Jews, the Glossary
The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.[1]
Table of Contents
582 relations: Abraham, Abrahamic religions, Achaemenid Empire, Adjective, Adolf Hitler, Afrikaans, Aftermath of the Holocaust, Age of Enlightenment, Al-Andalus, Al-Yahudu Tablets, Albert Einstein, Alexander the Great, Alexandria, Algeria, Alhambra Decree, Aliyah, Almohad Caliphate, American Jewish Committee, American Jews, American Journal of Human Genetics, Americas, Amoraim, Anatolia, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, Ancient Near East, Ancient Rome, Anthony D. Smith, Anti-Zionism, Antisemitism, Anu – Museum of the Jewish People, Anusim, Arab citizens of Israel, Arab nationalism, Arab world, Arab–Israeli conflict, Arabian Peninsula, Arabic, Arabs, Aram-Damascus, Aramaic, Archaeology, Architecture of Israel, Argentina, Armentarius (moneylender), Ashkenaz, Ashkenazi Jews, Asia, Asoristan, Assyria, ... Expand index (532 more) »
- Ancient peoples of the Near East
- Ethnoreligious groups
- Israelites
- Jews and Judaism
- Religious identity
Abraham
Abraham (originally Abram) is the common Hebrew patriarch of the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
See Jews and Abraham
Abrahamic religions
The Abrahamic religions are a grouping of three of the major religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) together due to their historical coexistence and competition; it refers to Abraham, a figure mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, the Christian Bible, and the Quran, and is used to show similarities between these religions and put them in contrast to Indian religions, Iranian religions, and the East Asian religions (though other religions and belief systems may refer to Abraham as well).
See Jews and Abrahamic religions
Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.
See Jews and Achaemenid Empire
Adjective
An adjective (abbreviated adj.) is a word that describes or defines a noun or noun phrase.
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.
Afrikaans
Afrikaans is a West Germanic language, spoken in South Africa, Namibia and (to a lesser extent) Botswana, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Aftermath of the Holocaust
The Holocaust had a deep effect on society both in Europe and the rest of the world, and today its consequences are still being felt, both by children and adults whose ancestors were victims of this genocide.
See Jews and Aftermath of the Holocaust
Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.
See Jews and Age of Enlightenment
Al-Andalus
Al-Andalus was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.
Al-Yahudu Tablets
The Al-Yahudu tablets are a collection of about 200 clay tablets from the sixth and fifth centuries BCE on the exiled Judean community in Babylonia following the destruction of the First Temple.
See Jews and Al-Yahudu Tablets
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held as one of the most influential scientists. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence formula, which arises from relativity theory, has been called "the world's most famous equation".
Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.
See Jews and Alexander the Great
Alexandria
Alexandria (الإسكندرية; Ἀλεξάνδρεια, Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ - Rakoti or ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ) is the second largest city in Egypt and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast.
Algeria
Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea.
See Jews and Algeria
Alhambra Decree
The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion; Spanish: Decreto de la Alhambra, Edicto de Granada) was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of practising Jews from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year.
Aliyah
Aliyah (עֲלִיָּה ʿălīyyā) is the immigration of Jews from the diaspora to, historically, the geographical Land of Israel or the Palestine region, which is today chiefly represented by the State of Israel.
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Almohad Caliphate
The Almohad Caliphate (خِلَافَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or دَوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ from unity of God) or Almohad Empire was a North African Berber Muslim empire founded in the 12th century.
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American Jewish Committee
The American Jewish Committee (AJC) is a civil rights group and Jewish advocacy group established on November 11, 1906.
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American Jews
American Jews or Jewish Americans are American citizens who are Jewish, whether by culture, ethnicity, or religion.
American Journal of Human Genetics
The American Journal of Human Genetics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of human genetics.
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Americas
The Americas, sometimes collectively called America, are a landmass comprising the totality of North America and South America.
Amoraim
Amoraim (אמוראים, singular Amora אמורא; "those who say" or "those who speak over the people", or "spokesmen") refers to Jewish scholars of the period from about 200 to 500 CE, who "said" or "told over" the teachings of the Oral Torah.
See Jews and Amoraim
Anatolia
Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.
Ancient Egypt
Ancient Egypt was a civilization of ancient Northeast Africa.
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
Ancient Near East
The ancient Near East was the home of early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq, southeast Turkey, southwest Iran, and northeastern Syria), ancient Egypt, ancient Persia (Elam, Media, Parthia, and Persis), Anatolia and the Armenian highlands (Turkey's Eastern Anatolia Region, Armenia, northwestern Iran, southern Georgia, and western Azerbaijan), the Levant (modern Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine, Jordan and Cyprus) and the Arabian Peninsula.
See Jews and Ancient Near East
Ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.
Anthony D. Smith
Anthony David Stephen Smith (23 September 1939 – 19 July 2016) was a British historical sociologist who, at the time of his death, was Professor Emeritus of Nationalism and Ethnicity at the London School of Economics.
Anti-Zionism
Anti-Zionism is opposition to Zionism.
Antisemitism
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews.
Anu – Museum of the Jewish People
Anu – Museum of the Jewish People (stylized ANU), formerly the Nahum Goldmann Museum of the Jewish Diaspora, is located in Tel Aviv, Israel, at the center of the Tel Aviv University campus in Ramat Aviv.
See Jews and Anu – Museum of the Jewish People
Anusim
Anusim (אֲנוּסִים,; singular male, anús, אָנוּס; singular female, anusáh,, meaning "coerced") is a legal category of Jews in halakha (Jewish law) who were forced to abandon Judaism against their will, typically while forcibly converted to another religion.
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Arab citizens of Israel
The Arab citizens of Israel (Arab Israelis or Israeli Arabs) are the country's largest ethnic minority.
See Jews and Arab citizens of Israel
Arab nationalism
Arab nationalism (al-qawmīya al-ʿarabīya) is a political ideology asserting that Arabs constitute a single nation.
Arab world
The Arab world (اَلْعَالَمُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), formally the Arab homeland (اَلْوَطَنُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), also known as the Arab nation (اَلْأُمَّةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, comprises a large group of countries, mainly located in Western Asia and Northern Africa.
Arab–Israeli conflict
The Arab–Israeli conflict is the phenomenon involving political tension, military conflicts, and other disputes between various Arab countries and Israel, which escalated during the 20th century.
See Jews and Arab–Israeli conflict
Arabian Peninsula
The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.
See Jews and Arabian Peninsula
Arabic
Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.
See Jews and Arabic
Arabs
The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa. Jews and Arabs are ancient peoples of the Near East, ethnic groups in the Middle East and semitic-speaking peoples.
See Jews and Arabs
Aram-Damascus
The Kingdom of Aram-Damascus (ܐܪܡ-ܕܪܡܣܘܩ) was an Aramean polity that existed from the late-12th century BCE until 732 BCE, and was centred around the city of Damascus in the Southern Levant.
Aramaic
Aramaic (ˀərāmiṯ; arāmāˀiṯ) is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula, where it has been continually written and spoken in different varieties for over three thousand years.
See Jews and Aramaic
Archaeology
Archaeology or archeology is the study of human activity through the recovery and analysis of material culture.
Architecture of Israel
The architecture of Israel has been influenced by the different architectural styles of those who have inhabited the country over time, sometimes modified to suit the local climate and landscape.
See Jews and Architecture of Israel
Argentina
Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a country in the southern half of South America.
Armentarius (moneylender)
Armentarius (died 584) was a Jewish moneylender, active in Francia under the Merovingian dynasty.
See Jews and Armentarius (moneylender)
Ashkenaz
Ashkenaz (אַשְׁכְּנָז ʾAškənāz) in the Hebrew Bible is one of the descendants of Noah.
Ashkenazi Jews
Ashkenazi Jews (translit,; Ashkenazishe Yidn), also known as Ashkenazic Jews or Ashkenazim, constitute a Jewish diaspora population that emerged in the Holy Roman Empire around the end of the first millennium CE. They traditionally spoke Yiddish and largely migrated towards northern and eastern Europe during the late Middle Ages due to persecution. Jews and Ashkenazi Jews are semitic-speaking peoples.
Asia
Asia is the largest continent in the world by both land area and population.
See Jews and Asia
Asoristan
Asoristan (𐭠𐭮𐭥𐭥𐭮𐭲𐭭 Asōristān, Āsūristān) was the name of the Sasanian province of Assyria and Babylonia from 226 to 637.
Assyria
Assyria (Neo-Assyrian cuneiform: x16px, māt Aššur) was a major ancient Mesopotamian civilization which existed as a city-state from the 21st century BC to the 14th century BC, which eventually expanded into an empire from the 14th century BC to the 7th century BC.
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Assyrian captivity
The Assyrian captivity, also called the Assyrian exile, is the period in the history of ancient Israel and Judah during which several thousand Israelites from the Kingdom of Israel were dispossessed and forcibly relocated by the Neo-Assyrian Empire.
See Jews and Assyrian captivity
Assyrian people
Assyrians are an indigenous ethnic group native to Mesopotamia, a geographical region in West Asia. Jews and Assyrian people are ethnic groups in the Middle East and semitic-speaking peoples.
Auschwitz concentration camp
Auschwitz concentration camp (also KL Auschwitz or KZ Auschwitz) was a complex of over 40 concentration and extermination camps operated by Nazi Germany in occupied Poland (in a portion annexed into Germany in 1939) during World War II and the Holocaust.
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Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands.
There is much disagreement within biblical scholarship today over the authorship of the Bible.
See Jews and Authorship of the Bible
Auto-da-fé
An auto-da-fé (from Portuguese auto de fé, meaning 'act of faith'; auto de fe) was the ritual of public penance, carried out between the 15th and 19th centuries, of condemned heretics and apostates imposed by the Spanish, Portuguese, or Mexican Inquisition as punishment and enforced by civil authorities.
Autosome
An autosome is any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
Azerbaijan
Azerbaijan, officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and West Asia.
Baal teshuva movement
The baal teshuva movement is a description of the return of secular Jews to religious Judaism.
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Babylon
Babylon was an ancient city located on the lower Euphrates river in southern Mesopotamia, within modern-day Hillah, Iraq, about 85 kilometers (55 miles) south of modern day Baghdad.
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Babylonian captivity
The Babylonian captivity or Babylonian exile was the period in Jewish history during which a large number of Judeans from the ancient Kingdom of Judah were forcibly relocated to Babylonia by the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
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Baghdad
Baghdad (or; translit) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab and in West Asia after Tehran.
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Bar Kokhba revolt
The Bar Kokhba revolt (מֶרֶד בַּר כּוֹכְבָא) was a large-scale armed rebellion initiated by the Jews of Judea, led by Simon bar Kokhba, against the Roman Empire in 132 CE.
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Bene Ephraim
The Bene Ephraim (בני אפריים) Bnei Ephraim ("Sons of Ephraim"), also called Telugu Jews because they speak Telugu, are a small community living primarily in Kotha Reddy Palem, a village outside Chebrolu, Guntur District, and in Machilipatnam, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India, near the delta of the River Krishna.
Bene Israel
The Bene Israel, also referred to as the "Shanivar Teli" or "Native Jew" caste, are a community of Jews in India.
Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs
The Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs is an academic research center at Georgetown University in Washington, DC dedicated to the interdisciplinary study of religion, ethics, and politics.
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Berlin Wall
The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer) was a guarded concrete barrier that encircled West Berlin of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG; West Germany) from 1961 to 1989, separating it from East Berlin and the German Democratic Republic (GDR; East Germany).
Bernard Lewis
Bernard Lewis, (31 May 1916 – 19 May 2018) was a British American historian specialized in Oriental studies.
Beta Israel
The Beta Israel, or Ethiopian Jews, are an African community of the Jewish diaspora. Jews and Beta Israel are semitic-speaking peoples.
Biblical Aramaic
Biblical Aramaic is the form of Aramaic that is used in the books of Daniel and Ezra in the Hebrew Bible.
Biblical Hebrew
Biblical Hebrew (rtl ʿīḇrîṯ miqrāʾîṯ or rtl ləšôn ham-miqrāʾ), also called Classical Hebrew, is an archaic form of the Hebrew language, a language in the Canaanitic branch of the Semitic languages spoken by the Israelites in the area known as the Land of Israel, roughly west of the Jordan River and east of the Mediterranean Sea.
Biblical minimalism
Biblical minimalism, also known as the Copenhagen School because two of its most prominent figures taught at Copenhagen University, is a movement or trend in biblical scholarship that began in the 1990s with two main claims.
See Jews and Biblical minimalism
Birth control
Birth control, also known as contraception, anticonception, and fertility control, is the use of methods or devices to prevent unintended pregnancy.
Blood libel
Blood libel or ritual murder libel (also blood accusation) is an antisemitic canardTurvey, Brent E. Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioral Evidence Analysis, Academic Press, 2008, p. 3.
Blood quantum laws
Blood quantum laws or Indian blood laws are laws in the United States that define Native American status by fractions of Native American ancestry.
See Jews and Blood quantum laws
Bnei Menashe
The Bnei Menashe (בני מנשה, "Children of Menasseh", known as the Shinlung in India) is a community of Indian Jews from various Tibeto-Burmese ethnic groups from the border of India and Burma who claim descent from one of the Lost Tribes of Israel; some of them have adopted Judaism.
Bohdan Khmelnytsky
Bohdan Zynoviy Mykhailovych Khmelnytsky (Ruthenian: Ѕѣнові Богданъ Хмелнiцкiи; modern Богдан Зиновій Михайлович Хмельницький, Polish: Bohdan Chmielnicki; 15956 August 1657) was a Ruthenian nobleman and military commander of Ukrainian Cossacks as Hetman of the Zaporozhian Host, which was then under the suzerainty of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.
See Jews and Bohdan Khmelnytsky
Book of Esther
The Book of Esther (Megillat Ester; Ἐσθήρ; Liber Esther), also known in Hebrew as "the Scroll" ("the Megillah"), is a book in the third section (כְּתוּבִים "Writings") of the Hebrew Bible.
Book of Exodus
The Book of Exodus (from translit; שְׁמוֹת Šəmōṯ, 'Names'; Liber Exodus) is the second book of the Bible.
Book of Ezra
The Book of Ezra is a book of the Hebrew Bible which formerly included the Book of Nehemiah in a single book, commonly distinguished in scholarship as Ezra–Nehemiah.
Brazil
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America.
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Bukharan Jews
Bukharan Jews (Bukharian: יהודיאני בוכארא/яҳудиёни Бухоро, Yahudiyoni Bukhoro; יְהוּדֵי־בּוּכָרָה, Yehudey Bukhara), in modern times called Bukharian Jews (Bukharian: יהודי בוכרה/яҳудиёни бухорӣ, Yahudiyoni Bukhorī; יְהוּדִים־בּוּכָרִים, Yehudim Bukharim), are the Mizrahi Jewish sub-group of Central Asia that historically spoke Bukharian, a Judeo-Persian dialect of the Tajik language, in turn a variety of the Persian language.
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
Cairo
Cairo (al-Qāhirah) is the capital of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, and is the country's largest city, being home to more than 10 million people.
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Canaan
Canaan (Phoenician: 𐤊𐤍𐤏𐤍 –; כְּנַעַן –, in pausa כְּנָעַן –; Χανααν –;The current scholarly edition of the Greek Old Testament spells the word without any accents, cf. Septuaginta: id est Vetus Testamentum graece iuxta LXX interpretes.
See Jews and Canaan
Canaanite languages
The Canaanite languages, sometimes referred to as Canaanite dialects, are one of three subgroups of the Northwest Semitic languages, the others being Aramaic and Amorite.
See Jews and Canaanite languages
Canada
Canada is a country in North America.
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Caribbean
The Caribbean (el Caribe; les Caraïbes; de Caraïben) is a subregion of the Americas that includes the Caribbean Sea and its islands, some of which are surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some of which border both the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean; the nearby coastal areas on the mainland are sometimes also included in the region.
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
Catholic Monarchs of Spain
The Catholic Monarchs were Queen Isabella I of Castile and King Ferdinand II of Aragon, whose marriage and joint rule marked the de facto unification of Spain.
See Jews and Catholic Monarchs of Spain
Caucasus
The Caucasus or Caucasia, is a transcontinental region between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, mainly comprising Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, and parts of Southern Russia.
Celtic Britons
The Britons (*Pritanī, Britanni), also known as Celtic Britons or Ancient Britons, were an indigenous Celtic people who inhabited Great Britain from at least the British Iron Age until the High Middle Ages, at which point they diverged into the Welsh, Cornish, and Bretons (among others).
Central Asia
Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.
Central Europe
Central Europe is a geographical region of Europe between Eastern, Southern, Western and Northern Europe.
Chaldea
Chaldea was a small country that existed between the late 10th or early 9th and mid-6th centuries BC, after which the country and its people were absorbed and assimilated into the indigenous population of Babylonia.
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Chicago metropolitan area
The Chicago metropolitan area, also referred to as the Greater Chicago Area and Chicagoland, is the largest metropolitan statistical area in the U.S. state of Illinois, and the Midwest, containing the City of Chicago along with its surrounding suburbs and satellite cities.
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Chief Rabbi
Chief Rabbi (translit) is a title given in several countries to the recognized religious leader of that country's Jewish community, or to a rabbinic leader appointed by the local secular authorities.
Chile
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia.
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Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
Classical Greece
Classical Greece was a period of around 200 years (the 5th and 4th centuries BC) in Ancient Greece,The "Classical Age" is "the modern designation of the period from about 500 B.C. to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C." (Thomas R. Martin, Ancient Greece, Yale University Press, 1996, p.
Coalescent theory
Coalescent theory is a model of how alleles sampled from a population may have originated from a common ancestor.
See Jews and Coalescent theory
Cochin Jews
Cochin Jews (also known as Malabar Jews or Kochinim from) are the oldest group of Jews in India, with roots that are claimed to date back to the time of King Solomon.
Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
In World War II, many governments, organizations and individuals collaborated with the Axis powers, "out of conviction, desperation, or under coercion." Nationalists sometimes welcomed German or Italian troops they believed would liberate their countries from colonization.
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Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with insular regions in North America.
Columbia University Press
Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.
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Common Era
Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era.
Conservative Judaism
Conservative Judaism, also known as Masorti Judaism (translit), is a Jewish religious movement that regards the authority of Jewish law and tradition as emanating primarily from the assent of the people through the generations, more than from divine revelation.
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Constantine the Great
Constantine I (27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.
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Constantine's Sword
Constantine's Sword: The Church and the Jews: A History (2001) is a book by James Carroll, a former priest, which documents the role of the Roman Catholic Church in the long European history of religious antisemitism as a precursor to racial antisemitism.
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Conversion to Judaism
Conversion to Judaism (translit or translit) is the process by which non-Jews adopt the Jewish religion and become members of the Jewish ethnoreligious community.
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Converso
A converso (feminine form conversa), "convert", was a Jew who converted to Catholicism in Spain or Portugal, particularly during the 14th and 15th centuries, or one of their descendants.
Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.
Crypto-Judaism
Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith; practitioners are referred to as "crypto-Jews" (origin from Greek kryptos – κρυπτός, 'hidden').
Culture
Culture is a concept that encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups.
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Cyrene, Libya
Cyrene, also sometimes anglicized as Kyrene, was an ancient Greek colony and Roman city near present-day Shahhat in northeastern Libya in North Africa.
Cyrus the Great
Cyrus II of Persia (𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁), commonly known as Cyrus the Great, was the founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire.
Damascus
Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam.
Danish language
Danish (dansk, dansk sprog) is a North Germanic language from the Indo-European language family spoken by about six million people, principally in and around Denmark.
David
David ("beloved one") was a king of ancient Israel and Judah and the third king of the United Monarchy, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament.
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David Ben-Gurion
David Ben-Gurion (דָּוִד בֶּן־גּוּרִיּוֹן; born David Grün; 16 October 1886 – 1 December 1973) was the primary national founder of the State of Israel as well as its first prime minister.
Davidic line
The Davidic line or House of David is the lineage of the Israelite king David.
Delaware Valley
The Delaware Valley, sometimes referred to as Greater Philadelphia or the Philadelphia metropolitan area, is a major metropolitan region in the Northeast United States that centers around Philadelphia, the nation's sixth-most populous city, and spans parts of four U.S. states: southeastern Pennsylvania, southern New Jersey, northern Delaware, and the northern Eastern Shore of Maryland.
Deportation
Deportation is the expulsion of a person or group of people from a territory.
Der Judenstaat
(German,, commonly rendered as The Jewish State) is a pamphlet written by Theodor Herzl and published in February 1896 in Leipzig and Vienna by M. Breitenstein's Verlags-Buchhandlung.
Dhimmi
(ذمي,, collectively أهل الذمة / "the people of the covenant") or (معاهد) is a historical term for non-Muslims living in an Islamic state with legal protection.
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Dialect
Dialect (from Latin,, from the Ancient Greek word, 'discourse', from, 'through' and, 'I speak') refers to two distinctly different types of linguistic relationships.
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Disabilities (Jewish)
Jewish disabilities were legal restrictions, limitations and obligations placed on European Jews in the Middle Ages.
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Donkey
The donkey or ass is a domesticated equine.
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Dutch language
Dutch (Nederlands.) is a West Germanic language, spoken by about 25 million people as a first language and 5 million as a second language and is the third most spoken Germanic language.
Early Middle Ages
The Early Middle Ages (or early medieval period), sometimes controversially referred to as the Dark Ages, is typically regarded by historians as lasting from the late 5th to the 10th century.
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East-Central Europe
East-Central Europe is the region between German-, Hungarian-, and West Slavic-speaking Europe and the East Slavic countries of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine.
See Jews and East-Central Europe
Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.
Edict of Expulsion
The Edict of Expulsion was a royal decree expelling all Jews from the Kingdom of England that was issued by Edward I 18 July 1290; it was the first time a European state is known to have permanently banned their presence.
See Jews and Edict of Expulsion
Edom
Edom (Edomite: 𐤀𐤃𐤌; אֱדוֹם, lit.: "red"; Akkadian: 𒌑𒁺𒈪, 𒌑𒁺𒈬; Ancient Egyptian) was an ancient kingdom in Transjordan, located between Moab to the northeast, the Arabah to the west, and the Arabian Desert to the south and east. Jews and Edom are ancient peoples of the Near East and semitic-speaking peoples.
See Jews and Edom
Egypt
Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia.
See Jews and Egypt
Egyptians
Egyptians (translit,; translit,; remenkhēmi) are an ethnic group native to the Nile Valley in Egypt. Jews and Egyptians are ethnic groups in the Middle East.
Einsatzgruppen
Einsatzgruppen (also 'task forces') were Schutzstaffel (SS) paramilitary death squads of Nazi Germany that were responsible for mass murder, primarily by shooting, during World War II (1939–1945) in German-occupied Europe.
Einstein Papers Project
The Einstein Papers Project (EPP) produces the historical edition of the writings and correspondence of Albert Einstein.
See Jews and Einstein Papers Project
Eisegesis
Eisegesis is the process of interpreting text in such a way as to introduce one's own presuppositions, agendas or biases.
Elephantine papyri and ostraca
The Elephantine Papyri and Ostraca consist of thousands of documents from the Egyptian border fortresses of Elephantine and Aswan, which yielded hundreds of papyri and ostraca in hieratic and demotic Egyptian, Aramaic, Koine Greek, Latin and Coptic, spanning a period of 100 years in the 5th to 4th centuries BCE.
See Jews and Elephantine papyri and ostraca
Eliezer Ben-Yehuda
Eliezer Ben‑Yehuda (born Eliezer Yitzhak Perlman; 7 January 1858 – 16 December 1922) was a Russian-Jewish linguist, lexicographer, and journalist.
See Jews and Eliezer Ben-Yehuda
Elision
In linguistics, an elision or deletion is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a vowel, a consonant, or a whole syllable) in a word or phrase.
See Jews and Elision
Emigration
Emigration is the act of leaving a resident country or place of residence with the intent to settle elsewhere (to permanently leave a country).
Encyclopædia Britannica
The British Encyclopaedia is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia.
See Jews and Encyclopædia Britannica
Endogamy
Endogamy is the cultural practice of mating within a specific social group, religious denomination, caste, or ethnic group, rejecting any from outside of the group or belief structure as unsuitable for marriage or other close personal relationships.
Endonym and exonym
An endonym (also known as autonym) is a common, native name for a group of people, individual person, geographical place, language or dialect, meaning that it is used inside a particular group or linguistic community to identify or designate themselves, their homeland, or their language.
See Jews and Endonym and exonym
English language
English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.
Erich S. Gruen
Erich Stephen Gruen (born May 7, 1935) is an American classicist and ancient historian.
Essenes
The Essenes (Hebrew:, Isiyim; Greek: Ἐσσηνοί, Ἐσσαῖοι, or Ὀσσαῖοι, Essenoi, Essaioi, Ossaioi) or Essenians were a mystic Jewish sect during the Second Temple period that flourished from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE. Jews and Essenes are Israelites.
See Jews and Essenes
Ethiopia
Ethiopia, officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a landlocked country located in the Horn of Africa region of East Africa.
Ethnic religion
In religious studies, an ethnic religion is a religion or belief associated with notions of heredity and a particular ethnic group.
Ethnicity
An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people who identify with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups.
Ethnonym
An ethnonym is a name applied to a given ethnic group.
Ethnoreligious group
An ethnoreligious group (or an ethno-religious group) is a grouping of people who are unified by a common religious and ethnic background. Jews and ethnoreligious group are ethnoreligious groups.
See Jews and Ethnoreligious group
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
See Jews and Europe
Exilarch
The exilarch was the leader of the Jewish community in Persian Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq) during the era of the Parthians, Sasanians and Abbasid Caliphate up until the Mongol invasion of Baghdad in 1258, with intermittent gaps due to ongoing political developments.
Expulsion of Jews from Spain
The Expulsion of Jews from Spain was the expulsion of practicing Jews following the Alhambra Decree in 1492, which was enacted to eliminate their influence on Spain's large converso population and to ensure its members did not revert to Judaism.
See Jews and Expulsion of Jews from Spain
Expulsions and exoduses of Jews
This article lists expulsions, refugee crises and other forms of displacement that have affected Jews.
See Jews and Expulsions and exoduses of Jews
Extermination camp
Nazi Germany used six extermination camps (Vernichtungslager), also called death camps (Todeslager), or killing centers (Tötungszentren), in Central Europe during World War II to systematically murder over 2.7 million peoplemostly Jewsin the Holocaust.
See Jews and Extermination camp
ʿApiru
ʿApiru, also known in the Akkadian version Ḫabiru (sometimes written Habiru, Ḫapiru or Hapiru; Akkadian: 𒄩𒁉𒊒, ḫa-bi-ru or *ʿaperu) is a term used in 2nd-millennium BCE texts throughout the Fertile Crescent for a social status of people who were variously described as rebels, outlaws, raiders, mercenaries, bowmen, servants, slaves, and laborers. Jews and ʿApiru are ancient peoples of the Near East and semitic-speaking peoples.
See Jews and ʿApiru
Fertile Crescent
The Fertile Crescent (الهلال الخصيب) is a crescent-shaped region in the Middle East, spanning modern-day Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, together with northern Kuwait, south-eastern Turkey, and western Iran.
Final Solution
The Final Solution (die Endlösung) or the Final Solution to the Jewish Question (Endlösung der Judenfrage) was a Nazi plan for the genocide of individuals they defined as Jews during World War II.
First Crusade
The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the Middle Ages.
First Jewish–Roman War
The First Jewish–Roman War (66–74 CE), sometimes called the Great Jewish Revolt (ha-Mered Ha-Gadol), or The Jewish War, was the first of three major rebellions by the Jews against the Roman Empire fought in the province of Judaea, resulting in the destruction of Jewish towns, the displacement of its people and the appropriation of land for Roman military use, as well as the destruction of the Jewish Temple and polity.
See Jews and First Jewish–Roman War
First language
A first language (L1), native language, native tongue, or mother tongue is the first language a person has been exposed to from birth or within the critical period.
First Zionist Congress
The First Zionist Congress (הקונגרס הציוני הראשון) was the inaugural congress of the Zionist Organization (ZO) held in the Stadtcasino Basel in the city of Basel on August 29–31, 1897.
See Jews and First Zionist Congress
Forced conversion
Forced conversion is the adoption of a religion or irreligion under duress.
See Jews and Forced conversion
France
France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.
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Francia
The Kingdom of the Franks (Regnum Francorum), also known as the Frankish Kingdom, the Frankish Empire (Imperium Francorum) or Francia, was the largest post-Roman barbarian kingdom in Western Europe.
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French language
French (français,, or langue française,, or by some speakers) is a Romance language of the Indo-European family.
Galilee
Galilee (hagGālīl; Galilaea; al-jalīl) is a region located in northern Israel and southern Lebanon.
See Jews and Galilee
Gary A. Rendsburg
Gary A. Rendsburg (born 1954) is a professor of biblical studies, Hebrew language, and ancient Judaism at Rutgers University in New Brunswick, New Jersey.
See Jews and Gary A. Rendsburg
Gas chamber
A gas chamber is an apparatus for killing humans or other animals with gas, consisting of a sealed chamber into which a poisonous or asphyxiant gas is introduced.
Gauls
The Gauls (Galli; Γαλάται, Galátai) were a group of Celtic peoples of mainland Europe in the Iron Age and the Roman period (roughly 5th century BC to 5th century AD).
See Jews and Gauls
Genetic admixture
Genetic admixture occurs when previously isolated populations interbreed resulting in a population that is descended from multiple sources.
See Jews and Genetic admixture
Genetic studies of Jews
Genetic studies of Jews are part of the population genetics discipline and are used to analyze the ancestry of Jewish populations, complementing research in other fields such as history, linguistics, archaeology, and paleontology.
See Jews and Genetic studies of Jews
Genocide
Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people, either in whole or in part.
Gentile
Gentile is a word that today usually means someone who is not Jewish. Jews and Gentile are ethno-cultural designations.
See Jews and Gentile
Geonim
Geonim (גאונים;; also transliterated Gaonim, singular Gaon) were the presidents of the two great Babylonian Talmudic Academies of Sura and Pumbedita, in the Abbasid Caliphate.
See Jews and Geonim
Georgian Jews
The Georgian Jews (tr, Yahadut Georgia) are a community of Jews who migrated to Georgia during the Babylonian captivity in the 6th century BCE.
German language
German (Standard High German: Deutsch) is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, mainly spoken in Western and Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official or co-official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein, and the Italian province of South Tyrol.
Germany
Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), is a country in Central Europe.
See Jews and Germany
Ghetto
A ghetto is a part of a city in which members of a minority group are concentrated, especially as a result of political, social, legal, religious, environmental or economic pressure.
See Jews and Ghetto
God in Judaism
In Judaism, God has been conceived in a variety of ways.
Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
The golden age of Jewish culture in Spain, which coincided with the Middle Ages in Europe, was a period of Muslim rule during which Jews were accepted in society and Jewish religious, cultural, and economic life flourished.
See Jews and Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain
Greater Jerusalem
In Israel, the Jerusalem metropolitan area is the area encompassing the approximately one hundred square miles surrounding the Old City of Jerusalem with a population of 1,253,900.
See Jews and Greater Jerusalem
Greater Los Angeles
Greater Los Angeles is the most populous metropolitan area in the U.S. state of California, encompassing five counties in Southern California extending from Ventura County in the west to San Bernardino County and Riverside County in the east, with Los Angeles County in the center, and Orange County to the southeast.
See Jews and Greater Los Angeles
Greece
Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe.
See Jews and Greece
Gush Dan
Gush Dan (גּוּשׁ דָּן, lit. "Dan bloc") or Tel Aviv metropolitan area is a conurbation in Israel, located along the country's Mediterranean coastline.
Hadith
Hadith (translit) or Athar (أثر) is a form of Islamic oral tradition containing the purported words, actions, and the silent approvals of the prophet Muhammad.
See Jews and Hadith
Haifa metropolitan area
The Haifa metropolitan area (מטרופולין חיפה) is a metropolitan area including areas from both the Haifa and the Northern districts of Israel.
See Jews and Haifa metropolitan area
Halakha
Halakha (translit), also transliterated as halacha, halakhah, and halocho, is the collective body of Jewish religious laws that are derived from the Written and Oral Torah.
See Jews and Halakha
Hamas
Hamas, an acronym of its official name, Harakat al-Muqawama al-Islamiya (lit), is a Palestinian Sunni Islamist militant resistance movement governing parts of the Israeli-occupied Gaza Strip since 2007.
See Jews and Hamas
Haredi Judaism
Haredi Judaism (translit,; plural Haredim) is a branch of Orthodox Judaism that is characterized by its strict interpretation of religious sources and its accepted (Jewish law) and traditions, in opposition to more accommodating or modern values and practices.
Harry Ostrer
Harry Ostrer (born May 15, 1951) is an American medical geneticist who investigates the genetic basis of common and rare disorders.
Harvard University Press
Harvard University Press (HUP) is a publishing house established on January 13, 1913, as a division of Harvard University, and focused on academic publishing.
See Jews and Harvard University Press
Hasidic Judaism
Hasidism or Hasidic Judaism is a religious movement within Judaism that arose in the 18th century as a spiritual revival movement in contemporary Western Ukraine before spreading rapidly throughout Eastern Europe.
Haskalah
The Haskalah (הַשְׂכָּלָה; literally, "wisdom", "erudition" or "education"), often termed the Jewish Enlightenment, was an intellectual movement among the Jews of Central and Eastern Europe, with a certain influence on those in Western Europe and the Muslim world.
Hasmonean dynasty
The Hasmonean dynasty (חַשְׁמוֹנָאִים Ḥašmōnāʾīm; Ασμοναϊκή δυναστεία) was a ruling dynasty of Judea and surrounding regions during the Hellenistic times of the Second Temple period (part of classical antiquity), from BCE to 37 BCE.
See Jews and Hasmonean dynasty
Hebrew Bible
The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Hebrew), also known in Hebrew as Miqra (Hebrew), is the canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures, comprising the Torah, the Nevi'im, and the Ketuvim.
Hebrew Bible judges
The judges (sing. šop̄ēṭ, pl. שופטים) whose stories are recounted in the Hebrew Bible, primarily in the Book of Judges, were individuals who served as military leaders of the tribes of Israel in times of crisis, in the period before the monarchy was established.
See Jews and Hebrew Bible judges
Hebrew language
Hebrew (ʿÎbrit) is a Northwest Semitic language within the Afroasiatic language family.
Hebrews
The Hebrews were an ancient Semitic-speaking people. Jews and Hebrews are ancient peoples of the Near East and semitic-speaking peoples.
See Jews and Hebrews
Hellenistic period
In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.
See Jews and Hellenistic period
Herodian dynasty
The Herodian dynasty was a royal dynasty of Idumaean (Edomite) descent, ruling the Herodian Kingdom of Judea and later the Herodian Tetrarchy as a vassal state of the Roman Empire.
Hezbollah
Hezbollah (Ḥizbu 'llāh) is a Lebanese Shia Islamist political party and paramilitary group, led since 1992 by its Secretary-General Hassan Nasrallah.
High Priest of Israel
In Judaism, the High Priest of Israel (lit) was the head of the Israelite priesthood.
See Jews and High Priest of Israel
Hispanic America
The region known as Hispanic America (Hispanoamérica or América Hispana) and historically as Spanish America (América Española) is all the Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas.
Historicity of the Bible
The historicity of the Bible is the question of the Bible's relationship to history—covering not just the Bible's acceptability as history but also the ability to understand the literary forms of biblical narrative.
See Jews and Historicity of the Bible
Historiography of the Christianization of the Roman Empire
The growth of Christianity from its obscure origin 40 AD, with fewer than 1,000 followers, to being the majority religion of the entire Roman Empire by AD 400, has been examined through a wide variety of historiographical approaches.
See Jews and Historiography of the Christianization of the Roman Empire
History of ancient Israel and Judah
The history of ancient Israel and Judah spans from the early appearance of the Israelites in Canaan's hill country during the late second millennium BCE, to the establishment and subsequent downfall of the two Israelite kingdoms in the mid-first millennium BCE.
See Jews and History of ancient Israel and Judah
History of antisemitism
The history of antisemitism, defined as hostile actions or discrimination against Jews as a religious or ethnic group, goes back many centuries, with antisemitism being called "the longest hatred".
See Jews and History of antisemitism
History of the Jews in Afghanistan
The history of the Jews in Afghanistan goes back at least 2,500 years.
See Jews and History of the Jews in Afghanistan
History of the Jews in Africa
African Jewish communities include.
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History of the Jews in China
Jews and Judaism in China are predominantly composed of Sephardi Jews and their descendants.
See Jews and History of the Jews in China
History of the Jews in Egypt
Egyptian Jews constitute both one of the oldest and one of the youngest Jewish communities in the world.
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History of the Jews in Europe
The history of the Jews in Europe spans a period of over two thousand years.
See Jews and History of the Jews in Europe
History of the Jews in India
The history of the Jews in India dates back to antiquity.
See Jews and History of the Jews in India
History of the Jews in Iraq
The history of the Jews in Iraq (יְהוּדִים בָּבְלִים,,; اليهود العراقيون) is documented from the time of the Babylonian captivity.
See Jews and History of the Jews in Iraq
History of the Jews in Kurdistan
The Jews of Kurdistan are the Mizrahi Jewish communities from the geographic region of Kurdistan, roughly covering parts of northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, northeastern Syria and southeastern Turkey.
See Jews and History of the Jews in Kurdistan
History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean
The history of the Jews in Latin America began with conversos who joined the Spanish and Portuguese expeditions to the continents.
See Jews and History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean
History of the Jews in Lebanon
The history of the Jews in Lebanon encompasses the presence of Jews in present-day Lebanon stretching back to biblical times.
See Jews and History of the Jews in Lebanon
History of the Jews in Libya
The history of the Jews in Libya stretches back to the 3rd century BCE, when Cyrenaica was under Greek rule.
See Jews and History of the Jews in Libya
History of the Jews in Lithuania
The history of the Jews in Lithuania spans the period from the 14th century to the present day.
See Jews and History of the Jews in Lithuania
History of the Jews in Poland
The history of the Jews in Poland dates back at least 1,000 years.
See Jews and History of the Jews in Poland
History of the Jews in Russia
The history of the Jews in Russia and areas historically connected with it goes back at least 1,500 years.
See Jews and History of the Jews in Russia
History of the Jews in South Africa
South African Jews, whether by culture, ethnicity, or religion, form the twelfth largest Jewish community in the world, and the largest on the African continent.
See Jews and History of the Jews in South Africa
History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire
By the time the Ottoman Empire rose to power in the 14th and 15th centuries, there had been Jewish communities established throughout the region.
See Jews and History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire
History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
The history of the Jews in the Roman Empire (Iudaeorum Romanum) traces the interaction of Jews and Romans during the period of the Roman Empire (27 BCE – 476 CE).
See Jews and History of the Jews in the Roman Empire
History of the Jews in the United States
There have been Jewish communities in the United States since colonial times, with individuals living in various cities before the American Revolution.
See Jews and History of the Jews in the United States
History of the Jews in Tunisia
The history of the Jews in Tunisia extends nearly two thousand years to the Punic era.
See Jews and History of the Jews in Tunisia
History of the Jews under Muslim rule
Jewish communities have existed across the Middle East and North Africa since classical antiquity.
See Jews and History of the Jews under Muslim rule
Holocaust survivors
Holocaust survivors are people who survived the Holocaust, defined as the persecution and attempted annihilation of the Jews by Nazi Germany and its allies before and during World War II in Europe and North Africa.
See Jews and Holocaust survivors
Horse
The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal.
See Jews and Horse
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula (IPA), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in south-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia.
See Jews and Iberian Peninsula
Ibero-America
Ibero-America (Iberoamérica, Ibero-América) or Iberian America is generally considered to be the region in the Americas comprising countries or territories where Spanish or Portuguese are predominant languages (usually former territories of Portugal or Spain).
Immigration to the United States
Immigration to the United States has been a major source of population growth and cultural change throughout much of its history.
See Jews and Immigration to the United States
India
India, officially the Republic of India (ISO), is a country in South Asia.
See Jews and India
Interdisciplinarity
Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves the combination of multiple academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project).
See Jews and Interdisciplinarity
Interfaith marriage
Interfaith marriage, sometimes called interreligious marriage or "mixed marriage", is marriage between spouses professing different religions.
See Jews and Interfaith marriage
Interfaith marriage in Judaism
Interfaith marriage in Judaism (also called mixed marriage or intermarriage) was historically looked upon with very strong disfavor by Jewish leaders, and it remains a controversial issue among them today.
See Jews and Interfaith marriage in Judaism
Interfax
Interfax (Интерфакс) is a Russian news agency.
Ioudaios
Ioudaios (Ἰουδαῖος; pl. Ἰουδαῖοι Ioudaioi). is an Ancient Greek ethnonym used in classical and biblical literature which commonly translates to "Jew" or "Judean". The choice of translation is the subject of frequent scholarly debate, given its central importance to passages in the Bible (both the Hebrew Bible and the New Testament) as well as works of other writers such as Josephus and Philo.
Iran
Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), also known as Persia, is a country in West Asia. It borders Turkey to the northwest and Iraq to the west, Azerbaijan, Armenia, the Caspian Sea, and Turkmenistan to the north, Afghanistan to the east, Pakistan to the southeast, the Gulf of Oman and the Persian Gulf to the south.
See Jews and Iran
Iranian Revolution
The Iranian Revolution (انقلاب ایران), also known as the 1979 Revolution and the Islamic Revolution (label), was a series of events that culminated in the overthrow of the Pahlavi dynasty in 1979. The revolution led to the replacement of the Imperial State of Iran by the present-day Islamic Republic of Iran, as the monarchical government of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was superseded by the theocratic Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, a religious cleric who had headed one of the rebel factions.
See Jews and Iranian Revolution
Iraq
Iraq, officially the Republic of Iraq, is a country in West Asia and a core country in the geopolitical region known as the Middle East.
See Jews and Iraq
Iron Age
The Iron Age is the final epoch of the three historical Metal Ages, after the Chalcolithic and Bronze Age.
Isaac
Isaac is one of the three patriarchs of the Israelites and an important figure in the Abrahamic religions, including Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
See Jews and Isaac
Isaac the Jew
Isaac the Jew, also known by his Latin name "Isaac Judaeus", (died 836) was an 8th century Frankish Jew who was a favoured diplomat of Carolingian emperor Charlemagne.
Islam
Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.
See Jews and Islam
Islamic–Jewish relations
Islamic–Jewish relations comprise the human and diplomatic relations between Jewish people and Muslims in the Arabian Peninsula, Northern Africa, the Middle East, and their surrounding regions.
See Jews and Islamic–Jewish relations
Israel
Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant, West Asia.
See Jews and Israel
Israel Defense Forces
The Israel Defense Forces (IDF; צְבָא הַהֲגָנָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל), alternatively referred to by the Hebrew-language acronym, is the national military of the State of Israel.
See Jews and Israel Defense Forces
Israeli-occupied territories
Israel has occupied the Palestinian territories and the Golan Heights since the Six-Day War of 1967.
See Jews and Israeli-occupied territories
Israelis
Israelis (translit; translit) are the citizens and nationals of the State of Israel. Jews and Israelis are semitic-speaking peoples.
Israelites
The Israelites were a group of Semitic-speaking tribes in the ancient Near East who, during the Iron Age, inhabited a part of Canaan. Jews and Israelites are ancient peoples of the Near East, ethnoreligious groups and semitic-speaking peoples.
Italian Jews
Italian Jews (ebrei italiani; yehudim italkim) or Roman Jews (ebrei romani; yehudim romim) can be used in a broad sense to mean all Jews living in or with roots in Italy, or, in a narrower sense, to mean the Italkim, an ancient community living in Italy since the Ancient Roman era, who use the Italian liturgy (or "Italian Rite") as distinct from those Jewish communities in Italy dating from medieval or modern times who use the Sephardic liturgy or the Nusach Ashkenaz.
Italian language
Italian (italiano,, or lingua italiana) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire.
Italian Peninsula
The Italian Peninsula (Italian: penisola italica or penisola italiana), also known as the Italic Peninsula, Apennine Peninsula or Italian Boot, is a peninsula extending from the southern Alps in the north to the central Mediterranean Sea in the south, which comprises much of the country of Italy and the enclaved microstates of San Marino and Vatican City.
See Jews and Italian Peninsula
Italians
Italians (italiani) are an ethnic group native to the Italian geographical region.
J. The Jewish News of Northern California
J.
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Jacob
Jacob (Yaʿqūb; Iakṓb), later given the name Israel, is regarded as a patriarch of the Israelites and is an important figure in Abrahamic religions, such as Judaism, Samaritanism, Christianity, and Islam.
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James Carroll (author)
James Carroll (born January 22, 1943) is an American author, historian, journalist, and former Catholic priest.
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Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets
Jehoiachin's rations tablets date from the 6th century BC and describe the oil rations set aside for a royal captive identified with Jeconiah, king of Judah.
See Jews and Jehoiachin's Rations Tablets
Jerusalem
Jerusalem is a city in the Southern Levant, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.
Jerusalem Talmud
The Jerusalem Talmud (translit, often for short) or Palestinian Talmud, also known as the Talmud of the Land of Israel, is a collection of rabbinic notes on the second-century Jewish oral tradition known as the Mishnah.
Jesus
Jesus (AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many other names and titles, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader.
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Jewish Agency for Israel
The Jewish Agency for Israel (translit), formerly known as the Jewish Agency for Palestine, is the largest Jewish non-profit organization in the world.
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Jewish and democratic state
"Jewish and democratic state" is the Israeli legal definition of the nature and character of the State of Israel.
See Jews and Jewish and democratic state
Jewish art
Jewish art, or the art of the Jewish people, encompasses a diverse range of creative endeavors, spanning from ancient Jewish art to contemporary Israeli art.
Jewish atheism
Jewish atheism refers to the atheism of people who are ethnically and (at least to some extent) culturally Jewish.
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (Aramaic: ארמית) was the form of Middle Aramaic employed by writers in Lower Mesopotamia between the fourth and eleventh centuries.
See Jews and Jewish Babylonian Aramaic
Jewish cuisine
Jewish cuisine refers to the worldwide cooking traditions of the Jewish people.
Jewish culture
Jewish culture is the culture of the Jewish people, from its formation in ancient times until the current age. Jews and Jewish culture are Jews and Judaism.
Jewish diaspora
The Jewish diaspora (təfūṣā) or exile (Hebrew: גָּלוּת; Yiddish) is the dispersion of Israelites or Jews out of their ancient ancestral homeland (the Land of Israel) and their subsequent settlement in other parts of the globe.
Jewish emancipation
Jewish emancipation was the process in various nations in Europe of eliminating Jewish disabilities, e.g. Jewish quotas, to which European Jews were then subject, and the recognition of Jews as entitled to equality and citizenship rights.
See Jews and Jewish emancipation
Jewish ethics
Jewish ethics is the ethics of the Jewish religion or the Jewish people.
Jewish ethnic divisions
Jewish ethnic divisions refer to many distinctive communities within the world's Jewish population.
See Jews and Jewish ethnic divisions
Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
In the 20th century, approximately Jews migrated, fled, or were expelled from Muslim-majority countries throughout Africa and Asia.
See Jews and Jewish exodus from the Muslim world
Jewish Federations of North America
The Jewish Federations of North America (JFNA), formerly the United Jewish Communities (UJC), is an American Jewish umbrella organization for the Jewish Federations system, representing over 350 independent Jewish communities across North America that raise and distribute over $2 billion annually, including through planned giving and endowment programs, to support social welfare, social services and educational needs.
See Jews and Jewish Federations of North America
Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany
Beginning with the invasion of Poland during World War II, the Nazi regime set up ghettos across German-occupied Eastern Europe in order to segregate and confine Jews, and sometimes Romani people, into small sections of towns and cities furthering their exploitation.
See Jews and Jewish ghettos established by Nazi Germany
Jewish ghettos in Europe
In the early modern era, European Jews were confined to ghettos and placed under strict regulations as well as restrictions in many European cities.
See Jews and Jewish ghettos in Europe
Jewish history
Jewish history is the history of the Jews, their nation, religion, and culture, as it developed and interacted with other peoples, religions, and cultures. Jews and Jewish history are Jews and Judaism.
Jewish humor
The tradition of humor in Judaism dates back to the compilation of the Torah and the Midrash in the ancient Middle East, but the most famous form of Jewish humor consists of the more recent stream of verbal and frequently anecdotal humor of Ashkenazi Jews which took root in the United States during the last one hundred years, it even took root in secular Jewish culture.
Jewish identity
Jewish identity is the objective or subjective state of perceiving oneself as a Jew and as relating to being Jewish. Jews and Jewish identity are religious identity.
Jewish languages
Jewish languages are the various languages and dialects that developed in Jewish communities in the diaspora. Jews and Jewish languages are Jews and Judaism.
Jewish literature
Jewish literature includes works written by Jews on Jewish themes, literary works written in Jewish languages on various themes, and literary works in any language written by Jewish writers.
See Jews and Jewish literature
Jewish medicine
Jewish medicine is medical practice of the Jewish people, including writing in the languages of both Hebrew and Arabic.
Jewish music
Jewish music is the music and melodies of the Jewish people.
Jewish People Policy Institute
The Jewish People Policy Institute (JPPI; המכון למדיניות העם היהודי; formerly: The Jewish People Policy Planning (JPPPI)) is an Israel-based think tank that produces strategic research and policy recommendations regarding the Jewish people and Israel.
See Jews and Jewish People Policy Institute
Jewish philosophy
Jewish philosophy includes all philosophy carried out by Jews, or in relation to the religion of Judaism.
See Jews and Jewish philosophy
Jewish political movements
Jewish political movements refer to the organized efforts of Jews to build their own political parties or otherwise represent their interest in politics outside the Jewish community.
See Jews and Jewish political movements
Jewish population by country
the world's core Jewish population (those identifying as Jews above all else) was estimated at 15.7 million, which is approximately 0.2% of the 8 billion worldwide population.
See Jews and Jewish population by country
Jewish prayer
Jewish prayer (תְּפִילָּה,; plural; tfile, plural תּפֿלות; Yinglish: davening from Yiddish דאַוון 'pray') is the prayer recitation that forms part of the observance of Rabbinic Judaism.
Jewish religious movements
Jewish religious movements, sometimes called "denominations", include diverse groups within Judaism which have developed among Jews from ancient times.
See Jews and Jewish religious movements
Jewish secularism
Jewish secularism refers to secularism in a Jewish context, denoting the definition of Jewish identity with little or no attention given to its religious aspects.
See Jews and Jewish secularism
Jewish studies
Jewish studies (or Judaic studies; sciences of Judaism) is an academic discipline centered on the study of Jews and Judaism.
Jewish Telegraphic Agency
The Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA) is an international news agency and wire service that primarily covers Judaism- and Jewish-related topics and news.
See Jews and Jewish Telegraphic Agency
Jewish Virtual Library
The Jewish Virtual Library (JVL, formerly known as JSOURCE) is an online encyclopedia published by the American foreign policy analyst Mitchell Bard's non-profit organization American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise (AICE).
See Jews and Jewish Virtual Library
Jewish–Roman wars
The Jewish–Roman wars were a series of large-scale revolts by the Jews of Judaea and the Eastern Mediterranean against the Roman Empire between 66 and 135 CE.
See Jews and Jewish–Roman wars
Jizya
Jizya (jizya), or jizyah, is a tax historically levied on dhimmis, that is, protected non-Muslim subjects of a state governed by Islamic law.
See Jews and Jizya
John Day (biblical scholar)
John Day (born 13 September 1948) is an English Old Testament scholar.
See Jews and John Day (biblical scholar)
Joseph (Genesis)
Joseph (lit) is an important Hebrew figure in the Bible's Book of Genesis and in the Quran.
Josephus
Flavius Josephus (Ἰώσηπος,; AD 37 – 100) was a Roman–Jewish historian and military leader.
Joshua
Joshua, also known as Yehoshua (Yəhōšuaʿ, Tiberian: Yŏhōšuaʿ, lit. 'Yahweh is salvation'), Jeshoshua, or Josue, functioned as Moses' assistant in the books of Exodus and Numbers, and later succeeded Moses as leader of the Israelite tribes in the Book of Joshua of the Hebrew Bible.
See Jews and Joshua
Judaea (Roman province)
Judaea (Iudaea; translit) was a Roman province from 6 to 132 AD, which incorporated the Levantine regions of Idumea, Philistia, Judea, Samaria and Galilee, extending over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Judea.
See Jews and Judaea (Roman province)
Judaeo-Georgian
Judeo-Georgian, known endonymically as Qivruli (ყივრული ენა) and also known as Gruzinic, is the traditional Georgian dialect spoken by the Georgian Jews, the ancient Jewish community of the South Caucasus nation of Georgia.
Judaeo-Spanish
Judaeo-Spanish or Judeo-Spanish (autonym djudeoespanyol, Hebrew script), also known as Ladino, is a Romance language derived from Old Spanish.
Judah (son of Jacob)
Judah was, according to the Book of Genesis, the fourth of the six sons of Jacob and Leah and the founder of the Tribe of Judah of the Israelites.
See Jews and Judah (son of Jacob)
Judah Halevi
Judah Halevi (also Yehuda Halevi or ha-Levi; יהודה הלוי and Judah ben Shmuel Halevi; Yahūḏa al-Lāwī; c. 1075 – 1141) was a Sephardic Jewish poet, physician and philosopher.
Judah's revolts against Babylon
Judah's revolts against Babylon (601–586 BCE) were attempts by the Kingdom of Judah to escape dominance by the Neo-Babylonian Empire.
See Jews and Judah's revolts against Babylon
Judaism
Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit. Jews and Judaism are Jews and Judaism.
See Jews and Judaism
Judea
Judea or Judaea (Ἰουδαία,; Iudaea) is a mountainous region of the Levant.
See Jews and Judea
Judeo-Arabic dialects
Judeo-Arabic dialects (ערביה יהודיה) are ethnolects formerly spoken by Jews throughout the Arab world.
See Jews and Judeo-Arabic dialects
Judeo-Berber language
Judeo-Berber or Judeo-Amazigh (ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵡⵓⴷⴰⵢⵏ tamazight n wudayen, berberit yehudit) is any of several hybrid Berber varieties traditionally spoken as a second language in Berber Jewish communities of central and southern Morocco, and perhaps earlier in Algeria.
See Jews and Judeo-Berber language
Judeo-Malayalam
Judeo-Malayalam (യെഹൂദ്യമലയാളം,; מלאיאלאם יהודית) is the traditional language of the Cochin Jews (also called Malabar Jews), from Kerala, in southern India, spoken today by a few dozens of people in Israel and by probably fewer than 25 in India.
Kaifeng Jews
Kaifeng Jews (p; translit) are a small community of descendants of Chinese Jews in Kaifeng, in the Henan province of China.
Khirbet Qeiyafa
Khirbet Qeiyafa (خربة قيافة), also known as Elah Fortress and in Hebrew as Horbat Qayafa (חורבת קייאפה), is the site of an ancient fortress city overlooking the Elah Valley and dated to the first half of the 10th century BCE.
Kil'ayim (prohibition)
Kil'ayim (or Klayim; כלאים, lit. "mixture," or "diverse kinds") are the prohibitions in Jewish law which proscribe the planting of certain mixtures of seeds, grafting, the mixing of plants in vineyards, the crossbreeding of animals, the formation of a team in which different kinds of animals work together, and the mixing of wool with linen in garments.
See Jews and Kil'ayim (prohibition)
Kingdom of Egypt
The Kingdom of Egypt (The Egyptian Kingdom) was the legal form of the Egyptian state during the latter period of the Muhammad Ali dynasty's reign, from the United Kingdom's recognition of Egyptian independence in 1922 until the abolition of the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan in 1953 following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952.
Kingdom of Iraq
The Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq (translit) was a state located in the Middle East from 1932 to 1958.
Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
The Kingdom of Israel, or the Kingdom of Samaria, was an Israelite kingdom in the Southern Levant during the Iron Age, whose beginnings can be dated back to the first half of the 10th century BCE.
See Jews and Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)
Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)
According to the Deuteronomistic history in the Hebrew Bible, a United Monarchy or United Kingdom of Israel existed under the reigns of Saul, Eshbaal, David, and Solomon, encompassing the territories of both the later kingdoms of Judah and Israel.
See Jews and Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)
Kingdom of Judah
The Kingdom of Judah was an Israelite kingdom of the Southern Levant during the Iron Age.
Kingdom of Yemen
The Kingdom of Yemen, officially the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen (translit), also known simply as Yemen or, retrospectively, as North Yemen, was a state that existed between 1918 and 1970 in the northwestern part of what is now Yemen.
Kitos War
The Kitos War (115–117; mered ha-galuyot, or מרד התפוצות mered ha-tfutzot; "rebellion of the diaspora" Tumultus Iudaicus) was one of the major Jewish–Roman wars (66–136).
Knesset
The Knesset (translit, translit) is the unicameral legislature of Israel.
See Jews and Knesset
Koine Greek
Koine Greek (Koine the common dialect), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek, Septuagint Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-regional form of Greek spoken and written during the Hellenistic period, the Roman Empire and the early Byzantine Empire.
Krymchak language
Krymchak (кърымчахтыльы, Qrımçah tılyı; also called Judeo-Crimean Tatar, Krimchak, Chagatai, Dzhagatay) is a moribund Turkic language spoken in Crimea by the Krymchak people.
See Jews and Krymchak language
Land of Israel
The Land of Israel is the traditional Jewish name for an area of the Southern Levant. Jews and Land of Israel are Jews and Judaism.
Late antiquity
Late antiquity is sometimes defined as spanning from the end of classical antiquity to the local start of the Middle Ages, from around the late 3rd century up to the 7th or 8th century in Europe and adjacent areas bordering the Mediterranean Basin depending on location.
Latin America
Latin America often refers to the regions in the Americas in which Romance languages are the main languages and the culture and Empires of its peoples have had significant historical, ethnic, linguistic, and cultural impact.
Leah
Leah appears in the Hebrew Bible as one of the two wives of the Biblical patriarch Jacob. Leah was Jacob's first wife, and the older sister of his second (and favored) wife Rachel. She is the mother of Jacob's first son Reuben. She has three more sons, namely Simeon, Levi and Judah, but does not bear another son until Rachel offers her a night with Jacob in exchange for some mandrake root (דודאים, dûdâ'îm).
See Jews and Leah
Lebanon
Lebanon (Lubnān), officially the Republic of Lebanon, is a country in the Levant region of West Asia.
See Jews and Lebanon
Lemba people
The Lemba, Remba, or Mwenye are an ethnic group which is native to South Africa, Malawi, Mozambique and Zimbabwe of mixed Bantu and Yemeni heritage.
Levant
The Levant is an approximate historical geographical term referring to a large area in the Eastern Mediterranean region of West Asia and core territory of the political term ''Middle East''.
See Jews and Levant
Libya
Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.
See Jews and Libya
Lingua franca
A lingua franca (for plurals see), also known as a bridge language, common language, trade language, auxiliary language, vehicular language, or link language, is a language systematically used to make communication possible between groups of people who do not share a native language or dialect, particularly when it is a third language that is distinct from both of the speakers' native languages.
List of Hasidic dynasties and groups
A Hasidic dynasty or Chassidic dynasty is a dynasty led by Hasidic Jewish spiritual leaders known as rebbes, and usually has some or all of the following characteristics.
See Jews and List of Hasidic dynasties and groups
List of Jewish Nobel laureates
Of the 965 individual recipients of the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences between 1901 and 2023, at least 214 have been Jews or people with at least one Jewish parent, representing 22% of all recipients.
See Jews and List of Jewish Nobel laureates
List of Russian monarchs
This is a list of all reigning monarchs in the history of Russia.
See Jews and List of Russian monarchs
Long Island
Long Island is a populous island east of Manhattan in southeastern New York state, constituting a significant share of the New York metropolitan area in both population and land area.
Los Angeles
Los Angeles, often referred to by its initials L.A., is the most populous city in the U.S. state of California.
Lower Galilee
The Lower Galilee (translit) is a region within the Northern District of Israel.
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Ludwig Josef Johann Wittgenstein (26 April 1889 – 29 April 1951) was an Austrian philosopher who worked primarily in logic, the philosophy of mathematics, the philosophy of mind, and the philosophy of language.
See Jews and Ludwig Wittgenstein
Maccabean Revolt
The Maccabean Revolt (מרד החשמונאים) was a Jewish rebellion led by the Maccabees against the Seleucid Empire and against Hellenistic influence on Jewish life.
Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Macedonia (Μακεδονία), also called Macedon, was an ancient kingdom on the periphery of Archaic and Classical Greece, which later became the dominant state of Hellenistic Greece.
See Jews and Macedonia (ancient kingdom)
Maghreb
The Maghreb (lit), also known as the Arab Maghreb (اَلْمَغْرِبُ الْعَرَبِيُّ) and Northwest Africa, is the western part of the Arab world.
See Jews and Maghreb
Maimonides
Moses ben Maimon (1138–1204), commonly known as Maimonides and also referred to by the Hebrew acronym Rambam (רמב״ם), was a Sephardic rabbi and philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages.
Mandatory Palestine
Mandatory Palestine was a geopolitical entity that existed between 1920 and 1948 in the region of Palestine under the terms of the League of Nations Mandate for Palestine.
See Jews and Mandatory Palestine
Marcus Jastrow
Marcus Jastrow (June 5, 1829 – October 13, 1903) was a German-born American Talmudic scholar and rabbi, most famously known for his authorship of the popular and comprehensive Dictionary of the Targumim, Talmud Babli, Talmud Yerushalmi and Midrashic Literature.
Marrano
Marranos is one of the terms used in relation to Spanish and Portuguese Jews who converted or were forced by the Spanish and Portuguese crowns to convert to Christianity during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, but continued to practice Judaism in secrecy or were suspected of it, referred to as Crypto-Jews.
See Jews and Marrano
Massacre of 1391
The Massacre of 1391, also known as the pogroms of 1391, was a display of antisemitism and violence against Jews in Castile and Aragon.
Mater semper certa est
In Roman law, (from Latin: "the mother is always certain") is a legal principle which has the power of ("presumption of law and by law"), meaning that no counter-evidence can be made against this principle.
See Jews and Mater semper certa est
Material culture
Material culture is the aspect of culture manifested by the physical objects and architecture of a society.
Matrilineality in Judaism
In modern Rabbinic Judaism, the traditional method of determining Jewishness relies on tracing one's maternal line.
See Jews and Matrilineality in Judaism
Max Dimont
Max Isaac Dimont (August 12, 1912 – March 25, 1992) was a Finnish American Jewish historian, lecturer, publicist, and writer.
Medieval Latin
Medieval Latin was the form of Literary Latin used in Roman Catholic Western Europe during the Middle Ages.
Megillah (Talmud)
Masekhet Megillah (lit) is a tractate in Seder Moed of the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds.
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Mellah
A mellah (or 'saline area'; and מלאח) is the place of residence historically assigned to Jewish communities in Morocco.
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Melting pot
A melting pot is a monocultural metaphor for a heterogeneous society becoming more homogeneous, the different elements "melting together" with a common culture; an alternative being a homogeneous society becoming more heterogeneous through the influx of foreign elements with different cultural backgrounds, possessing the potential to create disharmony within the previous culture.
Merneptah Stele
The Merneptah Stele, also known as the Israel Stele or the Victory Stele of Merneptah, is an inscription by Merneptah, a pharaoh in ancient Egypt who reigned from 1213 to 1203 BCE.
Mesopotamia
Mesopotamia is a historical region of West Asia situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in the northern part of the Fertile Crescent.
Messiah in Judaism
The Messiah in Judaism is a savior and liberator figure in Jewish eschatology who is believed to be the future redeemer of the Jews.
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Mexico
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America.
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Miami metropolitan area
The Miami metropolitan area is a coastal metropolitan area in southeastern Florida.
See Jews and Miami metropolitan area
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.
Middle East
The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.
Middle English
Middle English (abbreviated to ME) is a form of the English language that was spoken after the Norman Conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century.
Millennium
A millennium is a period of one thousand years, sometimes called a '''kiloannum''' (ka), or kiloyear (ky).
Minority group
The term "minority group" has different usages, depending on the context.
Mishnah
The Mishnah or the Mishna (מִשְׁנָה, "study by repetition", from the verb shanah, or "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first major written collection of the Jewish oral traditions that are known as the Oral Torah.
See Jews and Mishnah
Mitochondrial DNA
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA and mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria organelles in a eukaryotic cell that converts chemical energy from food into adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
See Jews and Mitochondrial DNA
Mizrahi Jews
Mizrahi Jews (יהודי המִזְרָח), also known as Mizrahim (מִזְרָחִים) or Mizrachi (מִזְרָחִי) and alternatively referred to as Oriental Jews or Edot HaMizrach (עֲדוֹת־הַמִּזְרָח), are terms used in Israeli discourse to refer to a grouping of Jewish communities that lived in the Muslim world. Jews and Mizrahi Jews are ethnic groups in the Middle East and semitic-speaking peoples.
Monolatry
Monolatry (single, and label) is the belief in the existence of many gods, but with the consistent worship of only one deity.
Monotheism
Monotheism is the belief that one god is the only deity.
Moors
The term Moor is an exonym first used by Christian Europeans to designate the Muslim populations of the Maghreb, al-Andalus (Iberian Peninsula), Sicily and Malta during the Middle Ages.
See Jews and Moors
Moroccan Jews
Moroccan Jews (al-Yahūd al-Maghāriba Yehudim Maroka'im) are Jews who live in or are from Morocco.
Morocco
Morocco, officially the Kingdom of Morocco, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.
See Jews and Morocco
Mosaic covenant
Abrahamic religions believe in the Mosaic covenant (named after Moses), also known as the Sinaitic covenant (after the biblical Mount Sinai), which refers to a covenant between the Israelite tribes and their God, including their proselytes, not limited to the ten commandments, nor the event when they were given, but including the entirety of laws that their patriarch Moses delivered from God in the five books of Torah.
Moses
Moses; Mōše; also known as Moshe or Moshe Rabbeinu (Mishnaic Hebrew: מֹשֶׁה רַבֵּינוּ); Mūše; Mūsā; Mōÿsēs was a Hebrew prophet, teacher and leader, according to Abrahamic tradition.
See Jews and Moses
Mountain Jews
Mountain Jews or Caucasus Jews, also known as Juhuro, Juvuro, Juhuri, Juwuri, Juhurim, Kavkazi Jews or Gorsky Jews (יְהוּדֵי־קַוְקָז or; translit, Dağ Yəhudiləri), are Jews of the eastern and northern Caucasus, mainly Azerbaijan, and various republics in the Russian Federation: Chechnya, Ingushetia, Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia, and Kabardino-Balkaria. Jews and Mountain Jews are ethnic groups in the Middle East.
Muslim conquest of Persia
The Muslim conquest of Persia, also called the Muslim conquest of Iran, the Arab conquest of Persia, or the Arab conquest of Iran, was a major military campaign undertaken by the Rashidun Caliphate between 632 and 654.
See Jews and Muslim conquest of Persia
Nation
A nation is a large type of social organization where a collective identity, a national identity, has emerged from a combination of shared features across a given population, such as language, history, ethnicity, culture, territory or society.
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National myth
A national myth is an inspiring narrative or anecdote about a nation's past.
Nationalism studies
Nationalism studies is an interdisciplinary academic field devoted to the study of nationalism and related issues.
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Nature
Nature is an inherent character or constitution, particularly of the ecosphere or the universe as a whole.
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Nazi concentration camps
From 1933 to 1945, Nazi Germany operated more than a thousand concentration camps (Konzentrationslager), including subcamps on its own territory and in parts of German-occupied Europe.
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Nazi Germany
Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.
Nazism
Nazism, formally National Socialism (NS; Nationalsozialismus), is the far-right totalitarian socio-political ideology and practices associated with Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party (NSDAP) in Germany.
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Nebuchadnezzar II
Nebuchadnezzar II (Babylonian cuneiform: Nabû-kudurri-uṣur, meaning "Nabu, watch over my heir"; Biblical Hebrew: Nəḇūḵaḏneʾṣṣar), also spelled Nebuchadrezzar II, was the second king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, ruling from the death of his father Nabopolassar in 605 BC to his own death in 562 BC.
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Nehardea Academy
Nehardea Academy (ישיבת נהרדעא), previously also known as The House of Learning (Bē Miḏraš) or The Boundary (Tḥūmā) was one of the major Talmudic academies in Babylonia (Mesopotamia), active intermittently from the early Amoraic period until the end of the Geonic period.
Neo-Assyrian Empire
The Neo-Assyrian Empire was the fourth and penultimate stage of ancient Assyrian history.
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Neo-Babylonian Empire
The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire, historically known as the Chaldean Empire, was the last polity ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia until Faisal II in the 20th century.
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New Christian
New Christian (Novus Christianus; Cristiano Nuevo; Cristão-Novo; Cristià Nou; Kristiano muevo) was a socio-religious designation and legal distinction in the Spanish Empire and the Portuguese Empire.
New Kingdom of Egypt
The New Kingdom, also referred to as the Egyptian Empire, was the ancient Egyptian state between the 16th century BC and the 11th century BC.
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New Testament
The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon.
New World
The term "New World" is used to describe the majority of lands of Earth's Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas.
New York metropolitan area
The New York metropolitan area, broadly referred to as the Tri-State area and often also called Greater New York, is the largest metropolitan area in the world by urban landmass, encompassing.
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New Zealand
New Zealand (Aotearoa) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.
Nimrod
Nimrod (ܢܡܪܘܕ; Numrūd) is a biblical figure mentioned in the Book of Genesis and Books of Chronicles.
See Jews and Nimrod
Nobel Prize
The Nobel Prizes (Nobelpriset; Nobelprisen) are five separate prizes awarded to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind, as established by the 1895 will of Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist Alfred Nobel, in the year before he died.
Nomad
Nomads are communities without fixed habitation who regularly move to and from areas.
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Nomadic pastoralism
Nomadic pastoralism is a form of pastoralism in which livestock are herded in order to seek for fresh pastures on which to graze.
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North Africa
North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.
North African Sephardim
North African Sephardim are a distinct sub-group of Sephardi Jews, who descend from exiled Iberian Jewish families of the late 15th century and North African Maghrebi Jewish communities.
See Jews and North African Sephardim
North America
North America is a continent in the Northern and Western Hemispheres.
Nuremberg Laws
The Nuremberg Laws (Nürnberger Gesetze) were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party.
Nusach (Jewish custom)
In Judaism, Nusach (translit, Modern Hebrew pronunciation nusakh, plural (nusaḥim, also nuskhóes)) is the exact text of a prayer service; sometimes the English word "rite" is used to refer to the same thing.
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Old French
Old French (franceis, françois, romanz; ancien français) was the language spoken in most of the northern half of France approximately between the late 8th and the mid-14th century.
Old World
The "Old World" is a term for Afro-Eurasia that originated in Europe after 1493, when Europeans became aware of the existence of the Americas.
Omri
Omri (עָמְרִי, ‘Omrī; 𒄷𒌝𒊑𒄿 Ḫûmrî; fl. 9th century BCE) was, according to the Hebrew Bible, the sixth king of Israel.
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Operation Barbarossa
Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II.
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Oral Torah
According to Rabbinic Judaism, the Oral Torah or Oral Law (תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל־פֶּה.|Tōrā šebbəʿal-pe|) are statutes and legal interpretations that were not recorded in the Five Books of Moses, the Written Torah (תּוֹרָה שֶׁבִּכְתָב|Tōrā šebbīḵṯāv|"Written Law"|label.
Orthodox Judaism
Orthodox Judaism is the collective term for the traditionalist branches of contemporary Judaism.
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
Ottoman Syria
Ottoman Syria (سوريا العثمانية) was a group of divisions of the Ottoman Empire within the region of Syria, usually defined as being east of the Mediterranean Sea, west of the Euphrates River, north of the Arabian Desert and south of the Taurus Mountains.
Oxford University Press
Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.
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Pahlavi Iran
The Imperial State of Iran, officially the Imperial State of Persia until 1935, and commonly referred to as Pahlavi Iran, was the Iranian state under the rule of the Pahlavi dynasty.
Pale of Settlement
The Pale of Settlement was a western region of the Russian Empire with varying borders that existed from 1791 to 1917 (de facto until 1915) in which permanent residency by Jews was allowed and beyond which Jewish residency, permanent or temporary, was mostly forbidden.
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Palestine (region)
The region of Palestine, also known as Historic Palestine, is a geographical area in West Asia.
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Papal States
The Papal States (Stato Pontificio), officially the State of the Church (Stato della Chiesa; Status Ecclesiasticus), were a conglomeration of territories on the Apennine Peninsula under the direct sovereign rule of the Pope from 756 to 1870.
Paris metropolitan area
The Paris metropolitan area (aire d'attraction de Paris) is a statistical area that describes the reach of commuter movement to and from Paris, France and its surrounding suburbs.
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Parliamentary system
A parliamentary system, or parliamentary democracy, is a system of democratic government where the head of government (who may also be the head of state) derives their democratic legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of the legislature, typically a parliament, to which they are accountable.
See Jews and Parliamentary system
Parthian Empire
The Parthian Empire, also known as the Arsacid Empire, was a major Iranian political and cultural power centered in ancient Iran from 247 BC to 224 AD.
Pashtuns
Pashtuns (translit), also known as Pakhtuns, or Pathans, are a nomadic, pastoral, Eastern Iranic ethnic group primarily residing in northwestern Pakistan and southern and eastern Afghanistan. They historically were also referred to as Afghans until the 1970s after the term's meaning had become a demonym for members of all ethnic groups in Afghanistan.
Patriarchs (Bible)
The patriarchs (אבות ʾAvot, "fathers") of the Bible, when narrowly defined, are Abraham, his son Isaac, and Isaac's son Jacob, also named Israel, the ancestor of the Israelites.
See Jews and Patriarchs (Bible)
Patrilineality
Patrilineality, also known as the male line, the spear side or agnatic kinship, is a common kinship system in which an individual's family membership derives from and is recorded through their father's lineage.
Paul the Apostle
Paul (Koinē Greek: Παῦλος, romanized: Paûlos), also named Saul of Tarsus (Aramaic: ܫܐܘܠ, romanized: Šāʾūl), commonly known as Paul the Apostle and Saint Paul, was a Christian apostle (AD) who spread the teachings of Jesus in the first-century world.
Persecution
Persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or group by another individual or group.
Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal
On 5 December 1496, King Manuel I of Portugal signed the decree of expulsion of Jews and Muslims to take effect by the end of October of the next year.
See Jews and Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal
Persian Jews
Persian Jews or Iranian Jews (یهودیان ایرانی; יהודים פרסים) constitute one of the oldest communities of the Jewish diaspora. Jews and Persian Jews are ethnic groups in the Middle East.
Persian language
Persian, also known by its endonym Farsi (Fārsī|), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.
Pew Research Center
The Pew Research Center (also simply known as Pew) is a nonpartisan American think tank based in Washington, D.C. It provides information on social issues, public opinion, and demographic trends shaping the United States and the world.
See Jews and Pew Research Center
Pharaohs in the Bible
The Bible makes reference to various pharaohs (פַּרְעֹה, Parʿō) of Egypt.
See Jews and Pharaohs in the Bible
Pharisees
The Pharisees (lit) were a Jewish social movement and a school of thought in the Levant during the time of Second Temple Judaism. Jews and Pharisees are Israelites.
Philo
Philo of Alexandria (Phílōn; Yəḏīḏyāh), also called italics, was a Hellenistic Jewish philosopher who lived in Alexandria, in the Roman province of Egypt.
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Plural
The plural (sometimes abbreviated as pl., pl, or), in many languages, is one of the values of the grammatical category of number.
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Pogrom
A pogrom is a violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews.
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Polish language
Polish (język polski,, polszczyzna or simply polski) is a West Slavic language of the Lechitic group within the Indo-European language family written in the Latin script.
Politics
Politics is the set of activities that are associated with making decisions in groups, or other forms of power relations among individuals, such as the distribution of resources or status.
Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country located on the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe, whose territory also includes the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira.
Portuguese Inquisition
The Portuguese Inquisition (Portuguese: Inquisição Portuguesa), officially known as the General Council of the Holy Office of the Inquisition in Portugal, was formally established in Portugal in 1536 at the request of King John III.
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Portuguese language
Portuguese (português or, in full, língua portuguesa) is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family originating from the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.
See Jews and Portuguese language
Post-Soviet states
The post-Soviet states, also referred to as the former Soviet Union (FSU) or the former Soviet republics, are the independent sovereign states that emerged/re-emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
See Jews and Post-Soviet states
Princeton University Press
Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections to Princeton University.
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Progress
Progress is movement towards a refined, improved, or otherwise desired state.
Proselytism
Proselytism is the policy of attempting to convert people's religious or political beliefs.
Pumbedita Academy
Pumbedita Academy or Pumbedita Yeshiva (ישיבת פומבדיתא; sometimes Pumbeditha, Pumpedita, Pumbedisa) was a yeshiva in present-day Iraq, called Babylon, during the era of the Amoraim and Geonim sages.
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Quebec
QuebecAccording to the Canadian government, Québec (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and Quebec (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada.
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Quran
The Quran, also romanized Qur'an or Koran, is the central religious text of Islam, believed by Muslims to be a revelation directly from God (Allah).
See Jews and Quran
Rabbinic Judaism
Rabbinic Judaism (יהדות רבנית|Yahadut Rabanit), also called Rabbinism, Rabbinicism, or Rabbanite Judaism, has been the mainstream form of Judaism since the 6th century CE, after the codification of the Babylonian Talmud.
Rachel
Rachel was a Biblical figure, the favorite of Jacob's two wives, and the mother of Joseph and Benjamin, two of the twelve progenitors of the tribes of Israel.
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Rate of natural increase
In Demography, the rate of natural increase (RNI), also known as natural population change, is defined as the birth rate minus the death rate of a particular population, over a particular time period.
See Jews and Rate of natural increase
Rebecca
Rebecca appears in the Hebrew Bible as the wife of Isaac and the mother of Jacob and Esau. According to biblical tradition, Rebecca's father was Bethuel the Aramean from Paddan Aram, also called Aram-Naharaim. Rebecca's brother was Laban the Aramean, and she was the granddaughter of Milcah and Nahor, the brother of Abraham.
See Jews and Rebecca
Reconquista
The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for "reconquest") or the reconquest of al-Andalus was the successful series of military campaigns that European Christian kingdoms waged against the Muslim kingdoms following the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula by the Umayyad Caliphate.
Reform Judaism
Reform Judaism, also known as Liberal Judaism or Progressive Judaism, is a major Jewish denomination that emphasizes the evolving nature of Judaism, the superiority of its ethical aspects to its ceremonial ones, and belief in a continuous revelation which is closely intertwined with human reason and not limited to the Theophany at Mount Sinai.
Refusenik
Refusenik (otkaznik,; alternatively spelled refusnik) was an unofficial term for individuals—typically, but not exclusively, Soviet Jews—who were denied permission to emigrate, primarily to Israel, by the authorities of the Soviet Union and other countries of the Soviet Bloc.
Religion
Religion is a range of social-cultural systems, including designated behaviors and practices, morals, beliefs, worldviews, texts, sanctified places, prophecies, ethics, or organizations, that generally relate humanity to supernatural, transcendental, and spiritual elements—although there is no scholarly consensus over what precisely constitutes a religion.
Religious nationalism
Religious nationalism can be understood in a number of ways, such as nationalism as a religion itself, a position articulated by Carlton Hayes in his text Nationalism: A Religion, or as the relationship of nationalism to a particular religious belief, dogma, ideology, or affiliation.
See Jews and Religious nationalism
Resettlement policy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
In the three centuries starting with the reign of Ashur-dan II (934–912 BCE), the Neo-Assyrian Empire practiced a policy of resettlement (also called "deportation" or "mass deportation") of population groups in its territories.
See Jews and Resettlement policy of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
Rhine
--> The Rhine is one of the major European rivers.
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Rhineland massacres
The Rhineland massacres, also known as the German Crusade of 1096 or Gzerot Tatnó (גזרות תתנ"ו, "Edicts of 4856"), were a series of mass murders of Jews perpetrated by mobs of French and German Christians of the People's Crusade in the year 1096, or 4856 according to the Hebrew calendar.
See Jews and Rhineland massacres
Rishonim
Rishonim (the first ones; sing. ראשון, Rishon) were the leading rabbis and poskim who lived approximately during the 11th to 15th centuries, in the era before the writing of the Shulchan Aruch (שׁוּלחָן עָרוּך, "Set Table", a common printed code of Jewish law, 1563 CE) and following the Geonim (589–1038 CE).
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
Roman law
Roman law is the legal system of ancient Rome, including the legal developments spanning over a thousand years of jurisprudence, from the Twelve Tables, to the (AD 529) ordered by Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I. Roman law forms the basic framework for civil law, the most widely used legal system today, and the terms are sometimes used synonymously.
Romance languages
The Romance languages, also known as the Latin or Neo-Latin languages, are the languages that are directly descended from Vulgar Latin.
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Romani people
The Romani, also spelled Romany or Rromani and colloquially known as the Roma (Rom), are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle. Jews and Romani people are ethnic groups in the Middle East.
Romaniote Jews
The Romaniote Jews or the Romaniotes (Ῥωμανιῶτες, Rhomaniótes; Romanyotim) are a Greek-speaking ethnic Jewish community native to the Eastern Mediterranean.
Rome
Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.
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Russian language
Russian is an East Slavic language, spoken primarily in Russia.
Sacred language
A sacred language, holy language or liturgical language is a language that is cultivated and used primarily for religious reasons (like Mosque service) by people who speak another, primary language (like Persian, Urdu, Pashtu, Balochi, Sindhi etc.) in their daily lives.
Sadducees
The Sadducees (lit) were a sect of Jews active in Judea during the Second Temple period, from the second century BCE to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE. Jews and Sadducees are Israelites.
Samaria (ancient city)
Samaria (שֹׁמְרוֹן; 𒊓𒈨𒊑𒈾; Greek; السامرة) was the capital city of the Kingdom of Israel between and.
See Jews and Samaria (ancient city)
Samaritans
The Samaritans (שומרונים; السامريون), often prefering to be called Israelite Samaritans, are an ethnoreligious group originating from the Hebrews and Israelites of the ancient Near East. Jews and Samaritans are ancient peoples of the Near East, ethnic groups in the Middle East, Israelites, religious identity and semitic-speaking peoples.
Samuel
Samuel is a figure who, in the narratives of the Hebrew Bible, plays a key role in the transition from the biblical judges to the United Kingdom of Israel under Saul, and again in the monarchy's transition from Saul to David. He is venerated as a prophet in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In addition to his role in the Bible, Samuel is mentioned in Jewish rabbinical literature, in the Christian New Testament, and in the second chapter of the Quran (although the text does not mention him by name).
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Samuel ibn Naghrillah
Samuel ibn Naghrillah (Šəmuʿēl HalLēvi ben Yosēf; ʾAbū ʾIsḥāq ʾIsmāʿīl bin an-Naġrīlah), mainly known as Samuel the Prince and Isma’il ibn Naghrilla (born 993; died 1056), was a medieval Sephardic Jewish Talmudic scholar, grammarian, philologist, soldier, merchant, politician, and an influential poet who lived in Iberia at the time of the Moorish rule.
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Sarah
Sarah (born Sarai) is a biblical matriarch, prophet, and major figure in Abrahamic religions.
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Sargon II
Sargon II (𒈗𒁺|translit.
Sasanian Empire
The Sasanian Empire or Sassanid Empire, and officially known as Eranshahr ("Land/Empire of the Iranians"), was the last Iranian empire before the early Muslim conquests of the 7th to 8th centuries.
Saul
Saul (שָׁאוּל) was a monarch of ancient Israel and Judah and the first king of the United Monarchy, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament.
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Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
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Second Temple
The Second Temple was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem, in use between and its destruction in 70 CE.
Sectarianism
Sectarianism is a debated concept.
Secularism
Secularism is the principle of seeking to conduct human affairs based on naturalistic considerations, uninvolved with religion.
Seleucid Empire
The Seleucid Empire (lit) was a Greek power in West Asia during the Hellenistic period.
Semitic languages
The Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.
See Jews and Semitic languages
Sennacherib
Sennacherib (𒀭𒌍𒉽𒈨𒌍𒋢|translit.
Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant
Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant in 701 BCE was a military campaign undertaken by the Neo-Assyrian Empire to bring the region back under control following a rebellion against Assyrian rule in 705 BCE.
See Jews and Sennacherib's campaign in the Levant
Sepharad
Sepharad (or;,; also Sfard, Spharad, Sefarad, or Sephared) is the Hebrew-language name for the Iberian Peninsula, consisting of both modern-time Western Europe's Spain and Portugal, especially in reference to the local Jews before their forced expulsion from 1492 onwards.
Sephardic Bnei Anusim
Sephardic Bnei Anusim (בני אנוסים ספרדיים,, lit. "Children coerced Spanish) is a modern term which is used to define the contemporary Christian descendants of an estimated quarter of a million 15th-century Sephardic Jews who were coerced or forced to convert to Catholicism during the 14th and 15th centuries in Spain and Portugal.
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Sephardic Jews
Sephardic Jews (Djudíos Sefardíes), also known as Sephardi Jews or Sephardim, and rarely as Iberian Peninsular Jews, are a Jewish diaspora population associated with the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal).
Sephardic Jews in India
Sephardic Jews in India are Iberian Jews who settled in many coastal towns of India, in Goa and Damaon, Madras (now Chennai) and, primarily and for the longest period, on the Malabar coast in Cochin.
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Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands
The community of Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands, particularly in Amsterdam, was of major importance in the seventeenth century.
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Sergio Della Pergola
Sergio Della Pergola (סרג'ו דלה-פרגולה; born September 7, 1942, in Trieste, Italy) is an Italian-Israeli demographer and statistician.
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Shabbat
Shabbat (or; Šabbāṯ) or the Sabbath, also called Shabbos by Ashkenazim, is Judaism's day of rest on the seventh day of the week—i.e., Saturday.
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Shasu
The Shasu (šꜣsw, possibly pronounced šaswə) were Semitic-speaking pastoral nomads in the Southern Levant from the late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age or the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt. Jews and Shasu are ancient peoples of the Near East and semitic-speaking peoples.
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Shaye J. D. Cohen
Shaye J. D. Cohen (born October 21, 1948) is an American Hebraist, historian, and rabbi.
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Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)
The siege of Jerusalem (circa 589–587 BC) was the final event of the Judahite revolts against Babylon, in which Nebuchadnezzar II, king of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, besieged Jerusalem, the capital city of the Kingdom of Judah.
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Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)
The Siege of Jerusalem of 70 CE was the decisive event of the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), in which the Roman army led by future emperor Titus besieged Jerusalem, the center of Jewish rebel resistance in the Roman province of Judaea.
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Slavery
Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour.
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Solomon
Solomon, also called Jedidiah, was a monarch of ancient Israel and the son and successor of King David, according to the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament.
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Solomon ibn Gabirol
Solomon ibn Gabirol or Solomon ben Judah (Shlomo Ben Yehuda ibn Gabirol,; ’Abū ’Ayyūb Sulaymān bin Yaḥyá bin Jabīrūl) was an 11th-century Jewish poet and philosopher in the Neo-Platonic tradition in Al-Andalus.
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Solomon's Temple
Solomon's Temple, also known as the First Temple, was a biblical Temple in Jerusalem believed to have existed between the 10th and 6th centuries BCE.
South Africa
South Africa, officially the Republic of South Africa (RSA), is the southernmost country in Africa.
Southern Africa
Southern Africa is the southernmost region of Africa.
Southern Europe
Southern Europe is the southern region of Europe.
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
Spain
Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.
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Spanish and Portuguese Jews
Spanish and Portuguese Jews, also called Western Sephardim, Iberian Jews, or Peninsular Jews, are a distinctive sub-group of Sephardic Jews who are largely descended from Jews who lived as New Christians in the Iberian Peninsula during the few centuries following the forced expulsion of unconverted Jews from Spain in 1492 and from Portugal in 1497.
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Spanish Inquisition
The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition (Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.
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Spanish language
Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.
Star of David
The Star of David is a generally recognized symbol of both Jewish identity and Judaism.
Statute of Jewry
The Statute of Jewry was a statute issued by Henry III of England in 1253.
Strabo
StraboStrabo (meaning "squinty", as in strabismus) was a term employed by the Romans for anyone whose eyes were distorted or deformed.
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Supreme Court of Israel
The Supreme Court of Israel (Hebrew acronym Bagatz; al-Maḥkama al-‘Ulyā) is the highest court in Israel.
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Sura Academy
Sura Academy (ישיבת סורא) was a Jewish yeshiva located in Sura in what is now southern Iraq, a region known in Jewish texts as "Babylonia".
Synagogue
A synagogue, also called a shul or a temple, is a place of worship for Jews and Samaritans.
Syria
Syria, officially the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in West Asia located in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.
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Syria Palaestina
Syria Palaestina (Syría hē Palaistínē) was a Roman province in the Palestine region between the early 2nd and late 4th centuries AD.
Syrian Jews
Syrian Jews (יהודי סוריה Yehudey Surya, الْيَهُود السُّورِيُّون al-Yahūd as-Sūriyyūn, colloquially called SYs in the United States) are Jews who live in the region of the modern state of Syria, and their descendants born outside Syria. Jews and Syrian Jews are ethnic groups in the Middle East.
Tajik language
Tajik, or Tajiki Persian, also called Tajiki, is the variety of Persian spoken in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan by Tajiks.
Tajikistan
Tajikistan, officially the Republic of Tajikistan, is a landlocked country in Central Asia.
Talmud
The Talmud (תַּלְמוּד|Talmūḏ|teaching) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (halakha) and Jewish theology.
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Talmudic academies in Babylonia
The Talmudic academies in Babylonia, also known as the Geonic academies, were the center for Jewish scholarship and the development of Halakha from roughly 589 to 1038 CE (Hebrew dates: 4349 AM to 4798 AM) in what is called "Babylonia" in Jewish sources, at the time otherwise known as Asōristān (under the Sasanian Empire) or Iraq (under the Muslim caliphate until the 11th century).
See Jews and Talmudic academies in Babylonia
Tannaim
Tannaim (Amoraic Hebrew: תנאים "repeaters", "teachers", singular tanna תנא, borrowed from Aramaic) were the rabbinic sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah, from approximately 10–220 CE.
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Ten Lost Tribes
The Ten Lost Tribes were the ten of the Twelve Tribes of Israel that were said to have been exiled from the Kingdom of Israel after its conquest by the Neo-Assyrian Empire BCE.
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (AHD) is a dictionary of American English published by HarperCollins.
See Jews and The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
The Exodus
The Exodus (Hebrew: יציאת מצרים, Yəṣīʾat Mīṣrayīm) is the founding myth of the Israelites whose narrative is spread over four of the five books of the Pentateuch (specifically, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy).
The Holocaust
The Holocaust was the genocide of European Jews during World War II.
The Jewish Encyclopedia
The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day is an English-language encyclopedia containing over 15,000 articles on the history, culture, and state of Judaism up to the early 20th century.
See Jews and The Jewish Encyclopedia
The Jewish Mind
The Jewish Mind is a non-fiction cultural psychology book by cultural anthropologist Raphael Patai first published in 1977.
The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
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The Times of Israel
The Times of Israel is an Israeli multi-language online newspaper that was launched in 2012.
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Theodor Herzl
Theodor Herzl (2 May 1860 – 3 July 1904) was an Austro-Hungarian Jewish journalist, lawyer, writer, playwright and political activist who was the father of modern political Zionism.
Tiglath-Pileser III
Tiglath-Pileser III (𒆪𒋾𒀀𒂍𒈗𒊏|translit.
See Jews and Tiglath-Pileser III
Tom Garvin
Tom Christopher Garvin (born 1944) is an Irish political scientist and historian.
Tomás de Torquemada
Tomás de Torquemada (14 October 1420 – 16 September 1498), also anglicized as Thomas of Torquemada, was a Castilian Dominican friar and first Grand Inquisitor of the Tribunal of the Holy Office (otherwise known as the Spanish Inquisition).
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Torah
The Torah (תּוֹרָה, "Instruction", "Teaching" or "Law") is the compilation of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, namely the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.
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Torah study
Torah study is the study of the Torah, Hebrew Bible, Talmud, responsa, rabbinic literature, and similar works, all of which are Judaism's religious texts.
Transjordan (region)
Transjordan, the East Bank, or the Transjordanian Highlands (شرق الأردن), is the part of the Southern Levant east of the Jordan River, mostly contained in present-day Jordan.
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Tribe
The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group.
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Tribe of Benjamin
According to the Torah, the Tribe of Benjamin was one of the Twelve Tribes of Israel.
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Tribe of Judah
According to the Hebrew Bible, the tribe of Judah (Shevet Yehudah) was one of the twelve Tribes of Israel, named after Judah, the son of Jacob.
Tribe of Levi
According to the Bible, the Tribe of Levi is one of the tribes of Israel, traditionally descended from Levi, son of Jacob.
Tunis
Tunis (تونس) is the capital and largest city of Tunisia.
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Tunisia
Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa.
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Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe.
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Twelve Tribes of Israel
The Twelve Tribes of Israel (שִׁבְטֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל|translit. Jews and Twelve Tribes of Israel are Israelites.
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Ukraine
Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.
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United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.
United Nations geoscheme for Europe
The following is an alphabetical list of subregions in the United Nations geoscheme for Europe, created by the United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD).
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United States
The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.
University of Michigan Press
The University of Michigan Press is a new university press (NUP) that is a part of Michigan Publishing at the University of Michigan Library.
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Ur of the Chaldees
Ur Kasdim (ʾŪr Kaśdīm), commonly translated as Ur of the Chaldeans, is a city mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as the birthplace of Abraham, the patriarch of the Israelites and the Ishmaelites.
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Uruguay
Uruguay, officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay (República Oriental del Uruguay), is a country in South America.
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Uzbekistan
Uzbekistan, officially the Republic of Uzbekistan, is a doubly landlocked country located in Central Asia.
Vassal state
A vassal state is any state that has a mutual obligation to a superior state or empire, in a status similar to that of a vassal in the feudal system in medieval Europe.
Venezuela
Venezuela, officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in the Caribbean Sea.
Visigothic Kingdom
The Visigothic Kingdom, Visigothic Spain or Kingdom of the Goths (Regnum Gothorum) occupied what is now southwestern France and the Iberian Peninsula from the 5th to the 8th centuries.
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Washington metropolitan area
The Washington metropolitan area, also referred to as the D.C. area, Greater Washington, the National Capital Region, or locally as the DMV (short for District of Columbia, Maryland, and Virginia), is the metropolitan area centered around Washington, D.C., the federal capital of the United States.
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Welfare Party
The Welfare Party (Refah Partisi, RP) was an Islamist political party in Turkey.
Western culture
Western culture, also known as Western civilization, European civilization, Occidental culture, or Western society, includes the diverse heritages of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, belief systems, political systems, artifacts and technologies of the Western world.
Western Europe
Western Europe is the western region of Europe.
Who is a Jew?
"Who is a Jew?" (מיהו יהודי) is a basic question about Jewish identity and considerations of Jewish self-identification. Jews and Who is a Jew? are religious identity.
Wiley (publisher)
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley, is an American multinational publishing company that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials.
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William G. Dever
William Gwinn Dever (born November 27, 1933, Louisville, Kentucky) is an American archaeologist, scholar, historian, semiticist, and theologian.
World Jewish Congress
The World Jewish Congress (WJC) was founded in Geneva, Switzerland in August 1936 as an international federation of Jewish communities and organizations.
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World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
Y chromosome
The Y chromosome is one of two sex chromosomes in therian mammals and other organisms.
Yahweh
Yahweh was an ancient Levantine deity, and the national god of the Israelite kingdoms of Israel and Judah, later the god of Judaism and its other descendant Abrahamic religions.
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Yahwism
Yahwism, as it is called by modern scholars, was the religion of ancient Israel and Judah.
See Jews and Yahwism
Yehud Medinata
Yehud Medinata, also called Yehud Medinta or simply Yehud, was an autonomous administrative division of the Achaemenid Empire.
Yellow badge
The yellow badge, also known as the yellow patch, the Jewish badge, or the yellow star (Judenstern), was a special accessory that Jews were required to wear in certain non-Jewish societies throughout history.
Yemen
Yemen (al-Yaman), officially the Republic of Yemen, is a sovereign state in West Asia.
See Jews and Yemen
Yemenite Jews
Yemenite Jews, also known as Yemeni Jews or Teimanim (from; اليهود اليمنيون), are Jews who live, or once lived, in Yemen, and their descendants maintaining their customs. Jews and Yemenite Jews are ethnic groups in the Middle East.
Yerida
Yerida (ירידה yerida, "descent") is emigration by Jews from the State of Israel (or in religious texts, Land of Israel).
See Jews and Yerida
Yiddish
Yiddish (ייִדיש, יידיש or אידיש, yidish or idish,,; ייִדיש-טײַטש, historically also Yidish-Taytsh) is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews.
See Jews and Yiddish
Ynet
Ynet (stylized as ynet) is one of the major Israeli news and general-content websites, and is the online outlet for the Yedioth Ahronoth newspaper.
See Jews and Ynet
Zerubbabel
According to the biblical narrative, Zerubbabel was a governor of the Achaemenid Empire's province of Yehud and the grandson of Jeconiah, penultimate king of Judah.
Zionism
Zionism is an ethno-cultural nationalist movement that emerged in Europe in the late 19th century and aimed for the establishment of a Jewish state through the colonization of a land outside of Europe.
See Jews and Zionism
See also
Ancient peoples of the Near East
- Ahlamu
- Ammon
- Amorites
- Ancient Assyrians
- Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples
- Ancient peoples of Anatolia
- Arabs
- Arameans
- Armenians
- Banu Qurayza
- Bedouin
- Bit-Amukkani
- Canaanite people
- Christian community of Najran
- Ebla
- Edom
- Ephah
- Gambulu
- Genetic history of the Middle East
- Girgashites
- Gutian people
- Hebrews
- Horites
- Hyksos
- Ishmaelites
- Israelites
- Jews
- Kassites
- Kebaran culture
- Kurds
- Luwians
- Mandaeans
- Medes
- Midian
- Moab
- Mysians
- Nairi
- Persians
- Samaritans
- Shasu
- Shutu
- Solluba
- Suteans
- Turukkaeans
- Urumeans
- ʿApiru
Ethnoreligious groups
- Amish
- Chaldean Catholics
- Copts
- Doukhobors
- Druze
- Ethnoreligious group
- Hindus
- Huguenots
- Hutterites
- Israelites
- Jaegaseung
- Jewish ethnic groups
- Jews
- Kamenschik
- Lipovans
- Mandaeans
- Maronites
- Molokans
- Muslims (ethnic group)
- Nirankari
- Ohio Amish Country
- Old Colony Mennonites
- Old Order Mennonite
- Pomaks
- Religious Jews
- Russian Mennonites
- Semeiskie
- Sikhs
- Tamil Muslims
Israelites
- Ashishim
- Bana'im
- Essenes
- Gilead (tribal group)
- Hemerobaptists
- Israelite highland settlement
- Israelites
- Jews
- Magarites
- Matrites (family)
- Pharisees
- Sadducees
- Samaritans
- Twelve Tribes of Israel
- Uriah (Book of Kings)
- Uzzah
Jews and Judaism
- History of Judaism
- Jewish culture
- Jewish education
- Jewish history
- Jewish languages
- Jewish movements
- Jewish nationalism
- Jewish society
- Jews
- Judaic studies
- Judaism
- Land of Israel
Religious identity
- Canonesses of Saint-Augustin of the Notre-Dame Congregation
- Catholic (term)
- Christadelphians
- Christians
- Coptic identity
- Ethnoreligious groups
- Hindus
- I Married a Jew
- Jehovah's Witnesses
- Jewish identity
- Jews
- Jews of color
- Mormons
- Muslims
- Māori identity
- Nirankari
- Normative religion
- Parsis
- Person of faith
- Religious identity
- Samaritans
- Sangha
- Side B Christians
- Sikhs
- Sisters of the Precious Blood (Monza)
- Who is a Jew?
- Yazidi
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews
Also known as Jew, Jewes, Jewess, Jewesses, Jewish, Jewish People, Jewish Race, Jewish community, Jewish ethnicity, Jewish family, Jewish person, Jewish society, Jewry, Jews', Jews/infobox, Juden, Juifs, Juives, The Jewish Race, The Jewish people, The Jews, Yahood, Yehudim, יהודים.
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