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Difference between Iranian Revolution and Ulama

Iranian Revolution vs. Ulama

The Iranian Revolution (انقلاب ایران), also known as the 1979 Revolution and the Islamic Revolution (label), was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. The revolution led to the replacement of the Imperial State of Iran by the present-day Islamic Republic of Iran, as the monarchical government of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was superseded by the theocratic Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, a religious cleric who had headed one of the rebel factions. The ousting of Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran, formally marked the end of Iran's historical monarchy. After the 1953 Iran coup, Pahlavi aligned Iran with the Western Bloc and cultivated a close relationship with the US to consolidate his power as an authoritarian ruler. Relying heavily on American support amidst the Cold War, he remained the Shah of Iran for 26 years, keeping the country from swaying towards the influence of the Eastern Bloc and Soviet Union. Beginning in 1963, Pahlavi implemented reforms aimed at modernizing Iran, in the White Revolution. Due to his opposition to modernization Khomeini was exiled from Iran in 1964. However, as ideological tensions persisted between Pahlavi and Khomeini, anti-government demonstrations began in October 1977, developing into a campaign of civil resistance that included communism, socialism, and Islamism. In August 1978, the deaths of about 400 people in the Cinema Rex fire — claimed by the opposition as having been orchestrated by Pahlavi's SAVAK — served as a catalyst for a popular revolutionary movement across Iran,Mottahedeh, Roy. 2004. The Mantle of the Prophet: Religion and Politics in Iran. p. 375. and large-scale strikes and demonstrations paralyzed the country for the remainder of that year. On 16 January 1979, Pahlavi went into exile as the last Iranian monarch, leaving behind his duties to Iran's Regency Council and Shapour Bakhtiar, the opposition-based prime minister. On 1 February 1979, Khomeini returned, following an invitation by the government; several thousand greeted him as he landed in Tehran. By 11 February, the monarchy was brought down and Khomeini assumed leadership while guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed Pahlavi loyalists in armed combat. Following the March 1979 Islamic Republic referendum, in which 98% approved the shift to an Islamic republic, the new government began drafting the present-day Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran; Khomeini emerged as the Supreme Leader of Iran in December 1979. The success of the Revolution was met with surprise around the world, and was unusual. It lacked many customary causes of revolutionary sentiment, e.g. defeat in war, financial crisis, peasant rebellion, or disgruntled military. It occurred in a country experiencing relative prosperity; produced profound change at great speed; was very popular; resulted in the massive exile that characterizes a large portion of Iranian diaspora; and replaced a pro-Western secular and authoritarian monarchy with an anti-Western Islamist theocracyInternational Journal of Middle East Studies 19, 1987, p. 261 based on the concept of (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist), straddling between authoritarianism and totalitarianism. In addition to declaring the destruction of Israel as a core objective, post-revolutionary Iran aimed to undermine the influence of Sunni leaders in the region, by supporting Shi'ite political ascendancy and exporting Khomeinist doctrines abroad. In the aftermath of the revolution, Iran began to back Shia militancy across the region, to combat Sunni influence and establish Iranian dominance in the Arab world, ultimately aiming to achieve an Iranian-led Shia political order. In Islam, the ulama (the learned ones; singular ʿālim; feminine singular alimah; plural aalimath), also spelled ulema, are scholars of Islamic doctrine and law.

Apostasy in Islam

Apostasy in Islam (translit or label) is commonly defined as the abandonment of Islam by a Muslim, in thought, word, or through deed.

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Ayatollah

Ayatollah (âyatollâh) is an honorific title for high-ranking Twelver Shia clergy in Iran that came into widespread usage in the 20th century.

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Baghdad

Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.

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Bazaari

Bazaari (Persian: بازاری) is the merchant class and workers of bazaars, the traditional marketplaces of Iran.

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Egypt

Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.

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Fatwa

A fatwa (translit; label) is a legal ruling on a point of Islamic law (sharia) given by a qualified Islamic jurist (faqih) in response to a question posed by a private individual, judge or government.

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Fiqh

Fiqh (فقه) is Islamic jurisprudence.

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Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist

The Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist (ولایت فقیه|Velâyat-e Faqih, also Velayat-e Faghih; Wilāyat al-Faqīh) is a concept in Twelver Shia Islamic law which holds that until the reappearance of the "infallible Imam" (sometime before Judgement Day), at least some of the religious and social affairs of the Muslim world should be administered by righteous Shi'i jurists (Faqīh).

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Islam

Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.

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Islamic Consultative Assembly

The Islamic Consultative Assembly (Majles-e Showrā-ye Eslāmī), also called the Iranian Parliament, the Iranian Majles (Arabicised spelling Majlis) or ICA, is the national legislative body of Iran.

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Islamism

Islamism (also often called political Islam) refers to a broad set of religious and political ideological movements.

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Mullah

Mullah is an honorific title for Muslim clergy and mosque leaders.

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Naser al-Din Shah Qajar

Naser al-Din Shah Qajar (Nāser-ad-Din Ŝāh-e Qājār; 17 July 1831 – 1 May 1896) was the fourth Shah of Qajar Iran from 5 September 1848 to 1 May 1896 when he was assassinated.

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Oneworld Publications

Oneworld Publications is a British independent publishing firm founded in 1986 by Novin Doostdar and Juliet Mabey originally to publish accessible non-fiction by experts and academics for the general market.

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Pakistan

Pakistan, officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country in South Asia.

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Persian Constitutional Revolution

The Persian Constitutional Revolution (Mashrūtiyyat, or انقلاب مشروطه Enghelāb-e Mashrūteh), also known as the Constitutional Revolution of Iran, took place between 1905 and 1911 during the Qajar dynasty.

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Persians

The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran.

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Qajar dynasty

The Qajar dynasty (translit; 1789–1925) was an Iranian dynasty founded by Mohammad Khan of the Qoyunlu clan of the Turkoman Qajar tribe.

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Qom

Qom (قم) is a city in the Central District of Qom County, Qom province, Iran, serving as capital of the province, the county, and the district.

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Ruhollah Khomeini

Ayatollah Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini (17 May 1900 or 24 September 19023 June 1989) was an Iranian Islamic revolutionary, politician, and religious leader who served as the first supreme leader of Iran from 1979 until his death in 1989.

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Shah

Shah (شاه) is a royal title that was historically used by the leading figures of Indian and Iranian monarchies.

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Sharia

Sharia (sharīʿah) is a body of religious law that forms a part of the Islamic tradition based on scriptures of Islam, particularly the Quran and hadith.

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Shia clergy

In Shi'a Islam the guidance of clergy (collectively called the ulema) and keeping such a structure holds great importance.

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Shia Islam

Shia Islam is the second-largest branch of Islam.

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.

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Syrian civil war

The Syrian civil war is an ongoing multi-sided conflict in Syria involving various state-sponsored and non-state actors.

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Theocracy

Theocracy is a form of government in which one or more deities are recognized as supreme ruling authorities, giving divine guidance to human intermediaries who manage the government's daily affairs.

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Twelver Shi'ism

Twelver Shīʿism (ٱثْنَا عَشَرِيَّة), also known as Imāmiyya (إِمَامِيَّة), is the largest branch of Shīʿa, comprising about 90% of all Shīas.

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UNESCO

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.

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