Iran, the Glossary
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.[1]
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814 relations: Abbas Kiarostami, Abbas the Great, Abbasid Caliphate, Abdolhossein Sepanta, Abu Musa, Abu Muslim, Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, Academy Award for Best Picture, Academy Awards, Achomi language, AFC Asian Cup, Afghan refugees, Afghanistan, Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar, Ahmad Jannati, Ahriman, Ahura Mazda, Ahvaz, Akbar Rafsanjani, Alexander the Great, Alfred Comyn Lyall, Algeria, Ali Javan, Ali Khamenei, Allies of World War II, American English, Amu Darya, Anatolia, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greek, Ancient Greek philosophy, Ancient history, Anglo-Russian Convention, Antiquity (journal), Anushtegin dynasty, Apricot, Arabic, Arabs, Aras (river), Ardashir I, Ardeshir Irani, Arg-e Bam, Aristocracy, Armenian genocide, Armenian language, Armenians, Army aviation, Art, Artabanus IV of Parthia, Artificial heart, ... Expand index (764 more) »
- 1979 establishments in Iran
- 6th-century BC establishments
- BRICS nations
- Countries and territories where Persian is an official language
- Developing 8 Countries member states
- Former monarchies of West Asia
- G15 nations
- Iranian Plateau
- Islamic republics
- Kurdish-speaking countries and territories
- Member states of OPEC
- Middle Eastern countries
- States and territories established in 1979
- States and territories established in the 6th century BC
- Theocracies
- West Asian countries
Abbas Kiarostami
Abbas Kiarostami (عباس کیارستمی; 22 June 1940 – 4 July 2016) was an Iranian film director, screenwriter, poet, photographer, and film producer.
Abbas the Great
Abbas I (translit; 27 January 1571 – 19 January 1629), commonly known as Abbas the Great (translit), was the fifth shah of Safavid Iran from 1588 to 1629.
Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
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Abdolhossein Sepanta
Abdolhossein Sepanta (عبدالحسین سپنتا, 4 June 1907 – 28 March 1969) was an Iranian film director and producer.
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Abu Musa
Abu Musa (بوموسا,, أبو موسى) is a island in the eastern Persian Gulf near the entrance to the Strait of Hormuz.
Abu Muslim
Abu Muslim Abd al-Rahman ibn Muslim al-Khurasani (أبو مسلمعبد الرحمن بن مسلمالخراساني; ابومسلمعبدالرحمان بن مسلمخراسانی; born 718/19 or 723/27, died 755) was a Persian general who led the Abbasid Revolution that toppled the Umayyad dynasty, leading to the establishment of the Abbasid Caliphate.
Academy Award for Best Animated Feature
The Academy Award for Best Animated Feature is given each year for the best animated film.
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Academy Award for Best Picture
The Academy Award for Best Picture is one of the Academy Awards (also known as Oscars) presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS) since the awards debuted in 1929.
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Academy Awards
The Academy Awards of Merit, commonly known as the Oscars or Academy Awards, are awards for artistic and technical merit for the film industry.
Achomi language
Achomi (اچُمی), also known as Khodmooni and Larestani, is a Persian and Southwestern Iranian language spoken by people in southern Fars and western Hormozgan and by significant numbers of Ajam citizens in the UAE, Bahrain, Kuwait, and other neighbouring countries.
AFC Asian Cup
The AFC Asian Cup is the primary association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of the Asian Football Confederation (AFC), determining the continental champion of Asia.
Afghan refugees
Afghan refugees are citizens of Afghanistan who were forced to flee from their country as a result the continuous wars that the country has suffered since the Afghan-Soviet war, the Afghan civil war, the Afghanistan war (2001–2021) or either political or religious persecution.
Afghanistan
Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Iran and Afghanistan are countries and territories where Persian is an official language, countries in Asia, Iranian Plateau, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, member states of the United Nations and Theocracies.
Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar
Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar (translit; 14 March 1742 – 17 June 1797), also known by his regnal name of Agha Mohammad Shah (آغا محمد شاه), was the founder of the Qajar dynasty of Iran, ruling from 1789 to 1797 as Shah.
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Ahmad Jannati
Ahmad Jannati (Persian: احمد جنتی) (born 23 February 1927) is an Iranian conservative politician.
Ahriman
Angra Mainyu (Avestan: Aŋra Mainiiu) or Ahriman (اهريمن) is the Avestan name of Zoroastrianism's hypostasis of the "destructive/evil spirit" and the main adversary in Zoroastrianism either of the Spenta Mainyu, the "holy/creative spirits/mentality", or directly of Ahura Mazda, the highest deity of Zoroastrianism.
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Ahura Mazda
Ahura Mazda (𐬀𐬵𐬎𐬭𐬀 𐬨𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬁|translit.
Ahvaz
Ahvaz (اهواز) is a city in the Central District of Ahvaz County, Khuzestan province, Iran.
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Akbar Rafsanjani
Ali Akbar Hashimi Bahramani Rafsanjani (25 August 19348 January 2017) was an Iranian politician and writer who served as the fourth president of Iran from 1989 to 1997.
Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.
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Alfred Comyn Lyall
Sir Alfred Comyn Lyall (4 January 1835 – 10 April 1911) was a British civil servant, literary historian and poet.
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Algeria
Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. Iran and Algeria are G15 nations, member states of OPEC, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and member states of the United Nations.
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Ali Javan
Ali Javan (Ali Javān); December 26, 1926 – September 12, 2016) was an Iranian American physicist and inventor. He was the first to propose the concept of the gas laser in 1959 at the Bell Telephone Laboratories. A successful prototype, constructed by him in collaboration with W. R. Bennett, Jr., and D.
Ali Khamenei
Seyyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei (translit,; born 19 April 1939) is an Iranian Twelver Shia marja' and politician who has served as the second supreme leader of Iran since 1989.
Allies of World War II
The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during World War II (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers.
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American English
American English (AmE), sometimes called United States English or U.S. English, is the set of varieties of the English language native to the United States.
Amu Darya
The Amu Darya, also called the Amu, the Amo, and historically the Oxus (Latin: Ōxus; Greek: Ὦξος, Ôxos), is a major river in Central Asia, which flows through Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Afghanistan.
Anatolia
Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek (Ἑλληνῐκή) includes the forms of the Greek language used in ancient Greece and the ancient world from around 1500 BC to 300 BC.
Ancient Greek philosophy
Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BC.
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Ancient history
Ancient history is a time period from the beginning of writing and recorded human history through late antiquity.
Anglo-Russian Convention
The Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 (g.), or Convention between the United Kingdom and Russia relating to Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet (Конвенция между Соединенным Королевством и Россией относительно Персии, Афганистана, и Тибета; Konventsiya mezhdu Soyedinennym Korolevstvom i Rossiyey otnositel'no Persii, Afghanistana, i Tibeta), was signed on August 31, 1907, in Saint Petersburg.
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Antiquity (journal)
Antiquity is an academic journal dedicated to the subject of archaeology.
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Anushtegin dynasty
The Anushtegin dynasty or Anushteginids (English:, خاندان انوشتکین), also known as the Khwarazmian dynasty (خوارزمشاهیان) was a PersianateC. E. Bosworth:.
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Apricot
An apricot is a fruit, or the tree that bears the fruit, of several species in the genus Prunus.
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Arabic
Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.
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Arabs
The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.
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Aras (river)
The Aras (also known as the Araks, Arax, Araxes, or Araz) is a river in the Caucasus.
Ardashir I
Ardashir I (𐭠𐭥𐭲𐭧𐭱𐭲𐭥; transl), also known as Ardashir the Unifier (180–242 AD), was the founder of the Persian Sasanian Empire.
Ardeshir Irani
Khan Bahadur Ardeshir Irani (5 December 1886 – 14 October 1969) was a writer, director, producer, actor, film distributor, film showman and cinematographer in the silent and sound eras of early Indian cinema.
Arg-e Bam
The Arg-e Bam (ارگ بم), located in the city of Bam, Kerman Province of southeastern Iran, is the largest adobe building in the world.
Aristocracy
Aristocracy is a form of government that places power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class, the aristocrats.
Armenian genocide
The Armenian genocide was the systematic destruction of the Armenian people and identity in the Ottoman Empire during World War I.
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Armenian language
Armenian (endonym) is an Indo-European language and the sole member of the independent branch of the Armenian language family.
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Armenians
Armenians (hayer) are an ethnic group and nation native to the Armenian highlands of West Asia.
Army aviation
An army aviation unit is an aviation-related unit of a nation's army, sometimes described as an air corps.
Art
Art is a diverse range of human activity and its resulting product that involves creative or imaginative talent generally expressive of technical proficiency, beauty, emotional power, or conceptual ideas.
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Artabanus IV of Parthia
Artabanus IV, also known as Ardavan IV (Parthian:𐭓𐭕𐭐𐭍), incorrectly known in older scholarship as Artabanus V, was the last ruler of the Parthian Empire from c. 213 to 224.
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Artificial heart
An artificial heart is an artificial organ device that replaces the heart.
Asghar Farhadi
Asghar Farhadi (اصغر فرهادی,; born 7 May 1972) is an Iranian film director and screenwriter.
Ashura
Ashura is a day of commemoration in Islam.
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Asia
Asia is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population.
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Asian black bear
The Asian black bear (Ursus thibetanus), also known as the Indian black bear, Asiatic black bear, moon bear and white-chested bear, is a medium-sized bear species native to Asia that is largely adapted to an arboreal lifestyle.
Asian Games
The Asian Games, also known as Asiad, is a continental multi-sport event held every fourth year among athletes from all over Asia.
Asiatic lion
The Asiatic lion is a lion population of the subspecies Panthera leo leo.
Assembly of Experts
The Assembly of Experts (majles-e xobregân-e rahbari), also translated as the Assembly of Experts of the Leadership or as the Council of Experts, is the deliberative body empowered to appoint the Supreme Leader of Iran.
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Associate degree
An associate degree or associate's degree is an undergraduate degree awarded after a course of post-secondary study lasting two to three years.
Assyria
Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: x16px, māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, which eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC.
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Assyrians in Iran
Assyrians in Iran (ܐܬܘܪܝܐ ܕܐܝܼܪܵܢ; آشوریان ایران), or Iranian Assyrians, are an ethnic and linguistic minority in present-day Iran.
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Astrological sign
In Western astrology, astrological signs are the twelve 30-degree sectors that make up Earth's 360-degree orbit around the Sun.
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Astronomy
Astronomy is a natural science that studies celestial objects and the phenomena that occur in the cosmos.
Astyages
Astyages was the last king of the Median kingdom, reigning from 585 to 550 BCE.
Atar
Atar, Atash, Azar (translit) or Dāštāɣni,, s.v. agni-. is the Zoroastrian concept of holy fire, sometimes described in abstract terms as "burning and unburning fire" or "visible and invisible fire" (Mirza, 1987:389).
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Autocracy
Autocracy is a system of government in which absolute power is held by the ruler, known as an autocrat.
Avant-garde
In the arts and in literature, the term avant-garde (from French meaning advance guard and vanguard) identifies an experimental genre, or work of art, and the artist who created it; which usually is aesthetically innovative, whilst initially being ideologically unacceptable to the artistic establishment of the time.
Avesta
The Avesta is the primary collection of religious texts of Zoroastrianism from at least the late Sassanid period (ca. 6th century CE).
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Avestan
Avestan is an umbrella term for two Old Iranian languages, Old Avestan (spoken in the 2nd to 1st millennium BC) and Younger Avestan (spoken in the 1st millennium BC).
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Azadi Stadium
The Azadi Stadium (ورزشگاه آزادی Varzešgâh-è Âzâdi), opened as the Aryamehr Stadium (ورزشگاه آریامهر Varzešgâh-è Âryâmehr), is an all-seater football stadium in Tehran, Iran.
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia. Iran and Azerbaijan are countries in Asia, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, member states of the United Nations and west Asian countries.
Azerbaijan (Iran)
Azerbaijan or Azarbaijan (italic), also known as Iranian Azerbaijan, is a historical region in northwestern Iran that borders Iraq and Turkey to the west, and the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, Armenia, and the Republic of Azerbaijan proper to the north.
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Azerbaijan People's Government
The Azerbaijan People's Government (آذربایجان میللی حکومتی - Azərbaycan Milli Hökuməti; حکومت خودمختار آذربایجان) was a short-lived unrecognized secessionist state in northern Iran from November 1945 to December 1946.
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Azerbaijani language
Azerbaijani or Azeri, also referred to as Azeri Turkic or Azeri Turkish, is a Turkic language from the Oghuz sub-branch.
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Azerbaijanis
Azerbaijanis (Azərbaycanlılar, آذربایجانلیلار), Azeris (Azərilər, آذریلر), or Azerbaijani Turks (Azərbaycan Türkləri, آذربایجان تۆرکلری) are a Turkic ethnic group living mainly in the Azerbaijan region of northwestern Iran and the Republic of Azerbaijan.
Babylonia
Babylonia (𒆳𒆍𒀭𒊏𒆠) was an ancient Akkadian-speaking state and cultural area based in the city of Babylon in central-southern Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq and parts of Syria and Iran).
Bachelor's degree
A bachelor's degree (from Medieval Latin baccalaureus) or baccalaureate (from Modern Latin baccalaureatus) is an undergraduate degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to six years (depending on institution and academic discipline).
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Baháʼí Faith
The Baháʼí Faith is a religion founded in the 19th century that teaches the essential worth of all religions and the unity of all people.
Bahram Beyzai
Bahrām Beyzāêi (also spelt Beizāi, Beyzāêi, بهرامبیضائی; born 26 December 1938) is an Iranian playwright, theatre director, screenwriter, film editor, and ostād ("master") of Persian letters, arts and Iranian studies.
Ballistic missile
A ballistic missile (BM) is a type of missile that uses projectile motion to deliver warheads on a target.
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Baloch people
The Baloch or Baluch (Balòc) are a nomadic, pastoral, ethnic group which speaks the Western Iranic Baloch language and is native to the Balochistan region of South and Western Asia, encompassing the countries of Pakistan, Iran, and Afghanistan.
Balochi language
Balochi (rtl, romanized) is a Northwestern Iranian language, spoken primarily in the Balochistan region of Pakistan, Iran and Afghanistan.
Bandar Abbas
Bandar Abbas (بندر عباس) is a city in the Central District of Bandar Abbas County, Hormozgan province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.
Bandar Torkaman
Bandar Torkaman (بندرتركمن) is a city in the Central District of Torkaman County, Golestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
Bandar-e Anzali
Bandar-e Anzali (بندرانزلی) is a city in the Central District of Bandar-e Anzali County, Gilan province, Iran, serving as the capital of both the county and the district.
Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni
Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni (بندر امامخمینی) is a city in, and the capital of, Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni District of Mahshahr County, Khuzestan province, Iran.
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Barbad
Barbad (باربد) was a Persian musician-poet, music theorist and composer of Sasanian music.
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Barbat (lute)
The barbat (بربت) or barbud is a lute of Greater Iranian or Persian origin, and widespread across Central Asia, especially since the Sassanid Empire.
Bashar al-Assad
Bashar al-Assad (born 11 September 1965) is a Syrian politician who is the current and 19th president of Syria since 17 July 2000.
Basij
The Basij (بسيج, lit. "The Mobilization") or Niru-ye Moghāvemat-e Basij (نیروی مقاومت بسیج, "Resistance Mobilization Force"), full name Sâzmân-e Basij-e Mostaz'afin (سازمان بسیج مستضعفین, "The Organization for Mobilization of the Oppressed"), is a paramilitary volunteer militia within the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) and one of its five branches.
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Basketball
Basketball is a team sport in which two teams, most commonly of five players each, opposing one another on a rectangular court, compete with the primary objective of shooting a basketball (approximately in diameter) through the defender's hoop (a basket in diameter mounted high to a backboard at each end of the court), while preventing the opposing team from shooting through their own hoop.
Basra
Basra (al-Baṣrah) is a city in southern Iraq.
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Battle of Karnal
The Battle of Karnal (Persian: نبرد کرنال) (24 February 1739) was a decisive victory for Nader Shah, the founder of the Afsharid dynasty of Iran, during his invasion of India.
Battle of Krtsanisi
The Battle of Krtsanisi (tr, نبرد کرتسانیسی) was fought between the army of Qajar Iran (Persia) and the Georgian armies of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti and Kingdom of Imereti at the place of Krtsanisi near Tbilisi, Georgia, from September 8 to September 11, 1795, as part of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar's war in response to King Heraclius II of Georgia’s alliance with the Russian Empire.
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Bazaar
A bazaar or souk is a marketplace consisting of multiple small stalls or shops, especially in the Middle East, the Balkans, North Africa and South Asia.
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BBC News Online
BBC News Online is the website of BBC News, the division of the BBC responsible for newsgathering and production.
Behistun Inscription
The Behistun Inscription (also Bisotun, Bisitun or Bisutun; بیستون, Old Persian: Bagastana, meaning "the place of god") is a multilingual Achaemenid royal inscription and large rock relief on a cliff at Mount Behistun in the Kermanshah Province of Iran, near the city of Kermanshah in western Iran, established by Darius the Great.
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Belarus
Belarus, officially the Republic of Belarus, is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. Iran and Belarus are member states of the United Nations.
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Black Friday (1978)
Black Friday (Jom'e-ye Siyāh) is the name given to an incident occurring on 8 September 1978 (17 Shahrivar 1357 in the Iranian calendar) in Iran, in which 64, or at least 100 people were shot dead and 205 injured by the Pahlavi military in Jaleh Square (Meydān-e Jāleh) in Tehran.
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Bonfire
A bonfire is a large and controlled outdoor fire, used either for informal disposal of burnable waste material or as part of a celebration.
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British Empire
The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates, and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.
Bronze Age
The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.
Brown bear
The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a large bear native to Eurasia and North America.
Bundahishn
The Bundahishn (Middle Persian:, "Primal Creation") is an encyclopedic collection of beliefs about Zoroastrian cosmology written in the Book Pahlavi script.
Caliphate
A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.
Calligraphy
Calligraphy is a visual art related to writing.
Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
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Camel
A camel (from camelus and κάμηλος from Ancient Semitic: gāmāl) is an even-toed ungulate in the genus Camelus that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back.
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Canada
Canada is a country in North America. Iran and Canada are member states of the United Nations.
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Cannes Film Festival
The Cannes Film Festival (Festival de Cannes), until 2003 called the International Film Festival (Festival international du film), is an annual film festival held in Cannes, France, which previews new films of all genres, including documentaries, from all around the world.
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Capital city
A capital city or just capital is the municipality holding primary status in a country, state, province, department, or other subnational division, usually as its seat of the government.
Capital punishment
Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct.
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Capitulation (treaty)
A capitulation is a treaty or unilateral contract by which a sovereign state relinquishes jurisdiction within its borders over the subjects of a foreign state.
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Cardamom
Cardamom, sometimes cardamon or cardamum, is a spice made from the seeds of several plants in the genera Elettaria and Amomum in the family Zingiberaceae.
Carpet Museum of Iran
Located beside Laleh Park in Tehran the Carpet Museum of Iran was established by the order of Shahbanu Farah Pahlavi in 1976 to exhibit a variety of Persian carpets from all over Iran.
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Carrot juice
Carrot juice is juice produced from carrots.
Caspian tiger
The Caspian tiger was a Panthera tigris tigris population native to eastern Turkey, northern Iran, Mesopotamia, the Caucasus around the Caspian Sea, Central Asia to northern Afghanistan and the Xinjiang region in western China.
Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.
Caucasus Mountains
The Caucasus Mountains is a mountain range at the intersection of Asia and Europe.
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Caviar
Caviar (also known as caviare, originally from the egg-bearing) is a food consisting of salt-cured roe of the family Acipenseridae.
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Central Asia
Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.
Central Bank of Iran
The Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran (CBI; Bank Markazi-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān; SWIFT Code: BMJIIRTH), also known as Bank Markazi, was established under the Iranian Banking and Monetary Act in 1960, it serves as the banker to the Iranian government and has the exclusive right of issuing banknote and coinage.
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Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.
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Chaharshanbe Suri
Chaharshanbeh Suri or Charshanbeh Suri (Čahāršanbe suri), is an Iranian festival of the fire dance celebrated on the eve of the last Wednesday of the year, of ancient Zoroastrian origin.
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Chalcolithic
The Chalcolithic (also called the Copper Age and Eneolithic) was an archaeological period characterized by the increasing use of smelted copper.
Cherry
A cherry is the fruit of many plants of the genus Prunus, and is a fleshy drupe (stone fruit).
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. Iran and China are BRICS nations, countries in Asia and member states of the United Nations.
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Chinese culture
Chinese culture is one of the world's oldest cultures, originating thousands of years ago.
Chogha Zanbil
Chogha Zanbil (also Tchoga Zanbil and Čoġā Zanbīl) (چغازنبيل; Elamite: Al Untas Napirisa then later Dur Untash) is an ancient Elamite complex in the Khuzestan province of Iran.
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Christianity in Iran
Christianity in Iran dates back to the early years of the religion during the time of Jesus, predating Islam.
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Christmas
Christmas is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world.
Cinema Rex fire
The Cinema Rex fire happened on 19 August 1978 when the Cinema Rex in Abadan, Iran was set ablaze, killing between 377 and 470 people.
Cinnamon
Cinnamon is a spice obtained from the inner bark of several tree species from the genus Cinnamomum.
Circassian genocide
The Circassian genocide, or Tsitsekun, was the Russian Empire's systematic mass murder, ethnic cleansing, and expulsion of 95–97% of the Circassian population, resulting in 1 to 1.5 million deaths during the final stages of the Russo-Circassian War.
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Circassian languages
Circassian, also known as Cherkess, is a subdivision of the Northwest Caucasian language family, spoken by the Circassian people.
See Iran and Circassian languages
Circassians
The Circassians or Circassian people, also called Cherkess or Adyghe (Adyghe and Adygekher) are a Northwest Caucasian ethnic group and nation who originated in Circassia, a region and former country in the North Caucasus.
Civil law (legal system)
Civil law is a legal system originating in Italy and France that has been adopted in large parts of the world.
See Iran and Civil law (legal system)
Civil service
The civil service is a collective term for a sector of government composed mainly of career civil service personnel hired rather than elected, whose institutional tenure typically survives transitions of political leadership.
Civilian casualty
A civilian casualty occurs when a civilian is killed or injured by non-civilians, mostly law enforcement officers, military personnel, rebel group forces, or terrorists.
See Iran and Civilian casualty
Civilization
A civilization (civilisation) is any complex society characterized by the development of the state, social stratification, urbanization, and symbolic systems of communication beyond signed or spoken languages (namely, writing systems and graphic arts).
Clergy
Clergy are formal leaders within established religions.
See Iran and Clergy
Cloning
Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes, either by natural or artificial means.
See Iran and Cloning
Cold War
The Cold War was a period of geopolitical tension between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies, the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc, that started in 1947, two years after the end of World War II, and lasted until the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
Collective Security Treaty Organization
The Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) is an intergovernmental military alliance in Eurasia consisting of six post-Soviet states: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan, formed in 2002.
See Iran and Collective Security Treaty Organization
College-preparatory school
A college-preparatory school (usually shortened to preparatory school or prep school) is a type of secondary school.
See Iran and College-preparatory school
Columbia University Press
Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.
See Iran and Columbia University Press
Commander-in-chief
A commander-in-chief or supreme commander is the person who exercises supreme command and control over an armed force or a military branch.
See Iran and Commander-in-chief
Concession (contract)
A concession or concession agreement is a grant of rights, land, property, or facility by a government, local authority, corporation, individual or other legal entity.
See Iran and Concession (contract)
Constitution of Iran
The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran (قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران, Qanun-e Asasi-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Iran) is the supreme law of Iran.
See Iran and Constitution of Iran
Consulate
A consulate is the office of a consul.
Conventional warfare
Conventional warfare is a form of warfare conducted by using conventional weapons and battlefield tactics between two or more states in open confrontation.
See Iran and Conventional warfare
Cooperative
A cooperative (also known as co-operative, co-op, or coop) is "an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically-controlled enterprise".
Cradle of civilization
A cradle of civilization is a location and a culture where civilization was developed independent of other civilizations in other locations.
See Iran and Cradle of civilization
Cruise missile
A cruise missile is an unmanned self-propelled guided vehicle that sustains flight through aerodynamic lift for most of its flight path and whose primary mission is to place an ordnance or special payload on a target.
Cucumber
The cucumber (Cucumis sativus) is a widely-cultivated creeping vine plant in the family Cucurbitaceae that bears cylindrical to spherical fruits, which are used as culinary vegetables.
Cultural hegemony
In Marxist philosophy, cultural hegemony is the dominance of a culturally diverse society by the ruling class who shape the culture of that society—the beliefs and explanations, perceptions, values, and mores—so that the worldview of the ruling class becomes the accepted cultural norm.
See Iran and Cultural hegemony
Cultural heritage
Cultural heritage is the heritage of tangible and intangible heritage assets of a group or society that is inherited from past generations.
See Iran and Cultural heritage
Cultural Revolution in Iran
The Cultural Revolution (1980–1983; انقلاب فرهنگی.: Enqelābe Farhangi) was a period following the Iranian Revolution, when the academia of Iran was purged of Western and non-Islamic influences, (including traditionalist unpolitical Islamic doctrines) to align them with the revolutionary and political Islam.
See Iran and Cultural Revolution in Iran
Culture of Africa
The Culture of Africa is varied and manifold, consisting of a mixture of countries with various tribes depicting their unique characteristic and trait from the continent of Africa.
See Iran and Culture of Africa
Culture of ancient Rome
The culture of ancient Rome existed throughout the almost 1,200-year history of the civilization of Ancient Rome.
See Iran and Culture of ancient Rome
Culture of India
Indian culture is the heritage of social norms and technologies that originated in or are associated with the ethno-linguistically diverse India, pertaining to the Indian subcontinent until 1947 and the Republic of India post-1947.
Culture of Iran
The culture of Iran or culture of PersiaYarshater, Ehsan, Iranian Studies, vol.
Currency
A currency is a standardization of money in any form, in use or circulation as a medium of exchange, for example banknotes and coins.
Cyberwarfare
Cyberwarfare is the use of cyber attacks against an enemy state, causing comparable harm to actual warfare and/or disrupting vital computer systems.
Cyropaedia
The Cyropaedia, sometimes spelled Cyropedia, is a partly fictional biography of Cyrus the Great, the founder of Persia's Achaemenid Empire.
Cyrus Cylinder
The Cyrus Cylinder is an ancient clay cylinder, now broken into several pieces, on which is written an Achaemenid royal inscription in Akkadian cuneiform script in the name of the Persian king Cyrus the Great.
Cyrus the Great
Cyrus II of Persia (𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁), commonly known as Cyrus the Great, was the founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.
Daf
Daf (دف), also known as dâyere and riq, is a Middle Eastern (mainly Iranian) frame drum musical instrument, used in popular and classical music in South and Central Asia.
See Iran and Daf
Dagestan
Dagestan (Дагестан), officially the Republic of Dagestan, is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, along the Caspian Sea.
Darius III
Darius III (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁; Δαρεῖος; c. 380 – 330 BC) was the last Achaemenid King of Kings of Persia, reigning from 336 BC to his death in 330 BC.
Darius the Great
Darius I (𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁; Δαρεῖος; – 486 BCE), commonly known as Darius the Great, was a Persian ruler who served as the third King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 522 BCE until his death in 486 BCE.
Dariush Mehrjui
Dariush Mehrjui (داریوش مهرجویی‎; 8 December 1939 – 14 October 2023) was an Iranian filmmaker and a member of the Iranian Academy of the Arts.
Dasht-e Kavir
Dasht-e Kavir (lit in classical Persian, from khwar (low), and dasht (plain, flatland)) or the Kavir Desert, also known as Kavir-e Namak or the Great Salt Desert, is a large desert lying in the middle of the Iranian Plateau. Iran and dasht-e Kavir are Iranian Plateau.
Dasht-e Lut
The Lut Desert, widely referred to as Dasht-e Lut (دشت لوت, "Emptiness Plain"), is a salt desert located in the provinces of Kerman and Sistan-Baluchestan, Iran.
De facto
De facto describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms.
Deccan sultanates
The Deccan sultanates is a historiographical term referring to five late medieval to early modern Indian kingdoms on the Deccan Plateau between the Krishna River and the Vindhya Range that were created from the disintegration of the Bahmani Sultanate and ruled by Muslim dynasties: namely Ahmadnagar, Berar, Bidar, Bijapur, and Golconda.
See Iran and Deccan sultanates
Deioces
Deioces (Δηιόκης) was the founder and the first King of the Median kingdom, an ancient polity in western Asia.
See Iran and Deioces
Demographics of Iran
Iran's population increased dramatically during the later half of the 20th century, reaching about 80 million by 2016.
See Iran and Demographics of Iran
Demonym
A demonym or gentilic is a word that identifies a group of people (inhabitants, residents, natives) in relation to a particular place.
See Iran and Demonym
Denkard
The Dēnkard or Dēnkart (Middle Persian: 𐭣𐭩𐭭𐭪𐭠𐭫𐭲 "Acts of Religion") is a 10th-century compendium of Zoroastrian beliefs and customs during the time.
See Iran and Denkard
Desert climate
The desert climate or arid climate (in the Köppen climate classification BWh and BWk) is a dry climate sub-type in which there is a severe excess of evaporation over precipitation.
Diplomatic immunity
Diplomatic immunity is a principle of international law by which certain foreign government officials are recognized as having legal immunity from the jurisdiction of another country.
See Iran and Diplomatic immunity
Disability
Disability is the experience of any condition that makes it more difficult for a person to do certain activities or have equitable access within a given society.
Dizin
Dizin (دیزین) is an Iranian ski resort.
See Iran and Dizin
Donkey
The donkey or ass is a domesticated equine.
See Iran and Donkey
Dover Publications
Dover Publications, also known as Dover Books, is an American book publisher founded in 1941 by Hayward and Blanche Cirker.
See Iran and Dover Publications
Drainage basin
A drainage basin is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean.
Dried lime
Dried lime, also known as: black lime; noomi basra (Iraq); limoo amani (Iran); and loomi (Oman), is a lime that has lost its water content, usually after having spent a majority of its drying time in the sun.
Drilling rig
A drilling rig is an integrated system that drills wells, such as oil or water wells, or holes for piling and other construction purposes, into the earth's subsurface.
Dryland farming
Dryland farming and dry farming encompass specific agricultural techniques for the non-irrigated cultivation of crops.
Durrani
The Durrānī (دراني), formerly known as Abdālī (ابدالي), are one of the largest tribes of Pashtuns.
See Iran and Durrani
E-commerce
E-commerce (electronic commerce) is the activity of electronically buying or selling products on online services or over the Internet.
Eagle
Eagle is the common name for the golden eagle, bald eagle, and other birds of prey in the family Accipitridae.
See Iran and Eagle
Easter
Easter, also called Pascha (Aramaic, Greek, Latin) or Resurrection Sunday, is a Christian festival and cultural holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial following his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary.
See Iran and Easter
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.
Ecbatana
Ecbatana (translit or, literally "the place of gathering" according to Darius the Great's inscription at Bisotun; هگمتانه; 𐭠𐭧𐭬𐭲𐭠𐭭; translit; 𒆳𒀀𒃵𒋫𒉡|translit.
Economic Cooperation Organization
The Economic Cooperation Organization or ECO is a Eurasian political and economic intergovernmental organization that was founded in 1985 in Tehran by the leaders of Iran, Pakistan, and Turkey.
See Iran and Economic Cooperation Organization
Economy of Iran
Iran is a mixed economy with a large public sector.
Eid al-Fitr
Eid al-Fitr (lit) is the earlier of the two official holidays celebrated within Islam (the other being Eid al-Adha).
Elam
Elam (Linear Elamite: hatamti; Cuneiform Elamite:; Sumerian:; Akkadian:; עֵילָם ʿēlām; 𐎢𐎺𐎩 hūja) was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day Iran, stretching from the lowlands of what is now Khuzestan and Ilam Province as well as a small part of southern Iraq.
See Iran and Elam
Elamite cuneiform
Elamite cuneiform was a logo-syllabic script used to write the Elamite language.
See Iran and Elamite cuneiform
Elections in Iran
Iran elects on a national level a head of government (the president), a legislature (the Majlis), and an "Assembly of Experts" (which elects the Supreme Leader).
See Iran and Elections in Iran
Electric guitar
An electric guitar is a guitar that requires external amplification in order to be heard at typical performance volumes, unlike a standard acoustic guitar.
Electric power
Electric power is the rate of transfer of electrical energy within a circuit.
Encyclopaedia of Islam
The Encyclopaedia of Islam (EI) is a reference work that facilitates the academic study of Islam.
See Iran and Encyclopaedia of Islam
Encyclopædia Britannica
The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
See Iran and Encyclopædia Britannica
Encyclopædia Iranica
Encyclopædia Iranica is a project whose goal is to create a comprehensive and authoritative English-language encyclopedia about the history, culture, and civilization of Iranian peoples from prehistory to modern times.
See Iran and Encyclopædia Iranica
English in the Commonwealth of Nations
The use of the English language in current and former member countries of the Commonwealth of Nations was largely inherited from British colonisation, with some exceptions.
See Iran and English in the Commonwealth of Nations
Enriched uranium
Enriched uranium is a type of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 (written 235U) has been increased through the process of isotope separation.
Equinox
A solar equinox is a moment in time when the Sun crosses the Earth's equator, which is to say, appears directly above the equator, rather than north or south of the equator.
See Iran and Equinox
Esfand
Esfand (اسفند) is the twelfth and final month of the Solar Hijri calendar, the official calendar of Iran and Afghanistan.
See Iran and Esfand
Etemad
Etemad or Etemaad (lit) is a Persian-language reformist newspaper based in Iran that is published in Tehran.
See Iran and Etemad
Ethnic groups in the Caucasus
The peoples of the Caucasus, or Caucasians, are a diverse group comprising more than 50 ethnic groups throughout the Caucasus.
See Iran and Ethnic groups in the Caucasus
Ethnolinguistics
Ethnolinguistics (sometimes called cultural linguistics) is an area of anthropological linguistics that studies the relationship between a language and the cultural behavior of the people who speak that language.
Euphrates
The Euphrates (see below) is the longest and one of the most historically important rivers of Western Asia.
Eurasian lynx
The Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) is one of the four extant species within the medium-sized wild cat genus Lynx.
European Union
The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.
Expediency Discernment Council
The Expediency Discernment Council of the System (مجمع تشخیص مصلحت نظامMajma'-e Tašxis-e Maslahat-e Nezâm) is an administrative assembly of Iran appointed by the Supreme Leader and was created upon the revision to the Constitution on 6 February 1988.
See Iran and Expediency Discernment Council
Fajr-3 (missile)
The Iranian-made Fajr-3 is believed to be a medium-range ballistic missile with an unknown range (estimated 2,000 km, 1,250 miles).
Falcon
Falcons are birds of prey in the genus Falco, which includes about 40 species. Some small species of falcons with long, narrow wings are called hobbies, and some that hover while hunting are called kestrels. Falcons are widely distributed on all continents of the world except Antarctica, though closely related raptors did occur there in the Eocene.
See Iran and Falcon
Fars province
Fars province (استان فارس) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.
Fateh-110
The Fateh-110 (فاتح-۱۱۰ "conqueror"), also known as NP-110 is an Iranian solid-fueled surface-to-surface ballistic missile produced by Iran's Aerospace Industries Organization since 2002.
Ferdowsi
Abul-Qâsem Ferdowsi Tusi (ابوالقاسمفردوسی توسی; 940 – 1019/1025), also Firdawsi or Ferdowsi (فردوسی), was a Persian poet and the author of Shahnameh ("Book of Kings"), which is one of the world's longest epic poems created by a single poet, and the greatest epic of Persian-speaking countries.
FIBA Asia Cup
The FIBA Asia Cup (formerly the FIBA Asia Championship and ABC Championship) is an international basketball tournament which takes place every four years between the men's national teams of Asia and Oceania.
Fields Medal
The Fields Medal is a prize awarded to two, three, or four mathematicians under 40 years of age at the International Congress of the International Mathematical Union (IMU), a meeting that takes place every four years.
FIFA Men's World Ranking
The FIFA Men's World Ranking is a ranking system for men's national teams in association football, led by Argentina.
See Iran and FIFA Men's World Ranking
Fighter aircraft
Fighter aircraft (early on also pursuit aircraft) are military aircraft designed primarily for air-to-air combat.
Financial centre
A financial centre (financial center in American English) or financial hub is a location with a significant concentration of participants in banking, asset management, insurance, and financial markets, with venues and supporting services for these activities to take place.
Fireworks
Fireworks are low explosive pyrotechnic devices used for aesthetic and entertainment purposes.
FIVB Senior World Rankings
The FIVB Senior World Rankings is a ranking system for men's and women's national teams in volleyball.
See Iran and FIVB Senior World Rankings
Folk dance
A folk dance is a dance that reflects the life of the people of a certain country or region.
Food security
Food security is the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food.
Football is the most popular sport in Iran, with wrestling and volleyball as close contenders.
Foreign exchange reserves
Foreign exchange reserves (also called forex reserves or FX reserves) are cash and other reserve assets such as gold and silver held by a central bank or other monetary authority that are primarily available to balance payments of the country, influence the foreign exchange rate of its currency, and to maintain confidence in financial markets.
See Iran and Foreign exchange reserves
Foreign relations of Iran
Geography is an important factor in informing Iran's foreign policy.
See Iran and Foreign relations of Iran
Forest
A forest is an ecosystem characterized by a dense community of trees.
See Iran and Forest
Fossil fuel
A fossil fuel is a carbon compound- or hydrocarbon-containing material such as coal, oil, and natural gas, formed naturally in the Earth's crust from the remains of prehistoric organisms (animals, plants and planktons), a process that occurs within geological formations.
Fox
Foxes are small-to-medium-sized omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae.
See Iran and Fox
Fox News
The Fox News Channel (FNC), commonly known as Fox News, is an American multinational conservative news and political commentary television channel and website based in New York City.
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe. Iran and France are member states of the United Nations.
See Iran and France
France 24
France 24 (vingt-quatre in French) is a French publicly-funded international news television network based in Paris.
Free market
In economics, a free market is an economic system in which the prices of goods and services are determined by supply and demand expressed by sellers and buyers.
Free-trade zone
A free-trade zone (FTZ) is a class of special economic zone.
Freestyle wrestling
Freestyle wrestling is a style of wrestling.
See Iran and Freestyle wrestling
Fuzzy set
In mathematics, fuzzy sets (also known as uncertain sets) are sets whose elements have degrees of membership.
Gas laser
A gas laser is a laser in which an electric current is discharged through a gas to produce coherent light.
Gas to liquids
Gas to liquids (GTL) is a refinery process to convert natural gas or other gaseous hydrocarbons into longer-chain hydrocarbons, such as gasoline or diesel fuel.
Gendarmerie
A gendarmerie is a military force with law enforcement duties among the civilian population.
General contractor
A contractor (North American English) or builder (British English), is responsible for the day-to-day oversight of a construction site, management of vendors and trades, and the communication of information to all involved parties throughout the course of a building project.
See Iran and General contractor
Georgia (country)
Georgia is a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and West Asia. Iran and Georgia (country) are countries in Asia, member states of the United Nations and west Asian countries.
See Iran and Georgia (country)
Georgian language
Georgian (ქართული ენა) is the most widely spoken Kartvelian language; it serves as the literary language or lingua franca for speakers of related languages.
See Iran and Georgian language
Georgians
The Georgians, or Kartvelians (tr), are a nation and Caucasian ethnic group native to present-day Georgia and surrounding areas historically associated with the Georgian kingdoms.
Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe. Iran and Germany are member states of the United Nations.
See Iran and Germany
Ghadr-110
The Ghadr-110 or Qadr-110, (Persian: قدر-110, meaning "intensity") is a medium-range ballistic missile designed and developed by Iran.
Ghilman
Ghilman (singular غُلاَم,Other standardized transliterations: /.. plural غِلْمَان)Other standardized transliterations: /..
See Iran and Ghilman
Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i (Ğolām-Hoseyn Mohseni Eže'i,; born 29 September 1956) is an Iranian conservative politician, Islamic jurist and prosecutor who currently serves as Chief Justice of Iran.
See Iran and Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i
Gilaki language
Gilaki (گیلٚکي زٚوؤن ɡilɵki zɵvön) is an Iranian language of the Northwestern branch, spoken in south of Caspian Sea by Gilak people.
Gilaks
Gilaks (Gilaki: گيلٚکؤن) are an Iranian ethnic group native to the south of Caspian sea.
See Iran and Gilaks
Gilan province
Gilan province (استان گیلان) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran, in the northwest of the country.
Glycated hemoglobin
Glycated hemoglobin, glycohemoglobin, glycosylated hemoglobin is a form of hemoglobin (Hb) that is chemically linked to a sugar.
See Iran and Glycated hemoglobin
Goitered gazelle
The goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) or black-tailed gazelle is a gazelle native to Turkey, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Iran, parts of Iraq and Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and in northwestern China and Mongolia.
Golden Globe Awards
The Golden Globe Awards are accolades bestowed for excellence in both American and international film and television.
See Iran and Golden Globe Awards
Golden Horde
The Golden Horde, self-designated as Ulug Ulus (in Kipchak Turkic), was originally a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire.
Golden jackal
The golden jackal (Canis aureus), also called the common jackal, is a wolf-like canid that is native to Eurasia.
Golestan Palace
The Golestan Palace (کاخ گلستان, Kākh-e Golestān), also transliterated as the Gulistan Palace and sometimes translated as the Rose Garden Palace from Persian language, was built in the 16th century, renovated in the 18th century and finally rebuilt in 1865.
Google Search
Google Search (also known simply as Google or Google.com) is a search engine operated by Google.
Governor-general
Governor-general (plural governors-general), or governor general (plural governors general), is the title of an office-holder.
Grazing
In agriculture, grazing is a method of animal husbandry whereby domestic livestock are allowed outdoors to free range (roam around) and consume wild vegetations in order to convert the otherwise indigestible (by human gut) cellulose within grass and other forages into meat, milk, wool and other animal products, often on land that is unsuitable for arable farming.
See Iran and Grazing
Great Game
The Great Game was a rivalry between the 19th-century British and Russian empires over influence in Central Asia, primarily in Afghanistan, Persia, and Tibet.
Greater and Lesser Tunbs
Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb (تنب بزرگ و تنب کوچک., Tonb-e Bozorg and Tonb-e Kuchak, طنب الكبرى و طنب الصغرى., Tunb el-Kubra and Tunb el-Sughra) are two small islands in the eastern Persian Gulf, close to the Strait of Hormuz.
See Iran and Greater and Lesser Tunbs
Greater Iran
Greater Iran or Greater Persia (ایران بزرگ), also called the Iranosphere or the Persosphere, is an expression that denotes a wide socio-cultural region comprising parts of West Asia, the South Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, and East Asia (specifically Xinjiang)—all of which have been affected, to some degree, by the Iranian peoples and the Iranian languages.
Greater Khorasan
Greater KhorāsānDabeersiaghi, Commentary on Safarnâma-e Nâsir Khusraw, 6th Ed. Iran and Greater Khorasan are Iranian Plateau.
Greeks
The Greeks or Hellenes (Έλληνες, Éllines) are an ethnic group and nation native to Greece, Cyprus, southern Albania, Anatolia, parts of Italy and Egypt, and to a lesser extent, other countries surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea. They also form a significant diaspora, with many Greek communities established around the world..
See Iran and Greeks
Grolier
Grolier was one of the largest American publishers of general encyclopedias, including The Book of Knowledge (1910), The New Book of Knowledge (1966), The New Book of Popular Science (1972), Encyclopedia Americana (1945), Academic American Encyclopedia (1980), and numerous incarnations of a CD-ROM encyclopedia (1986–2003).
See Iran and Grolier
Group of 15
The Group of 15 (G-15)The adopts the "G-15" orthography (with a hyphen) in order to distinguish an abbreviated reference to this group -- contrasts with other similarly named entities.
Group of 24
The Intergovernmental Group of Twenty-Four on International Monetary Affairs and Development, or The Group of 24 (G-24) was established in 1971 as a chapter of the Group of 77 in order to help coordinate the positions of developing countries on international monetary and development finance issues, as well as and to ensure that their interests are adequately represented in negotiations on international monetary matters.
Group of 77
The Group of 77 (G77) at the United Nations (UN) is a coalition of developing countries, designed to promote its members' collective economic interests and create an enhanced joint negotiating capacity in the United Nations.
Guardian Council
The Guardian Council (also called Council of Guardians or Constitutional Council, Shourā-ye Negahbān) is an appointed and constitutionally mandated 12-member council that wields considerable power and influence in the Islamic Republic of Iran.
Gulf of Oman
The Gulf of Oman or Sea of Oman (خليج عمان khalīj ʿumān; دریای عمان daryâ-ye omân), also known as Gulf of Makran or Sea of Makran (خلیج مکران khalīj makrān; دریای مکران daryâ-ye makrān), is a gulf in the Indian Ocean that connects the Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz, which then runs to the Persian Gulf.
Haaretz
Haaretz (originally Ḥadshot Haaretz –) is an Israeli newspaper.
See Iran and Haaretz
Hafez
Khājeh Shams-od-Dīn Moḥammad Ḥāfeẓ-e Shīrāzī (خواجه شمسالدین محمد حافظ شیرازی), known by his pen name Hafez (حافظ, Ḥāfeẓ, 'the memorizer; the (safe) keeper'; 1325–1390) or Hafiz, was a Persian lyric poet whose collected works are regarded by many Iranians as one of the highest pinnacles of Persian literature.
See Iran and Hafez
Hamas
Hamas, an acronym of its official name, Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya (lit), is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist militant resistance movement governing parts of the Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip since 2007.
See Iran and Hamas
Hamshahri
Hamshahri (lit) is a major Iranian national Persian-language newspaper in Tehran (whose municipal government owns the newspaper).
Hanukkah
Hanukkah (Ḥănukkā) is a Jewish festival commemorating the recovery of Jerusalem and subsequent rededication of the Second Temple at the beginning of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire in the 2nd century BCE.
Harp
The harp is a stringed musical instrument that has individual strings running at an angle to its soundboard; the strings are plucked with the fingers.
See Iran and Harp
Head of government
In the executive branch, the head of government is the highest or the second-highest official of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments.
See Iran and Head of government
Head of state
A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona of a sovereign state.
Health insurance
Health insurance or medical insurance (also known as medical aid in South Africa) is a type of insurance that covers the whole or a part of the risk of a person incurring medical expenses.
Hellenistic period
In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.
See Iran and Hellenistic period
Herodotus
Herodotus (Ἡρόδοτος||; BC) was a Greek historian and geographer from the Greek city of Halicarnassus, part of the Persian Empire (now Bodrum, Turkey) and a later citizen of Thurii in modern Calabria, Italy.
Hezbollah
Hezbollah (Ḥizbu 'llāh) is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and paramilitary group, led since 1992 by its Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah.
Hiking
Hiking is a long, vigorous walk, usually on trails or footpaths in the countryside.
See Iran and Hiking
History of Asian art
The history of Asian art includes a vast range of arts from various cultures, regions, and religions across the continent of Asia.
See Iran and History of Asian art
History of China
The history of China spans several millennia across a wide geographical area.
History of Iran
The history of Iran (or Persia, as it was commonly known in the Western world) is intertwined with that of Greater Iran, a sociocultural region spanning the area between Anatolia in the west and the Indus River and Syr Darya in the east, and between the Caucasus and Eurasian Steppe in the north and the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman in the south.
History of Islam
The history of Islam concerns the political, social, economic, military, and cultural developments of the Islamic civilization.
Hoot (torpedo)
The Hoot (حوت; Whale) is an Iranian supercavitation torpedo claimed to travel at approximately, several times faster than a conventional torpedo.
Horse
The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal.
See Iran and Horse
Hotak dynasty
The Hotak dynasty (د هوتکيانو ټولواکمني امپراتوری هوتکیان) was an Afghan monarchy founded by Ghilji Pashtuns that briefly ruled portions of Iran and Afghanistan during the 1720s.
House arrest
In justice and law, house arrest (also called home confinement, home detention, or, in modern times, electronic monitoring) is a measure by which a person is confined by the authorities to their residence.
Hulegu Khan
Hulegu Khan, also known as Hülegü or Hulaguᠬᠦᠯᠡᠭᠦ|lit.
Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran
The state of human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran has been regarded as very poor.
See Iran and Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran
Hushang
Hushang (script), also spelled Hōshang, is an early hero-king in Iranian mythology.
See Iran and Hushang
Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity, or hydroelectric power, is electricity generated from hydropower (water power).
Ilkhanate
The Ilkhanate or Il-khanate, ruled by the Il-Khans or Ilkhanids (translit), and known to the Mongols as Hülegü Ulus, was a Mongol khanate founded in the southwestern territories of the Mongol Empire. Iran and Ilkhanate are former monarchies of West Asia.
Indian grey mongoose
The Indian grey mongoose or Asian grey mongoose (Urva edwardsii) is a mongoose species native to the Indian subcontinent and West Asia.
See Iran and Indian grey mongoose
Indian wolf
The Indian wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) is a subspecies of gray wolf that ranges from Southwest Asia to the Indian subcontinent.
Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a language family native to the overwhelming majority of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and the northern Indian subcontinent.
See Iran and Indo-European languages
Indo-Iranians
The Indo-Iranian peoples, also known as Ā́rya or Aryans from their self-designation, were a group of Indo-European speaking peoples who brought the Indo-Iranian languages to major parts of Eurasia in waves from the first part of the 2nd millennium BC onwards.
Indus River
The Indus is a transboundary river of Asia and a trans-Himalayan river of South and Central Asia.
Inflation
In economics, inflation is a general increase in the prices of goods and services in an economy.
Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics
The Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB) is an Iranian research institute founded in 1976 to conduct research in cellular and molecular biology.
See Iran and Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is an American 501(c)(3) professional association for electronics engineering, electrical engineering, and other related disciplines.
See Iran and Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Intangible cultural heritage
An intangible cultural heritage (ICH) is a practice, representation, expression, knowledge, or skill considered by UNESCO to be part of a place's cultural heritage.
See Iran and Intangible cultural heritage
International Atomic Energy Agency
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons.
See Iran and International Atomic Energy Agency
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is an international financial institution, established in 1944 and headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States; it is the lending arm of World Bank Group.
See Iran and International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
International Development Association
The International Development Association (IDA) (Association internationale de développement) is a development finance institution which offers concessional loans and grants to the world's poorest developing countries.
See Iran and International Development Association
International Finance Corporation
The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is an international financial institution that offers investment, advisory, and asset-management services to encourage private-sector development in less developed countries.
See Iran and International Finance Corporation
International Labour Organization
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice by setting international labour standards.
See Iran and International Labour Organization
International Maritime Organization
The International Maritime Organization (IMO; Organisation maritime internationale; Organización Marítima Internacional) is a specialised agency of the United Nations responsible for regulating maritime transport.
See Iran and International Maritime Organization
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution funded by 190 member countries, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It is regarded as the global lender of last resort to national governments, and a leading supporter of exchange-rate stability.
See Iran and International Monetary Fund
International Ski and Snowboard Federation
The International Ski and Snowboard Federation, also known as FIS (Fédération Internationale de Ski et de Snowboard), is the highest international governing body for skiing and snowboarding.
See Iran and International Ski and Snowboard Federation
Internet
The Internet (or internet) is the global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to communicate between networks and devices.
Iran Air
The Airline of the Islamic Republic of Iran (Havāpeymāyi-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslāmiye Irān), branded as Iran Air, is the flag carrier of Iran, which is headquartered at Mehrabad Airport in Tehran.
Iran and weapons of mass destruction
Iran is not known to currently possess weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and has signed treaties repudiating the possession of WMD including the Biological Weapons Convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention, and the Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
See Iran and Iran and weapons of mass destruction
Iran at the Olympics
Iran, formerly known as Persia before 1935 and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran since 1979, first participated in the Olympic Games in 1900.
See Iran and Iran at the Olympics
Iran crisis of 1946
The Iran crisis of 1946, also known as the Azerbaijan Crisis in the Iranian sources, was one of the first crises of the Cold War, sparked by the refusal of Joseph Stalin's Soviet Union to relinquish occupied Iranian territory despite repeated assurances.
See Iran and Iran crisis of 1946
Iran hostage crisis
The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic standoff between Iran and the United States.
See Iran and Iran hostage crisis
Iran Khodro
Iran Khodro (ایرانخودرو, Irân Xodro), branded as IKCO, is an Iranian automaker headquartered in Tehran.
The Iran national football team (Team Mellie Futbâle Mardâne Irân), recognised by FIFA as IR Iran, represents Iran in international senior football and is governed by the Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran (FFIRI).
See Iran and Iran national football team
Iran Standard Time
Iran Standard Time (IRST) or Iran Time (IT) is the time zone used in Iran.
See Iran and Iran Standard Time
Iran–Iraq War
The Iran–Iraq War, also known as the First Gulf War, was an armed conflict between Iran and Iraq that lasted from September 1980 to August 1988.
Iran–United States relations
Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since 7 April 1980.
See Iran and Iran–United States relations
Iranian Arabs
Iranian Arabs (عرب إيران; عربهای ايران) are the citizens of Iran who are ethnically Arab and speak Arabic as their native language.
Iranian architecture
Iranian architecture or Persian architecture (معمارى ایرانی, Me'māri e Irāni) is the architecture of Iran and parts of the rest of West Asia, the Caucasus and Central Asia.
See Iran and Iranian architecture
Iranian Armenians
Iranian Armenians (iranahayer; ایرانی های ارمنی), also known as Persian Armenians (parskahayer; ارامنه فارس), are Iranians of Armenian ethnicity who may speak Armenian as their first language.
See Iran and Iranian Armenians
Iranian Georgians
Iranian Georgians or Persian Georgians (ირანის ქართველები; گرجیهای ایران) are Iranian citizens who are ethnically Georgian, and are an ethnic group living in Iran.
See Iran and Iranian Georgians
Iranian hip hop
Iranian hip hop (Persian: هیپهاپ ایرانی), also known as Persian hip hop (هیپهاپ فارسی), refers to hip hop music in the Persian language developed in Iran and the Iranian diaspora.
Iranian languages
The Iranian languages, also called the Iranic languages, are a branch of the Indo-Iranian languages in the Indo-European language family that are spoken natively by the Iranian peoples, predominantly in the Iranian Plateau.
See Iran and Iranian languages
Iranian modern and contemporary art
A cursory glance at the history of art reveals that social, political and economic conditions have always played a major role in the emergence of new artistic currents and styles.
See Iran and Iranian modern and contemporary art
Iranian nationalism
Iranian nationalismPersian: ملیگرایی ایرانی Baloch: راج دوستی ایرانی Kurdish: نەتەوە پەروەریی ئێرانی Gilaki: ایجانایی ایرانی Azerbaijani: İran millətçiliyi Turkmen: Eýranyň milletçiligi Arabic: القومية الإيرانية is nationalism among the people of Iran and individuals whose national identity is Iranian.
See Iran and Iranian nationalism
Iranian philosophy
Iranian philosophy (Persian: فلسفه ایرانی) or Persian philosophy can be traced back as far as to Old Iranian philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient Indo-Iranian roots and were considerably influenced by Zarathustra's teachings.
See Iran and Iranian philosophy
Iranian Plateau
The Iranian Plateau or Persian Plateau is a geological feature spanning parts of the Caucasus, Central Asia, South Asia, and West Asia. It makes up part of the Eurasian Plate, and is wedged between the Arabian Plate and the Indian Plate. The plateau is situated between the Zagros Mountains to the west, the Caspian Sea and the Köpet Dag to the north, the Armenian Highlands and the Caucasus Mountains to the northwest, the Strait of Hormuz and the Persian Gulf to the south, and the Indian subcontinent to the east.
Iranian pop music
Iranian pop music or Persian pop music (موسیقی پاپ ایرانی) Amir Binyaz refers to pop music originated in Iran, with songs mainly in Persian and other regional Persian dialects of the country and region.
See Iran and Iranian pop music
Iranian reformists
The Reformists (Eslâh-Talabân) are a political faction in Iran.
See Iran and Iranian reformists
Iranian Revolution
The Iranian Revolution (انقلاب ایران), also known as the 1979 Revolution and the Islamic Revolution (label), was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. The revolution led to the replacement of the Imperial State of Iran by the present-day Islamic Republic of Iran, as the monarchical government of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was superseded by the theocratic Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, a religious cleric who had headed one of the rebel factions.
See Iran and Iranian Revolution
Iranian rial
The rial (riyâl-è Irân; sign: ﷼; abbreviation: Rl (singular) and Rls (plural) or IR in Latin; ISO code: IRR) is the official currency of Iran.
Iranian rock
Iranian rock (also known as Rocka red) refers to rock music produced by Iranian artists.
Iranian.com
Iranian.com is a website of syndicated Iranian-related news.
IRIB World Service
IRIB World Service, also known as Voice of Islamic Republic of Iran, is the official international broadcasting radio network of Iran.
See Iran and IRIB World Service
Irreligion
Irreligion is the absence or rejection of religious beliefs or practices.
Irrigation
Irrigation (also referred to as watering of plants) is the practice of applying controlled amounts of water to land to help grow crops, landscape plants, and lawns.
Isfahan
Isfahan or Esfahan (اصفهان) is a major city in the Central District of Isfahan County, Isfahan province, Iran.
See Iran and Isfahan
Isfahan province
Isfahan Province (استان اصفهان) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.
Isfahan rug
The Iranian city of Isfahan has long been one of the centres for production of the famous Persian carpet (or rug).
Islam
Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.
See Iran and Islam
Islam in Iran
Islam began entering Iran a few years after it was founded by Muhammad in the 7th century.
Islamic art
Islamic art is a part of Islamic culture and encompasses the visual arts produced since the 7th century CE by people who lived within territories inhabited or ruled by Muslim populations.
Islamic calendar
The Hijri calendar (translit), or Arabic calendar also known in English as the Muslim calendar and Islamic calendar, is a lunar calendar consisting of 12 lunar months in a year of 354 or 355 days.
Islamic Consultative Assembly
The Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e Showrā-ye Eslāmī), also called the Iranian Parliament, the Iranian Majles (Arabicised spelling Majlis) or ICA, is the national legislative body of Iran. Iran and Islamic Consultative Assembly are 1979 establishments in Iran.
See Iran and Islamic Consultative Assembly
Islamic culture
Islamic culture or Muslim culture refers to the historic cultural practices that developed among the various peoples living in the Muslim world.
Islamic Development Bank
The Islamic Development Bank (البنك الإسلامي للتنمية, abbreviated as IsDB) is a multilateral development finance institution that is focused on Islamic finance for infrastructure development and located in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
See Iran and Islamic Development Bank
Islamic philosophy
Islamic philosophy is philosophy that emerges from the Islamic tradition.
See Iran and Islamic philosophy
Islamic republic
The term Islamic republic has been used in different ways. Iran and Islamic republic are islamic republics.
Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force
The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force (نیروی پدافند هوایی ارتش جمهوری اسلامی ایران, Nirū-yē Pədâfənd-ē Həvâyi-yē Ərtēš-ē Žomhūri-yē Ēslâmi-yē Irân) is the anti-aircraft warfare service branch of Iran's regular military, the Islamic Republic of Iran Army (''Artesh'').
See Iran and Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force
Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
The Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force (IRIAF; Nirū-ye Havāyi-ye Arteš-e Jomhūri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān) is the aviation branch of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army. Iran and Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force are 1979 establishments in Iran.
See Iran and Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces
The Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces (نیروی زمینی ارتش جمهوری اسلامی ایران, Niru-yē Zəmini-yē Ərtēš-ē Žomhūri-yē Ēslâmi-yē Irân), acronymed NEZAJA (نزاجا, NEZEJA) are the ground forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran Army.
See Iran and Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces
Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting
The Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB; صدا و سيمای جمهوری اسلامی ايران) formerly called National Iranian Radio and Television until the Iranian revolution of 1979, is an Iranian state-controlled media corporation that holds a monopoly of domestic radio and television services in Iran.
See Iran and Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting
Islamic Republic of Iran Navy
The Islamic Republic of Iran Navy or Iranian Navy (IRIN; Nirū-yē Dəryâyi-yē Ərtēš-ē Žomhūri-yē Ēslâmi-yē Irân), officially abbreviated NEDAJA (نداجا), is the naval warfare service branch of Iran's regular military, the Islamic Republic of Iran Army (''Artesh'').
See Iran and Islamic Republic of Iran Navy
Islamic Republic of Iran Railways
The Islamic Republic of Iran Railways (abbreviated as IRIR, or sometimes as RAI, or as IRI Railway) (translit) is the national state-owned railway system of Iran.
See Iran and Islamic Republic of Iran Railways
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC; سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی), also known as the Iranian Revolutionary Guards, is a multi-service primary branch of the Iranian Armed Forces. Iran and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps are 1979 establishments in Iran.
See Iran and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force
The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force, officially known as the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Air and Space Force (IRGCASF; niru-ye havâfazây-e sepâh-e pâsdârân-e enghelâb-e eslâmi, acronymed in Persian as NEHSA), is the strategic missile, air, and space force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).
See Iran and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces
The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces (نیروی زمینی سپاه پاسداران انقلاب اسلامی), acronymed NEZSA (نزسا), are the ground forces of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC).
See Iran and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Ground Forces
Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy
The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy (IRGCN; niru-ye daryâyi-e sepâh-e pâsdârân-e enghelâb-e eslâmi; officially abbreviated in Persian as NEDSA and also known as the Sepah Navy) is the naval warfare service of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps founded in 1985, and one of the two maritime forces of Iran, parallel to the conventional Islamic Republic of Iran Navy.
See Iran and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Navy
Islamism
Islamism (also often called political Islam) refers to a broad set of religious and political ideological movements.
Islamization of Iran
The Islamization of Iran was the spread of Islam in formerly Sassanid Iran as a result of the Muslim conquest of the empire in 633–654.
See Iran and Islamization of Iran
Ismail I
Ismail I (translit; 14 July 1487 – 23 May 1524) was the founder and first shah of Safavid Iran, ruling from 1501 until his death in 1524.
Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe. Iran and Italy are member states of the United Nations.
See Iran and Italy
Jafar Panahi
Jafar Panâhi (جعفر پناهی,; born 11 July 1960) is an Iranian film director, screenwriter, and film editor, commonly associated with the Iranian New Wave film movement.
Japan
Japan is an island country in East Asia, located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland. Iran and Japan are countries in Asia and member states of the United Nations.
See Iran and Japan
Jimmy Carter
James Earl Carter Jr. (born October 1, 1924) is an American politician and humanitarian who served as the 39th president of the United States from 1977 to 1981.
Jiroft culture
The Jiroft culture,Oscar White Muscarella, (2008), in: Encyclopedia Iranica.
Jizya
Jizya (jizya), or jizyah, is a tax historically levied on dhimmis, that is, protected non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Islamic law.
See Iran and Jizya
Juan José Linz
Juan José Linz Storch de Gracia (24 December 1926 – 1 October 2013) was a German-born Spanish sociologist and political scientist specializing in comparative politics.
Judaism
Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit.
See Iran and Judaism
Jungle Movement of Gilan
The Jangal (Jungle) Movement (Persian: جنبش جنگل), in Gilan, was a rebellion against the monarchist rule of the central government of the Sublime State of Iran, which lasted from 1915 to 1921.
See Iran and Jungle Movement of Gilan
Kamal-ol-molk
Mohammad Ghaffari (محمد غفاری; September 29, 1848 — August 18, 1940), better known as Kamal-ol-Molk ("Perfection of the Realm"; کمالالمُلک), was an Iranian painter and part of the Ghaffari family in Kashan.
Kamancheh
The kamancheh (also kamānche or kamāncha) (کمانچه, kamança, քամանչա, کەمانچە,kemançe) is an Iranian bowed string instrument used in Persian, Azerbaijani, Armenian, Kurdish, Georgian, Turkmen, and Uzbek music with slight variations in the structure of the instrument.
Karim Khan Zand
Mohammad Karim Khan Zand (Mohammad Karīm Khân-e Zand) was the founder of the Zand dynasty, ruling from 1751 to 1779.
Karna
Karna (Sanskrit: कर्ण, IAST: Karṇa), also known as Vasusena, Anga-raja, and Radheya, is one of the main protagonists of the Hindu epic Mahābhārata.
See Iran and Karna
Kashan
Kashan (کاشان) is a city in the Central District of Kashan County, in the northern part of Isfahan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
See Iran and Kashan
Kayhan
Kayhan (lit) is a Persian-language newspaper published in Tehran, Iran.
See Iran and Kayhan
Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan, officially the Republic of Kazakhstan, is a landlocked country mostly in Central Asia, with a part in Eastern Europe. Iran and Kazakhstan are countries in Asia, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and member states of the United Nations.
K–12
K–12, from kindergarten to 12th grade, is an English language expression that indicates the range of years of publicly supported primary and secondary education found in the United States and Canada, which is similar to publicly supported school grades before tertiary education in several other countries, such as Afghanistan, Australia, Canada, China, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Iran, the Philippines, South Korea, and Turkey.
See Iran and K–12
Kebab
Kebab (كباب, kabāb, كباب,; kebap), kabob (North American), kebap, or kabab (Kashmir) is a variety of roasted meat dishes that originated in the Middle East.
See Iran and Kebab
Keyumars
Keyumars or Kiomars (کیومرث) was the name of the first king (shah) of the Pishdadian dynasty of Iran according to the Shahnameh.
Khorasan province
Khorasan (استان خراسان; also transcribed as Khurasan, Xorasan and Khorassan), also called Traxiane during Hellenistic and Parthian times, was a province in northeastern Iran until September 2004, when it was divided into three new provinces: North Khorasan, South Khorasan, and Razavi Khorasan.
See Iran and Khorasan province
Khordad
Khordad (خرداد) is the third month of the Solar Hijri calendar.
See Iran and Khordad
Khorramshahr
Khorramshahr (خرمشهر) is a city in the Central District of Khorramshahr County, Khuzestan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.
Khosrow II
Khosrow II (spelled Chosroes II in classical sources; Husrō and Khosrau), commonly known as Khosrow Parviz (New Persian: خسرو پرویز, "Khosrow the Victorious"), is considered to be the last great Sasanian king (shah) of Iran, ruling from 590 to 628, with an interruption of one year.
Khuzestan province
Khuzestan Province (استان خوزستان) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.
See Iran and Khuzestan province
Khuzestani Arabic
Khuzestani Arabic is a dialect of South Mesopotamian Arabic (SMA or "Gələt Arabic") spoken by the Iranian Arabs in Khuzestan Province of Iran.
See Iran and Khuzestani Arabic
Kilim
A kilim (گلیمkilim کیلیم; kilim; kilim) is a flat tapestry-woven carpet or rug traditionally produced in countries of the former Persian Empire, including Iran, but also in the Balkans and the Turkic countries.
See Iran and Kilim
Killed in action
Killed in action (KIA) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own personnel at the hands of enemy or hostile forces at the moment of action.
Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
Armenia, also the Kingdom of Greater Armenia, or simply Greater Armenia or Armenia Major (Մեծ Հայք; Armenia Maior) sometimes referred to as the Armenian Empire, was a kingdom in the Ancient Near East which existed from 331 BC to 428 AD.
See Iran and Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)
Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
The Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (tr; 1762–1801) was created in 1762 by the unification of the two eastern Georgian kingdoms of Kartli and Kakheti. Iran and kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti are former monarchies of West Asia.
See Iran and Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
Kish Island
Kish (کیش), is a resort island in Bandar Lengeh County, Hormozgan Province, off the southern coast of Iran in the Persian Gulf.
Kiwifruit
Kiwifruit (often shortened to kiwi outside New Zealand and Australia) or Chinese gooseberry, is the edible berry of several species of woody vines in the genus Actinidia.
Kowsar
Kowsar is a short-range, land-based anti-ship missile made by Iran.
See Iran and Kowsar
Kura–Araxes culture
The Kura–Araxes culture (also named Kur–Araz culture, Mtkvari–Araxes culture, Early Transcaucasian culture) was an archaeological culture that existed from about 4000 BC until about 2000 BC, which has traditionally been regarded as the date of its end; in some locations it may have disappeared as early as 2600 or 2700 BC.
See Iran and Kura–Araxes culture
Kurdish language
Kurdish (Kurdî, کوردی) is a Northwestern Iranian language or group of languages spoken by Kurds in the region of Kurdistan, namely in Turkey, northern Iraq, northwest and northeast Iran, and Syria.
Kurdistan province
Kurdistan Province (استان کردستان) is one of 31 provinces of Iran.
See Iran and Kurdistan province
Kurds
Kurds or Kurdish people (rtl, Kurd) are an Iranic ethnic group native to the mountainous region of Kurdistan in Western Asia, which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northern Syria.
See Iran and Kurds
Kurds in Iran
Kurds in Iran (translit, کردها در ایران) constitute a large minority in the country with a population of around 9 and 10 million people.
Kyiv
Kyiv (also Kiev) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine.
See Iran and Kyiv
Laity
In religious organizations, the laity consists of all members who are not part of the clergy, usually including any non-ordained members of religious orders, e.g. a nun or a lay brother.
See Iran and Laity
Lake Urmia
Lake Urmia is an endorheic salt lake in Iran.
Laki language
Laki (translit, لکی) is a vernacular that consists of two dialects; Pish-e Kuh Laki and Posht-e Kuh Laki.
Languages of Iran
Iran's ethnic diversity means that the languages of Iran come from a number of linguistic origins, although the primary language spoken and used is Persian.
See Iran and Languages of Iran
Launch pad
A launch pad is an above-ground facility from which a rocket-powered missile or space vehicle is vertically launched.
Law Enforcement Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran
The Law Enforcement Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran, previously known as the Law Enforcement Force of the Islamic Republic of Iran or Disciplinary Force of the Islamic Republic of Iran, abbreviated as Faraja (فراجا), is the uniformed police force in Iran.
See Iran and Law Enforcement Command of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Lebanon
Lebanon (Lubnān), officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia. Iran and Lebanon are countries in Asia, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, member states of the United Nations, middle Eastern countries and west Asian countries.
See Iran and Lebanon
Legislature
A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the legal authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country, nation or city.
Lend-Lease
Lend-Lease, formally the Lend-Lease Act and introduced as An Act to Promote the Defense of the United States, in Milestone Documents, National Archives of the United States, Washington, D.C., retrieved February 8, 2024; (notes: "Passed on March 11, 1941, this act set up a system that would allow the United States to lend or lease war supplies to any nation deemed 'vital to the defense of the United States.'"; contains photo of the original bill, H.R.
Leopard
The leopard (Panthera pardus) is one of the five extant species in the genus Panthera.
See Iran and Leopard
Levant
The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.
See Iran and Levant
Lezgins
Lezgins (Лезгияр lezgijar) are a Northeast Caucasian ethnic group native predominantly to southern Dagestan, a republic of Russia, and northeastern Azerbaijan, and speak the Lezgin language.
See Iran and Lezgins
LGBT rights in Iran
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people in Iran face severe challenges not experienced by non-LGBT residents.
See Iran and LGBT rights in Iran
Libya
Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. Iran and Libya are member states of OPEC, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and member states of the United Nations.
See Iran and Libya
List of airports in Iran
This is a list of airports in Iran, grouped by type and sorted by location.
See Iran and List of airports in Iran
List of ancient Iranian peoples
This list of ancient Iranian peoples includes the names of Indo-European peoples speaking Iranian languages or otherwise considered Iranian ethnically or linguistically in sources from the late 1st millennium BC to the early 2nd millennium AD.
See Iran and List of ancient Iranian peoples
List of contemporary Iranian scientists, scholars, and engineers
The following is a list of notable Iranian scholars, scientists and engineers around the world from the contemporary period.
See Iran and List of contemporary Iranian scientists, scholars, and engineers
List of countries and dependencies by area
This is a list of the world's countries and their dependencies by land, water, and total area, ranked by total area.
See Iran and List of countries and dependencies by area
List of countries and dependencies by population density
This is a list of countries and dependencies ranked by population density, sorted by inhabitants per square kilometre or square mile.
See Iran and List of countries and dependencies by population density
List of countries by GDP (PPP)
GDP (PPP) means gross domestic product based on purchasing power parity.
See Iran and List of countries by GDP (PPP)
List of culinary herbs and spices
This is a list of culinary herbs and spices.
See Iran and List of culinary herbs and spices
List of dams and reservoirs in Iran
Major dam construction started in Iran in the 1950s.
See Iran and List of dams and reservoirs in Iran
List of Iranian officials
This is a list of Iranian officials with their titles.
See Iran and List of Iranian officials
List of mountains in Iran
The highest mountains in Iran include Damavand, Alam-Kuh, Sabalan, Takht-e Soleyman, Azad Kuh, Zard-Kuh, and Shir Kuh.
See Iran and List of mountains in Iran
List of prime ministers of Iran
The office of Prime Minister of Iran was established in 1907 during the Persian Constitutional Revolution, and existed until 1989 when the office was abolished after a constitutional referendum.
See Iran and List of prime ministers of Iran
List of trade unions
This is a list of trade unions and union federations by country.
See Iran and List of trade unions
Lotfi A. Zadeh
Lotfi Aliasker Zadeh (Lütfi Rəhim oğlu Ələsgərzadə; لطفی علیعسکرزاده; 4 February 1921 – 6 September 2017) was a mathematician, computer scientist, electrical engineer, artificial intelligence researcher, and professor of computer science at the University of California, Berkeley.
Lower Paleolithic
The Lower Paleolithic (or Lower Palaeolithic) is the earliest subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age.
See Iran and Lower Paleolithic
Luri language
Luri (لری, لری) is a Southwestern Iranian language continuum spoken by the Lurs, an Iranian people native to Western Asia.
Lurs
The Lurs are an Iranian people living in western Iran.
See Iran and Lurs
Lydia
Lydia (translit; Lȳdia) was an Iron Age historical region in western Anatolia, in modern-day Turkey. Iran and Lydia are former monarchies of West Asia.
See Iran and Lydia
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was President of Iran from 3 August 2005 to 3 August 2013, and during that time had repeatedly made contentious speeches and statements against Israel.
See Iran and Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel
Mamluk
Mamluk or Mamaluk (mamlūk (singular), مماليك, mamālīk (plural); translated as "one who is owned", meaning "slave") were non-Arab, ethnically diverse (mostly Turkic, Caucasian, Eastern and Southeastern European) enslaved mercenaries, slave-soldiers, and freed slaves who were assigned high-ranking military and administrative duties, serving the ruling Arab and Ottoman dynasties in the Muslim world.
See Iran and Mamluk
Manichaeism
Manichaeism (in New Persian آیینِ مانی) is a former major world religion,R.
March equinox
The March equinox or northward equinox is the equinox on the Earth when the subsolar point appears to leave the Southern Hemisphere and cross the celestial equator, heading northward as seen from Earth.
Marionette
A marionette (marionnette) is a puppet controlled from above using wires or strings depending on regional variations.
Markazi province
Markazi Province (استان مرکزی) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.
Maryam Mirzakhani
Maryam Mirzakhani (مریممیرزاخانی,; 12 May 1977 – 14 July 2017) was an Iranian mathematician and a professor of mathematics at Stanford University.
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Mashhad
Mashhad (مشهد) is the second-most-populous city in Iran, located in the relatively remote north-east of the country about from Tehran.
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Masoud Pezeshkian
Masoud Pezeshkian (مسعود پزشکیان,; born 29 September 1954) is an Iranian politician and cardiac surgeon who has been the president of Iran since 28 July 2024.
See Iran and Masoud Pezeshkian
Master's degree
A master's degree (from Latin) is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities or colleges upon completion of a course of study demonstrating mastery or a high-order overview of a specific field of study or area of professional practice.
Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
The Proclamation of Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity was made by the Director-General of UNESCO starting in 2001 to raise awareness of intangible cultural heritage and encourage local communities to protect them and the local people who sustain these forms of cultural expressions.
See Iran and Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity
Mathematics
Mathematics is a field of study that discovers and organizes abstract objects, methods, theories and theorems that are developed and proved for the needs of empirical sciences and mathematics itself.
Mazandaran province
Mazandaran Province (استان مازندران) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran.
See Iran and Mazandaran province
Mazanderani language
Mazandarani (Mazanderani: مازِرونی, Mazeruni; also spelled Mazani (مازنی) or Tabari (تبری); also called Geleki) is an Iranian language of the Northwestern branch spoken by the Mazandarani people.
See Iran and Mazanderani language
Mazanderani people
The Mazanderani people (مازرونی مردمون), also known as the Tabari people or Tapuri people (توری مردمون or تپوری مردمون), are an Iranian peopleAcademic American Encyclopedia By Grolier Incorporated, page 294 who are indigenous to the Caspian sea region of Iran.
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Mazdakism
Mazdakism (Persian: مزدکیه) was an Iranian religion, which was an offshoot of Zoroastrianism.
Meat
Meat is animal tissue, often muscle, that is eaten as food.
See Iran and Meat
Medes
The Medes (Old Persian: 𐎶𐎠𐎭; Akkadian: 13px, 13px; Ancient Greek: Μῆδοι; Latin: Medi) were an ancient Iranian people who spoke the Median language and who inhabited an area known as Media between western and northern Iran. Around the 11th century BC, they occupied the mountainous region of northwestern Iran and the northeastern and eastern region of Mesopotamia in the vicinity of Ecbatana (present-day Hamadan).
See Iran and Medes
Medical tourism
Medical tourism is the practice of traveling abroad to obtain medical treatment.
Medieval art
The medieval art of the Western world covers a vast scope of time and place, with over 1000 years of art in Europe, and at certain periods in Western Asia and Northern Africa.
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.
See Iran and Mediterranean Sea
Mehr News Agency
The Mehr News Agency (MNA; Xabâr-gozâri Mehr) is a semi-official news agency of the government of Iran.
Mehregan
Mehregan (مهرگان) or Jashn-e Mehr (جشن مهر Mithra Festival) is a Zoroastrian and Iranian festival celebrated to honor the yazata Mithra (Mehr), which is responsible for friendship, affection and love.
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.
Metalworking is the process of shaping and reshaping metals in order to create useful objects, parts, assemblies, and large scale structures.
Middle East
The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.
Middle Persian
Middle Persian, also known by its endonym Pārsīk or Pārsīg (Pahlavi script: 𐭯𐭠𐭫𐭮𐭩𐭪, Manichaean script: 𐫛𐫀𐫡𐫘𐫏𐫐, Avestan script: 𐬞𐬀𐬭𐬯𐬍𐬐) in its later form, is a Western Middle Iranian language which became the literary language of the Sasanian Empire.
Middle Persian literature
Middle Persian literature is the corpus of written works composed in Middle Persian, that is, the Middle Iranian dialect of Persia proper, the region in the south-western corner of the Iranian plateau.
See Iran and Middle Persian literature
Mil Mi-28
The Mil Mi-28 (NATO reporting name "Havoc") is a Soviet all-weather, day-night, military tandem, two-seat anti-armor attack helicopter.
Military of the Ottoman Empire
The military of the Ottoman Empire (Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun silahlı kuvvetleri) was the armed forces of the Ottoman Empire.
See Iran and Military of the Ottoman Empire
Military supply-chain management
Military supply-chain management is a cross-functional approach to procuring, producing and delivering products and services for military materiel applications.
See Iran and Military supply-chain management
Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts
The Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts of Iran (وزارت میراث فرهنگی، گردشگری و صنایع دستی ایران, Vezârat-e Mirâs-e Farhangi, Gardeshgari va Sanâye'-e Dasti-ye Irân) is an educational and research institution overseeing numerous associated museum complexes throughout Iran.
See Iran and Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts
Mirza Kuchik Khan
Mirza Kuchik Khan (Gilaki: مئرزا کۊجي خان or ميرزا کۊچي خؤن;میرزا كوچک خان) (common alternative spellings Kouchek, Koochek, Kuchak, Kuchek, Kouchak, Koochak, Kuçek) (October 12, 1880 – December 2, 1921) was an Iranian twentieth-century revolutionary leader and the president of the Gilan Socialist Soviet Republic.
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Missile
A missile is an airborne ranged weapon capable of self-propelled flight aided usually by a propellant, jet engine or rocket motor.
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Missing in action
Missing in action (MIA) is a casualty classification assigned to combatants, military chaplains, combat medics, and prisoners of war who are reported missing during wartime or ceasefire.
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Mithra
Mithra (𐬨𐬌𐬚𐬭𐬀 Miθra, 𐎷𐎰𐎼 Miθra), commonly known as Mehr or Mithras among Romans, is an ancient Iranian deity of covenants, light, oath, justice, the sun, contracts, and friendship.
See Iran and Mithra
Mixed economy
A mixed economy is an economic system that accepts both private businesses and nationalized government services, like public utilities, safety, military, welfare, and education.
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar (محمدعلی شاه قاجار‎; 21 June 1872 – 5 April 1925) was the sixth shah of the Qajar dynasty and remained the Shah of Iran from 8 January 1907 until being deposed on 16 July 1909.
See Iran and Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar
Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf
Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf (محمدباقر قالیباف, born 23 August 1961) is an Iranian conservative politician, former military officer, and current Speaker of the Parliament of Iran since 2020.
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Mohammad Khatami
Mohammad Khatami (Mohammad Khātami,; born 14 October 1943) is an Iranian reformist politician who served as the fifth president of Iran from 3 August 1997 to 3 August 2005.
Mohammad Mosaddegh
Mohammad Mosaddegh (محمد مصدق,; 16 June 1882 – 5 March 1967) was an Iranian politician, author, and lawyer who served as the 30th Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953, elected by the 16th Majlis.
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Mohammad Reza Aref
Mohammad Reza Aref (محمدرضا عارف, born 19 December 1951) is an Iranian engineer, academic and reformist politician who is the eighth and current first vice president of Iran since 2024, under President Masoud Pezeshkian.
See Iran and Mohammad Reza Aref
Mongol invasions and conquests
The Mongol invasions and conquests took place during the 13th and 14th centuries, creating history's largest contiguous empire, the Mongol Empire (1206–1368), which by 1260 covered large parts of Eurasia.
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Motif (visual arts)
In art and iconography, a motif is an element of an image.
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Mount Damavand
Mount Damavand (دماوند) is a dormant stratovolcano and is the highest peak in Iran and Western Asia, the highest volcano in Asia, and the 3rd highest volcano in the Eastern Hemisphere (after Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Elbrus), at an elevation of.
Mountain range
A mountain range or hill range is a series of mountains or hills arranged in a line and connected by high ground.
Mountaineering
Mountaineering, mountain climbing, or alpinism is a set of outdoor activities that involves ascending mountains.
Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar
Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar (Mozaffar ad-Din Ŝāh-e Qājār; 25 March 1853 – 3 January 1907), was the fifth Qajar shah (king) of Iran, reigning from 1896 until his death in 1907.
See Iran and Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar
Music
Music is the arrangement of sound to create some combination of form, harmony, melody, rhythm, or otherwise expressive content.
See Iran and Music
Muslim conquest of Persia
The Muslim conquest of Persia, also called the Muslim conquest of Iran, the Arab conquest of Persia, or the Arab conquest of Iran, was a major military campaign undertaken by the Rashidun Caliphate between 632 and 654.
See Iran and Muslim conquest of Persia
Muslim world
The terms Muslim world and Islamic world commonly refer to the Islamic community, which is also known as the Ummah.
Nabopolassar
Nabopolassar (𒀭𒉺𒀀𒉽|translit.
Nain rug
Nain rugs are produced in Nain, in central Iran, beginning shortly before World War II.
Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası) is a landlocked exclave of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
See Iran and Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter with at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers (nm).
Napoleon
Napoleon Bonaparte (born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821), later known by his regnal name Napoleon I, was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led a series of successful campaigns across Europe during the Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars from 1796 to 1815.
Naqsh-e Jahan Square
Naqsh-e Jahan Square (میدان نقش جهان Maidān-e Naghsh-e Jahān; trans: "Image of the World Square"), also known as the Shah Square (میدان شاه) prior to 1979, is a square situated at the center of Isfahan, Iran.
See Iran and Naqsh-e Jahan Square
Naqsh-e Rostam
Naqsh-e Rostam (نقش رستم) is an ancient archeological site and necropolis located about 13 km northwest of Persepolis, in Fars Province, Iran.
Nasser Taghvai
Nasser Taghvai (ناصر تقوایی, also romanized as Nāser Taghvā'i and Nāser Taqvāyi; born 13 July 1941) is an Iranian film director and screenwriter.
National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran
The National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran (سرود ملی جمهوری اسلامی ایران|Sorude Melliye Jomhuriye Eslāmiye Irān) is the national anthem of Iran.
See Iran and National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran
National epic
A national epic is an epic poem or a literary work of epic scope which seeks to or is believed to capture and express the essence or spirit of a particular nation—not necessarily a nation state, but at least an ethnic or linguistic group with aspirations to independence or autonomy.
National Iranian Oil Company
The National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC; Sherkat-e Melli-ye Naft-e Īrān) is a government-owned national oil and natural gas producer and distributor under the direction of the Ministry of Petroleum of Iran.
See Iran and National Iranian Oil Company
National language
A national language is a language (or language variant, e.g. dialect) that has some connection—de facto or de jure—with a nation.
See Iran and National language
National Museum of Iran
The National Museum of Iran (موزهٔ ملی ایران) is located in Tehran, Iran.
See Iran and National Museum of Iran
National park
A national park is a nature park designated for conservation purposes because of unparalleled national natural, historic, or cultural significance.
National security
National security, or national defence (national defense in American English), is the security and defence of a sovereign state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, which is regarded as a duty of government.
See Iran and National security
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American.
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Navy
A navy, naval force, military maritime fleet, war navy, or maritime force is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake-borne, riverine, littoral, or ocean-borne combat operations and related functions.
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Neo-Aramaic languages
The Neo-Aramaic or Modern Aramaic languages are varieties of Aramaic that evolved during the late medieval and early modern periods, and continue to the present day as vernacular (spoken) languages of modern Aramaic-speaking communities.
See Iran and Neo-Aramaic languages
Neo-Babylonian Empire
The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire, historically known as the Chaldean Empire, was the last polity ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia until Faisal II in the 20th century.
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Netherlands
The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean. Iran and Netherlands are member states of the United Nations.
New Year
The New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one.
Ney
The ney (Ney/نی), is an end-blown flute that figures prominently in Egyptian Music, Persian music, Turkish music, Jewish music and Arabic music.
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Nishapur
Nishapur (نیشاپور, also help|italic.
Nizami Ganjavi
Nizami Ganjavi (translit; c. 1141 – 1209), Nizami Ganje'i, Nizami, or Nezāmi, whose formal name was Jamal ad-Dīn Abū Muḥammad Ilyās ibn-Yūsuf ibn-Zakkī,Mo'in, Muhammad(2006), "Tahlil-i Haft Paykar-i Nezami", Tehran.: p. 2: Some commentators have mentioned his name as “Ilyas the son of Yusuf the son of Zakki the son of Mua’yyad” while others have mentioned that Mu’ayyad is a title for Zakki.
Non-governmental organization
A non-governmental organization (NGO) (see spelling differences) is an organization that generally is formed independent from government.
See Iran and Non-governmental organization
North Africa
North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.
North Caucasus
The North Caucasus, or Ciscaucasia, is a region in Europe governed by Russia.
North Korea
North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a country in East Asia. Iran and North Korea are countries in Asia and member states of the United Nations.
Northern Hemisphere
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator.
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Nowruz
Nowruz or Navroz (نوروز) is the Iranian New Year or Persian New Year.
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NRC Handelsblad
NRC, previously called, is a daily morning newspaper published in the Netherlands by NRC Media.
Nuclear fuel cycle
The nuclear fuel cycle, also called nuclear fuel chain, is the progression of nuclear fuel through a series of differing stages.
See Iran and Nuclear fuel cycle
Nuclear program of Iran
Iran has research sites, two uranium mines, a research reactor, and uranium processing facilities that include three known uranium enrichment plants.
See Iran and Nuclear program of Iran
Nut (fruit)
A nut is a fruit consisting of a hard or tough nutshell protecting a kernel which is usually edible.
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) is a department of the United Nations Secretariat that works to promote and protect human rights that are guaranteed under international law and stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.
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Official language
An official language is a language having certain rights to be used in defined situations.
See Iran and Official language
Oil platform
An oil platform (also called an oil rig, offshore platform, oil production platform, etc.) is a large structure with facilities to extract and process petroleum and natural gas that lie in rock formations beneath the seabed.
Oil refinery
An oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where petroleum (crude oil) is transformed and refined into products such as gasoline (petrol), diesel fuel, asphalt base, fuel oils, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas and petroleum naphtha.
Old Persian
Old Persian is one of two directly attested Old Iranian languages (the other being Avestan) and is the ancestor of Middle Persian (the language of the Sasanian Empire).
Olympic weightlifting
Weightlifting (often known as Olympic weightlifting) is a sport in which athletes compete in lifting a barbell loaded with weight plates from the ground to overhead, with the aim of successfully lifting the heaviest weights.
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Oman
Oman, officially the Sultanate of Oman, is a country in West Asia. Iran and Oman are countries in Asia, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, member states of the United Nations, middle Eastern countries and west Asian countries.
See Iran and Oman
Omar Khayyam
Ghiyāth al-Dīn Abū al-Fatḥ ʿUmar ibn Ibrāhīm Nīsābūrī (18 May 1048 – 4 December 1131), commonly known as Omar Khayyam (عمر خیّام), was a Persian polymath, known for his contributions to mathematics, astronomy, philosophy, and poetry.
Omelette
An omelette (also spelled omelet) is a dish made from eggs, fried with butter or oil in a frying pan.
OPEC
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an organization enabling the co-operation of leading oil-producing and oil-dependent countries in order to collectively influence the global oil market and maximize profit.
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Operation Eagle Claw
Operation Eagle Claw was a failed operation by the United States Armed Forces ordered by U.S. President Jimmy Carter to attempt the rescue of 53 embassy staff held captive at the Embassy of the United States, Tehran on 24 April 1980.
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Opis
Opis (Akkadian Upî or Upija/Upiya; Ὦπις) was an ancient Near East city near the Tigris, not far from modern Baghdad.
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Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC; Munaẓẓamat at-Taʿāwun al-ʾIslāmī; Organisation de la coopération islamique), formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1969.
See Iran and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
Oriental rug
An oriental rug is a heavy textile made for a wide variety of utilitarian and symbolic purposes and produced in "Oriental countries" for home use, local sale, and export.
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
Ottoman poetry
The poetry of the Ottoman Empire, or Ottoman Divan poetry, is little known outside modern Turkey, which forms the heartland of what was once the Ottoman Empire.
Oud
The oud (translit) is a Middle Eastern short-neck lute-type, pear-shaped, fretless stringed instrument (a chordophone in the Hornbostel–Sachs classification of instruments), usually with 11 strings grouped in six courses, but some models have five or seven courses, with 10 or 13 strings respectively.
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Oxford English Dictionary
The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is the principal historical dictionary of the English language, published by Oxford University Press (OUP), a University of Oxford publishing house.
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Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
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Pahlavi dynasty
The Pahlavi dynasty (دودمان پهلوی) was the last Iranian royal dynasty that ruled for almost 54 years between 1925 and 1979.
Pakistan
Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia. Iran and Pakistan are countries in Asia, developing 8 Countries member states, islamic republics, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and member states of the United Nations.
Palestine Liberation Organization
The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO; منظمة التحرير الفلسطينية) is a Palestinian nationalist coalition that is internationally recognized as the official representative of the Palestinian people; i.e. the globally dispersed population, not just those in the Palestinian territories who are represented by the Palestinian Authority.
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Palme d'Or
The (Golden Palm) is the highest prize awarded to the director of the Best Feature Film of the Official Competition at the Cannes Film Festival.
Paramilitary
A paramilitary is a military that is not part of a country's official or legitimate armed forces.
Parsley
Parsley, or garden parsley (Petroselinum crispum) is a species of flowering plant in the family Apiaceae that is native to Greece, Morocco and the former Yugoslavia.
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Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD.
Parthian language
The Parthian language, also known as Arsacid Pahlavi and Pahlawānīg, is an extinct ancient Northwestern Iranian language once spoken in Parthia, a region situated in present-day northeastern Iran and Turkmenistan.
See Iran and Parthian language
Partridge
A partridge is a medium-sized galliform bird in any of several genera, with a wide native distribution throughout parts of Europe, Asia and Africa.
Pasargadae
Pasargadae /pə'sɑrgədi/ (from,; Modern Persian: پاسارگاد Pāsārgād) was the capital of the Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus the Great (559–530 BC).
Passover
Passover, also called Pesach, is a major Jewish holidayand one of the Three Pilgrimage Festivals.
Patronage
Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows on another.
Persecution of Baháʼís
Baháʼís are persecuted in various countries, especially in Iran, where the Baháʼí Faith originated and where one of the largest Baháʼí populations in the world is located.
See Iran and Persecution of Baháʼís
Persepolis
Persepolis (Pārsa) was the ceremonial capital of the Achaemenid Empire.
Persian Corridor
The Persian Corridor was a supply route through Iran into Soviet Azerbaijan by which British aid and American Lend-Lease supplies were transferred to the Soviet Union during World War II.
Persian Gulf
The Persian Gulf (Fars), sometimes called the (Al-Khalīj al-ˁArabī), is a mediterranean sea in West Asia.
Persian Jews
Persian Jews or Iranian Jews (یهودیان ایرانی; יהודים פרסים) constitute one of the oldest communities of the Jewish diaspora.
Persian language
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.
Persian literature
Persian literature comprises oral compositions and written texts in the Persian language and is one of the world's oldest literatures.
See Iran and Persian literature
Persian mythology
Iranian mythology, or Persian mythology in western term (اسطورهشناسی ایرانی), is the body of the myths originally told by ancient Persians and other Iranian peoples and a genre of ancient Persian folklore.
See Iran and Persian mythology
Persianate society
A Persianate society is a society that is based on or strongly influenced by the Persian language, culture, literature, art and/or identity.
See Iran and Persianate society
Persians
The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran.
Petroleum
Petroleum or crude oil, also referred to as simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations.
Pheasant
Pheasants are birds of several genera within the family Phasianidae in the order Galliformes.
Pilaf
Pilaf, pilav or pilau is a rice dish, usually sautéed, or in some regions, a wheat dish, whose recipe usually involves cooking in stock or broth, adding spices, and other ingredients such as vegetables or meat, and employing some technique for achieving cooked grains that do not adhere to each other.
See Iran and Pilaf
Pistachio
The pistachio (Pistacia vera), a member of the cashew family, is a small tree originating in Persia.
Plain
In geography, a plain, commonly known as flatland, is a flat expanse of land that generally does not change much in elevation, and is primarily treeless.
See Iran and Plain
Planned economy
A planned economy is a type of economic system where the distribution of goods and services or the investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economic plans that are either economy-wide or limited to a category of goods and services.
Plateau
In geology and physical geography, a plateau (plateaus or plateaux), also called a high plain or a tableland, is an area of a highland consisting of flat terrain that is raised sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side.
See Iran and Plateau
Plum
A plum is a fruit of some species in ''Prunus'' subg. ''Prunus''. Dried plums are often called prunes, though in the United States they may be labeled as 'dried plums', especially during the 21st century.
See Iran and Plum
Police
The police are a constituted body of persons empowered by a state with the aim of enforcing the law and protecting the public order as well as the public itself.
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Polo
Polo is a ball game that is played on horseback, a traditional field sport and one of the world's oldest known team sports.
See Iran and Polo
Pomegranate
The pomegranate (Punica granatum) is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub in the family Lythraceae, subfamily Punicoideae, that grows between tall.
Populism
Populism is a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group with "the elite".
President of Iran
The president of Iran (Rais Jomhure Irān) is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the second highest-ranking official, after the Supreme Leader.
See Iran and President of Iran
Presidential system
A presidential system, or single executive system, is a form of government in which a head of government, typically with the title of president, leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch in systems that use separation of powers.
See Iran and Presidential system
Preventive healthcare
Preventive healthcare, or prophylaxis, is the application of healthcare measures to prevent diseases.
See Iran and Preventive healthcare
Primary health centre
The primary health center or primary healthcare center (PHC) is the basic structural and functional unit of the public health services in developing countries.
See Iran and Primary health centre
Prime Minister of Iran
The prime minister of Iran was a political post that had existed in Iran (Persia) during much of the 20th century.
See Iran and Prime Minister of Iran
Privatization
Privatization (rendered privatisation in British English) can mean several different things, most commonly referring to moving something from the public sector into the private sector.
Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.
See Iran and Proto-Indo-European language
Proto-Indo-Europeans
The Proto-Indo-Europeans are a hypothetical prehistoric ethnolinguistic group of Eurasia who spoke Proto-Indo-European (PIE), the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family.
See Iran and Proto-Indo-Europeans
Provinces of Iran
Iran is subdivided into thirty-one provinces (استان ostân), each governed from a local centre, usually the largest local city, which is called the capital (Persian: مرکز, markaz) of that province.
See Iran and Provinces of Iran
Prune
A prune is a dried plum, most commonly from the European plum (Prunus domestica) tree.
See Iran and Prune
Public health
Public health is "the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through the organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals".
Puppetry
Puppetry is a form of theatre or performance that involves the manipulation of puppets – inanimate objects, often resembling some type of human or animal figure, that are animated or manipulated by a human called a puppeteer.
Qajar dynasty
The Qajar dynasty (translit; 1789–1925) was an Iranian dynasty founded by Mohammad Khan of the Qoyunlu clan of the Turkoman Qajar tribe.
Qanun (instrument)
The qanun, kanun, ganoun or kanoon (qānūn; k’anon; qānūn; kanonáki, qanun; قانون, qānūn; kanun; qanun) is a Middle Eastern string instrument played either solo, or more often as part of an ensemble, in much of Iran, Arab East, and Arab Maghreb region of North Africa, later it reached West Africa, Central Asia due to Arab migration.
See Iran and Qanun (instrument)
Qashqai language
Qashqai (قشقایی ديلى, Qašqāyī dili, pronounced in English as, and also spelled Qaşqay, Qashqayi, Kashkai, Kashkay, Qašqāʾī, by Michael Knüppel, by Gerhard Doerfer and Qashqa'i or Kaşkay) is an Oghuz Turkic language spoken by the Qashqai people, an ethnic group living mainly in the Fars Province of Southern Iran.
Qashqai people
Qashqai people (pronounced; قشقایی; Kaşkayı in Turkish) are a Turkic tribal confederation in Iran.
Qazvin
Qazvin (قزوین) is a city in the Central District of Qazvin County, Qazvin province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.
See Iran and Qazvin
Qeshm Island
Qeshm (Persian language: قشم) is an arrow-shaped Iranian island in the Strait of Hormuz, separated from the mainland by the Clarence Strait/Khuran in the Persian Gulf.
Qizilbash
Qizilbash or Kizilbashitalic (Latin script: qızılbaş); قزيل باش; qizilbāš (modern Iranian reading: qezelbāš); lit were a diverse array of mainly Turkoman "The Qizilbash, composed mainly of Turkman tribesmen, were the military force introduced by the conquering Safavis to the Iranian domains in the sixteenth century." Shia militant groups that flourished in Azerbaijan, Anatolia, the Armenian highlands, the Caucasus, and Kurdistan from the late 15th century onwards, and contributed to the foundation of the Safavid and Afsharid empires in early modern Iran.
Qom rug
Qom rugs (or Qum, Ghom, Ghum) are made in the Qom Province of Iran, around 100 km south of Tehran.
See Iran and Qom rug
Quds Force
The Quds Force (Jerusalem Force) is one of five branches of Iran's Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) specializing in unconventional warfare and military intelligence operations.
Quince
The quince (Cydonia oblonga) is the sole member of the genus Cydonia in the Malinae subtribe (which also contains apples and pears, among other fruits) of the Rosaceae family.
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Radar
Radar is a system that uses radio waves to determine the distance (ranging), direction (azimuth and elevation angles), and radial velocity of objects relative to the site.
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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is an American government-funded international media organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analyses to Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Middle East.
See Iran and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Raisin
A raisin is a dried grape.
See Iran and Raisin
Ramadan
Ramadan (Ramaḍān; also spelled Ramazan, Ramzan, Ramadhan, or Ramathan) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, observed by Muslims worldwide as a month of fasting (sawm), prayer (salah), reflection, and community.
See Iran and Ramadan
Razavi Khorasan province
Razavi Khorasan Province (استان خراسان رضوی).
See Iran and Razavi Khorasan province
Recession
In economics, a recession is a business cycle contraction that occurs when there is a general decline in economic activity.
Red deer
The red deer (Cervus elaphus) is one of the largest deer species.
Refugee
A refugee, conventionally speaking, is a person who has lost the protection of their country of origin and who cannot or is unwilling to return there due to well-founded fear of persecution. Such a person may be called an asylum seeker until granted refugee status by a contracting state or by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) if they formally make a claim for asylum.
See Iran and Refugee
Regional power
In international relations, regional power, since the late 20thcentury has been used for a sovereign state that exercises significant power within its geographical region.
Regions of Iran
Iran has been divided into regions in a number of different ways historically.
Reporters Without Borders
Reporters Without Borders (RWB; Reporters sans frontières; RSF) is an international non-profit and non-governmental organization focused on safeguarding the right to freedom of information.
See Iran and Reporters Without Borders
Reserved political positions
Several politico-constitutional arrangements use reserved political positions, especially when endeavoring to ensure the rights of women, minorities or other segments of society, or preserving a political balance of power.
See Iran and Reserved political positions
Reza Shah
Reza Shah Pahlavi (15 March 1878 – 26 July 1944) was an Iranian military officer and the founder of the Pahlavi dynasty.
Rice
Rice is a cereal grain and in its domesticated form is the staple food of over half of the world's population, particularly in Asia and Africa.
See Iran and Rice
Rock climbing
Rock climbing is a sport in which participants climb up, across, or down natural rock formations or indoor climbing walls.
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
Roman Republic
The Roman Republic (Res publica Romana) was the era of classical Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom (traditionally dated to 509 BC) and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire following the War of Actium. Iran and Roman Republic are states and territories established in the 6th century BC.
Roman–Persian Wars
The Roman–Persian Wars, also known as the Roman–Iranian Wars, were a series of conflicts between states of the Greco-Roman world and two successive Iranian empires: the Parthian and the Sasanian.
See Iran and Roman–Persian Wars
Royal court
A royal court, often called simply a court when the royal context is clear, is an extended royal household in a monarchy, including all those who regularly attend on a monarch, or another central figure.
Royal Road
The Royal Road was an ancient highway reorganized and rebuilt by the Persian king Darius the Great (Darius I) of the first (Achaemenid) Persian Empire in the 5th century BC.
Ruhollah Khaleqi
Ruhollah Khaleqi (روحالله خالقی|translit.
Ruhollah Khomeini
Ayatollah Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini (17 May 1900 or 24 September 19023 June 1989) was an Iranian Islamic revolutionary, politician, and religious leader who served as the first supreme leader of Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989.
See Iran and Ruhollah Khomeini
Rumi
Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī (جلالالدین محمّد رومی), or simply Rumi (30 September 1207 – 17 December 1273), was a 13th-century poet, Hanafi faqih (jurist), Islamic scholar, Maturidi theologian (mutakallim), and Sufi mystic originally from Greater Khorasan in Greater Iran.
See Iran and Rumi
Russia
Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia. Iran and Russia are BRICS nations, countries in Asia and member states of the United Nations.
See Iran and Russia
Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
The Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 was one of the many wars between the Persian Empire and Imperial Russia, and, like many of their other conflicts, began as a territorial dispute.
See Iran and Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
The Russo-Persian War of 1826–1828 was the last major military conflict between the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran, which was fought over territorial disputes in the South Caucasus region.
See Iran and Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
Russo-Persian Wars
The Russo-Persian Wars or Russo-Iranian Wars (translit) were a series of conflicts between 1651 and 1828, concerning Persia and the Russian Empire.
See Iran and Russo-Persian Wars
Sa'dabad Complex
The Sa'dabad Complex (translit) is a 80 hectare complex built by the Qajar and Pahlavi monarchs, located in Shemiran, Greater Tehran, Iran.
Sacred language
A sacred language, holy language or liturgical language is a language that is cultivated and used primarily for religious reasons (like Mosque service) by people who speak another, primary language (like Persian, Urdu, Pashtu, Balochi, Sindhi etc.) in their daily lives.
Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician and revolutionary who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 1979 to 2003.
Sadeh
Sadeh (سده also transliterated as Sade), is an Iranian festival that dates back to the Achaemenid Empire.
See Iran and Sadeh
Safavid dynasty
The Safavid dynasty (Dudmâne Safavi) was one of Iran's most significant ruling dynasties reigning from 1501 to 1736.
Saffron
Saffron is a spice derived from the flower of Crocus sativus, commonly known as the "saffron crocus".
See Iran and Saffron
Salt lake
A salt lake or saline lake is a landlocked body of water that has a concentration of salts (typically sodium chloride) and other dissolved minerals significantly higher than most lakes (often defined as at least three grams of salt per litre).
Samanid Empire
The Samanid Empire (Sāmāniyān), also known as the Samanian Empire, Samanid dynasty, Samanid amirate, or simply as the Samanids, was a Persianate Sunni Muslim empire, of Iranian dehqan origin.
Samuel Rahbar
Samuel Rahbar (سموئیلِ رهبر Samu'il-e Rahbar May 12, 1929 - November 10, 2012) was an Iranian scientist who discovered the linkage between diabetes and HbA1C, a form of hemoglobin used primarily to identify plasma glucose concentration over time.
Sasanian architecture
Sasanian architecture refers to the Persian architectural style that reached a peak in its development during the Sasanian era.
See Iran and Sasanian architecture
Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.
Sasanian music
Sasanian music encompasses the music of the Sasanian Empire, which existed from 224 to 651 CE.
Satellite
A satellite or artificial satellite is an object, typically a spacecraft, placed into orbit around a celestial body.
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia and the Middle East. Iran and Saudi Arabia are countries in Asia, member states of OPEC, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, member states of the United Nations, middle Eastern countries and west Asian countries.
SAVAK
The Bureau for Intelligence and Security of the State (Sāzmān-e Ettelā'āt va Amniyat-e Keshvar), shortened to as SAVAK (ساواک) or S.A.V.A.K. (س.ا.و.ا.ک) was the secret police of the Imperial State of Iran.
See Iran and SAVAK
Sculpture
Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions.
Secular state
A secular state is an idea pertaining to secularity, whereby a state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion. Iran and secular state are religion and politics.
Secularism
Secularism is the principle of seeking to conduct human affairs based on naturalistic considerations, uninvolved with religion. Iran and Secularism are religion and politics.
Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period. Iran and Seleucid Empire are former monarchies of West Asia.
Semi-arid climate
A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type.
See Iran and Semi-arid climate
Setar
A setar (سهتار) is a stringed instrument, a type of lute used in Persian traditional music, played solo or accompanying voice.
See Iran and Setar
Shadow play
Shadow play, also known as shadow puppetry, is an ancient form of storytelling and entertainment which uses flat articulated cut-out figures (shadow puppets) which are held between a source of light and a translucent screen or scrim.
Shah Mosque (Isfahan)
The Shah Mosque (مسجد شاه) is a mosque located in Isfahan, Iran.
See Iran and Shah Mosque (Isfahan)
Shahab-3
The Shahab-3 (Šahâb 3; meaning "Meteor-3") is a family of liquid-fueled ballistic missiles developed by Iran and based on the North Korean Nodong-1.
Shahnameh
The Shahnameh (lit), also transliterated Shahnama, is a long epic poem written by the Persian poet Ferdowsi between and 1010 CE and is the national epic of Greater Iran.
Shahr-e Sukhteh
Shahr-e Sukhteh (شهر سوخته, meaning "Burnt City"), c. 3550–2300 BC,Ascalone, E., and P. F. Fabbri, (2022).
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a Eurasian political, economic, international security and defence organization established by China and Russia in 2001.
See Iran and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
Shargh
Shargh (lit; also as Sharq) is one of the most popular Reformist daily newspapers in Iran.
See Iran and Shargh
Sharia
Sharia (sharīʿah) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and hadith.
See Iran and Sharia
Shatt al-Arab
The Arvand Rud (lit; lit) is a river about in length that is formed at the confluence of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers in the town of al-Qurnah in the Basra Governorate of southern Iraq.
Shia Islam
Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.
Shiraz
Shiraz (شیراز) is the fifth-most-populous city of Iran and the capital of Fars Province, which has been historically known as Pars and Persis.
See Iran and Shiraz
Silk Road
The Silk Road was a network of Eurasian trade routes active from the second century BCE until the mid-15th century.
Simon & Schuster
Simon & Schuster LLC is an American publishing company owned by Kohlberg Kravis Roberts.
Siyâvash
Siyâvash (سیاوش, via Middle Persian Siyâwaxš, from Avestan Syâvaršan) or Siyâvoš or Siavash (سياووش) is a major figure in Ferdowsi's epic, the Shahnameh.
Ski resort
A ski resort is a resort developed for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter sports.
Skiing
Skiing is the use of skis to glide on snow for basic transport, a recreational activity, or a competitive winter sport.
See Iran and Skiing
Skin
Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation.
See Iran and Skin
Snowboarding
Snowboarding is a recreational and competitive activity that involves descending a snow-covered surface while standing on a snowboard that is almost always attached to a rider's feet.
Social justice is justice in relation to the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within a society where individuals' rights are recognized and protected.
Social media are interactive technologies that facilitate the creation, sharing and aggregation of content (such as ideas, interests, and other forms of expression) amongst virtual communities and networks.
A social networking service (SNS), or social networking site, is a type of online social media platform which people use to build social networks or social relationships with other people who share similar personal or career content, interests, activities, backgrounds or real-life connections.
See Iran and Social networking service
Soltan Hoseyn
Soltan Hoseyn (Soltān-Hoseyn; 1668 – 9 September 1727) was the Safavid shah of Iran from 1694 to 1722.
South Caucasus
The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and West Asia, straddling the southern Caucasus Mountains.
South Korea
South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea (ROK), is a country in East Asia. Iran and South Korea are countries in Asia and member states of the United Nations.
Space
Space is a three-dimensional continuum containing positions and directions.
See Iran and Space
Spain
Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa. Iran and Spain are member states of the United Nations.
See Iran and Spain
Special Clerical Court
Special Clerical Court, or Special Court for Clerics (دادگاه ویژه روحانیت, dādgāh-e vizheh-ye ruhāniyat) is a special Iranian judicial system for prosecuting crimes, both ordinary and political, committed by Islamic clerics and scholars.
See Iran and Special Clerical Court
Stanley Lane-Poole
Stanley Edward Lane-Poole (18 December 1854 – 29 December 1931) was a British orientalist and archaeologist.
See Iran and Stanley Lane-Poole
State of emergency
A state of emergency is a situation in which a government is empowered to put through policies that it would normally not be permitted to do, for the safety and protection of its citizens.
See Iran and State of emergency
State ownership
State ownership, also called public ownership or government ownership, is the ownership of an industry, asset, property, or enterprise by the national government of a country or state, or a public body representing a community, as opposed to an individual or private party.
State religion
A state religion (also called official religion) is a religion or creed officially endorsed by a sovereign state. Iran and state religion are religion and politics.
Stem cell
In multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely to produce more of the same stem cell.
Stonemasonry
Stonemasonry or stonecraft is the creation of buildings, structures, and sculpture using stone as the primary material.
Stork
Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked wading birds with long, stout bills.
See Iran and Stork
Storytelling
Storytelling is the social and cultural activity of sharing stories, sometimes with improvisation, theatrics or embellishment.
Strait of Hormuz
The Strait of Hormuz (تنگهٔ هُرمُز Tangeh-ye Hormoz, مَضيق هُرمُز Maḍīq Hurmuz) is a strait between the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman.
String theory
In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings.
Striped hyena
The striped hyena (Hyaena hyaena) is a species of hyena native to North and East Africa, the Middle East, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and the Indian subcontinent.
Submarine
A submarine (or sub) is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater.
Subtropics
The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics.
Sufism
Sufism is a mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic purification, spirituality, ritualism and asceticism.
See Iran and Sufism
Sukhoi Su-35
The Sukhoi Su-35 (Сухой Су-35; NATO reporting name: Flanker-E/M)|group.
Sultanism
In political science, sultanism is a form of authoritarian government characterized by the extreme personal presence of the ruler in all elements of governance.
Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.
Supreme National Security Council
Supreme National Security Council (SNSC; شورای عالی امنیت ملی Showrāye Āliye Amniyate Mellī also Supreme Council for National Security) is the national security council of the Islamic Republic of Iran.
See Iran and Supreme National Security Council
Suret language
Suret (ܣܘܪܝܬ) (ˈsu:rɪtʰ or ˈsu:rɪθ), also known as Assyrian, refers to the varieties of Northeastern Neo-Aramaic (NENA) spoken by Christians, namely Assyrians.
Susa
Susa (Middle translit; Middle and Neo-translit; Neo-Elamite and Achaemenid translit; Achaemenid translit; شوش; שׁוּשָׁן; Σοῦσα; ܫܘܫ; 𐭮𐭥𐭱𐭩 or 𐭱𐭥𐭮; 𐏂𐎢𐏁𐎠) was an ancient city in the lower Zagros Mountains about east of the Tigris, between the Karkheh and Dez Rivers in Iran.
See Iran and Susa
Suzerainty
Suzerainty includes the rights and obligations of a person, state, or other polity which controls the foreign policy and relations of a tributary state but allows the tributary state internal autonomy.
Tabriz
Tabriz (تبریز) is a city in the Central District of Tabriz County, in the East Azerbaijan province of northwestern Iran.
See Iran and Tabriz
Tabriz rug
A Tabriz rug or carpet is a type in the general category of Persian carpets from the city of Tabriz, the capital city of East Azerbaijan province in northwest of Iran.
Tahirid dynasty
The Tahirid dynasty (Tâheriyân) was an Arabized Sunni Muslim dynasty of Persian dehqan origin that ruled as governors of Khorasan from 821 to 873 as well as serving as military and security commanders in Abbasid Baghdad until 891.
Tahmuras
Tahmuras or Tahmures (تهمورث, طهمورث; from Avestan Taxma Urupi "Strong Fox" via 𐮑𐮇𐮋𐮅𐮊𐮎𐮀|translit.
Tajikistan
Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Iran and Tajikistan are countries and territories where Persian is an official language, countries in Asia, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and member states of the United Nations.
Takbir
The takbīr (تَكْبِير) is the name for the Arabic phrase (اَللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ).Wensinck, A.J., "Takbīr", in: Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th.
See Iran and Takbir
Takht-e Soleymān
Takht-e Soleymān (lit) or Adur Gushnasp, is an archaeological site in West Azerbaijan, Iran dating back to Sasanian Empire.
Talysh language
Talysh (تؤلشه زوؤن, Tolışə Zıvon, Tолышә зывон) is a Northwestern Iranian language spoken in the northern regions of the Iranian provinces of Gilan and Ardabil and the southern regions of the Republic of Azerbaijan by around 500,000-800,000 people.
Talysh people
The Talysh people (script, تالشان) or Talyshis, Talyshes, Talyshs, Talishis, Talishes, Talishs, Talesh are an Iranian ethnic group, with the majority residing in Azerbaijan and a minority in Iran.
Tank
A tank is an armoured fighting vehicle intended as a primary offensive weapon in front-line ground combat.
See Iran and Tank
Tar (string instrument)
The tar (from lit) is a long-necked, waisted lute family instrument, used by many cultures and countries including Iran, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Georgia, Tajikistan (Iranian Plateau), Turkey, and others near the Caucasus and Central Asia regions.
See Iran and Tar (string instrument)
Taste of Cherry
Taste of Cherry (طعمگیلاس..., Ta’m-e gīlās...) is a 1997 Iranian minimalist drama film written, produced, edited and directed by Abbas Kiarostami, and starring Homayoun Ershadi as a middle-aged Tehran man who drives through a city suburb in search of someone willing to carry out the task of burying him after he commits suicide.
Tbilisi
Tbilisi (თბილისი), in some languages still known by its pre-1936 name Tiflis, (tr) is the capital and largest city of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Kura River with a population of around 1.2 million people.
See Iran and Tbilisi
Tehran
Tehran (تهران) or Teheran is the capital and largest city of Iran as well as the largest in Tehran Province.
See Iran and Tehran
Tehran Conference
The Tehran Conference (codenamed Eureka) was a strategy meeting of Joseph Stalin, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Winston Churchill from 28 November to 1 December 1943.
See Iran and Tehran Conference
Tehran Metro
The Tehran Metro (translit) is a rapid transit system serving Tehran, the capital of Iran.
Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art
Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, (Persian: موزه هنرهای معاصر تهران), also known as TMoCA, is among the largest art museums in Tehran and Iran.
See Iran and Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art
Tehran Stock Exchange
The Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) (بورس اوراق بهادار تهران, romanized: Burs-e Owraq-e Bahadar-e Tehran) is Iran's largest stock exchange, which first opened in 1967.
See Iran and Tehran Stock Exchange
Tehran Times
The Tehran Times is an English-language daily newspaper published in Iran, founded in 1979 as the self-styled "voice of the Islamic Revolution". Iran and Tehran Times are 1979 establishments in Iran.
Teppe Hasanlu
Teppe Hasanlu or Hasanlu Tepe (تپه حسنلو) is an archeological site of an ancient cityThe Cambridge History of Iran (ed. by W.B. Fischer, Ilya Gershevitch, Ehsan Yarshster).
Textile
Textile is an umbrella term that includes various fiber-based materials, including fibers, yarns, filaments, threads, different fabric types, etc.
See Iran and Textile
The Cow (1969 film)
The Cow (italic, Gāv, Gaav, or Gav) is a 1969 Iranian film directed by Dariush Mehrjui, written by Gholam-Hossein Saedi based on his own play and novel, and starring Ezzatolah Entezami as Masht Hassan.
See Iran and The Cow (1969 film)
The New York Review of Books
The New York Review of Books (or NYREV or NYRB) is a semi-monthly magazine with articles on literature, culture, economics, science and current affairs.
See Iran and The New York Review of Books
The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
See Iran and The New York Times
The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
See Iran and The World Factbook
Time (magazine)
Time (stylized in all caps as TIME) is an American news magazine based in New York City.
Time Person of the Year
Person of the Year (called Man of the Year or Woman of the Year until 1999) is an annual issue of the American news magazine and website Time featuring a person, group, idea, or object that "for better or for worse...
See Iran and Time Person of the Year
Timeline of first orbital launches by country
This is a timeline of first orbital launches by country.
See Iran and Timeline of first orbital launches by country
Timurid Empire
The Timurid Empire was a late medieval, culturally Persianate Turco-Mongol empire that dominated Greater Iran in the early 15th century, comprising modern-day Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, much of Central Asia, the South Caucasus, and parts of contemporary Pakistan, North India and Turkey.
Tirgan
Tirgan (تیرگان, Tirgān), is a early summer ancient Iranian festival, celebrated annually on Tir 13 (July 2, 3, or 4).
See Iran and Tirgan
Tofy Mussivand
Tofigh "Tofy" Mussivand (توفیق موسیوند; 2 December 1942 – 7 January 2024) was an Iranian-Canadian medical engineer of Kurdish origin who invented an artificial cardiac pump, a device that pumps blood and takes over the function of breathing during a heart surgery.
Tombak
The tombak (Persian: تمبک), tonbak (تنبک) or zarb (ضَرب) is an Iranian goblet drum.
See Iran and Tombak
Total fertility rate
The total fertility rate (TFR) of a population is the average number of children that are born to a woman over her lifetime, if they were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) through their lifetime, and they were to live from birth until the end of their reproductive life.
See Iran and Total fertility rate
Totalitarianism
Totalitarianism is a political system and a form of government that prohibits opposition political parties, disregards and outlaws the political claims of individual and group opposition to the state, and controls the public sphere and the private sphere of society.
Transcendent theosophy
Transcendent theosophy or al-hikmat al-muta’āliyah (حكمت متعاليه), the doctrine and philosophy developed by Persian philosopher Mulla Sadra (d.1635 CE), is one of two main disciplines of Islamic philosophy that are currently live and active.
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Transport in Iran
Iran has a long paved road system linking most of its towns and all of its cities.
See Iran and Transport in Iran
Traumatic brain injury
A traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as an intracranial injury, is an injury to the brain caused by an external force.
See Iran and Traumatic brain injury
Treaty
A treaty is a formal, legally binding written agreement concluded by sovereign states in international law.
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Treaty of Georgievsk
The Treaty of Georgievsk (Georgievskiy traktat; tr) was a bilateral treaty concluded between the Russian Empire and the east Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti on July 24, 1783.
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Treaty of Gulistan
The Treaty of Gulistan (also spelled Golestan: translit; translit) was a peace treaty concluded between the Russian Empire and Qajar Iran on 24 October 1813 in the village of Gulistan (now in the Goranboy District of Azerbaijan) as a result of the first full-scale Russo-Persian War (1804 to 1813).
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Treaty of Turkmenchay
The Treaty of Turkmenchay (translit; translit) was an agreement between Qajar Iran and the Russian Empire, which concluded the Russo-Persian War (1826–1828).
See Iran and Treaty of Turkmenchay
Tunisia
Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa. Iran and Tunisia are member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and member states of the United Nations.
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Turan
Turan (Tūiriiānəm; Tūrān; Turân) is a historical region in Central Asia.
See Iran and Turan
Turkic languages
The Turkic languages are a language family of more than 35 documented languages, spoken by the Turkic peoples of Eurasia from Eastern Europe and Southern Europe to Central Asia, East Asia, North Asia (Siberia), and West Asia.
Turkic peoples
The Turkic peoples are a collection of diverse ethnic groups of West, Central, East, and North Asia as well as parts of Europe, who speak Turkic languages.
Turkmen language
Turkmen (türkmençe, түркменче, تۆرکمنچه, or türkmen dili, түркмен дили, تۆرکمن ديلی), is a Turkic language of the Oghuz branch spoken by the Turkmens of Central Asia.
Turkmenistan
Turkmenistan is a country in Central Asia bordered by Kazakhstan to the northwest, Uzbekistan to the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan to the southeast, Iran to the south and southwest and the Caspian Sea to the west. Iran and Turkmenistan are countries in Asia, Iranian Plateau, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and member states of the United Nations.
Turkmens
Turkmens (Türkmenler, italic,,; historically "the Turkmen") are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia, living mainly in Turkmenistan, northern and northeastern regions of Iran and north-western Afghanistan.
Turmeric
Turmeric, (botanical name Curcuma longa) is a flowering plant in the ginger family Zingiberaceae.
Tzatziki
Tzatziki (τζατζίκι, tzatzíki), also known as cacık or tarator, is a class of dip, soup, or sauce found in the cuisines of Southeastern Europe and West Asia.
Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. Iran and Ukraine are member states of the United Nations.
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Ukraine International Airlines
Ukraine International Airlines PJSC, often shortened to UIA (Aviakompaniya Mizhnarodni Avialiniyi Ukrayiny), is the flag carrier and the largest airline of Ukraine, with its head office in Kyiv and its main hub at Kyiv's Boryspil International Airport.
See Iran and Ukraine International Airlines
Umayyad Caliphate
The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.
See Iran and Umayyad Caliphate
Ungulate
Ungulates are members of the diverse clade Euungulata ("true ungulates"), which primarily consists of large mammals with hooves.
Unicameralism
Unicameralism (from uni- "one" + Latin camera "chamber") is a type of legislature consisting of one house or assembly that legislates and votes as one.
Unitary state
A unitary state is a sovereign state governed as a single entity in which the central government is the supreme authority.
United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates (UAE), or simply the Emirates, is a country in West Asia, in the Middle East. Iran and United Arab Emirates are BRICS nations, countries in Asia, member states of OPEC, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, member states of the United Nations, middle Eastern countries and west Asian countries.
See Iran and United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland. Iran and United Kingdom are member states of the United Nations.
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
The United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) is a United Nations committee whose main task is to review and foster international cooperation in the peaceful uses of outer space, as well as to consider legal issues arising from the exploration of outer space.
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United Nations Development Programme
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)Programme des Nations unies pour le développement, PNUD is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development.
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United States Army Center of Military History
The United States Army Center of Military History (CMH) is a directorate within the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command.
See Iran and United States Army Center of Military History
Universal suffrage
Universal suffrage or universal franchise ensures the right to vote for as many people bound by a government's laws as possible, as supported by the "one person, one vote" principle.
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University of Bern
The University of Bern (Universität Bern, Université de Berne, Universitas Bernensis) is a public research university in the Swiss capital of Bern.
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University of Tehran
The University of Tehran (Tehran University or UT, دانشگاه تهران, Dāneshgāh-e Tehran) is the oldest and most prominent Iranian university located in Tehran, Iran.
See Iran and University of Tehran
Unmanned aerial vehicle
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a drone, is an aircraft without any human pilot, crew, or passengers on board.
See Iran and Unmanned aerial vehicle
Uranium hexafluoride
Uranium hexafluoride, sometimes called hex, is an inorganic compound with the formula. Uranium hexafluoride is a volatile and toxic white solid that reacts with water, releasing corrosive hydrofluoric acid. The compound reacts mildly with aluminium, forming a thin surface layer of AlF3 that resists any further reaction from the compound.
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Urial
The urial (Ovis vignei), also known as arkars, shapo, or shapu, is a wild sheep native to Central and South Asia.
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Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia. Iran and Uzbekistan are countries in Asia, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and member states of the United Nations.
Vank Cathedral
The Holy Savior Cathedral (Սուրբ Ամենափրկիչ Վանք, Surb Amenaprkich Vank; کلیسای آمناپرکیچ, Kelisā ye Āmenāperkič), also known the Church of the Saintly Sisters, is a cathedral located in the New Julfa district of Isfahan, Iran.
Vegetable
Vegetables are parts of plants that are consumed by humans or other animals as food.
Vendidad
The Vendidad /ˈvendi'dæd/ or Videvdat or Videvdad is a collection of texts within the greater compendium of the Avesta.
Venezuela
Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea. Iran and Venezuela are G15 nations, member states of OPEC and member states of the United Nations.
Venice Film Festival
The Venice Film Festival or Venice International Film Festival (Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica della Biennale di Venezia, "International Exhibition of Cinematographic Art of the Venice Biennale") is an annual film festival held in Venice, Italy.
See Iran and Venice Film Festival
Vienna
Vienna (Wien; Austro-Bavarian) is the capital, most populous city, and one of nine federal states of Austria.
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Vietnam War
The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.
Voice of America
Voice of America (VOA or VoA) is an international radio broadcasting state media agency owned by the United States of America.
Washington Jewish Week
Washington Jewish Week (WJW) is an independent community weekly newspaper whose logo reads, "Serving the nation's capital and the greater Washington Jewish community since 1930.", retrieved March 3, 2011.
See Iran and Washington Jewish Week
Water buffalo
The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), also called the domestic water buffalo or Asian water buffalo, is a large bovid originating in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia.
Weaving
Weaving is a method of textile production in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth.
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Welfare
Welfare, or commonly social welfare, is a type of government support intended to ensure that members of a society can meet basic human needs such as food and shelter.
See Iran and Welfare
West Asia
West Asia, also called Western Asia or Southwest Asia, is the westernmost region of Asia.
Western Bloc
The Western Bloc, also known as the Capitalist Bloc, is an informal, collective term for countries that were officially allied with the United States during the Cold War of 1947–1991.
White Revolution
The White Revolution (translit) or the Shah and People Revolution (translit) was a far-reaching series of reforms resulting in aggressive modernization in the Imperial State of Iran launched on 26 January 1963 by the Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, which lasted until 1979.
Wild boar
The wild boar (Sus scrofa), also known as the wild swine, common wild pig, Eurasian wild pig, or simply wild pig, is a suid native to much of Eurasia and North Africa, and has been introduced to the Americas and Oceania.
William Wilson Hunter
Sir William Wilson Hunter (15 July 18406 February 1900) was a Scottish historian, statistician, a compiler and a member of the Indian Civil Service.
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World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health.
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World Heritage Site
World Heritage Sites are landmarks and areas with legal protection by an international convention administered by UNESCO for having cultural, historical, or scientific significance.
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World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland that regulates and facilitates international trade.
See Iran and World Trade Organization
Xenophon
Xenophon of Athens (Ξενοφῶν||; probably 355 or 354 BC) was a Greek military leader, philosopher, and historian, born in Athens.
Xerxes I
Xerxes I (– August 465 BC), commonly known as Xerxes the Great, was a Persian ruler who served as the fourth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, reigning from 486 BC until his assassination in 465 BC.
Yarsanism
Yarsanism (translit), Ahl-e Haqq (script; اهل حق), or Kaka'i, is an inherited, syncretic religion founded by Sultan Sahak in the late 14th century in western Iran.
Yazd
Yazd (یزد) is a city in the Central District of Yazd County, Yazd province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.
See Iran and Yazd
Yemen
Yemen (al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen, is a sovereign state in West Asia. Iran and Yemen are countries in Asia, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, member states of the United Nations, middle Eastern countries and west Asian countries.
See Iran and Yemen
Yogurt
Yogurt (from; also spelled yoghurt, yogourt or yoghourt) is a food produced by bacterial fermentation of milk.
See Iran and Yogurt
YouTube
YouTube is an American online video sharing platform owned by Google.
See Iran and YouTube
Zagros Mountains
The Zagros Mountains (Kuh hā-ye Zāgros; translit; translit;; Luri: Kûya Zagrus کویا زاگرس or کوه یل زاگرس) are a long mountain range in Iran, northern Iraq, and southeastern Turkey. Iran and Zagros Mountains are Iranian Plateau.
Zand dynasty
The Zand dynasty (translit) was an Iranian dynasty, founded by Karim Khan Zand (1751–1779) that initially ruled southern and central Iran in the 18th century. Iran and Zand dynasty are former monarchies of West Asia.
Zanzibar
Zanzibar is an insular semi-autonomous region which united with Tanganyika in 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanzania.
Zaydism
Zaydism is one of the three main branches of Shia Islam that emerged in the eighth century following Zayd ibn Ali‘s unsuccessful rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate.
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Zelzal
Zelzal (زلزال-۱, meaning "Earthquake") is a series of artillery rockets developed by Iran.
See Iran and Zelzal
Zoroaster
Zarathushtra Spitama more commonly known as Zoroaster or Zarathustra, was an Iranian religious reformer who challenged the tenets of the contemporary Ancient Iranian religion, becoming the spiritual founder of Zoroastrianism.
Zoroastrianism
Zoroastrianism (Din-e Zartoshti), also known as Mazdayasna and Behdin, is an Iranian religion.
Zoroastrianism in Iran
Zoroastrianism is considered to be the oldest religion still practiced in Iran.
See Iran and Zoroastrianism in Iran
Zurna
The zurna (Armenian: զուռնա zuṙna; Old Armenian: սուռնայ suṙnay; Albanian: surle/surla; Romanian: surlă; Persian: karna/Kornay/surnay; Macedonian: зурла/сурла zurla/surla; Bulgarian: зурна/зурла; Hungarian: zurna/töröksip; Serbian: зурла/zurla; Assyrian: ܙܘܪܢܐ/zurna; Tat: zurna; Turkish: zurna; Kurdish: zirne; Greek: ζουρνας; Azerbaijani: zurna; Sinhalese: හොරණෑව) is a double reed wind instrument played in the Central Asia, West Asia, the Caucasus, Southeast Europe and parts of North Africa.
See Iran and Zurna
.ir
.ir is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Iran.
See Iran and .ir
1953 Iranian coup d'état
The 1953 Iranian coup d'état, known in Iran as the 28 Mordad coup d'état (کودتای ۲۸ مرداد), was the U.S.- and British-instigated, Iranian army-led overthrow of the elected Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh in favor of strengthening the monarchical rule of the shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, on 19 August 1953, with one of the significant objectives being to protect British oil interests in Iran.
See Iran and 1953 Iranian coup d'état
1973 oil crisis
In October 1973, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) announced that it was implementing a total oil embargo against the countries who had supported Israel at any point during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, which began after Egypt and Syria launched a large-scale surprise attack in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to recover the territories that they had lost to Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War.
2003 invasion of Iraq
The 2003 invasion of Iraq was the first stage of the Iraq War.
See Iran and 2003 invasion of Iraq
2005 Iranian presidential election
Presidential elections were held in Iran 17 June 2005, with a second round run-off on 24 June.
See Iran and 2005 Iranian presidential election
2006 Lebanon War
The 2006 Lebanon War, also called the 2006 Israel–Hezbollah War and known in Lebanon as the July War (حرب تموز, Ḥarb Tammūz) and in Israel as the Second Lebanon War (מלחמת לבנון השנייה, Milhemet Levanon HaShniya), was a 34-day military conflict in Lebanon, northern Israel and the Golan Heights.
40th parallel north
The 40th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 40 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.
See Iran and 40th parallel north
See also
1979 establishments in Iran
- Book censorship in Iran
- Coalition of Islamic Parties
- Government of Shapour Bakhtiar
- Grand National Alliance (Iran)
- Hajj and Pilgrimage Organization (Iran)
- IRISL Group
- Imam Khomeini Relief Foundation
- Interim Government of Iran
- Interim Government of Iran (1979–80)
- Iran
- Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas
- Irregular Warfare Headquarters
- Islamic Consultative Assembly
- Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force
- Islamic Republican (newspaper)
- Islamic Republican Party
- Islamic Revolution Committees
- Islamic Revolutionary Court
- Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps
- Jihad of Construction
- Ketab-e Jom'e
- Laborers' Party of Iran
- Ministry of Petroleum (Iran)
- Mojahed (newspaper)
- Mojahedin of the Islamic Revolution Organization
- Muslim People's Republic Party
- Muslim Union Party
- National Democratic Front (Iran)
- National Iranian Drilling Company
- Office for the Cooperation of the People with the President
- Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class
- Organization of Working-class Freedom Fighters
- Payam-e-Hajar
- People's Revolutionary Organization of the Islamic Republic of Iran
- Peykar (1979 newspaper)
- Quds Day
- Quintuple Coalition
- Regency Council (Iran)
- Septuple Coalition
- Society of Women of the Islamic Revolution
- Supreme Leader of Iran
- Tehran Times
- Turkmen People's Cultural and Political Society
- University of Judicial Sciences and Administrative Services
- University of Mazandaran
- Varlyq
6th-century BC establishments
- Apollonia (Illyria)
- Benghazi
- Castell de la Fosca
- Cavtat
- Cyropolis
- Ecclesia (ancient Greece)
- Ennigaldi-Nanna's museum
- Glades culture
- Iran
- Kolathunadu
- Mahajanapadas
- Meroë
- Middle Indo-Aryan languages
- Monte Albán
- Nāya
- Orontid dynasty
- Pazyryk culture
- Sauromatian culture
- Second Temple
- Trittys
BRICS nations
- Brazil
- China
- Egypt
- Ethiopia
- India
- Iran
- Member states of BRICS
- Russia
- South Africa
- United Arab Emirates
Countries and territories where Persian is an official language
Developing 8 Countries member states
- Bangladesh
- D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation
- Egypt
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Malaysia
- Nigeria
- Pakistan
- Turkey
Former monarchies of West Asia
- Al Aidh Emirate
- Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
- Colchis
- Emirate of Diriyah
- Hasmonean dynasty
- Herodian kingdom
- Ilkhanate
- Iran
- Kingdom of Abkhazia
- Kingdom of Georgia
- Kingdom of Hejaz
- Kingdom of Judah
- Kingdom of Kakheti
- Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
- Lydia
- Mitanni
- Principality of Galilee
- Qara Qoyunlu
- Qasimid State
- Russian Empire
- Samtskhe-Saatabago
- Seleucid Empire
- Zakarid Armenia
- Zand dynasty
G15 nations
- Algeria
- Argentina
- Brazil
- Chile
- Egypt
- India
- Indonesia
- Iran
- Jamaica
- Kenya
- Malaysia
- Mexico
- Nigeria
- Senegal
- Sri Lanka
- Venezuela
- Zimbabwe
Iranian Plateau
- Afghanistan
- Aladagh Mountains
- Alborz
- Avestan geography
- Balochistan
- Balochistan, Afghanistan
- Dasht-e Kavir
- Greater Khorasan
- Hindu Kush
- Iran
- Iranian Plateau
- Iranian plateau water transfer project
- Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
- Kavir Buzurg
- Khorasan
- Sulaiman Mountains
- Talish (region)
- Talysh
- Tehran Plain
- Turkmenistan
- Zagros Mountains
Islamic republics
- Arab Islamic Republic
- Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
- Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
- Iran
- Islamic republic
- Mauritania
- Pakistan
Kurdish-speaking countries and territories
Member states of OPEC
- Algeria
- Angola
- Equatorial Guinea
- Gabon
- Iran
- Iraq
- Kuwait
- Libya
- Nigeria
- Republic of the Congo
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- Venezuela
Middle Eastern countries
- Bahrain
- Cyprus
- Egypt
- Iran
- Iraq
- Israel
- Jordan
- Kuwait
- Lebanon
- Northern Cyprus
- Oman
- Qatar
- Saudi Arabia
- State of Palestine
- Syria
- Turkey
- United Arab Emirates
- Yemen
States and territories established in 1979
- Aurora (province)
- Basque Country (autonomous community)
- Canton of Jura
- Catalonia
- Dagang, Tianjin
- Dovhyntsivskyi District
- Greenland
- Hof Aza Regional Council
- Independent State of Rainbow Creek
- Interim Government of Iran
- Iran
- Kiribati
- Kovdorsky District
- Loiri Porto San Paolo
- Mato Grosso do Sul
- People's Republic of Kampuchea
- Rehoboth (homeland)
- Saint Lucia
- Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
- Sant'Antonio di Gallura
- Southern Rhodesia
- State of Free Lebanon
- Talossa
- Villaperuccio
- Zimbabwe Rhodesia
States and territories established in the 6th century BC
- Achaemenid Assyria
- Achaemenid Empire
- Carmania (region)
- Haryanka dynasty
- Hellespontine Phrygia
- Hyrcania
- Iran
- Paropamisadae
- Roman Republic
- Sattagydia
- Skudra
- Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
- Yehud (Babylonian province)
- Yehud Medinata
Theocracies
- Afghanistan
- Hospitaller Malta
- Iran
- Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
- Monastic community of Mount Athos
- Northern Celestial Masters
- Prince-bishoprics
- Shia theocracy
- Sovereign Military Order of Malta
- Taliban
- Theocrats
- Touba
- Vatican City
West Asian countries
- Abkhazia
- Armenia
- Azerbaijan
- Bahrain
- Cyprus
- Egypt
- Georgia (country)
- Iran
- Iraq
- Israel
- Jordan
- Kuwait
- Lebanon
- Middle Eastern countries
- Northern Cyprus
- Oman
- Qatar
- Saudi Arabia
- South Ossetia
- State of Palestine
- Syria
- Turkey
- United Arab Emirates
- Yemen
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran
Also known as Biodiversity of Iran, Historical Names of Iran, I.R of Iran, I.R. Iran, I.R. of Iran, I.R.Iran, IR Iran, IR of Iran, ISO 3166-1:IR, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iran (Persia), Iran consumption expenditure, Iran, Islamic Rep., Iran, Islamic Republic Of, Iranian Republic, Irān, Islamic Govermnet of Iran, Islamic Iran, Islamic Republic of Iran, Islamic Republic of Persia, Islamic State of Iran, Jomhuri Ye Islami Ye Iran, Jomhuri-ye Eslami-ye Iran, Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān, Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Īrān, La Perse, Law of Iran, Naval blockade of iran, PERSIA, Persia region, Persian State of Iran, Republic of Iran, Shi'ite Republic of Iran, Shia Republic of Iran, State of Iran, The Islamic Republic, The Islamic Republic of Iran, إيران, جمهوری اسلامی ايران.
, Asghar Farhadi, Ashura, Asia, Asian black bear, Asian Games, Asiatic lion, Assembly of Experts, Associate degree, Assyria, Assyrians in Iran, Astrological sign, Astronomy, Astyages, Atar, Autocracy, Avant-garde, Avesta, Avestan, Azadi Stadium, Azerbaijan, Azerbaijan (Iran), Azerbaijan People's Government, Azerbaijani language, Azerbaijanis, Babylonia, Bachelor's degree, Baháʼí Faith, Bahram Beyzai, Ballistic missile, Baloch people, Balochi language, Bandar Abbas, Bandar Torkaman, Bandar-e Anzali, Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni, Barbad, Barbat (lute), Bashar al-Assad, Basij, Basketball, Basra, Battle of Karnal, Battle of Krtsanisi, Bazaar, BBC News Online, Behistun Inscription, Belarus, Black Friday (1978), Bonfire, British Empire, Bronze Age, Brown bear, Bundahishn, Caliphate, Calligraphy, Cambridge University Press, Camel, Canada, Cannes Film Festival, Capital city, Capital punishment, Capitulation (treaty), Cardamom, Carpet Museum of Iran, Carrot juice, Caspian tiger, Caucasus, Caucasus 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