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Heterodox economics, the Glossary

Heterodox economics is any economic thought or theory that contrasts with orthodox schools of economic thought, or that may be beyond neoclassical economics.^[1]

172 relations: A priori and a posteriori, Alfred Eichner, Alice Amsden, American School (economics), Anarchist economics, Aníbal Pinto Santa Cruz, Anwar Shaikh (economist), Association for Evolutionary Economics, Auguste Comte, Austrian school of economics, Behavioral economics, Bernard Lonergan, Bill Mitchell (economist), Binary economics, Buddhist economics, Carlota Perez, Carolina Cristina Alves, Celso Furtado, Chinese economic reform, Co-operative economics, Complexity economics, Dani Rodrik, David Colander, David Harvey, David Ricardo, Degrowth, Distributism, Duncan K. Foley, E. F. Schumacher, Ecological economics, Economic anthropology, Economic efficiency, Economic equilibrium, Economic sociology, Economics, Econophysics, Edward J. Nell, Energy, Energy accounting, Entropy, Epistemological pluralism, Esther Dweck, European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy, Evolution, Evolutionary economics, Experimental economics, Feminist economics, Foundations of Real-World Economics, Frank Stilwell (economist), Franklin Serrano, ... Expand index (122 more) »
History of economic thought

A priori and a posteriori

A priori ('from the earlier') and a posteriori ('from the later') are Latin phrases used in philosophy to distinguish types of knowledge, justification, or argument by their reliance on experience.

See Heterodox economics and A priori and a posteriori

Alfred S. Eichner (March 23, 1937February 10, 1988) was an American post-Keynesian economist who challenged the neoclassical price mechanism and asserted that prices are not set through supply and demand but rather through mark-up pricing.

See Heterodox economics and Alfred Eichner

Alice Amsden

Alice Hoffenberg Amsden (June 27, 1943 – March 14, 2012) was a political economist and scholar of state-led economic development.

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American School (economics)

The American School, also known as the National System, represents three different yet related constructs in politics, policy and philosophy.

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Anarchist economics

Anarchist economics is the set of theories and practices of economic activity within the political philosophy of anarchism.

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Aníbal Pinto Santa Cruz

Aníbal Pinto Santa Cruz (1919 – 3 January 1996) was a Chilean economist known for his work on dependency theory and structuralist economics.

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Anwar Shaikh (economist)

Anwar M. Shaikh (born 1945) is a Pakistani American heterodox economist in the tradition of classical political economy and Marxian economics.

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Association for Evolutionary Economics

The Association for Evolutionary Economics (AFEE) is an international organization of economists working in the institutionalist and evolutionary traditions of Thorstein Veblen, John R. Commons and Wesley Mitchell.

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Auguste Comte

Isidore Auguste Marie François Xavier Comte (19 January 1798 – 30 September 1857) was a French philosopher, mathematician and writer who formulated the doctrine of positivism.

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Austrian school of economics

The Austrian school is a heterodox school of economic thought that advocates strict adherence to methodological individualism, the concept that social phenomena result primarily from the motivations and actions of individuals along with their self interest.

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Behavioral economics

Behavioral economics is the study of the psychological, cognitive, emotional, cultural and social factors involved in the decisions of individuals or institutions, and how these decisions deviate from those implied by classical economic theory.

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Bernard Lonergan

Bernard Joseph Francis Lonergan (17 December 1904 – 26 November 1984) was a Canadian Jesuit priest, philosopher, and theologian, regarded by many as one of the most important thinkers of the 20th century.

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Bill Mitchell (economist)

William Francis Mitchell (born 7 March 1952) is a professor of economics at the University of Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia and Docent Professor of Global Political Economy at the University of Helsinki, Finland.

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Binary economics

Binary economics, also known as two-factor economics, is a theory of economics that endorses both private property and a free market but proposes significant reforms to the banking system.

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Buddhist economics

Buddhist economics is a spiritual and philosophical approach to the study of economics.

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Carlota Perez

Carlota Perez (Carlota Pérez; born September 20, 1939, in Caracas) is a British-Venezuelan scholar specialized in technology and socio-economic development.

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Carolina Cristina Alves

Carolina Cristina Alves is an Associate Professor at the University College London Institute for Innovation and Social Purpose.

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Celso Furtado

Celso Monteiro Furtado (July 26, 1920 – November 20, 2004) was a Brazilian economist and one of the most distinguished intellectuals of the 20th century.

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Chinese economic reform

The Chinese economic reform or Chinese economic miracle, also known domestically as reform and opening-up, refers to a variety of economic reforms termed "socialism with Chinese characteristics" and "socialist market economy" in the People's Republic of China (PRC) that began in the late 20th century, after Mao Zedong's death in 1976.

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Co-operative economics

Cooperative (or co-operative) economics is a field of economics that incorporates cooperative studies and political economy toward the study and management of cooperatives.

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Complexity economics

Complexity economics is the application of complexity science to the problems of economics.

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Dani Rodrik

Dani Rodrik (born August 14, 1957) is a Turkish economist and Ford Foundation Professor of International Political Economy at the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.

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David Colander

David Charles Colander (November 16, 1947 – December 4, 2023) was an American economist, and the Christian A. Johnson Distinguished Professor of Economics at Middlebury College.

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David Harvey

David W. Harvey (born 31 October 1935) is a British-American academic best known for Marxist analyses that focus on urban geography as well as the economy more broadly.

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David Ricardo

David Ricardo (18 April 1772 – 11 September 1823) was a British political economist, politician, and member of the Parliament of Great Britain and Ireland.

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Degrowth

Degrowth is an academic and social movement critical of the concept of growth in gross domestic product as a measure of human and economic development.

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Distributism

Distributism is an economic theory asserting that the world's productive assets should be widely owned rather than concentrated.

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Duncan K. Foley

Duncan K. Foley (born June 15, 1942) is an American economist.

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E. F. Schumacher

Ernst Friedrich Schumacher (16 August 1911 – 4 September 1977) was a British statistician and economist who is best known for his proposals for human-scale, decentralised and appropriate technologies.

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Ecological economics

Ecological economics, bioeconomics, ecolonomy, eco-economics, or ecol-econ is both a transdisciplinary and an interdisciplinary field of academic research addressing the interdependence and coevolution of human economies and natural ecosystems, both intertemporally and spatially.

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Economic anthropology

Economic anthropology is a field that attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope.

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Economic efficiency

In microeconomics, economic efficiency, depending on the context, is usually one of the following two related concepts.

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Economic equilibrium

In economics, economic equilibrium is a situation in which economic forces such as supply and demand are balanced and in the absence of external influences the (equilibrium) values of economic variables will not change.

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Economic sociology

Economic sociology is the study of the social cause and effect of various economic phenomena.

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Economics

Economics is a social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

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Econophysics

Econophysics is a non-orthodox (in economics) interdisciplinary research field, applying theories and methods originally developed by physicists in order to solve problems in economics, usually those including uncertainty or stochastic processes and nonlinear dynamics.

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Edward J. Nell

Edward J. Nell (born July 16, 1935) is an American economist and a former professor at the New School for Social Research.

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Energy

Energy is the quantitative property that is transferred to a body or to a physical system, recognizable in the performance of work and in the form of heat and light.

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Energy accounting

Energy accounting is a system used to measure, analyze and report the energy consumption of different activities on a regular basis.

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Entropy

Entropy is a scientific concept that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty.

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Epistemological pluralism

Epistemological pluralism is a term used in philosophy, economics, and virtually any field of study to refer to different ways of knowing things, different epistemological methodologies for attaining a fuller description of a particular field.

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Esther Dweck

Esther Dweck (born 23 May 1977) is a Brazilian economist, professor and writer.

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European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy

The European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy (EAEPE) is a pluralist forum of social scientists that brings together institutional and evolutionary economists broadly defined.

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Evolution

Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.

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Evolutionary economics

Evolutionary economics is a school of economic thought that is inspired by evolutionary biology.

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Experimental economics

Experimental economics is the application of experimental methods to study economic questions.

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Feminist economics

Feminist economics is the critical study of economics and economies, with a focus on gender-aware and inclusive economic inquiry and policy analysis.

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Foundations of Real-World Economics

Foundations of Real-World Economics: What Every Economics Student Needs to Know is a 2019 book by John Komlos in which the author argues that the turbulence of the 21st century, including the Dot-Com bubble, the 2008 financial crisis, the rise of right-wing populism, covid-pandemic, and numerous wars, cannot be adequately understood with conventional 20th-century economic thinking.

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Frank Stilwell (economist)

Franklin "Frank" J.B. Stilwell (born 1944) is an Australian political economist and Professor Emeritus.

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Franklin Serrano

Franklin Leon Peres Serrano is a Brazilian economist and professor at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro.

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Frederic Sterling Lee

Frederic Sterling Lee (November 24, 1949 – October 23, 2014) was an American heterodox economist.

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Frederick Soddy

Frederick Soddy FRS (2 September 1877 – 22 September 1956) was an English radiochemist who explained, with Ernest Rutherford, that radioactivity is due to the transmutation of elements, now known to involve nuclear reactions.

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Freiwirtschaft

Freiwirtschaft (German for "free economy") is an economic idea founded by Silvio Gesell in 1916.

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Friedrich Hayek

Friedrich August von Hayek (8 May 1899 – 23 March 1992), often referred to by his initials F. A. Hayek, was an Austrian-British academic, who contributed to economics, political philosophy, psychology, and intellectual history.

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G. L. S. Shackle

George Lennox Sharman Shackle (14 July 1903 – 3 March 1992) was an English economist.

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Georgism

Georgism, also called in modern times Geoism, and known historically as the single tax movement, is an economic ideology holding that people should own the value that they produce themselves, while the economic rent derived from land—including from all natural resources, the commons, and urban locations—should belong equally to all members of society.

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Gift economy

A gift economy or gift culture is a system of exchange where valuables are not sold, but rather given without an explicit agreement for immediate or future rewards.

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Great Depression

The Great Depression (19291939) was a severe global economic downturn that affected many countries across the world.

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Ha-Joon Chang

Ha-Joon Chang (born 7 October 1963) is a South Korean economist and academic.

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Hal Varian

Hal Ronald Varian (born March 18, 1947, in Wooster, Ohio) is Chief Economist at Google and holds the title of emeritus professor at the University of California, Berkeley where he was founding dean of the School of Information.

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Hans Singer

Sir Hans Wolfgang Singer (29 November 1910 – 26 February 2006) was a German-born British development economist best known for the Prebisch-Singer thesis, which states that the terms of trade move against producers of primary products.

See Heterodox economics and Hans Singer

Happiness economics

The economics of happiness or happiness economics is the theoretical, qualitative and quantitative study of happiness and quality of life, including positive and negative affects, well-being, life satisfaction and related concepts – typically tying economics more closely than usual with other social sciences, like sociology and psychology, as well as physical health.

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Heinz D. Kurz

Heinz D. Kurz (born 29 March 1946) is professor of economics at the University of Graz.

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Henry George

Henry George (September 2, 1839 – October 29, 1897) was an American political economist and journalist.

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Herman Daly

Herman Edward Daly (July 21, 1938 – October 28, 2022) was an American ecological and Georgist economist and professor at the School of Public Policy of University of Maryland, College Park in the United States, best known for his time as a senior economist at the World Bank from 1988 to 1994.

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Historical school of economics

The historical school of economics was an approach to academic economics and to public administration that emerged in the 19th century in Germany, and held sway there until well into the 20th century.

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Homo economicus

The term Homo economicus, or economic man, is the portrayal of humans as agents who are consistently rational and narrowly self-interested, and who pursue their subjectively defined ends optimally.

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Humanistic economics

Humanistic economics is a distinct pattern of economic thought with old historical roots that have been more recently invigorated by E. F. Schumacher's Small Is Beautiful: Economics as if People Mattered (1973).

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Hyman Minsky

Hyman Philip Minsky (September 23, 1919 – October 24, 1996) was an American economist, a professor of economics at Washington University in St. Louis, and a distinguished scholar at the Levy Economics Institute of Bard College.

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Innovation economics

Innovation economics is new, and growing field of economic theory and applied/experimental economics that emphasizes innovation and entrepreneurship.

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Institutional economics

Institutional economics focuses on understanding the role of the evolutionary process and the role of institutions in shaping economic behavior.

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Institutionalist political economy

Institutionalist political economy, also known as institutional political economy or IPE, refers to a body of political economy, thought to stem from the works of institutionalists such as Thorstein Veblen, John Commons, Wesley Mitchell and John Dewey. Heterodox economics and institutionalist political economy are political economy.

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International Student Initiative for Pluralist Economics

The International Student Initiative for Pluralist Economics (ISIPE) is an alliance of university student groups and societies from several countries campaigning for a reform of economics education and research.

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Islamic economics

Islamic economics (الاقتصاد الإسلامي) refers to the knowledge of economics or economic activities and processes in terms of Islamic principles and teachings.

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Jack Amariglio

Jack L. Amariglio (born April 6, 1951) is a North American heterodox economist.

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JEL classification codes

Articles in economics journals are usually classified according to JEL classification codes, which derive from the Journal of Economic Literature.

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Jeremy Rifkin

Jeremy Rifkin (born January 26, 1945) is an American economic and social theorist, writer, public speaker, political advisor, and activist.

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Joan Robinson

Joan Violet Robinson (née Maurice; 31 October 1903 – 5 August 1983) was a British economist known for her wide-ranging contributions to economic theory.

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John Bellamy Foster

John Bellamy Foster (born August 19, 1953) is an American professor of sociology at the University of Oregon and editor of the Monthly Review.

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John Komlos

John Komlos (born 28 December 1944) is an American economic historian of Hungarian descent and former holder of the chair of economic history at the University of Munich.

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John Ruskin

John Ruskin (8 February 1819 20 January 1900) was an English writer, philosopher, art historian, art critic and polymath of the Victorian era.

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Joseph Henry

Joseph Henry (December 17, 1797– May 13, 1878) was an American scientist who served as the first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

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Joseph Schumpeter

Joseph Alois Schumpeter (February 8, 1883 – January 8, 1950) was an Austrian political economist.

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Journal of Economic Literature

The Journal of Economic Literature is a peer-reviewed academic journal, published by the American Economic Association, that surveys the academic literature in economics.

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Karl Marx

Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German-born philosopher, political theorist, economist, historian, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.

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Kate Raworth

Kate Raworth (born 13 December 1970) is an English economist known for "doughnut economics", an economic model that balances between essential human needs and planetary boundaries.

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Keynesian economics

Keynesian economics (sometimes Keynesianism, named after British economist John Maynard Keynes) are the various macroeconomic theories and models of how aggregate demand (total spending in the economy) strongly influences economic output and inflation.

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Kinetic exchange models of markets

Kinetic exchange models are multi-agent dynamic models inspired by the statistical physics of energy distribution, which try to explain the robust and universal features of income/wealth distributions.

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Lance Taylor (economist)

Lance Jerome Taylor (May 25, 1940 to August 15, 2022) was an American economist who was known for his contributions to structuralist macroeconomics.

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Ludwig Lachmann

Ludwig Maurits Lachmann (1 February 1906 – 17 December 1990) was a German economist, economic theorist and important contributor to the Austrian School of Economics.

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Ludwig von Mises

Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (29 September 1881 – 10 October 1973) was an Austrian–American Austrian School economist, historian, logician, and sociologist.

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Lyndon LaRouche

Lyndon Hermyle LaRouche Jr. (September 8, 1922 – February 12, 2019) was an American political activist who founded the LaRouche movement and its main organization, the National Caucus of Labor Committees (NCLC).

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Mainstream economics

Mainstream economics is the body of knowledge, theories, and models of economics, as taught by universities worldwide, that are generally accepted by economists as a basis for discussion. Heterodox economics and Mainstream economics are history of economic thought.

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Maria da Conceição Tavares

Maria da Conceição Tavares (April 24, 1930 – June 8, 2024) was a Portuguese naturalized Brazilian economist.

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Mariana Mazzucato

Mariana Francesca Mazzucato (born June 16, 1968) is an Italian–American-British economist and academic.

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Market clearing

In economics, market clearing is the process by which, in an economic market, the supply of whatever is traded is equated to the demand so that there is no excess supply or demand, ensuring that there is neither a surplus nor a shortage.

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Market failure

In neoclassical economics, market failure is a situation in which the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not Pareto efficient, often leading to a net loss of economic value.

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Marxian economics

Marxian economics, or the Marxian school of economics, is a heterodox school of political economic thought. Heterodox economics and Marxian economics are political economy.

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Mason Gaffney

Merrill Mason Gaffney (October 18, 1923 – July 16, 2020) was an American economist and a major critic of Neoclassical economics from a Georgist point of view.

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Mercantilism

Mercantilism is a nationalist economic policy that is designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy.

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Methodological individualism

In the social sciences, methodological individualism is a framework that describes social phenomena as a consequence of subjective personal motivations by individual actors.

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Methodology

In its most common sense, methodology is the study of research methods.

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Michał Kalecki

Michał Kalecki (22 June 1899 – 18 April 1970) was a Polish Marxian economist.

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Michael Albert

Michael Albert (born April 8, 1947) is an American economist, speaker, writer, and political critic.

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Michael Hudson (economist)

Michael Hudson (born March 14, 1939) is an American economist, Professor of Economics at the University of Missouri–Kansas City and a researcher at the Levy Economics Institute at Bard College, former Wall Street analyst, political consultant, commentator and journalist.

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Michael Perelman (economist)

Michael Perelman (October 1, 1939 - September 21, 2020) was an American economist and economic historian, former professor of economics at California State University, Chico.

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Modern monetary theory

Modern monetary theory or modern money theory (MMT) is a heterodox.

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Monetary circuit theory

Monetary circuit theory is a heterodox theory of monetary economics, particularly money creation, often associated with the post-Keynesian school.

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Mount Holyoke College

Mount Holyoke College is a private liberal arts women's college in South Hadley, Massachusetts, United States.

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The Mouvement anti-utilitariste dans les sciences sociales (Anti-utilitarian Movement in the Social Sciences) is a French intellectual movement.

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Murray Rothbard

Murray Newton Rothbard (March 2, 1926 – January 7, 1995) was an American economist of the Austrian School,Ronald Hamowy, ed., 2008,, Cato Institute, Sage,, p. 62: "a leading economist of the Austrian school"; pp.

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Mushtaq Khan (economist)

Mushtaq Husain Khan is a British-Bangladeshi economist and professor of economics at the School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), University of London.

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Mutualism (economic theory)

Mutualism is an anarchist school of thought and anti-capitalist market socialist economic theory that advocates for workers' control of the means of production, a market economy made up of individual artisans and workers' cooperatives, and occupation and use property rights.

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Nelson Barbosa

Nelson Henrique Barbosa Filho is a Brazilian economist and professor of economics.

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Neoclassical economics

Neoclassical economics is an approach to economics in which the production, consumption, and valuation (pricing) of goods and services are observed as driven by the supply and demand model.

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Neoclassical synthesis

The neoclassical synthesis (NCS), neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis,Mankiw, N. Gregory.

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Neuroeconomics

Neuroeconomics is an interdisciplinary field that seeks to explain human decision-making, the ability to process multiple alternatives and to follow through on a plan of action.

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New Keynesian economics

New Keynesian economics is a school of macroeconomics that strives to provide microeconomic foundations for Keynesian economics.

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Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen

Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen (born Nicolae Georgescu, 4 February 1906 – 30 October 1994) was a Romanian mathematician, statistician and economist.

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Nicolaus Tideman

Thorwald Nicolaus Tideman (not; born August 11, 1943, in Chicago, Illinois) is a Georgist economist and professor at Virginia Tech.

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Pareto efficiency

In welfare economics, a Pareto improvement formalizes the idea of an outcome being "better in every possible way".

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Participatory economics

Participatory economics, often abbreviated Parecon, is an economic system based on participatory decision making as the primary economic mechanism for allocation in society.

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Paul A. Baran

Paul Alexander Baran (25 August 1909 – 26 March 1964) was an American Marxist economist.

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Paul Cockshott

William Paul Cockshott (born 16 March 1952) is a Scottish academic in the fields of computer science and Marxist economics.

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Paul Samuelson

Paul Anthony Samuelson (May 15, 1915 – December 13, 2009) was an American economist who was the first American to win the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.

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Paul Sweezy

Paul Marlor Sweezy (April 10, 1910 – February 27, 2004) was a Marxist economist, political activist, publisher, and founding editor of the long-running magazine Monthly Review.

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Peter Navarro

Peter Kent Navarro (born July 15, 1949) is an American economist who served in the Trump administration, first as Deputy Assistant to the President and director of the short-lived White House National Trade Council, then as Assistant to the President, Director of Trade and Manufacturing Policy in the new Office of Trade and Manufacturing Policy; he was also named the national Defense Production Act policy coordinator.

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Piero Sraffa

Piero Sraffa FBA (5 August 1898 – 3 September 1983) was an influential Italian economist who served as lecturer of economics at the University of Cambridge.

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Pluralism in economics

The pluralism in economics movement is a campaign to change the teaching and research in economics towards more openness in its approaches, topics and standpoints it considers.

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Political economy

Political economy is a branch of political science and economics studying economic systems (e.g. markets and national economies) and their governance by political systems (e.g. law, institutions, and government).

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Post-autistic economics

The post-autistic economics movement (autisme-économie), or movement of students for the reform of economics teaching (mouvement des étudiants pour une réforme de l'enseignement de l'économie), is a political movement that criticises neoclassical economics and advocates for pluralism in economics.

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Post-growth

Post-growth is a stance on economic growth concerning the limits-to-growth dilemma — recognition that, on a planet of finite material resources, extractive economies and populations cannot grow infinitely.

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Post-Keynesian economics

Post-Keynesian economics is a school of economic thought with its origins in The General Theory of John Maynard Keynes, with subsequent development influenced to a large degree by Michał Kalecki, Joan Robinson, Nicholas Kaldor, Sidney Weintraub, Paul Davidson, Piero Sraffa and Jan Kregel.

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Post-scarcity

Post-scarcity is a theoretical economic situation in which most goods can be produced in great abundance with minimal human labor needed, so that they become available to all very cheaply or even freely.

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Productivity

Productivity is the efficiency of production of goods or services expressed by some measure.

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Profit (economics)

In economics, profit is the difference between revenue that an economic entity has received from its outputs and total costs of its inputs, also known as surplus value.

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Raúl Prebisch

Raúl Prebisch (April 17, 1901April 29, 1986) was an Argentine economist known for his contributions to structuralist economics such as the Prebisch–Singer hypothesis, which formed the basis of economic dependency theory.

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Radio button

A radio button or option button is a graphical control element that allows the user to choose only one of a predefined set of mutually exclusive options.

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Rania Antonopoulou

Ourania "Rania" Antonopoulou a.k.a. Rania Antonopoulos (Ουρανία Αντωνοπούλου; born 17 December 1960) is a Greek heterodox economist and Syriza politician.

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Rational choice theory

Rational choice theory refers to a set of guidelines that help understand economic and social behaviour.

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Rationality

Rationality is the quality of being guided by or based on reason.

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Real-world economics

Real-world economics is a school of economics that uses an inductive method to understand economic processes.

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Real-World Economics Review

Real-World Economics Review is a peer-reviewed open access academic journal of heterodox economics published by the "Post-Autistic Economics Network".

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Resource-based economy

A resource-based or natural-resource-based economy is that of a country whose gross national product or gross domestic product to a large extent comes from natural resources.

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Rethinking Economics

Rethinking Economics is a network of academic scholars and students in several countries that promotes pluralism in economics.

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Richard D. Wolff

Richard David Wolff (born 1 April, 1942) is an American Marxian economist known for his work on economic methodology and class analysis.

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Robin Hahnel

Robin Eric Hahnel (born March 25, 1946) is an American economist and professor emeritus of economics at American University.

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Ruy Mauro Marini

Ruy Mauro Marini (1932–1997) was a Brazilian economist and sociologist.

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Schools of economic thought

In the history of economic thought, a school of economic thought is a group of economic thinkers who share or shared a mutual perspective on the way economies function. Heterodox economics and schools of economic thought are history of economic thought.

See Heterodox economics and Schools of economic thought

Search box

A search box, search field or search bar is a graphical control element used in computer programs, such as file managers or web browsers, and on web sites.

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Second law of thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics is a physical law based on universal empirical observation concerning heat and energy interconversions.

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Sharing economy

The sharing economy is a socio-economic system whereby consumers share in the creation, production, distribution, trade and consumption of goods, and services.

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Simon Zadek

Simon Zadek (born 16 July 1957) is a writer and advisor focused on business and sustainability.

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Social credit is a distributive philosophy of political economy developed in the 1920s and 1930s by C. H. Douglas. Heterodox economics and Social credit are political economy.

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Socialist economics comprises the economic theories, practices and norms of hypothetical and existing socialist economic systems.

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Socioeconomics

Socioeconomics (also known as social economics) is the social science that studies how economic activity affects and is shaped by social processes.

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Stephanie Kelton

Stephanie A Kelton (née Bell; born October 10, 1969) is an American heterodox economist and academic, and a leading proponent of Modern Monetary Theory.

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Stephen Resnick

Stephen Alvin Resnick (October 24, 1938 – January 2, 2013) was an American Marxist economist.

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Supply and demand

In microeconomics, supply and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market.

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Systems science

Systems science, also referred to as systems research, or, simply, systems, is a transdisciplinary field that is concerned with understanding simple and complex systems in nature and society, which leads to the advancements of formal, natural, social, and applied attributions throughout engineering, technology and science, itself.

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Technocracy

Technocracy is a form of government in which the decision-makers are selected based on their expertise in a given area of responsibility, particularly with regard to scientific or technical knowledge.

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The American Journal of Economics and Sociology

The American Journal of Economics and Sociology is a peer-reviewed academic journal established in 1941 by Will Lissner with support from the Robert Schalkenbach Foundation.

See Heterodox economics and The American Journal of Economics and Sociology

The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics

The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2018), 3rd ed., is a twenty-volume reference work on economics published by Palgrave Macmillan.

See Heterodox economics and The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics

Theotônio dos Santos

Theotônio dos Santos Junior (Carangola, 11 November 1936 Rio de Janeiro, 27 February 2018) was a Brazilian economist.

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Thermoeconomics

Thermoeconomics, also referred to as biophysical economics, is a school of heterodox economics that applies the laws of statistical mechanics to economic theory.

See Heterodox economics and Thermoeconomics

Thomas Carlyle

Thomas Carlyle (4 December 17955 February 1881) was a Scottish essayist, historian, and philosopher from the Scottish Lowlands.

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Thorstein Veblen

Thorstein Bunde Veblen (July 30, 1857 – August 3, 1929) was an American economist and sociologist who, during his lifetime, emerged as a well-known critic of capitalism.

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Tony Lawson

Tony Lawson is a British philosopher and economist.

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Unemployment

Unemployment, according to the OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), is people above a specified age (usually 15) not being in paid employment or self-employment but currently available for work during the reference period.

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Utility

In economics, utility is a measure of the satisfaction that a certain person has from a certain state of the world.

See Heterodox economics and Utility

Yanis Varoufakis

Ioannis Georgiou "Yanis" Varoufakis (Ioánnis Georgíou "Giánis" Varoufákis,; born 24 March 1961) is a Greek economist and politician.

See Heterodox economics and Yanis Varoufakis

Yusif Sayigh

Yusif Sayigh (1916–2004) was a Palestinian economist, academic and politician.

See Heterodox economics and Yusif Sayigh

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterodox_economics

Also known as Fringe economics, Heterodox approach to economics, Heterodox economic, Heterodox economics movement, Heterodox economist, Heterodox economy, List of heterodox economists, Pseudoeconomics.

, Frederic Sterling Lee, Frederick Soddy, Freiwirtschaft, Friedrich Hayek, G. L. S. Shackle, Georgism, Gift economy, Great Depression, Ha-Joon Chang, Hal Varian, Hans Singer, Happiness economics, Heinz D. Kurz, Henry George, Herman Daly, Historical school of economics, Homo economicus, Humanistic economics, Hyman Minsky, Innovation economics, Institutional economics, Institutionalist political economy, International Student Initiative for Pluralist Economics, Islamic economics, Jack Amariglio, JEL classification codes, Jeremy Rifkin, Joan Robinson, John Bellamy Foster, John Komlos, John Ruskin, Joseph Henry, Joseph Schumpeter, Journal of Economic Literature, Karl Marx, Kate Raworth, Keynesian economics, Kinetic exchange models of markets, Lance Taylor (economist), Ludwig Lachmann, Ludwig von Mises, Lyndon LaRouche, Mainstream economics, Maria da Conceição Tavares, Mariana Mazzucato, Market clearing, Market failure, Marxian economics, Mason Gaffney, Mercantilism, Methodological individualism, Methodology, Michał Kalecki, Michael Albert, Michael Hudson (economist), Michael Perelman (economist), Modern monetary theory, Monetary circuit theory, Mount Holyoke College, Mouvement Anti-Utilitariste dans les Sciences Sociales, Murray Rothbard, Mushtaq Khan (economist), Mutualism (economic theory), Nelson Barbosa, Neoclassical economics, Neoclassical synthesis, Neuroeconomics, New Keynesian economics, Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen, Nicolaus Tideman, Pareto efficiency, Participatory economics, Paul A. Baran, Paul Cockshott, Paul Samuelson, Paul Sweezy, Peter Navarro, Piero Sraffa, Pluralism in economics, Political economy, Post-autistic economics, Post-growth, Post-Keynesian economics, Post-scarcity, Productivity, Profit (economics), Raúl Prebisch, Radio button, Rania Antonopoulou, Rational choice theory, Rationality, Real-world economics, Real-World Economics Review, Resource-based economy, Rethinking Economics, Richard D. Wolff, Robin Hahnel, Ruy Mauro Marini, Schools of economic thought, Search box, Second law of thermodynamics, Sharing economy, Simon Zadek, Social credit, Socialist economics, Socioeconomics, Stephanie Kelton, Stephen Resnick, Supply and demand, Systems science, Technocracy, The American Journal of Economics and Sociology, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, Theotônio dos Santos, Thermoeconomics, Thomas Carlyle, Thorstein Veblen, Tony Lawson, Unemployment, Utility, Yanis Varoufakis, Yusif Sayigh.

Heterodox economics, the Glossary

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