History of Afghanistan & Saur Revolution - Unionpedia, the concept map

Abdur Rahman Khan

Abdur Rahman Khan (Pashto/Dari: عبدالرحمن خان.) (between 1840 and 1844 – 1 October 1901) also known by his epithets, The Iron Amir, was Amir of Afghanistan from 1880 to his death in 1901.

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Afghan Armed Forces

The Afghan Armed Forces, officially the Armed Forces of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (Dari: نیروهای مسلح امارت اسلامی افغانستان) also referred to as the Islamic Emirate Armed Forces, is the military of Afghanistan, commanded by the Taliban government from 1997 to 2001 and since August 2021.

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Afghan Army

The Islamic National Army, also referred to as the Islamic Emirate Army and the Afghan Army, is the land force branch of the Afghan Armed Forces.

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Afghan conflict

The Afghan conflict (دافغانستان جنګونه; درگیری افغانستان) refers to the series of events that have kept Afghanistan in a near-continuous state of armed conflict since the 1970s.

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Afghan mujahideen

The Afghan mujahideen (translit; translit) were Islamist resistance groups that fought against the Republic of Afghanistan and the Soviet Union during the Soviet–Afghan War and the subsequent First Afghan Civil War.

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Afghanistan

Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia.

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Ahmad Shah Massoud

Ahmad Shah Massoud (Dari:,; September 2, 1953September 9, 2001) was an Afghan military leader and politician.

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Anahita Ratebzad

Anahita Ratebzad (Persian/آناهیتا راتبزاد; November 1931 – 7 September 2014) was an Afghan socialist and Marxist-Leninist politician and a member of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) (belonging to the Parcham faction) and vice-president of the Revolutionary Council under the leadership of Babrak Karmal.

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Babrak Karmal

Babrak Karmal (Dari/Pashto:; born Sultan Hussein; 6 January 1929 – 1 or 3 December 1996) was an Afghan communist revolutionary and politician who was the leader of Afghanistan, serving in the post of general secretary of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan from 1979 to 1986.

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Barakzai dynasty

The Barakzai dynasty ("Sons of Barak"), also known as the Muhammadzai dynasty ("the ruling sub-clan of the Barakzai"), ruled modern-day Afghanistan from 1823 to 1978 when the monarchy ended de jure under Musahiban Mohammad Zahir Shah and de facto under his cousin Sardar Mohammad Daoud Khan.

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Cambridge University Press

Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.

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Democratic Republic of Afghanistan

The Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA), renamed the Republic of Afghanistan in 1987, was the Afghan state during the one-party rule of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) from 1978 to 1992.

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Gulbuddin Hekmatyar

Gulbuddin Hekmatyar (born 1 August 1949) is an Afghan politician, and former mujahideen leader and drug trafficker.

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Hafizullah Amin

Hafizullah Amin (حفيظ الله امين; 1 August 192927 December 1979) was an Afghan communist head of state, who served in that position for a little over three months, from September 1979 until his assassination.

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Islamism

Islamism (also often called political Islam) refers to a broad set of religious and political ideological movements.

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Jalalabad

Jalalabad (d͡ʒä.lɑː.lɑː.bɑːd̪) is the fifth-largest city of Afghanistan.

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Kabul

Kabul is the capital city of Afghanistan.

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Khalq

Khalq (خلق) was a faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA).

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Kingdom of Afghanistan

The Kingdom of Afghanistan (د افغانستان واکمني|Dǝ Afġānistān wākmani; Pādešāhī-ye Afġānistān) was a monarchy in Central Asia that was established in 1926 as a successor state to the Emirate of Afghanistan.

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Kunar Province

Kunar (Pashto:; Dari) is one of the 34 provinces of Afghanistan, located in the northeastern part of the country.

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Marxism–Leninism

Marxism–Leninism is a communist ideology that became the largest faction of the communist movement in the world in the years following the October Revolution.

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Mir Akbar Khyber

Mir Akbar Khyber (January 11, 1925 – April 17, 1978) was an Afghan left-wing intellectual and a leader of the Parcham faction of People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA).

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Mohammad Daoud Khan

Mohammad Daoud Khan (محمد داود خان; also romanized as Daud Khan or Dawood Khan; 18July 190928April 1978) was an Afghan military officer and politician who served as prime minister of Afghanistan from 1953 to 1963 and, as leader of the 1973 Afghan coup d'état which overthrew the monarchy, served as the first president of Afghanistan from 1973 until his assassination in the Saur Revolution.

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Mohammad Nadir Shah

Mohammad Nadir Shah (Persian and محمد نادر شاه; born Mohammad Nadir Khan; 9 April 1883 – 8 November 1933) was King of Afghanistan from 15 October 1929 until his assassination in November 1933.

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Mohammad Zahir Shah

Mohammad Zahir Shah (Pashto/Dari: محمد ظاهر شاه; 15 October 1914 – 23 July 2007) was the last king of Afghanistan, reigning from 8 November 1933 until he was deposed on 17 July 1973.

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Nur Muhammad Taraki

Nur Muhammad Taraki (14 July 1917 – 9 October 1979) was an Afghan revolutionary communist politician, journalist and writer.

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Pakistan

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

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Parcham

Parcham (Pashto and Dari: پرچم) was the more moderate socialist faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) led by Afghan communist politician Babrak Karmal.

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People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan

The People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) was a Marxist–Leninist political party in Afghanistan established on 1 January 1965.

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President of Afghanistan

The president of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan was constitutionally the head of state and head of government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2004–2021) and Commander-in-Chief of the Afghan Armed Forces.

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Pul-e-Charkhi prison

Pul-e-Charkhi prison (Pashto/Dari: زندان پل چرخی), also known as the Afghan National Detention Facility, is a maximum-security prison located next to the Ahmad Shah Baba Mina neighborhood in the eastern part of Kabul, Afghanistan.

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Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978)

The Republic of Afghanistan (د افغانستان جمهوریت,; جمهوری افغانستان) was the first republic in Afghanistan.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan

Pursuant to the Geneva Accords of 14 April 1988, the Soviet Union conducted a total military withdrawal from Afghanistan between 15 May 1988 and 15 February 1989.

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Soviet–Afghan War

The Soviet–Afghan War was a protracted armed conflict fought in the Soviet-controlled Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA) from 1979 to 1989. The war was a major conflict of the Cold War as it saw extensive fighting between Soviet Union, the DRA and allied paramilitary groups against the Afghan mujahideen and their allied foreign fighters. While the mujahideen were backed by various countries and organizations, the majority of their support came from Pakistan, the United States (as part of Operation Cyclone), the United Kingdom, China, Iran, and the Arab states of the Persian Gulf. The involvement of the foreign powers made the war a proxy war between the United States and the Soviet Union. Combat took place throughout the 1980s, mostly in the Afghan countryside. The war resulted in the deaths of approximately 3,000,000 Afghans, while millions more fled from the country as refugees; most externally displaced Afghans sought refuge in Pakistan and in Iran. Approximately 6.5% to 11.5% of Afghanistan's erstwhile population of 13.5 million people (per the 1979 census) is estimated to have been killed over the course of the conflict. The Soviet–Afghan War caused grave destruction throughout Afghanistan and has also been cited by scholars as a significant factor that contributed to the dissolution of the Soviet Union, formally ending the Cold War. It is also commonly referred to as "the Soviet Union's Vietnam". In March 1979, there had been a violent uprising in Herat, where a number of Soviet military advisers were executed. The PDPA, who determined they could not subdue the uprising by themselves, asked for urgent Soviet military assistance; in 1979, over 20 requests were sent. Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin, declining to send troops, advised in one call to Afghan Prime Minister Nur Muhammad Taraki to use local industrial workers in the Herat province. This was apparently on the belief that these workers would be supporters of the Afghan Soviet Government. This was discussed further in the Soviet Union with a wide range of views both wanting to ensure that Afghanistan remained Communist, and those concerned that the war would escalate. Eventually, a compromise was reached to send military aid, but not troops. The war began after the Soviets, under the command of Leonid Brezhnev, launched an invasion of Afghanistan to support the local pro-Soviet government that had been installed during Operation Storm-333. Numerous sanctions and embargoes were imposed on the Soviet Union by the international community in response. Soviet troops occupied Afghanistan's major cities and all main arteries of communication, whereas the mujahideen waged guerrilla warfare in small groups across the 80% of the country that was not subject to uncontested Soviet control—almost exclusively comprising the rugged, mountainous terrain of the countryside. In addition to laying millions of landmines across Afghanistan, the Soviets used their aerial power to deal harshly with both Afghan resistance and civilians, levelling villages to deny safe haven to the mujahideen, destroying vital irrigation ditches and other scorched-earth tactics. The Soviet government had initially planned to swiftly secure Afghanistan's towns and road networks, stabilize the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) government, and withdraw all of their military forces in a span of six months to one year. However, they were met with fierce resistance from Afghan guerrillas and experienced great operational difficulties on the rugged mountainous terrain. By the mid-1980s, the Soviet military presence in Afghanistan had increased to approximately 115,000 troops and fighting across the country intensified; the complication of the war effort gradually inflicted a high cost on the Soviet Union as military, economic, and political resources became increasingly exhausted. By mid-1987, reformist Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev announced that the Soviet military would begin a complete withdrawal from Afghanistan. The final wave of disengagement was initiated on 15 May 1988, and on 15 February 1989, the last Soviet military column occupying Afghanistan crossed into the Uzbek SSR. With continued external Soviet backing, the PDPA government pursued a solo war effort against the mujahideen, and the conflict evolved into the Afghan Civil War. However following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, all support to the Republic was pulled, leading to the toppling of the Homeland Party's Isolated Republic at the hands of the mujahideen in 1992 and the start of another Afghan Civil War.

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The Guardian

The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.

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United States Department of State

The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations.

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Usury

Usury is the practice of making loans that are seen as unfairly enriching the lender.

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Women's rights

Women's rights are the rights and entitlements claimed for women and girls worldwide.

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YouTube

YouTube is an American online video sharing platform owned by Google.

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1973 Afghan coup d'état

The 1973 Afghan coup d'état, also called by Afghans as the Coup of 26 Saratan (کودتای ۲۶ سرطان) and self-proclaimed as the Revolution of 26 Saratan 1352, was led by Army General and prince Mohammad Daoud Khan against his cousin, King Mohammad Zahir Shah, on 17 July 1973, which resulted in the establishment of the Republic of Afghanistan under a one-party system led by Daoud Khan.

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