocin upon ingestion.
See Fungus and Psilocybin mushroom
Psilocybin therapy
Psilocybin therapy is the use of psilocybin (the psychoactive ingredient in psilocybin mushrooms) in treating a range of mental health conditions, such as depression, anxiety, addictions, obsessive compulsive disorder, and psychosis.
See Fungus and Psilocybin therapy
Psychoactive drug
A psychoactive drug, mind-altering drug, or consciousness-altering drug is a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior.
See Fungus and Psychoactive drug
Pucciniomycetes
Pucciniomycetes (formerly known as Urediniomycetidae) is a diverse class of fungi in the subphylum Pucciniomycotina of phylum Basidiomycota.
See Fungus and Pucciniomycetes
Pucciniomycotina
Pucciniomycotina is a subdivision of fungus within the division Basidiomycota.
See Fungus and Pucciniomycotina
Puffball
Puffballs are a type of fungus featuring a ball-shaped fruit body that (when mature) bursts on contact or impact, releasing a cloud of dust-like spores into the surrounding area.
Purpureocillium lilacinum
Purpureocillium lilacinum is a species of filamentous fungus in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae.
See Fungus and Purpureocillium lilacinum
Pyrophosphate
In chemistry, pyrophosphates are phosphorus oxyanions that contain two phosphorus atoms in a linkage.
Quorn
Quorn is a brand of meat substitute products, or the company that makes them.
See Fungus and Quorn
Quorum sensing
In biology, quorum sensing or quorum signaling (QS) is the process of cell-to-cell communication that allows bacteria to detect and respond to cell population density by gene regulation, typically as a means of acclimating to environmental disadvantages.
RAD51
DNA repair protein RAD51 homolog 1 is a protein encoded by the gene RAD51.
See Fungus and RAD51
Radiotrophic fungus
Radiotrophic fungi are fungi that can perform the hypothetical biological process called radiosynthesis, which means using ionizing radiation as an energy source to drive metabolism.
See Fungus and Radiotrophic fungus
Reactive oxygen species
In chemistry and biology, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive chemicals formed from diatomic oxygen, water, and hydrogen peroxide.
See Fungus and Reactive oxygen species
RecA
RecA is a 38 kilodalton protein essential for the repair and maintenance of DNA in bacteria.
See Fungus and RecA
Recreational drug use
Recreational drug use is the use of one or more psychoactive drugs to induce an altered state of consciousness, either for pleasure or for some other casual purpose or pastime.
See Fungus and Recreational drug use
Regulation of gene expression
Regulation of gene expression, or gene regulation, includes a wide range of mechanisms that are used by cells to increase or decrease the production of specific gene products (protein or RNA).
See Fungus and Regulation of gene expression
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal which covers legal aspects of toxicological and pharmacological regulations.
See Fungus and Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
Reproduction
Reproduction (or procreation or breeding) is the biological process by which new individual organisms – "offspring" – are produced from their "parent" or parents.
Research and development
Research and development (R&D or R+D; also known in Europe as research and technological development or RTD) is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products and carrier science computer marketplace e-commerce, copy center and service maintenance troubleshooting software, hardware improving existing ones.
See Fungus and Research and development
ResearchGate
ResearchGate is a European commercial social networking site for scientists and researchers to share papers, ask and answer questions, and find collaborators.
Respiratory burst
Respiratory burst (or oxidative burst) is the rapid release of the reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide, from different cell types.
See Fungus and Respiratory burst
Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of palaeobotany and palynology established in 1967.
See Fungus and Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology
Rhabdomyolysis
Rhabdomyolysis (shortened as rhabdo) is a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle breaks down rapidly, often due to high intensity exercise over a short period of time.
Rhizaria
The Rhizaria are a diverse and species-rich supergroup of mostly unicellular eukaryotes.
Rhizomucor
Rhizomucor is a genus of fungi in the family Lichtheimiaceae. Fungus and Rhizomucor are fungi.
Rhizopus
Rhizopus is a genus of common saprophytic fungi on plants and specialized parasites on animals.
Rhizopus stolonifer
Rhizopus stolonifer is commonly known as black bread mold.
See Fungus and Rhizopus stolonifer
Rhizosphere
The rhizosphere is the narrow region of soil or substrate that is directly influenced by root secretions and associated soil microorganisms known as the root microbiome.
Rhynie chert
The Rhynie chert is a Lower Devonian sedimentary deposit exhibiting extraordinary fossil detail or completeness (a Lagerstätte).
Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is a type of non-coding RNA which is the primary component of ribosomes, essential to all cells.
Ribosome
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (messenger RNA translation).
Right angle
In geometry and trigonometry, a right angle is an angle of exactly 90 degrees or radians corresponding to a quarter turn.
Robert Kaye Greville
Dr.
See Fungus and Robert Kaye Greville
Root
In vascular plants, the roots are the organs of a plant that are modified to provide anchorage for the plant and take in water and nutrients into the plant body, which allows plants to grow taller and faster.
See Fungus and Root
Root (linguistics)
A root (or root word or radical) is the core of a word that is irreducible into more meaningful elements.
See Fungus and Root (linguistics)
Roquefort
Roquefort is a sheep milk blue cheese from southern France.
Roquefortine C
Roquefortine C is a mycotoxin that belongs to a class of naturally occurring 2,5-diketopiperazines produced by various fungi, particularly species from the genus Penicillium.
Royal Society of Chemistry
The Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) is a learned society and professional association in the United Kingdom with the goal of "advancing the chemical sciences".
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Royal Society Open Science
Royal Society Open Science is a peer-reviewed, open access scientific journal published by the Royal Society since September 2014.
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Royall T. Moore
Royall Tyler Moore (October 11, 1930 – August 17, 2014) was an American-born mycologist and mycology professor.
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Rozella
Rozella is a fungal genus of obligate endoparasites of a variety of hosts, including Oomycota, Chytridiomycota, and Blastocladiomycota.
Rozellida
Cryptomycota ('hidden fungi'), Rozellida, or Rozellomycota are a clade of micro-organisms that are either fungi or a sister group to fungi.
Rust (fungus)
Rusts are fungal plant pathogens of the order Pucciniales (previously known as Uredinales) causing plant fungal diseases.
Rye
Rye (Secale cereale) is a grass grown extensively as a grain, a cover crop and a forage crop.
See Fungus and Rye
Saccharomyces
Saccharomyces is a genus of fungi that includes many species of yeasts.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast or baker's yeast) is a species of yeast (single-celled fungal microorganisms).
See Fungus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyceta
Saccharomyceta is a clade of fungi containing Pezizomycotina and Saccharomycotina, or all Ascomycete fungi except Taphrinomycotina according to the 2007 fungal phylogeny "The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research" and Tedersoo et al.
Saccharomycetes
Saccharomycetes belongs to the Ascomycota division of the kingdom Fungi.
See Fungus and Saccharomycetes
Saccharomycotina
Saccharomycotina is a subdivision (subphylum) of the division (phylum) Ascomycota in the kingdom Fungi.
See Fungus and Saccharomycotina
Sake
Sake,, or saki, also referred to as Japanese rice wine, is an alcoholic beverage of Japanese origin made by fermenting rice that has been polished to remove the bran.
See Fungus and Sake
Saprotrophic nutrition
Saprotrophic nutrition or lysotrophic nutrition is a process of chemoheterotrophic extracellular digestion involved in the processing of decayed (dead or waste) organic matter.
See Fungus and Saprotrophic nutrition
Sarcoscypha coccinea
Sarcoscypha coccinea, commonly known as the scarlet elf cup, or the scarlet cup, is a species of fungus in the family Sarcoscyphaceae of the order Pezizales.
See Fungus and Sarcoscypha coccinea
Savanna
A savanna or savannah is a mixed woodland-grassland (i.e. grassy woodland) biome and ecosystem characterised by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the canopy does not close.
Sawfly
Sawflies are wasp-like insects that are in the suborder Symphyta within the order Hymenoptera, alongside ants, bees, and wasps.
Scanning electron microscope
A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a type of electron microscope that produces images of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.
See Fungus and Scanning electron microscope
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Schizosaccharomyces pombe, also called "fission yeast", is a species of yeast used in traditional brewing and as a model organism in molecular and cell biology.
See Fungus and Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Schizosaccharomyceta
Schizosaccharomyceta is a clade of fungi within Taphrinomycotina containing all members of the clade except Neolectomycetes and Taphrinomycetes according to the 2007 fungal phylogeny "The Mycota: A Comprehensive Treatise on Fungi as Experimental Systems for Basic and Applied Research" and Tedersoo et al.
See Fungus and Schizosaccharomyceta
Schizosaccharomycetes
Schizosaccharomycetes is a class in the kingdom of fungi.
See Fungus and Schizosaccharomycetes
Sciaroidea
Sciaroidea is a superfamily in the infraorder Bibionomorpha.
Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
See Fungus and Science (journal)
Science of the Total Environment
Science of the Total Environment is a weekly international peer-reviewed scientific journal covering environmental science.
See Fungus and Science of the Total Environment
Sclerotium
A sclerotium (sclerotia, is a compact mass of hardened fungal mycelium containing food reserves. One role of sclerotia is to survive environmental extremes. In some higher fungi such as ergot, sclerotia become detached and remain dormant until favorable growth conditions return. Sclerotia initially were mistaken for individual organisms and described as separate species until Louis René Tulasne proved in 1853 that sclerotia are only a stage in the life cycle of some fungi.
Secondary metabolites, also called specialised metabolites, toxins, secondary products, or natural products, are organic compounds produced by any lifeform, e.g. bacteria, fungi, animals, or plants, which are not directly involved in the normal growth, development, or reproduction of the organism.
See Fungus and Secondary metabolite
Sediment
Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice or by the force of gravity acting on the particles.
Semantics
Semantics is the study of linguistic meaning.
Semi-arid climate
A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type.
See Fungus and Semi-arid climate
Semisynthesis
Semisynthesis, or partial chemical synthesis, is a type of chemical synthesis that uses chemical compounds isolated from natural sources (such as microbial cell cultures or plant material) as the starting materials to produce novel compounds with distinct chemical and medicinal properties.
Septum
In biology, a septum (Latin for something that encloses;: septa) is a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into smaller ones.
Sessility (motility)
Sessility is the biological property of an organism describing its lack of a means of self-locomotion.
See Fungus and Sessility (motility)
Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete (haploid reproductive cells, such as a sperm or egg cell) with a single set of chromosomes combines with another gamete to produce a zygote that develops into an organism composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes (diploid).
See Fungus and Sexual reproduction
Shamanism
Shamanism or samanism is a religious practice that involves a practitioner (shaman or saman) interacting with the spirit world through altered states of consciousness, such as trance.
Shiitake
The shiitake (Lentinula edodes) is an edible mushroom native to East Asia, which is cultivated and consumed around the globe.
Siberia
Siberia (Sibir') is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.
Silurian
The Silurian is a geologic period and system spanning 24.6 million years from the end of the Ordovician Period, at million years ago (Mya), to the beginning of the Devonian Period, Mya.
Sirex
Sirex is a genus of wasps in the family Siricidae, the horntails or wood wasps.
See Fungus and Sirex
Sister group
In phylogenetics, a sister group or sister taxon, also called an adelphotaxon, comprises the closest relative(s) of another given unit in an evolutionary tree.
Slime mold
Slime mold or slime mould is an informal name given to a polyphyletic assemblage of unrelated eukaryotic organisms in the Stramenopiles, Rhizaria, Discoba, Amoebozoa and Holomycota clades.
Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution, or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums, education and research centers, the largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge." Founded on August 10, 1846, it operates as a trust instrumentality and is not formally a part of any of the three branches of the federal government.
See Fungus and Smithsonian Institution
Smut (fungus)
The smuts are multicellular fungi characterized by their large numbers of teliospores.
Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
The Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (SIMB) is a nonprofit, international association dedicated to the advancement of microbiological sciences, especially as they apply to industrial products, biotechnology, materials, and processes.
See Fungus and Society for Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Soil formation
Soil formation, also known as pedogenesis, is the process of soil genesis as regulated by the effects of place, environment, and history.
Somatic (biology)
In cellular biology, the term somatic is derived from the French somatique which comes from Ancient Greek σωματικός (sōmatikós, “bodily”), and σῶμα (sôma, “body”.) is often used to refer to the cells of the body, in contrast to the reproductive (germline) cells, which usually give rise to the egg or sperm (or other gametes in other organisms).
See Fungus and Somatic (biology)
Sordariomycetes
Sordariomycetes is a class of fungi in the subdivision Pezizomycotina (Ascomycota).
See Fungus and Sordariomycetes
Soy sauce
Soy sauce (sometimes called soya sauce in British English) is a liquid condiment of Chinese origin, traditionally made from a fermented paste of soybeans, roasted grain, brine, and Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus sojae molds.
Species description
A species description is a formal scientific description of a newly encountered species, typically articulated through a scientific publication.
See Fungus and Species description
Species Plantarum
Species Plantarum (Latin for "The Species of Plants") is a book by Carl Linnaeus, originally published in 1753, which lists every species of plant known at the time, classified into genera.
See Fungus and Species Plantarum
Spitzenkörper
The Spitzenkörper (German for 'pointed body', SPK) is a structure found in fungal hyphae that is the organizing center for hyphal growth and morphogenesis.
Sporangium
A sporangium (from Late Latin);: sporangia) is an enclosure in which spores are formed. It can be composed of a single cell or can be multicellular. Virtually all plants, fungi, and many other groups form sporangia at some point in their life cycle. Sporangia can produce spores by mitosis, but in land plants and many fungi, sporangia produce genetically distinct haploid spores by meiosis.
Spore
In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual (in fungi) or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions.
See Fungus and Spore
Sporocarp (fungus)
The sporocarp (also known as fruiting body, fruit body or fruitbody) of fungi is a multicellular structure on which spore-producing structures, such as basidia or asci, are borne.
See Fungus and Sporocarp (fungus)
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
See Fungus and Springer Science+Business Media
Statin
Statins (or HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors) are a class of medications that reduce illness and mortality in people who are at high risk of cardiovascular disease.
Sterol
Sterol is an organic compound with formula, whose molecule is derived from that of gonane by replacement of a hydrogen atom on C3 position by a hydroxyl group.
Stilton cheese
Stilton is an English cheese, produced in two varieties: Blue, which has Penicillium roqueforti added to generate a characteristic smell and taste, and White, which does not.
Stingless bee
Stingless bees (SB), sometimes called stingless honey bees or simply meliponines, are a large group of bees (from about 462 to 552 described species), comprising the tribe Meliponini (or subtribe Meliponina according to other authors).
Stipe (mycology)
In mycology, a stipe is the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom.
See Fungus and Stipe (mycology)
Stone washing
Stone washing is a textile manufacturing process used to give a newly manufactured cloth garment a worn appearance.
Stramenopile
The Stramenopiles, also called Heterokonts, are a clade of organisms distinguished by the presence of stiff tripartite external hairs.
Subphylum
In zoological nomenclature, a subphylum is a taxonomic rank below the rank of phylum.
Substrate (biology)
In biology, a substrate is the surface on which an organism (such as a plant, fungus, or animal) lives.
See Fungus and Substrate (biology)
Sugar alcohol
Sugar alcohols (also called polyhydric alcohols, polyalcohols, alditols or glycitols) are organic compounds, typically derived from sugars, containing one hydroxyl group attached to each carbon atom.
Surface-area-to-volume ratio
The surface-area-to-volume ratio or surface-to-volume ratio (denoted as SA:V, SA/V, or sa/vol) is the ratio between surface area and volume of an object or collection of objects.
See Fungus and Surface-area-to-volume ratio
Susan Trumbore
Susan E. Trumbore is an earth systems scientist focusing on the carbon cycle and its effects on climate.
Symbiomycota
Symbiomycota is a clade of fungi containing both Glomeromycota and Dikarya.
Symbiosis
Symbiosis (from Greek,, "living with, companionship, camaraderie", from,, "together", and, bíōsis, "living") is any type of a close and long-term biological interaction between two biological organisms of different species, termed symbionts, be it mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic.
Synonym (taxonomy)
The Botanical and Zoological Codes of nomenclature treat the concept of synonymy differently.
See Fungus and Synonym (taxonomy)
Syphilis
Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection caused by the bacterium Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.
Systematic Biology
Systematic Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Systematic Biologists.
See Fungus and Systematic Biology
T-2 mycotoxin
T-2 mycotoxin is a trichothecene mycotoxin.
Taphrinomycetes
The Taphrinomycetes are a class of ascomycete fungi belonging to the subdivision Taphrinomycotina.
See Fungus and Taphrinomycetes
Taphrinomycotina
The Taphrinomycotina are one of three subdivisions constituting the Ascomycota (fungi that form their spores in a sac-like ascus) and is more or less synonymous with the slightly older invalid name Archiascomycetes (sometimes spelled Archaeascomycetes; archea.
See Fungus and Taphrinomycotina
Taxon
In biology, a taxon (back-formation from taxonomy;: taxa) is a group of one or more populations of an organism or organisms seen by taxonomists to form a unit.
See Fungus and Taxon
Taxonomy (biology)
In biology, taxonomy is the scientific study of naming, defining (circumscribing) and classifying groups of biological organisms based on shared characteristics.
See Fungus and Taxonomy (biology)
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in England that publishes books and academic journals.
See Fungus and Taylor & Francis
Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph
In mycology, the terms teleomorph, anamorph, and holomorph apply to portions of the life cycles of fungi in the phyla Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.
See Fungus and Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph
Tempeh
Tempeh or tempe (témpé) is a traditional Indonesian food made from fermented soybeans.
Termite
Termites are a group of detritophagous eusocial insects which consume a wide variety of decaying plant material, generally in the form of wood, leaf litter, and soil humus.
Terpene
Terpenes are a class of natural products consisting of compounds with the formula (C5H8)n for n ≥ 2.
Texas root rot
Texas root rot (also known as Phymatotrichopsis root rot, Phymatotrichum root rot, cotton root rot, or, in the older literature, Ozonium root rot) is a disease that is fairly common in Mexico and the southwestern United States resulting in sudden wilt and death of affected plants, usually during the warmer months.
The American Naturalist
The American Naturalist is the monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of the American Society of Naturalists, whose purpose is "to advance and to diffuse knowledge of organic evolution and other broad biological principles so as to enhance the conceptual unification of the biological sciences." It was established in 1867 and is published by the University of Chicago Press.
See Fungus and The American Naturalist
The Atlantic
The Atlantic is an American magazine and multi-platform publisher.
The Biological Bulletin
The Biological Bulletin is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering the field of biology.
See Fungus and The Biological Bulletin
The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
The New York Review of Books
The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semi-monthly magazine with articles on literature, culture, economics, science and current affairs.
See Fungus and The New York Review of Books
The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
See Fungus and The New York Times
Thelocarpaceae
Thelocarpaceae is the sole family of lichen-forming fungi in the order Thelocarpales.
Theoretical Population Biology
Theoretical Population Biology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on theoretical aspects population biology in its widest sense, including mathematical modelling of populations, ecology, evolution, genetics, demography, and epidemiology.
See Fungus and Theoretical Population Biology
Tinder
Tinder is easily combustible material used to start a fire.
Total organic carbon
Total organic carbon (TOC) is an analytical parameter representing the concentration of organic carbon in a sample.
See Fungus and Total organic carbon
Toxin
A toxin is a naturally occurring poison produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms.
See Fungus and Toxin
Traditional Chinese medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an alternative medical practice drawn from traditional medicine in China.
See Fungus and Traditional Chinese medicine
Traditional medicine
Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous medicine or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies, including indigenous peoples, before the era of modern medicine.
See Fungus and Traditional medicine
Trametes versicolor
Trametes versicoloralso known as Coriolus versicolor and Polyporus versicoloris a common polypore mushroom found throughout the world.
See Fungus and Trametes versicolor
Transmission electron microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is a microscopy technique in which a beam of electrons is transmitted through a specimen to form an image.
See Fungus and Transmission electron microscopy
Trehalose
Trehalose (from Turkish tıgala – a sugar derived from insect cocoons + -ose) is a sugar consisting of two molecules of glucose.
Tremellomycetes
The Tremellomycetes are a class of dimorphic fungi in the Agaricomycotina.
See Fungus and Tremellomycetes
Trends (journals)
Trends is a series of 16 review journals in a range of areas of biology and chemistry published under its Cell Press imprint by Elsevier.
See Fungus and Trends (journals)
Tricholoma equestre
Tricholoma equestre or Tricholoma flavovirens, commonly known as the man on horseback or yellow knight is a widely eaten but arguably toxic fungus of the genus Tricholoma that forms ectomycorrhiza with pine trees.
See Fungus and Tricholoma equestre
Trichothecene
The trichothecenes are a large family of chemically related mycotoxins.
Tritirachiomycetes
The Tritirachiomycetes are class of fungi in the Pucciniomycotina.
See Fungus and Tritirachiomycetes
Truffle
A truffle is the fruiting body of a subterranean ascomycete fungus, one of the species of the genus Tuber.
Tuber (fungus)
Tuber is a genus in the fungal family Tuberaceae, with estimated molecular dating to the end of the Jurassic period (156 Mya).
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB), also known colloquially as the "white death", or historically as consumption, is an infectious disease usually caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) bacteria.
Turgor pressure
Turgor pressure is the force within the cell that pushes the plasma membrane against the cell wall.
See Fungus and Turgor pressure
Ultrastructure
Ultrastructure (or ultra-structure) is the architecture of cells and biomaterials that is visible at higher magnifications than found on a standard optical light microscope.
Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) light is electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths of 10–400 nanometers, shorter than that of visible light, but longer than X-rays.
United States Department of Agriculture
The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is an executive department of the United States federal government that aims to meet the needs of commercial farming and livestock food production, promotes agricultural trade and production, works to assure food safety, protects natural resources, fosters rural communities and works to end hunger in the United States and internationally.
See Fungus and United States Department of Agriculture
University of California Press
The University of California Press, otherwise known as UC Press, is a publishing house associated with the University of California that engages in academic publishing.
See Fungus and University of California Press
University of Toronto Press
The University of Toronto Press is a Canadian university press.
See Fungus and University of Toronto Press
University of Washington Press
The University of Washington Press is an American academic publishing house.
See Fungus and University of Washington Press
Ustilaginomycetes
Ustilaginomycetes is the class of true smut fungi.
See Fungus and Ustilaginomycetes
Ustilaginomycotina
The Ustilaginomycotina is a subdivision within the division Basidiomycota of the kingdom Fungi.
See Fungus and Ustilaginomycotina
Ustilago
Ustilago is a genus of approximately 200 smut fungi, which are parasitic on grasses.
Vacuole
A vacuole is a membrane-bound organelle which is present in plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal, and bacterial cells.
Vegetative reproduction
Vegetative reproduction (also known as vegetative propagation, vegetative multiplication or cloning) is a form of asexual reproduction occurring in plants in which a new plant grows from a fragment or cutting of the parent plant or specialized reproductive structures, which are sometimes called vegetative propagules.
See Fungus and Vegetative reproduction
Vesicle (biology and chemistry)
In cell biology, a vesicle is a structure within or outside a cell, consisting of liquid or cytoplasm enclosed by a lipid bilayer.
See Fungus and Vesicle (biology and chemistry)
Vezdaea
Vezdaea is a genus of crustose lichens in the monotypic family Vezdaeaceae, which itself is the only taxon in the order Vezdaeales.
Virus
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.
See Fungus and Virus
Visible spectrum
The visible spectrum is the band of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye.
See Fungus and Visible spectrum
Volvariella volvacea
Volvariella volvacea (also known as paddy straw mushroom or straw mushroom) is a species of edible mushroom cultivated throughout East and Southeast Asia and used extensively in Asian cuisine.
See Fungus and Volvariella volvacea
Wallemiomycetes
The Wallemiomycetes are a class of fungi in the division Basidiomycota.
See Fungus and Wallemiomycetes
Weed
A weed is a plant considered undesirable in a particular situation, growing where it conflicts with human preferences, needs, or goals.
See Fungus and Weed
Wiley (publisher)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley, is an American multinational publishing company that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials.
See Fungus and Wiley (publisher)
Wiley-Blackwell
Wiley-Blackwell is an international scientific, technical, medical, and scholarly publishing business of John Wiley & Sons.
See Fungus and Wiley-Blackwell
Wood-decay fungus
A wood-decay or xylophagous fungus is any species of fungus that digests moist wood, causing it to rot.
See Fungus and Wood-decay fungus
Woodboring beetle
The term woodboring beetle encompasses many species and families of beetles whose larval or adult forms eat and destroy wood (i.e., are xylophagous).
See Fungus and Woodboring beetle
Workman Publishing Company
Workman Publishing Company, Inc., is an American publisher of trade books founded by Peter Workman. The company consists of imprints Workman, Workman Children's, Workman Calendars, Artisan, Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill and Algonquin Young Readers, Storey Publishing, and Timber Press.
See Fungus and Workman Publishing Company
Xylanase
Endo-1,4-β-xylanase (systematic name 4-β-D-xylan xylanohydrolase) is any of a class of enzymes that degrade the linear polysaccharide xylan into xylose, thus breaking down hemicellulose, one of the major components of plant cell walls: Xylanase plays a major role in micro-organisms thriving on plant sources for the degradation of plant matter into usable nutrients.
Xylem
Xylem is one of the two types of transport tissue in vascular plants, the other being phloem.
See Fungus and Xylem
Xylonomycetes
The Xylonomycetes are a class of fungi, which holds 2 orders of Symbiotaphrinales, and Xylonales.
Xylophagy
Xylophagy is a term used in ecology to describe the habits of an herbivorous animal whose diet consists primarily (often solely) of wood.
Yale University Press
Yale University Press is the university press of Yale University.
See Fungus and Yale University Press
YAP1
YAP1 (yes-associated protein 1), also known as YAP or YAP65, is a protein that acts as a transcription coregulator that promotes transcription of genes involved in cellular proliferation and suppressing apoptotic genes.
See Fungus and YAP1
Year
A year is the time taken for astronomical objects to complete one orbit.
See Fungus and Year
Yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.
See Fungus and Yeast
Zea (plant)
Zea is a genus of flowering plants in the grass family.
Zoopagomycotina
The Zoopagomycotina are a subdivision (incertae sedis) of the fungal division Zygomycota sensu lato.
See Fungus and Zoopagomycotina
Zoospore
A zoospore is a motile asexual spore that uses a flagellum for locomotion in aqueous or moist environments.
Zygomycota
Zygomycota, or zygote fungi, is a former division or phylum of the kingdom Fungi.
Zygospore
A zygospore is a diploid reproductive stage in the life cycle of many fungi and protists.
Zygote
A zygote is a eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes.
See also
Cryptogams
Extant Early Devonian first appearances
- Anurida stereoodorata
- Chimaera
- Coelacanth
- Fungus
- Hexapoda
- Holocephali
- Insect
- Lungfish
- Nematode
- Opiliones
- Springtail
- Tetrapodomorpha
Fungi
- Aulographina
- Benjaminiella
- Calcarisporiellales
- Chlamydoabsidia
- Circinella
- Dichotomocladium
- Evolution of fungi
- Fennellomyces
- Funga
- Fungal DNA barcoding
- Fungal genome
- Fungus
- Ganoderma microsporum immunomodulatory protein
- Gongronella
- Halteromyces
- Hesseltinella
- Lichtheimia
- Microfungi
- Monoblepharis
- Montanelia
- Outline of fungi
- Retiperidiolia
- Rhizomucor
- Rhizomucor miehei
- Rhizomucor pusillus
- Sporoplasm
- Winfrenatia
- Yeasts
Kingdoms (biology)
- Animal
- Animals
- Archezoa
- Chromista
- Fungi
- Fungus
- Kingdom (biology)
- Orthornavirae
- Plant
- Plants
- Proteoarchaeota
Taxa described in 1980
- Antrodiella
- Apatoplaca
- Asiodiplatys
- Asterochloris
- Awasthiella
- Basidiomycota
- Cavaticovelia
- Cetrariopsis
- Cetreliopsis
- Cladophialophora
- Edrudia
- Elliptochloris
- Esslingeriana
- Fungus
- Herteliana
- Hygrophoropsidaceae
- Karsteniomyces
- Leporinus amae
- Ligiella
- Navisporus
- Paraembolides
- Psorinia
- Psorula
- Sechelleptus
- Sparsitubus
- Symbiotaphrina
- Thamnogalla
- Tornabea
- Trapeliopsis
- Xerotrema
Taxa named by Royall T. Moore
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus
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