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Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation

In February and March 2014, Russia invaded the Crimean Peninsula, part of Ukraine, and then annexed it.

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Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks (italic,; from большинство,, 'majority'), led by Vladimir Lenin, were a far-left faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the Second Party Congress in 1903.

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Borys Martos

Borys Mykolayovych Martos (Борис Миколайович Мартос; 20 May 1879 – 19 September 1977) was a Ukrainian politician, pedagogue, and economist who briefly served as Chairman of People's Ministers of the Ukrainian People's Republic from April to August 1919.

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Central Powers

The Central Powers, also known as the Central Empires,Mittelmächte; Központi hatalmak; İttıfâq Devletleri, Bağlaşma Devletleri; translit were one of the two main coalitions that fought in World War I (1914–1918).

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Central Rada

The Central Rada of Ukraine, also called the Central Council (translit), was the All-Ukrainian council that united deputies of soldiers, workers, and peasants deputies as well as few members of political, public, cultural and professional organizations of the Ukrainian People's Republic.

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Council of People's Commissars

The Council of People's Commissars (CPC) (Sovet narodnykh kommissarov (SNK)), commonly known as the Sovnarkom (Совнарком), were the highest executive authorities of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR), the Soviet Union (USSR), and the Soviet republics from 1917 to 1946.

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Donbas

The Donbas (Донба́с) or Donbass (Донба́сс) is a historical, cultural, and economic region in eastern Ukraine.

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Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic

The Donetsk–Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic or Donetsk–Kryvyi Rih Soviet Republic (translit) was a self-declared Soviet republic of the Russian SFSR proclaimed on 12 February 1918.

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February Revolution

The February Revolution (Февральская революция), known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution and sometimes as the March Revolution, was the first of two revolutions which took place in Russia in 1917.

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General Secretariat of Ukraine

The General Secretariat of Ukraine (translit) was the autonomous Ukrainian executive government of the Russian Republic from June 28, 1917, to January 22, 1918.

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Jews

The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.

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Kharkiv

Kharkiv (Харків), also known as Kharkov (Харькoв), is the second-largest city in Ukraine.

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Kharkov Governorate

Kharkov Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Russian Empire founded in 1835.

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Kherson Governorate

Kherson Governorate, known until 1803 as Nikolayev Governorate, was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Russian Empire, with its capital in Kherson.

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Kiev Governorate

Kiev Governorate was an administrative-territorial unit (guberniya) of the Russian Empire from 1796 to 1919 and the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from 1919 to 1925.

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Krasnodar

Krasnodar is the largest city and the administrative centre of Krasnodar Krai, Russia.

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Kyiv

Kyiv (also Kiev) is the capital and most populous city of Ukraine.

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Moscow

Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia.

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Mykola Mikhnovsky

Mykola Ivanovych Mikhnovsky (Мико́ла Іва́нович Міхно́вський; – 3 May 1924) was a Ukrainian independence activist, lawyer and journalist who was one of the early leaders of the Ukrainian nationalist movement in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

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National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU; Natsionalna akademiia nauk Ukrainy, NAN Ukraine) is a self-governing state-funded organization in Ukraine that is the main center of development of science and technology by coordinating a system of research institutes in the country.

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October Revolution

The October Revolution, also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution (in Soviet historiography), October coup,, britannica.com Bolshevik coup, or Bolshevik revolution, was a revolution in Russia led by the Bolshevik Party of Vladimir Lenin that was a key moment in the larger Russian Revolution of 1917–1923.

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Red Army

The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union.

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Right-bank Ukraine

Right-bank Ukraine is a historical and territorial name for a part of modern Ukraine on the right (west) bank of the Dnieper River, corresponding to the modern-day oblasts of Vinnytsia, Zhytomyr, Kirovohrad, as well as the western parts of Kyiv and Cherkasy.

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Romanization of Ukrainian

The romanization of Ukrainian, or Latinization of Ukrainian, is the representation of the Ukrainian language in Latin letters.

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Russian Civil War

The Russian Civil War was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the overthrowing of the social-democratic Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.

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Russian Provisional Government

The Russian Provisional Government was a provisional government of the Russian Empire and Russian Republic, announced two days before and established immediately after the abdication of Nicholas II, during the February Revolution.

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Russians

Russians (russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe.

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Saint Petersburg

Saint Petersburg, formerly known as Petrograd and later Leningrad, is the second-largest city in Russia after Moscow.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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The Ukrainian Week

The Ukrainian Week (translit) is an illustrated weekly magazine and news outlet covering politics, economics and the arts and aimed at the socially engaged Ukrainian-language reader.

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Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.

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Ukrainian language

Ukrainian (label) is an East Slavic language of the Indo-European language family spoken primarily in Ukraine.

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Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets

The Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets (translit; translit) was a short-lived (1917–1918) Soviet republic of the Russian SFSR that was created by the declaration of the Kharkiv All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets "About the self-determination of Ukraine" on in the Noble Assembly building in Kharkov.

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Ukrainian Socialist-Revolutionary Party (Украинская партия социалистов-революционеров Українська Партія Соціалістів-Революціонерів) was a political party in Ukraine and the Russian Republic founded in April 1917,.

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The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainska Radianska Sotsialistychna Respublika; Ukrainskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), abbreviated as the Ukrainian SSR, UkSSR, and also known as Soviet Ukraine or just Ukraine, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1991.

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Ukrainian State

The Ukrainian State (translit), sometimes also called the Second Hetmanate (translit), was an anti-Bolshevik government that existed on most of the modern territory of Ukraine (except for Western Ukraine) from 29 April to 14 December 1918.

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Ukrainians

Ukrainians (ukraintsi) are a civic nation and an ethnic group native to Ukraine.

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Ukrainska Pravda

Ukrainska Pravda (lit) is a Ukrainian online newspaper founded by Georgiy Gongadze on 16 April 2000 (the day of the Ukrainian constitutional referendum).

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University of Toronto Press

The University of Toronto Press is a Canadian university press.

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Vinnytsia

Vinnytsia (Вінниця) is a city in Central Ukraine, located on the banks of the Southern Bug.

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Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin, was a Russian revolutionary, politician and political theorist.

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White movement

The White movement (p), also known as the Whites (Бѣлые / Белые, Beliye), was a loose confederation of anti-communist forces that fought the communist Bolsheviks, also known as the Reds, in the Russian Civil War and that to a lesser extent continued operating as militarized associations of rebels both outside and within Russian borders in Siberia until roughly World War II (1939–1945).

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Yiddish

Yiddish (ייִדיש, יידיש or אידיש, yidish or idish,,; ייִדיש-טײַטש, historically also Yidish-Taytsh) is a West Germanic language historically spoken by Ashkenazi Jews.

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