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Hostage, the Glossary

Index Hostage

A hostage is a person seized by an abductor in order to compel another party, one which places a high value on the liberty, well-being and safety of the person seized—such as a relative, employer, law enforcement, or government—to act, or refrain from acting, in a certain way, often under threat of serious physical harm or death to the hostage(s) after expiration of an ultimatum.[1]

Table of Contents

  1. 131 relations: Aircraft hijacking, Ancient Rome, Armistice, Atahualpa, Íngrid Betancourt, Battle of Maldon, Belligerent, Beslan school siege, Black September, Cape Breton Island, Carjacking, Charles Cathcart, 9th Lord Cathcart, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Civil war, Collective punishment, Colonialism, Committee to Protect Journalists, Company rule in India, Congo Crisis, Countervalue, Crime, Don Quixote, Elitism, Employment, Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, Entebbe raid, Epaminondas, Etymology, Foreign hostages in Afghanistan, Foreign hostages in Iraq, Foreign hostages in Nigeria, Foreign hostages in Somalia, Fort Mont-Valérien, Fourth Geneva Convention, Francis I of France, Francis III, Duke of Brittany, Franco-Prussian War, Francs-tireurs, French colonial empire, French language, Geneva Conventions, Geopolitics, Georges Darboy, Germanic peoples, Government, Gustave Flourens, Hamas, Han dynasty, Henry Howard, 11th Earl of Suffolk, Henry II of France, ... Expand index (81 more) »

  2. Hostage taking
  3. Kidnapping

Aircraft hijacking

Aircraft hijacking (also known as airplane hijacking, skyjacking, plane hijacking, plane jacking, air robbery, air piracy, or aircraft piracy, with the last term used within the special aircraft jurisdiction of the United States) is the unlawful seizure of an aircraft by an individual or a group. Hostage and aircraft hijacking are terrorism tactics.

See Hostage and Aircraft hijacking

Ancient Rome

In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.

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Armistice

An armistice is a formal agreement of warring parties to stop fighting.

See Hostage and Armistice

Atahualpa

Atahualpa, also Atawallpa (Quechua), Atabalica, Atahuallpa, Atabalipa (1502July 1533), was the last effective Inca emperor before his capture and execution during the Spanish conquest.

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Íngrid Betancourt

Íngrid Betancourt Pulecio (born 25 December 1961) is a Colombian politician, former senator and anti-corruption activist, especially opposing political corruption.

See Hostage and Íngrid Betancourt

Battle of Maldon

The Battle of Maldon took place on 11 August 991 AD near Maldon beside the River Blackwater in Essex, England, during the reign of Æthelred the Unready.

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Belligerent

A belligerent is an individual, group, country, or other entity that acts in a hostile manner, such as engaging in combat.

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Beslan school siege

The Beslan school siege (also referred to as the Beslan school hostage crisis or the Beslan massacre) was a Islamic terrorist attack that started on 1 September 2004.

See Hostage and Beslan school siege

Black September

Black September (أيلول الأسود), also known as the Jordanian Civil War, was an armed conflict between Jordan, led by King Hussein, and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), led by chairman Yasser Arafat.

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Cape Breton Island

Cape Breton Island (île du Cap-Breton, formerly île Royale; Ceap Breatainn or Eilean Cheap Bhreatainn; Unamaꞌki) is a rugged and irregularly shaped island on the Atlantic coast of North America and part of the province of Nova Scotia, Canada.

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Carjacking

Carjacking is a robbery in which a motor vehicle is taken over.

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Charles Cathcart, 9th Lord Cathcart

Lieutenant-General Charles Schaw Cathcart, 9th Lord Cathcart, KT (21 March 1721 – 14 August 1776) was a British soldier and diplomat.

See Hostage and Charles Cathcart, 9th Lord Cathcart

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Charles V (Ghent, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.

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Civil war

A civil war is a war between organized groups within the same state (or country).

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Collective punishment

Collective punishment is a punishment or sanction imposed on a group or whole community for acts allegedly perpetrated by a member of that group, which could be an ethnic or political group, or just the family, friends and neighbors of the perpetrator.

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Colonialism

Colonialism is the pursuing, establishing and maintaining of control and exploitation of people and of resources by a foreign group.

See Hostage and Colonialism

Committee to Protect Journalists

The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) is an American independent non-profit, non-governmental organization, based in New York City, with correspondents around the world.

See Hostage and Committee to Protect Journalists

Company rule in India

Company rule in India (sometimes Company Raj, from lit) was the rule of the British East India Company on the Indian subcontinent.

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Congo Crisis

The Congo Crisis (Crise congolaise) was a period of political upheaval and conflict between 1960 and 1965 in the Republic of the Congo (today the Democratic Republic of the Congo).

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Countervalue

In nuclear strategy, countervalue is the targeting of an opponent's assets that are of value but not actually a military threat, such as cities and civilian populations.

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Crime

In ordinary language, a crime is an unlawful act punishable by a state or other authority.

See Hostage and Crime

Don Quixote

Don Quixote is a Spanish novel by Miguel de Cervantes.

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Elitism

Elitism is the notion that individuals who form an elite — a select group with desirable qualities such as intellect, wealth, power, physical attractiveness, notability, special skills, experience, lineage — are more likely to be constructive to society and deserve greater influence or authority.

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Employment

Employment is a relationship between two parties regulating the provision of paid labour services.

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Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911) is a 29-volume reference work, an edition of the real Encyclopædia Britannica.

See Hostage and Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition

Entebbe raid

The Entebbe raid or Operation Entebbe, officially codenamed Operation Thunderbolt (retroactively codenamed Operation Yonatan), was a 1976 Israeli counter-terrorist mission in Uganda.

See Hostage and Entebbe raid

Epaminondas

Epaminondas (Ἐπαμεινώνδας; 419/411–362 BC) was a Greek general and statesman of the 4th century BC who transformed the Ancient Greek city-state of Thebes, leading it out of Spartan subjugation into a pre-eminent position in Greek politics called the Theban Hegemony.

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Etymology

Etymology (The New Oxford Dictionary of English (1998) – p. 633 "Etymology /ˌɛtɪˈmɒlədʒi/ the scientific study of words and the way their meanings have changed throughout time".) is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of a word's semantic meaning across time, including its constituent morphemes and phonemes.

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Foreign hostages in Afghanistan

Kidnapping and hostage taking has become a common occurrence in Afghanistan following the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan in 2001.

See Hostage and Foreign hostages in Afghanistan

Foreign hostages in Iraq

Members of the Iraqi insurgency began taking foreign hostages in Iraq beginning in April 2004.

See Hostage and Foreign hostages in Iraq

Foreign hostages in Nigeria

Since 2006, militant groups in Nigeria's Niger Delta, especially the Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta (MEND), have resorted to taking foreign employees of oil companies hostage as part of the conflict in the Niger Delta.

See Hostage and Foreign hostages in Nigeria

Foreign hostages in Somalia

The following is a list of known foreign hostages captured in Somalia, particularly since the start of the Ethiopian intervention and the 2009–present phase of the civil war.

See Hostage and Foreign hostages in Somalia

Fort Mont-Valérien

Fort Mont-Valérien (French: Forteresse du Mont-Valérien) is a fortress in Suresnes, a western Paris suburb, built in 1841 as part of the city's ring of modern fortifications.

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Fourth Geneva Convention

The Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War, more commonly referred to as the Fourth Geneva Convention and abbreviated as GCIV, is one of the four treaties of the Geneva Conventions.

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Francis I of France

Francis I (er|; Françoys; 12 September 1494 – 31 March 1547) was King of France from 1515 until his death in 1547.

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Francis III, Duke of Brittany

Francis III (Frañsez; François; 28 February 1518 – 10 August 1536) was Dauphin of France and, after 1524, Duke of Brittany.

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Franco-Prussian War

The Franco-Prussian War or Franco-German War, often referred to in France as the War of 1870, was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the North German Confederation led by the Kingdom of Prussia.

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Francs-tireurs

Francs-tireurs (French for "free shooters") were irregular military formations deployed by France during the early stages of the Franco-Prussian War (1870–71).

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French colonial empire

The French colonial empire comprised the overseas colonies, protectorates, and mandate territories that came under French rule from the 16th century onward.

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French language

French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.

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Geneva Conventions

language.

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Geopolitics

Geopolitics is the study of the effects of Earth's geography (human and physical) on politics and international relations.

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Georges Darboy

Georges Darboy (16 January 181324 May 1871) was a French Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Nancy then Archbishop of Paris.

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Germanic peoples

The Germanic peoples were tribal groups who once occupied Northwestern and Central Europe and Scandinavia during antiquity and into the early Middle Ages.

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Government

A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, generally a state.

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Gustave Flourens

Gustave Flourens (4 August 1838 in Paris – 3 April 1871) was a French Revolutionary leader and writer, son of the physiologist Jean Pierre Flourens (who was Professor at the Collège de France and deputy in 1838-1839).

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Hamas

Hamas, an acronym of its official name, Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya (lit), is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist militant resistance movement governing parts of the Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip since 2007.

See Hostage and Hamas

Han dynasty

The Han dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China (202 BC9 AD, 25–220 AD) established by Liu Bang and ruled by the House of Liu.

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Henry Howard, 11th Earl of Suffolk

Henry Bowes Howard, 11th Earl of Suffolk, 4th Earl of Berkshire (1686 – 21 March 1757) was an English peer.

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Henry II of France

Henry II (Henri II; 31 March 1519 – 10 July 1559) was King of France from 1547 until his death in 1559.

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High king

A high king is a king who holds a position of seniority over a group of other kings, without the title of emperor.

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History of Japan

The first human inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago have been traced to the Paleolithic, around 38–39,000 years ago.

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Homer

Homer (Ὅμηρος,; born) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature.

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Homeric Question

The Homeric Question concerns the doubts and consequent debate over the identity of Homer, the authorship of the Iliad and Odyssey, and their historicity (especially concerning the Iliad).

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Hostage diplomacy

Hostage diplomacy, also hostage-diplomacy, is the taking of hostages for diplomatic purposes. Hostage and hostage diplomacy are hostage taking.

See Hostage and Hostage diplomacy

Hostage Taking Act

The United States makes hostage-taking a criminal offense pursuant to.

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Hostages Convention

The Hostages Convention (formally the International Convention against the Taking of Hostages) is a United Nations treaty by which states agree to prohibit and punish hostage taking. Hostage and hostages Convention are hostage taking.

See Hostage and Hostages Convention

Human trafficking

Human trafficking is the trade of humans for the purpose of forced labour, sexual slavery, or commercial sexual exploitation.

See Hostage and Human trafficking

In Amenas hostage crisis

The In Amenas hostage crisis began on 16 January 2013, when al-Qaeda-linked terrorists affiliated with a brigade led by Mokhtar Belmokhtar took expat hostages at the Tigantourine gas facility near In Amenas, Algeria.

See Hostage and In Amenas hostage crisis

Indian Airlines Flight 814

Indian Airlines Flight 814, commonly known as IC 814, was an Indian Airlines Airbus A300 en route from Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu, Nepal, to Indira Gandhi International Airport in Delhi, India, on Friday, 24 December 1999, when it was hijacked and was flown to several locations before landing in Kandahar, Afghanistan. Hostage and Indian Airlines Flight 814 are hostage taking.

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International Committee of the Red Cross

The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is a humanitarian organization based in Geneva, Switzerland, and is a three-time Nobel Prize laureate.

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Iran hostage crisis

The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic standoff between Iran and the United States.

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Isleworth

Isleworth is a suburban town located within the London Borough of Hounslow in West London, England.

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Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis

On 7 October 2023, as part of the Hamas-led attack on Israel at the beginning of the Israel–Hamas war, Hamas and other Palestinian militant groups abducted 251 people from Israel to the Gaza Strip, including children, women, and elderly people.

See Hostage and Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis

Jan-Erik Olsson

Jan-Erik "Janne" Olsson (born 1941) is a Swedish criminal, born and raised in Ekeby, outside Helsingborg.

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Japanese embassy hostage crisis

The Japanese embassy hostage crisis (Toma de la residencia del embajador de Japón en Lima, translit) began on 17 December 1996 in Lima, Peru, when 14 terrorist members of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA) took hostage hundreds of high-level diplomats, government and military officials and business executives.

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Julius Caesar

Gaius Julius Caesar (12 July 100 BC – 15 March 44 BC) was a Roman general and statesman.

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Kidnapping

In criminal law, kidnapping is the unlawful abduction and confinement of a person against their will. Hostage and kidnapping are terrorism tactics.

See Hostage and Kidnapping

Kinship

In anthropology, kinship is the web of social relationships that form an important part of the lives of all humans in all societies, although its exact meanings even within this discipline are often debated.

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Kreditbanken

Kreditbanken is a former bank that was based in Stockholm, Sweden.

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La Madeleine, Paris

The Church of Sainte-Marie-Madeleine (French: L'église Sainte-Marie-Madeleine), or less formally, La Madeleine, is a Catholic parish church on Place de la Madeleine in the 8th arrondissement of Paris.

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Late Latin

Late Latin is the scholarly name for the form of Literary Latin of late antiquity.

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Latin

Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.

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Law enforcement

Law enforcement is the activity of some members of government who act in an organized manner to enforce the law by discovering, investigating, deterring, rehabilitating, or punishing people who violate the rules and norms governing that society.

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Law of war

The law of war is a component of international law that regulates the conditions for initiating war (jus ad bellum) and the conduct of hostilities (jus in bello).

See Hostage and Law of war

Lebanon hostage crisis

The Lebanon hostage crisis was the kidnapping in Lebanon of 104 foreign hostages between 1982 and 1992, when the Lebanese Civil War was at its height.

See Hostage and Lebanon hostage crisis

List of hostage crises

This is a list of notable hostage crises by date. Hostage and list of hostage crises are hostage taking.

See Hostage and List of hostage crises

Lombardy

Lombardy (Lombardia; Lombardia) is an administrative region of Italy that covers; it is located in northern Italy and has a population of about 10 million people, constituting more than one-sixth of Italy's population.

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Louis Bernard Bonjean

Louis Bernard Bonjean (4 December 1804 - 24 May 1871) was a French jurist who was a Senator under Napoleon III.

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Medieval Latin

Medieval Latin was the form of Literary Latin used in Roman Catholic Western Europe during the Middle Ages.

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Member states of the United Nations

The member states of the United Nations comprise sovereign states.

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Miguel de Cervantes

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (29 September 1547 (assumed) – 22 April 1616 NS) was an Early Modern Spanish writer widely regarded as the greatest writer in the Spanish language and one of the world's pre-eminent novelists.

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Moscow theater hostage crisis

The Moscow theater hostage crisis (also known as the 2002 Nord-Ost siege) was the seizure of the crowded Dubrovka Theater in Moscow by Chechen terrorists on 23 October 2002, resulting in the taking of 912 hostages.

See Hostage and Moscow theater hostage crisis

Munich massacre

The Munich massacre was a terrorist attack carried out during the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, West Germany, by eight members of the Palestinian militant organization Black September.

See Hostage and Munich massacre

Murad II

Murad II (Murād-ı sānī, II.; 16 June 1404 – 3 February 1451) was twice the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1421 to 1444 and from 1446 to 1451.

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Napoleon

Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.

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Norrmalmstorg robbery

The Norrmalmstorg robbery was a bank robbery and hostage crisis that occurred at the Norrmalmstorg Square in Stockholm, Sweden, in August 1973 and was the first crime in Sweden to be covered by live television.

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North Africa

North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.

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Northumbria

Northumbria (Norþanhymbra rīċe; Regnum Northanhymbrorum) was an early medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom in what is now Northern England and south-east Scotland.

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Old English

Old English (Englisċ or Ænglisc), or Anglo-Saxon, was the earliest recorded form of the English language, spoken in England and southern and eastern Scotland in the early Middle Ages.

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Paris Commune

The Paris Commune was a French revolutionary government that seized power in Paris from 18 March to 28 May 1871.

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Parole

Parole (also known as provisional release or supervised release) is a form of early release of a prison inmate where the prisoner agrees to abide by behavioral conditions, including checking-in with their designated parole officers, or else they may be rearrested and returned to prison.

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Patty Hearst

Patricia Campbell Hearst (born February 20, 1954) is a member of the Hearst family and granddaughter of American publishing magnate William Randolph Hearst.

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Pelopidas

Pelopidas (Πελοπίδας; died 364 BC) was an important Theban statesman and general in Greece, instrumental in establishing the mid-fourth century Theban hegemony.

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Personal name

A personal name, full name or prosoponym (from Ancient Greek prósōpon – person, and onoma –name) is the set of names by which an individual person or animal is known, and that can be recited as a word-group, with the understanding that, taken together, they all relate to that one individual.

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Philip II of Macedon

Philip II of Macedon (Φίλιππος; 382 BC – October 336 BC) was the king (basileus) of the ancient kingdom of Macedonia from 359 BC until his death in 336 BC.

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Polybius

Polybius (Πολύβιος) was a Greek historian of the middle Hellenistic period.

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Presidency of Richard Nixon

Richard Nixon's tenure as the 37th president of the United States began with his first inauguration on January 20, 1969, and ended when he resigned on August 9, 1974, in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office, the only U.S. president ever to do so.

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Prisoner exchange

A prisoner exchange or prisoner swap is a deal between opposing sides in a conflict to release prisoners: prisoners of war, spies, hostages, etc.

See Hostage and Prisoner exchange

Prisoner of war

A prisoner of war (POW) is a person who is held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict.

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Protected persons

Protected persons is a legal term under international humanitarian law and refers to persons who are under specific protection of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, their 1977 Additional Protocols, and customary international humanitarian law during an armed conflict.

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Protocol I

Protocol I (also Additional Protocol I and AP I) is a 1977 amendment protocol to the Geneva Conventions concerning the protection of civilian victims of international war, such as "armed conflicts in which peoples are fighting against colonial domination, alien occupation or racist regimes".

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Protocol II

Protocol II is a 1977 amendment protocol to the Geneva Conventions relating to the protection of victims of non-international armed conflicts.

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Ransom

Ransom is the practice of holding a prisoner or item to extort money or property to secure their release, or the sum of money involved in such a practice. Hostage and Ransom are kidnapping.

See Hostage and Ransom

Religious conversion

Religious conversion is the adoption of a set of beliefs identified with one particular religious denomination to the exclusion of others.

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Reprisal

A reprisal is a limited and deliberate violation of international law to punish another sovereign state that has already broken them.

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Richard I of England

Richard I (8 September 1157 – 6 April 1199), known as Richard Cœur de Lion (Norman French: Quor de Lion) or Richard the Lionheart because of his reputation as a great military leader and warrior, was King of England from 1189 until his death in 1199.

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Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris

The Archdiocese of Paris (Archidioecesis Parisiensis; Archidiocèse de Paris) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or archdiocese of the Catholic Church in France.

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Second Boer War

The Second Boer War (Tweede Vryheidsoorlog,, 11 October 189931 May 1902), also known as the Boer War, Anglo–Boer War, or South African War, was a conflict fought between the British Empire and the two Boer republics (the South African Republic and Orange Free State) over the Empire's influence in Southern Africa.

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State Opening of Parliament

The State Opening of Parliament is a ceremonial event which formally marks the beginning of each session of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.

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Stockholm syndrome

Stockholm syndrome is a proposed condition or theory that tries to explain why hostages sometimes develop a psychological bond with their captors. Hostage and Stockholm syndrome are hostage taking.

See Hostage and Stockholm syndrome

Tang dynasty

The Tang dynasty (唐朝), or the Tang Empire, was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907, with an interregnum between 690 and 705.

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Terrorism

Terrorism, in its broadest sense, is the use of violence against non-combatants to achieve political or ideological aims.

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Terry A. Anderson

Terry Alan Anderson (October 27, 1947 – April 21, 2024) was an American journalist and combat veteran.

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Terry Waite

Sir Terence Hardy Waite (born 31 May 1939) is an English human rights activist and author.

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Thebes, Greece

Thebes (Θήβα, Thíva; Θῆβαι, Thêbai.) is a city in Boeotia, Central Greece, and is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world.

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Theodoric the Great

Theodoric (or Theoderic) the Great (454 – 30 August 526), also called Theodoric the Amal, was king of the Ostrogoths (475–526), and ruler of the independent Ostrogothic Kingdom of Italy between 493 and 526, regent of the Visigoths (511–526), and a patrician of the Eastern Roman Empire.

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Third Crusade

The Third Crusade (1189–1192) was an attempt led by three European monarchs of Western Christianity (Philip II of France, Richard I of England and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor) to reconquer the Holy Land following the capture of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187.

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Title 18 of the United States Code

Title 18 of the United States Code is the main criminal code of the federal government of the United States.

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Tokugawa Ieyasu

Tokugawa Ieyasu (born Matsudaira Takechiyo; January 31, 1543 – June 1, 1616) was the founder and first shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan, which ruled from 1603 until the Meiji Restoration in 1868.

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Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)

The 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, sometimes called the Treaty of Aachen, ended the War of the Austrian Succession, following a congress assembled on 24 April 1748 at the Free Imperial City of Aachen.

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Tributary system of China

The tributary system of China, or Cefeng system at its height was a network of loose international relations centered around China which facilitated trade and foreign relations by acknowledging China's hegemonic role within a Sinocentric world order.

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Ultimatum

An paren;;: ultimata or ultimatums) is a demand whose fulfillment is requested in a specified period of time and which is backed up by a threat to be followed through in case of noncompliance (open loop). An ultimatum is generally the final demand in a series of requests. As such, the time allotted is usually short, and the request is understood not to be open to further negotiation.

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United Nations General Assembly

The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA or GA; Assemblée générale, AG) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as its main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ.

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Vendée

Vendée (Vande) is a department in the Pays de la Loire region in Western France, on the Atlantic coast.

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Vlad the Impaler

Vlad III, commonly known as Vlad the Impaler (Vlad Țepeș) or Vlad Dracula (Vlad Drăculea; 1428/311476/77), was Voivode of Wallachia three times between 1448 and his death in 1476/77.

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War

War is an armed conflict between the armed forces of states, or between governmental forces and armed groups that are organized under a certain command structure and have the capacity to sustain military operations, or between such organized groups.

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War crime

A war crime is a violation of the laws of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility for actions by combatants in action, such as intentionally killing civilians or intentionally killing prisoners of war, torture, taking hostages, unnecessarily destroying civilian property, deception by perfidy, wartime sexual violence, pillaging, and for any individual that is part of the command structure who orders any attempt to committing mass killings including genocide or ethnic cleansing, the granting of no quarter despite surrender, the conscription of children in the military and flouting the legal distinctions of proportionality and military necessity.

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War of the Austrian Succession

The War of the Austrian Succession was a European conflict fought between 1740 and 1748, primarily in Central Europe, the Austrian Netherlands, Italy, the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea.

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Wessex

The Kingdom of the West Saxons, also known as the Kingdom of Wessex, was an Anglo-Saxon kingdom in the south of Great Britain, from around 519 until Alfred the Great declared himself as King of the Anglo-Saxons in 886.

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1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats

Three Iranian diplomats as well as a reporter for Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) were abducted in Lebanon on 4 July 1982.

See Hostage and 1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats

See also

Hostage taking

Kidnapping

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostage

Also known as Hostage Crisis, Hostage Rescue, Hostage crises, Hostage situation, Hostage situations, Hostage taking, Hostage-taker, Hostage-taking, Hostages, Hostageship.

, High king, History of Japan, Homer, Homeric Question, Hostage diplomacy, Hostage Taking Act, Hostages Convention, Human trafficking, In Amenas hostage crisis, Indian Airlines Flight 814, International Committee of the Red Cross, Iran hostage crisis, Isleworth, Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis, Jan-Erik Olsson, Japanese embassy hostage crisis, Julius Caesar, Kidnapping, Kinship, Kreditbanken, La Madeleine, Paris, Late Latin, Latin, Law enforcement, Law of war, Lebanon hostage crisis, List of hostage crises, Lombardy, Louis Bernard Bonjean, Medieval Latin, Member states of the United Nations, Miguel de Cervantes, Moscow theater hostage crisis, Munich massacre, Murad II, Napoleon, Norrmalmstorg robbery, North Africa, Northumbria, Old English, Paris Commune, Parole, Patty Hearst, Pelopidas, Personal name, Philip II of Macedon, Polybius, Presidency of Richard Nixon, Prisoner exchange, Prisoner of war, Protected persons, Protocol I, Protocol II, Ransom, Religious conversion, Reprisal, Richard I of England, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Paris, Second Boer War, State Opening of Parliament, Stockholm syndrome, Tang dynasty, Terrorism, Terry A. Anderson, Terry Waite, Thebes, Greece, Theodoric the Great, Third Crusade, Title 18 of the United States Code, Tokugawa Ieyasu, Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), Tributary system of China, Ultimatum, United Nations General Assembly, Vendée, Vlad the Impaler, War, War crime, War of the Austrian Succession, Wessex, 1982 kidnapping of Iranian diplomats.