Libya, the Glossary
- ️Thu May 31 2012
Libya, officially the State of Libya, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa.[1]
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530 relations: Aïr Mountains, Abbasid Caliphate, ABC News (United States), Abd Allah ibn Sa'd, Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh, Abdullah al-Theni, Achaeans (Homer), Achaemenid Empire, Africa, African Union, Afrika Korps, Afroasiatic languages, Aftermath of the Libyan civil war (2011), Aghlabid dynasty, Aguila Saleh Issa, Ahmed Karamanli, Al Wahat District, Alexander the Great, Algeria, Algeria–Libya border, Allied administration of Libya, Allies of World War II, Almohad Caliphate, Almond, Amr ibn al-As, Ancient Carthage, Ancient Greece, Anglicanism, Appellate court, Aquifer, Arab League, Arab migrations to the Maghreb, Arab nationalism, Arab Spring, Arab world, Arab–Israeli conflict, Arabic, Arabs, Arianism, Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Arrabbiata sauce, Asida, Associated Press, Association football, Awjila language, Axis powers, Ayyubid dynasty, Ba'athist Iraq, Ban Ki-moon, Banu Ghaniya, ... Expand index (480 more) »
- 1951 establishments in Africa
- 1951 establishments in Libya
- Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language
- Eastern Mediterranean
- Maghrebi countries
- Member states of OPEC
- Member states of the Arab League
- North African countries
- Saharan countries
- States and territories established in 1951
Aïr Mountains
The Aïr Mountains or Aïr Massif (Tamajăq: Ayǝr; Hausa: Eastern Azbin, Western Abzin) is a triangular massif, located in northern Niger, within the Sahara.
Abbasid Caliphate
The Abbasid Caliphate or Abbasid Empire (translit) was the third caliphate to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
See Libya and Abbasid Caliphate
ABC News (United States)
ABC News is the news division of the American television network ABC.
See Libya and ABC News (United States)
Abd Allah ibn Sa'd
Abd Allah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi al-Sarh (ʿAbd Allāh ibn Saʿd ibn Abī al-Sarḥ) was an Arab administrator, scribe, and military commander, who was an early convert to, then later apostate from Islam but reverted to Islam later on.
See Libya and Abd Allah ibn Sa'd
Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh
Abdul Hamid Muhammad Abdul Rahman al-Dbeibeh (عبدالحميد محمد عبدالرحمن الدبيبة, also transliterated as Dbeibah; born 13 February 1958) is a Libyan politician and businessman who is the prime minister of Libya under the Government of National Unity (GNU) in Tripoli.
See Libya and Abdul Hamid Dbeibeh
Abdullah al-Theni
Abdullah al-Theni (عبد الله الثني Libyan pronunciation) is a Libyan politician who became prime minister of the House of Representatives of Libya on 11 March 2014, when he took over in an interim capacity after the dismissal of Ali Zeidan.
See Libya and Abdullah al-Theni
Achaeans (Homer)
The Achaeans or Akhaians (Akhaioí, "the Achaeans" or "of Achaea") is one of the names in Homer which is used to refer to the Greeks collectively.
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Achaemenid Empire
The Achaemenid Empire or Achaemenian Empire, also known as the Persian Empire or First Persian Empire (𐎧𐏁𐏂), was an ancient Iranian empire founded by Cyrus the Great of the Achaemenid dynasty in 550 BC.
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Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia.
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African Union
The African Union (AU) is a continental union of 55 member states located on the continent of Africa.
Afrika Korps
The German Africa Corps (DAK), commonly known as Afrika Korps, was the German expeditionary force in Africa during the North African campaign of World War II.
Afroasiatic languages
The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic, sometimes Afrasian), also known as Hamito-Semitic or Semito-Hamitic, are a language family (or "phylum") of about 400 languages spoken predominantly in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahara and Sahel.
See Libya and Afroasiatic languages
Aftermath of the Libyan civil war (2011)
The aftermath of the 2011 Libyan civil war has been characterized by marked change in the social and political order of Libya after the overthrow and killing of Muammar Gaddafi in the civil war that was fought in Libya in 2011.
See Libya and Aftermath of the Libyan civil war (2011)
Aghlabid dynasty
The Aghlabid dynasty (الأغالبة) was an Arab dynasty centered in Ifriqiya from 800 to 909 that conquered parts of Sicily, Southern Italy, and possibly Sardinia, nominally as vassals of the Abbasid Caliphate.
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Aguila Saleh Issa
Aguila Saleh Issa Gueider (عقيلة صالح عيسى اقويدر; born January 11, 1944) is a Libyan jurist and politician who is the Speaker of the Libyan House of Representatives since 5 August 2014.
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Ahmed Karamanli
Ahmed or Ahmed Karamanli or Qaramanli or al-Qaramanli, (most commonly Ahmed Karamanli) (1686–1745) was of Janissary origin and a Member from the Karamanids.
Al Wahat District
Al Wahat or The Oases (الواحات, The Oases), occasionally spelt Al Wahad or Al Wahah (The Oasis) is one of the districts of Libya.
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Alexander the Great
Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.
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Algeria
Algeria, officially the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. It is bordered to the northeast by Tunisia; to the east by Libya; to the southeast by Niger; to the southwest by Mali, Mauritania, and Western Sahara; to the west by Morocco; and to the north by the Mediterranean Sea. Libya and Algeria are countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, Maghrebi countries, member states of OPEC, member states of the African Union, member states of the Arab League, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, member states of the United Nations, north African countries and Saharan countries.
Algeria–Libya border
The Algeria–Libya border is 989 km (615 mi) in length and runs from the tripoint with Tunisia in the north to the tripoint with Niger in the south.
See Libya and Algeria–Libya border
Allied administration of Libya
The Allied administration of Libya was the control of the ex-colony of Italian Libya by the Allies from 13 May 1943 until Libyan independence was granted in 1951.
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Allies of World War II
The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during World War II (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers.
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Almohad Caliphate
The Almohad Caliphate (خِلَافَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or دَوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِينَ or ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ from unity of God) or Almohad Empire was a North African Berber Muslim empire founded in the 12th century.
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Almond
The almond (Prunus amygdalus, syn. Prunus dulcis) is a species of tree from the genus Prunus.
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Amr ibn al-As
Amr ibn al-As ibn Wa'il al-Sahmi (translit; 664) was an Arab commander and companion of Muhammad who led the Muslim conquest of Egypt and served as its governor in 640–646 and 658–664. The son of a wealthy Qurayshite, Amr embraced Islam in and was assigned important roles in the nascent Muslim community by the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Ancient Carthage
Ancient Carthage (𐤒𐤓𐤕𐤟𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕) was an ancient Semitic civilisation based in North Africa.
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Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
Anglicanism
Anglicanism is a Western Christian tradition which developed from the practices, liturgy, and identity of the Church of England following the English Reformation, in the context of the Protestant Reformation in Europe.
Appellate court
An appellate court, commonly called a court of appeal(s), appeal court, court of second instance or second instance court, is any court of law that is empowered to hear an appeal of a trial court or other lower tribunal.
Aquifer
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing material, consisting of permeable or fractured rock, or of unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt).
Arab League
The Arab League (الجامعة العربية), formally the League of Arab States (جامعة الدول العربية), is a regional organization in the Arab world.
Arab migrations to the Maghreb
The Arab migrations to the Maghreb involved successive waves of migration and settlement by Arab people in the Maghreb region of North Africa (excluding Egypt), encompassing modern-day Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia.
See Libya and Arab migrations to the Maghreb
Arab nationalism
Arab nationalism (al-qawmīya al-ʿarabīya) is a political ideology asserting that Arabs constitute a single nation.
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Arab Spring
The Arab Spring (ar-rabīʻ al-ʻarabī) or the First Arab Spring (to distinguish from the Second Arab Spring) was a series of anti-government protests, uprisings and armed rebellions that spread across much of the Arab world in the early 2010s.
Arab world
The Arab world (اَلْعَالَمُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), formally the Arab homeland (اَلْوَطَنُ الْعَرَبِيُّ), also known as the Arab nation (اَلْأُمَّةُ الْعَرَبِيَّةُ), the Arabsphere, or the Arab states, comprises a large group of countries, mainly located in Western Asia and Northern Africa.
Arab–Israeli conflict
The Arab–Israeli conflict is the phenomenon involving political tension, military conflicts, and other disputes between various Arab countries and Israel, which escalated during the 20th century.
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Arabic
Arabic (اَلْعَرَبِيَّةُ, or عَرَبِيّ, or) is a Central Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family spoken primarily in the Arab world.
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Arabs
The Arabs (عَرَب, DIN 31635:, Arabic pronunciation), also known as the Arab people (الشَّعْبَ الْعَرَبِيّ), are an ethnic group mainly inhabiting the Arab world in West Asia and North Africa.
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Arianism
Arianism (Ἀρειανισμός) is a Christological doctrine considered heretical by all modern mainstream branches of Christianity.
Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
The Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya consisted of the Libyan Army, Libyan Air Force and the Libyan Navy and other services including the People's Militia.
See Libya and Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
Arrabbiata sauce
Arrabbiata sauce, known in Italian as sugo all'arrabbiata (arabbiata in Romanesco dialect), is a spicy sauce for pasta made from garlic, tomatoes, and dried red chili peppers cooked in olive oil.
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Asida
Asida (Arabic "عصيدة", Maghrebi "Ġsydë" ˈʕæs(ˁ)iːdə) is a common dish in the Arab world.
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Associated Press
The Associated Press (AP) is an American not-for-profit news agency headquartered in New York City.
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each, who primarily use their feet to propel a ball around a rectangular field called a pitch.
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Awjila language
Awjila (also Aujila, Augila, Aoudjila, Awgila, Awdjila; own name: Jlan n Awilen; in other Berber varieties Tawjilit) is a severely endangered (considered "moribund" by Ethnologue) Eastern Berber language spoken in Cyrenaica, Libya, in the Awjila oasis.
Axis powers
The Axis powers, originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis and also Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies.
Ayyubid dynasty
The Ayyubid dynasty (الأيوبيون; Eyûbiyan), also known as the Ayyubid Sultanate, was the founding dynasty of the medieval Sultanate of Egypt established by Saladin in 1171, following his abolition of the Fatimid Caliphate of Egypt.
Ba'athist Iraq
Ba'athist Iraq, officially the Iraqi Republic (1968–1992) and later the Republic of Iraq (1992–2003), was the Iraqi state between 1968 and 2003 under the rule of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party.
Ban Ki-moon
Ban Ki-moon (born 13 June 1944) is a South Korean politician and diplomat who served as the eighth secretary-general of the United Nations between 2007 and 2016.
Banu Ghaniya
The Banu Ghaniya were a Massufa Sanhaja Berber dynasty and a branch of the Almoravids.
Banu Hilal
The Banu Hilal (translit) was a confederation of Arab tribes from the Najd region of the central Arabian Peninsula that emigrated to the Maghreb region of North Africa in the 11th century.
Banu Khazrun
The Banu Khazrun were a family of the Maghrawa that ruled Tripoli from 1001 to 1146.
Banu Sulaym
The Banu Sulaym (بنو سليم) is an Arab tribe that dominated part of the Hejaz in the pre-Islamic era.
Barbary slave trade
The Barbary slave trade involved the capture and selling of European slaves at African slave markets in the largely independent Ottoman Barbary states.
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Barbary Wars
The Barbary Wars were a series of two wars fought by the United States, Sweden, and the Kingdom of Sicily against the Barbary states (including Tunis, Algiers, and Tripoli) and Morocco of North Africa in the early 19th century.
Barca (ancient city)
Barca (Latin), also known as Barke (Βάρκη, Bárkē), Barka, Barqa, Barqah (برقة), and Barce (Latin & Italian) was an ancient, medieval, and early modern city located at the site of Marj in northeastern Libya.
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Bardo National Museum attack
On 18 March 2015, two militants attacked the Bardo National Museum in the Tunisian capital city of Tunis, and took hostages.
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Battle of Sirte (2011)
The Battle of Sirte was the final and most decisive battle of the First Libyan Civil War, beginning when the National Liberation Army attacked the last remnants of the Libyan army still loyal to Muammar Gaddafi in his hometown and designated capital of Sirte, on the Gulf of Sidra.
See Libya and Battle of Sirte (2011)
Bazin (bread)
Bazin (البازين, pronounced, is an unleavened bread in the cuisine of Libya prepared with barley, water and salt. Bazin is prepared by boiling barley flour in water and then beating it to create a dough using a magraf, which is a unique stick designed for this purpose. The dough may then be placed in a pan and allowed time to harden, after which it is baked or steamed.
BBC
The British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) is a British public service broadcaster headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, England.
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BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.
Bedouin
The Bedouin, Beduin, or Bedu (singular) are pastorally nomadic Arab tribes who have historically inhabited the desert regions in the Arabian Peninsula, North Africa, the Levant, and Mesopotamia (Iraq).
Benghazi
Benghazi (lit. Son of Ghazi) is the second-most-populous city in Libya as well as the largest city in Cyrenaica, with an estimated population of 1,207,250 in 2020.
Berber languages
The Berber languages, also known as the Amazigh languages or Tamazight, are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family.
See Libya and Berber languages
Berber music
Berber music refers to the musical traditions of the Berbers, a diverse grouping of distinct ethnic groups indigenous to North Africa who predate the arrival of Arabs in the Arab migration to the Maghreb.
Berbers
Berbers, or the Berber peoples, also called by their endonym Amazigh or Imazighen, are a diverse grouping of distinct ethnic groups indigenous to North Africa who predate the arrival of Arabs in the Arab migrations to the Maghreb.
Bernardino León
Bernardino León Gross (born in Málaga, 20 October 1964) is a Spanish diplomat and politician and former United Nations Special Representative and Head of the United Nations Support Mission in Libya.
Bey
Bey, also spelled as Baig, Bayg, Beigh, Beig, Bek, Baeg or Beg, is a Turkic title for a chieftain, and an honorific title traditionally applied to people with special lineages to the leaders or rulers of variously sized areas in the numerous Turkic kingdoms, emirates, sultanates and empires in Central Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East, such as the Ottomans, Timurids or the various khanates and emirates in Central Asia and the Eurasian Steppe.
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Brega
Brega, also known as Mersa Brega or Marsa al-Brega (مرسى البريقة, i.e. "Brega Seaport"), is a complex of several smaller towns, industry installations and education establishments situated in Libya on the Gulf of Sidra, the most southerly point of the Mediterranean Sea.
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British Military Administration (Libya)
The British Military Administration of Libya was the control of the regions of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania of the former Italian Libya by the British from 1943 until Libyan independence in 1951.
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Bronze Age
The Bronze Age was a historical period lasting from approximately 3300 to 1200 BC.
Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution
The Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (الأخ القائد ومرشد الثورة الجماهرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الإشتراكية العظمى) was a title held by former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, who claimed to be merely a symbolic figurehead of the country's official governance structure.
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Bsisa
Bsisa (Berber aḍemmin) is a typical Mediterranean food, based on flour of roasted barley which dates back to Roman times.
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Buluggin ibn Ziri
Buluggin ibn Ziri, often transliterated Bologhine, in full ʾAbū al Futūḥ Sayf ad Dawlah Bulukīn ibn Zīrī ibn Manād aṣ Ṣanhājī (أبو الفتوح سيف الدولة بلكين بن زيري بن مناد الصنهاجي; died 984) was the first leader of the Sanhaja Berber dynasty of Zirids to serve as viceroy of Ifriqiya under the Fatimid Caliphs, founding a dynasty that continued to rule the region after him.
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Butnan District
Butnan (البطنان) sometimes called Tubruq District or Tobruk District from the former name, occasionally Marmarica, is an administrative district (shabiyah) in eastern Libya.
CAIG Wing Loong II
The Chengdu GJ-2, also known as Wing Loong 2, is an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) capable of remotely controlled or autonomous flight developed by the Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group in the People's Republic of China.
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Cairo
Cairo (al-Qāhirah) is the capital of Egypt and the Cairo Governorate, and is the country's largest city, being home to more than 10 million people.
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Cairo–Dakar Highway
The Cairo–Dakar Highway or TAH 1 is Trans-African Highway 1 in the transcontinental road network being developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), the African Development Bank (ADB), and the African Union.
See Libya and Cairo–Dakar Highway
Cambyses II
Cambyses II (translit) was the second King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire from 530 to 522 BC.
Capsian culture
The Capsian culture was a late Mesolithic and Neolithic culture centered in the Maghreb that lasted from about 8,000 to 2,700 BC.
Carthage
Carthage was an ancient city in Northern Africa, on the eastern side of the Lake of Tunis in what is now Tunisia.
Cassius Dio
Lucius Cassius Dio, also known as Dio Cassius (Δίων Κάσσιος), was a Roman historian and senator of maternal Greek origin.
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
Ceasefire
A ceasefire (also known as a truce or armistice), also spelled cease fire (the antonym of 'open fire'), is a stoppage of a war in which each side agrees with the other to suspend aggressive actions, often due to mediation by a third party.
Central African Empire
The Central African Empire (Empire centrafricain) was established on 4 December 1976 when the then-President of the Central African Republic, Jean-Bédel Bokassa, declared himself Emperor of Central Africa.
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Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.
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Chad
Chad, officially the Republic of Chad, is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of North and Central Africa. Libya and Chad are countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, member states of the African Union, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, member states of the United Nations and Saharan countries.
See Libya and Chad
Chad–Libya border
The Chad–Libya border is 1,050 km (652 mi) in length and runs from the tripoint with Niger in the west, to the tripoint with Sudan in the east.
See Libya and Chad–Libya border
Chadian–Libyan War
The Chadian–Libyan War was a series of military campaigns in Chad between 1978 and 1987, fought between Libyan and allied Chadian forces against Chadian groups supported by France, with the occasional involvement of other foreign countries and factions.
See Libya and Chadian–Libyan War
Charles Taylor (Liberian politician)
Charles McArthur Ghankay Taylor (born 28 January 1948) is a Liberian former politician and convicted war criminal who served as the 22nd president of Liberia from 2 August 1997 until his resignation on 11 August 2003 as a result of the Second Liberian Civil War and growing international pressure.
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Chorba
Chorba or shorba (from Ottoman Turkish چوربا or Persian شوربا) is a broad class of stews or rich soups found in national cuisines across the Middle East, Maghreb, Iran, Turkey, Southeast Europe, Central Asia, East Africa and South Asia.
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Christian mission
A Christian mission is an organized effort to carry on evangelism or other activities, such as educational or hospital work, in the name of the Christian faith.
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Christianity in Libya
Christianity is a minority religion in Libya.
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City of London Police
The City of London Police is the territorial police force responsible for law enforcement within the City of London, England, including the Middle and Inner Temples.
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Clan
A clan is a group of people united by actual or perceived kinship and descent.
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Classical Greece
Classical Greece was a period of around 200 years (the 5th and 4th centuries BC) in Ancient Greece,The "Classical Age" is "the modern designation of the period from about 500 B.C. to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C." (Thomas R. Martin, Ancient Greece, Yale University Press, 1996, p.
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Claudius
Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (1 August – 13 October) was a Roman emperor, ruling from to 54.
Columbia University Press
Columbia University Press is a university press based in New York City, and affiliated with Columbia University.
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Committee to Protect Journalists
The Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) is an American independent non-profit, non-governmental organization, based in New York City, with correspondents around the world.
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Condominium (international law)
A condominium (plural either condominia, as in Latin, or condominiums) in international law is a political territory (state or border area) in or over which multiple sovereign powers formally agree to share equal dominium (in the sense of sovereignty) and exercise their rights jointly, without dividing it into "national" zones.
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Constantinople
Constantinople (see other names) became the capital of the Roman Empire during the reign of Constantine the Great in 330.
Coptic Orthodox Church
The Coptic Orthodox Church (lit), also known as the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria, is an Oriental Orthodox Christian church based in Egypt.
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Copts
Copts (niremənkhēmi; al-qibṭ) are a Christian ethnoreligious group indigenous to North Africa who have primarily inhabited the area of modern Egypt since antiquity.
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Copts in Egypt
Copts in Egypt refers to Coptic Christians born in or residing in Egypt.
Coup d'état
A coup d'état, or simply a coup, is typically an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization or other government elites to unseat an incumbent leadership.
Couscous
Couscous is a traditional North African dish of small steamed granules of rolled semolina that is often served with a stew spooned on top.
Crete and Cyrenaica
Crete and Cyrenaica (Creta et Cyrenaica, Krḗtē kaì Kyrēnaïkḗ) was a senatorial province of the Roman Republic and later the Roman Empire, established in 67 BC, which included the island of Crete and the region of Cyrenaica in modern-day Libya.
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Cyrenaica
Cyrenaica or Kyrenaika (Barqah, Kurēnaïkḗ, after the city of Cyrene), is the eastern region of Libya.
Cyrenaics
The Cyrenaics or Kyrenaics (Kyrēnaïkoí), were a sensual hedonist Greek school of philosophy founded in the 4th century BCE, supposedly by Aristippus of Cyrene, although many of the principles of the school are believed to have been formalized by his grandson of the same name, Aristippus the Younger.
Cyrene, Libya
Cyrene, also sometimes anglicized as Kyrene, was an ancient Greek colony and Roman city near present-day Shahhat in northeastern Libya in North Africa.
Date honey
Date honey, date syrup, date molasses, Debes (دِبس), or rub (رُب,; דְּבַש תמרים dvash tmarim or סילאן, silan; شیره خرما) is a thick dark brown, very sweet fruit syrup extracted from dates.
Date palm
Phoenix dactylifera, commonly known as the date palm, is a flowering-plant species in the palm family, Arecaceae, cultivated for its edible sweet fruit called dates.
Demographics of Libya
Demographics of Libya is the demography of Libya, specifically covering population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, and religious affiliations, as well as other aspects of the Libyan population.
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Derg
The Derg (or Dergue), officially the Provisional Military Administrative Council (PMAC), was the Marxist–Leninist military dictatorship that ruled Ethiopia, then including present-day Eritrea, from 1974 to 1987, when the military leadership or junta formally "civilianized" the administration but stayed in power until 1991.
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Derna dam collapses
The Derna dam collapses were the catastrophic failures of two dams in Derna, Libya, on the night of 10–11 September 2023, in the aftermath of Storm Daniel.
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Derna District
Derna (درنة Darnah) is one of the districts of Libya.
Derna, Libya
Derna (درنة) is a port city in eastern Libya.
Dey
Dey (داي), from the Turkish honorific title dayı, literally meaning uncle, was the title given to the rulers of the Regency of Algiers (Algeria), Tripoli,Bertarelli (1929), p. 203.
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Dictator
A dictator is a political leader who possesses absolute power.
Direct democracy
Direct democracy or pure democracy is a form of democracy in which the electorate decides on policy initiatives without elected representatives as proxies.
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Districts of Libya
In Libya there are currently 106 districts, second level administrative subdivisions known in Arabic as ''baladiyat'' (singular baladiyah).
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Donatism
Donatism was a Christian sect leading to a schism in the Church, in the region of the Church of Carthage, from the fourth to the sixth centuries.
Dragut
Dragut (Turgut Reis; 1485 – 23 June 1565) was an Ottoman corsair, naval commander, governor, and noble.
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Dust storm
A dust storm, also called a sandstorm, is a meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi-arid regions.
Early Christianity
Early Christianity, otherwise called the Early Church or Paleo-Christianity, describes the historical era of the Christian religion up to the First Council of Nicaea in 325.
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Eastern European Time
Eastern European Time (EET) is one of the names of UTC+02:00 time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time.
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Egypt
Egypt (مصر), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and the Sinai Peninsula in the southwest corner of Asia. Libya and Egypt are countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, eastern Mediterranean, member states of the African Union, member states of the Arab League, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, member states of the United Nations, north African countries and Saharan countries.
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Egypt–Libya border
The Egypt–Libya border (الحدود المصرية الليبية) is 1,115 km (693 mi) in length and runs from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the tripoint with Sudan in the south.
See Libya and Egypt–Libya border
Egyptian–Libyan War
The Egyptian–Libyan War, also known as the Four Day War (ḥarb al-ārbaʿ ʾayyām), was a short border war fought between Libya and Egypt that lasted from 21 to 24 July 1977.
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Egyptians
Egyptians (translit,; translit,; remenkhēmi) are an ethnic group native to the Nile Valley in Egypt.
El Sharara oil field
The El Sharara oil field is an oil field located in Murzuq Desert in Libya.
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English language
English is a West Germanic language in the Indo-European language family, whose speakers, called Anglophones, originated in early medieval England on the island of Great Britain.
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Eni
Eni S.p.A., acronym for and formerly legally known as Ente nazionale idrocarburi (National Hydrocarbons Board), is an Italian multinational energy company headquartered in Rome.
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Episcopal/Anglican Province of Alexandria
The Episcopal/Anglican Province of Alexandria is a province of the Anglican Communion.
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European Neighbourhood Policy
The European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) is a foreign relations instrument of the European Union (EU) which seeks to tie those countries to the east and south of the European territory of the EU to the Union.
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European Parliament Committee on Foreign Affairs
The Committee on Foreign Affairs (AFET, after the French name ‘Affaires étrangères’), previously called Political Affairs, is a committee of the European Parliament.
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ExxonMobil
ExxonMobil Corporation (commonly shortened to Exxon) is an American multinational oil and gas corporation and the largest direct descendant of John D. Rockefeller's Standard Oil.
ʽAziziya
Aziziya (العزيزية / /), sometimes spelled El Azizia, is a small town and capital of the Jafara district in northwestern Libya, southwest of the capital Tripoli.
Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)
Following the end of the First Libyan Civil War, which overthrew Muammar Gaddafi, there was violence involving various militias and the new state security forces.
See Libya and Factional violence in Libya (2011–2014)
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
The fall of the Western Roman Empire, also called the fall of the Roman Empire or the fall of Rome, was the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire, a process in which the Empire failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided between several successor polities.
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Fathi Bashagha
Fathi Ali Abdul Salam Bashagha (فتحي علي عبد السلامباشآغا; born 20 August 1962), known simply as "Fathi Bashagha" or occasionally Fathi Ali Pasha, is a Libyan politician and the former interim prime minister of Government of National Stability.
Fatimid Caliphate
The Fatimid Caliphate or Fatimid Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Fāṭimiyya) was a caliphate extant from the tenth to the twelfth centuries CE under the rule of the Fatimids, an Isma'ili Shia dynasty.
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Fayez al-Sarraj
Fayez Mustafa al-Sarraj (فائز السراج or فايز السراج; born 20 February 1960) is a Libyan politician who served as the Chairman of the Presidential Council of Libya and Head of Government of the Government of National Accord from 2016 to 2021, which was formed on 17 December 2015 under the Libyan Political Agreement.
February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya
The February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya against Islamic State positions in Libya took place on 16 February 2015, and were triggered by a video released by ISIL in Libya a day earlier, depicting the beheading of 21 Coptic Christians from Egypt.
See Libya and February 2015 Egyptian airstrikes in Libya
Fezzan
Fezzan (Fezzan; فَزَّان|Fazzān; Phazania) is the southwestern region of modern Libya.
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Fezzan-Ghadames Military Territory
The Fezzan-Ghadames Military Territory was a territory in the southern part of Italian Libya which was occupied and administered by Free France from 1943 until Libya gained independence in 1951.
See Libya and Fezzan-Ghadames Military Territory
Field marshal
Field marshal (or field-marshal, abbreviated as FM) is the second most senior military rank, ordinarily senior to the general officer ranks, but junior to the rank of Generalissimo.
First Barbary War
The First Barbary War (1801–1805), also known as the Tripolitan War and the Barbary Coast War, was a conflict during the Barbary Wars, in which the United States and Sweden fought against Tripolitania.
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Folklore
Folklore is the body of expressive culture shared by a particular group of people, culture or subculture.
Fossil water
Fossil water, fossil groundwater, or paleowater is an ancient body of water that has been contained in some undisturbed space, typically groundwater in an aquifer, for millennia.
France 24
France 24 (vingt-quatre in French) is a French publicly-funded international news television network based in Paris.
Freedom House
Freedom House is a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C. It is best known for political advocacy surrounding issues of democracy, political freedom, and human rights.
French Fifth Republic
The Fifth Republic (Cinquième République) is France's current republican system of government.
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Gabal El Uweinat
Mount Uwaynat or Gabal El Uweinat (جبل العوينات, Arabic for 'Mountain of the springs') is a mountain range in the area of the Egyptian-Libyan-Sudanese tripoint.
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Garamantes
The Garamantes (translit; Garamantes) were ancient peoples, who may have descended from Berber tribes, Toubou tribes, and Saharan pastoralists that settled in the Fezzan region by at least 1000 BC and established a civilization that flourished until its end in the late 7th century AD.
General National Congress
The General National Congress or General National Council (GNC; المؤتمر الوطني العام) was the legislative authority of Libya for two years following the end of the First Libyan Civil War.
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General People's Committee
The General People's Committee (اللجنة الشعبية العامة, al-lajna ash-sha'biyya al-'āmma), often abbreviated as the GPCO, was the executive branch of the government of Libya, during the existence of Muammar Gaddafi's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
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Germa
Germa (جرمة), known in ancient times as Garama, is an archaeological site in Libya.
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Ghadames
Ghadames or Ghadamis (Ghadamsi: ⵄⴰⴷⴻⵎⴻⵙ / Ɛadēməs, غدامس) is an oasis town in the Nalut District of the Tripolitania region in northwestern Libya.
The Ghana national football team represents Ghana in men's international football.
See Libya and Ghana national football team
Gharyan
Gharyan is a city in northwestern Libya, in Jabal al Gharbi District, located 80 km south of Tripoli.
Ghat District
Ghat (Berber: Ɣat; غات) is one of the districts of Libya.
Ghat, Libya
Ghat (غات) is the capital of the Ghat District in the Fezzan region of southwestern Libya, located just east of the Algerian border.
Goukouni Oueddei
Goukouni Oueddei (كوكوني عويدي; born 1944) is a Chadian politician who served as President of Chad from 1979 to 1982.
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Government of National Accord
The Government of National Accord (GNA; حكومة الوفاق الوطني) was an interim government for Libya that was formed under the terms of the Libyan Political Agreement, a United Nations–led initiative, signed on 17 December 2015.
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Government of National Unity (Libya)
The Government of National Unity (حكومة الوحدة الوطنية, Hukumat al Wahda al Watania) is a provisional government for Libya formed on 10 March 2021 to unify the rival Government of National Accord based in Tripoli and the Second Al-Thani Cabinet, based in Tobruk.
See Libya and Government of National Unity (Libya)
Gozo
Gozo (Għawdex), in antiquity known as Gaulos (𐤂𐤅𐤋|; Gaúlos), is an island in the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea.
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Granite
Granite is a coarse-grained (phaneritic) intrusive igneous rock composed mostly of quartz, alkali feldspar, and plagioclase.
Great Karnak Inscription
The Great Karnak Inscription is an ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic inscription belonging to the 19th Dynasty Pharaoh Merneptah.
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Great Man-Made River
The Great Man-Made River (GMMR, an-nahr aṣ-ṣināʿiyy al-ʿaẓīm) is a network of pipes that supplies fresh water obtained from the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System fossil aquifer across Libya.
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Greece
Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. Libya and Greece are member states of the United Nations.
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Green development
Green development is a real estate development concept that considers social and environmental impacts of development.
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Greenwood Publishing Group
Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. (GPG), also known as ABC-Clio/Greenwood (stylized ABC-CLIO/Greenwood), is an educational and academic publisher (middle school through university level) which is today part of ABC-Clio.
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Gross domestic product
Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced and rendered in a specific time period by a country or countries.
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Gypsum
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula.
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Habsburg Spain
Habsburg Spain refers to Spain and the Hispanic Monarchy, also known as the Catholic Monarchy, in the period from 1516 to 1700 when it was ruled by kings from the House of Habsburg.
Hafsid dynasty
The Hafsids (الحفصيون al-Ḥafṣiyūn) were a Sunni Muslim dynasty of Berber descentC. Magbaily Fyle, Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa, (University Press of America, 1999), 84. who ruled Ifriqiya (modern day Tunisia, western Libya, and eastern Algeria) from 1229 to 1574.
Harissa
Harissa (harīsa, from Maghrebi Arabic) is a hot chili pepper paste, native to the Maghreb.
Harun al-Rashid
Abu Ja'far Harun ibn Muhammad al-Mahdi (Abū Ja'far Hārūn ibn Muḥammad al-Mahdī), or simply Harun ibn al-Mahdi (or 766 – 24 March 809), famously known as Harun al-Rashid (Hārūn ar-Rashīd), was the fifth Abbasid caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate, reigning from September 786 until his death in March 809.
Hegemony
Hegemony is the political, economic, and military predominance of one state over other states, either regional or global.
High Council of State (Libya)
The High Council of State (المجلس الأعلى للدولة, al majlis al'aelaa lildawla) is an advisory body for Libya formed under the terms of the Libyan Political Agreement which was signed on 17 December 2015.
See Libya and High Council of State (Libya)
Highland
Highlands or uplands are areas of high elevation such as a mountainous region, elevated mountainous plateau or high hills.
History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi
Muammar Gaddafi became the de facto leader of Libya on 1 September 1969 after leading a group of young Libyan Army officers against King Idris I in a bloodless coup d'état.
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History of the Italian Republic
The history of the Italian Republic concerns the events relating to the history of Italy that have occurred since 1946, when Italy became a republic after the 1946 Italian institutional referendum.
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History of the Jews in Libya
The history of the Jews in Libya stretches back to the 3rd century BCE, when Cyrenaica was under Greek rule.
See Libya and History of the Jews in Libya
Houari Boumédiène
Houari Boumédiène (translit; born Mohammed ben Brahim Boukherouba; 23 August 1932 – 27 December 1978) was an Algerian military officer and politician who served as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of Algeria from 19 June 1965 until 12 December 1976 and thereafter as the second president of Algeria until his death in 1978.
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House of Representatives (Libya)
The Libyan House of Representatives (HoR; translation) is the legislature of Libya resulting from the 2014 Libyan parliamentary election, which had an 18% turnout.
See Libya and House of Representatives (Libya)
Human Development Index
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical composite index of life expectancy, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the education system), and per capita income indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.
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Human Rights Watch
Human Rights Watch (HRW) is an international non-governmental organization headquartered in New York City that conducts research and advocacy on human rights.
See Libya and Human Rights Watch
Ibadi Islam
The Ibadi movement or Ibadism (al-ʾIbāḍiyya) is a branch inside Islam, which many believe is descended from the Kharijites.
Iberomaurusian
The Iberomaurusian is a backed bladelet lithic industry found near the coasts of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.
Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab
Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab (إبراهيمابن الأغلب; 756–812) was the first Emir of the Ifriqiya from Aghlabid family (800–812).
See Libya and Ibrahim I ibn al-Aghlab
Ice age
An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.
Idi Amin
Idi Amin Dada Oumee (30 May 192816 August 2003) was a Ugandan military officer and politician who served as the third president of Uganda from 1971 to 1979.
Idris of Libya
Muhammad Idris bin Muhammad al-Mahdi as-Senussi (Idrīs; 13 March 1890 – 25 May 1983) was a Libyan political and religious leader who was King of Libya from 24 December 1951 until his ouster in the 1 September 1969 coup d'état.
Ifriqiya
Ifriqiya, also known as al-Maghrib al-Adna (المغرب الأدنى), was a medieval historical region comprising today's Tunisia and eastern Algeria, and Tripolitania (roughly western Libya).
Ikhshidid dynasty
The Ikhshidid dynasty was a dynasty of Turkic mamluk origin, who ruled Egypt and the Levant from 935 to 969.
See Libya and Ikhshidid dynasty
Ilan Pappé
Ilan Pappé (אילן פפה; born 7 November 1954) is an Israeli historian, political scientist, and former politician.
Immigration to Europe
Immigration to Europe has a long history, but increased substantially after World War II.
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Index of Libya-related articles
This page list topics related to Libya.
See Libya and Index of Libya-related articles
International Christian Concern
International Christian Concern (ICC) is an ecumenical, non-governmental, non-partisan Christian organization, located in Washington, DC, whose concern is the human rights of Christians and religious minorities.
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International Labour Organization
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency whose mandate is to advance social and economic justice by setting international labour standards.
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International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution funded by 190 member countries, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It is regarded as the global lender of last resort to national governments, and a leading supporter of exchange-rate stability.
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International Organization for Migration
The International Organization for Migration (IOM) is a United Nations related organization working in the field of migration.
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International Religious Freedom Act of 1998
The International Religious Freedom Act of 1998 (Public Law 105–292, as amended by Public Law 106–55, Public Law 106–113, Public Law 107–228, Public Law 108–332, and Public Law 108–458) was passed to promote religious freedom as a foreign policy of the United States, to promote greater religious freedom in countries which engage in or tolerate violations of religious freedom, and to advocate on the behalf of individuals persecuted for their religious beliefs and activities in foreign countries.
See Libya and International Religious Freedom Act of 1998
International sanctions
International sanctions are political and economic decisions that are part of diplomatic efforts by countries, multilateral or regional organizations against states or organizations either to protect national security interests, or to protect international law, and defend against threats to international peace and security.
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Iraq War
The Iraq War, sometimes called the Second Persian Gulf War, or Second Gulf War was a protracted armed conflict in Iraq from 2003 to 2011. It began with the invasion of Iraq by the United States-led coalition that overthrew the Ba'athist government of Saddam Hussein. The conflict continued for much of the next decade as an insurgency emerged to oppose the coalition forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government.
Irrigation
Irrigation (also referred to as watering of plants) is the practice of applying controlled amounts of water to land to help grow crops, landscape plants, and lawns.
Islam
Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.
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Islam in Libya
Islam is the dominant religion in Libya, with 97% of Libyans following Sunni Islam.
Islamic State
The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) and by its Arabic acronym Daesh, is a transnational Salafi jihadist group and an unrecognised quasi-state.
Islamism
Islamism (also often called political Islam) refers to a broad set of religious and political ideological movements.
ISO 3166-1
ISO 3166-1 (Codes for the representation of names of countries and their subdivisions – Part 1: Country codes) is a standard defining codes for the names of countries, dependent territories, and special areas of geographical interest.
Istanbul
Istanbul is the largest city in Turkey, straddling the Bosporus Strait, the boundary between Europe and Asia.
Italian concentration camps in Libya
During the Italian colonization of Libya, the Kingdom of Italy operated several concentration camps.
See Libya and Italian concentration camps in Libya
Italian cuisine
Italian cuisine is a Mediterranean cuisineDavid 1988, Introduction, pp.101–103 consisting of the ingredients, recipes, and cooking techniques developed in Italy since Roman times and later spread around the world together with waves of Italian diaspora.
Italian Cyrenaica
Italian Cyrenaica was an Italian colony, located in present-day eastern Libya, that existed from 1911 to 1934.
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Italian language
Italian (italiano,, or lingua italiana) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire.
See Libya and Italian language
Italian Libya
Libya (Libia; Lībyā al-Īṭālīya) was a colony of Fascist Italy located in North Africa, in what is now modern Libya, between 1934 and 1943.
Italian settlers in Libya
Italian Libyans (Italo-libici) are Libyan-born citizens who are fully or partially of Italian descent, whose ancestors were Italians who emigrated to Libya during the Italian diaspora, or Italian-born people in Libya.
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Italian Tripolitania
Italian Tripolitania was an Italian colony, located in present-day western Libya, that existed from 1911 to 1934.
See Libya and Italian Tripolitania
Italo-Normans
The Italo-Normans (Italo-Normanni), or Siculo-Normans (Siculo-Normanni) when referring to Sicily and Southern Italy, are the Italian-born descendants of the first Norman conquerors to travel to Southern Italy in the first half of the eleventh century.
Italo-Turkish War
The Italo-Turkish or Turco-Italian War (Trablusgarp Savaşı, "Tripolitanian War", Guerra di Libia, "War of Libya") was fought between the Kingdom of Italy and the Ottoman Empire from 29 September 1911, to 18 October 1912.
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Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe. Libya and Italy are member states of the United Nations.
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J. Christopher Stevens
John Christopher Stevens (April 18, 1960 – September 11, 2012) was an American career diplomat and lawyer who served as the U.S. Ambassador to Libya from May 22, 2012, to September 11, 2012.
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Jabal al Akhdar
Jabal al Akhdar or The Green Mountain is one of the districts of Libya.
Jabal al Gharbi District
Jabal al Gharbi (الجبل الغربي Al Ǧabal al Gharbi, The Western Mountain) is one of the districts of Libya.
See Libya and Jabal al Gharbi District
Jadu, Libya
Jadu or Gado (Jādū; script; Giado) is a mountain town in western Libya (Tripolitania), formerly in the Jabal al Gharbi District.
Jafara
Jafara or Al Jfara (الجفارة Al Jifārah) is one of the districts of Libya, in the historical region of Tripolitania.
See Libya and Jafara
Janissary
A janissary (yeŋiçeri) was a member of the elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops.
Jean-Bédel Bokassa
Jean-Bédel Bokassa (22 February 1921 – 3 November 1996) was a Central African political and military leader.
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Jihad
Jihad (jihād) is an Arabic word which literally means "exerting", "striving", or "struggling", especially with a praiseworthy aim.
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Jufra District
Jufra or Jofra (Al Jufrah) is one of the districts of Libya.
Justice and Construction Party
The Justice and Construction Party (JCP) or Justice and Development Party (حزب العدالة والبناء) is a political party in Libya associated with the Muslim Brotherhood.
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Kanem–Bornu Empire
The Kanem–Bornu Empire existed in areas which are now part of Nigeria, Niger, Cameroon, Libya and Chad.
See Libya and Kanem–Bornu Empire
Karamanli dynasty
The Karamanli dynasty (also spelled Caramanli or Qaramanli) was an autonomous dynasty that ruled Ottoman Tripolitania from 1711 to 1835.
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Khalifa Haftar
Field Marshal Khalifa Belqasim Omar Haftar (Ḵalīfa Bilqāsim Ḥaftar; born 7 November 1943) is a Libyan politician, military officer, and the commander of the Tobruk-based Libyan National Army (LNA).
Killing of Muammar Gaddafi
The killing of Muammar Gaddafi took place on 20 October 2011 after the Battle of Sirte.
See Libya and Killing of Muammar Gaddafi
Kingdom of Greece
The Kingdom of Greece (Βασίλειον τῆς Ἑλλάδος) was established in 1832 and was the successor state to the First Hellenic Republic.
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Kingdom of Italy
The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 17 March 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 10 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished, following civil discontent that led to an institutional referendum on 2 June 1946.
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Kingdom of Libya
The Kingdom of Libya (translit; Regno di Libia), known as the United Kingdom of Libya from 1951 to 1963, was a constitutional monarchy in North Africa that came into existence upon independence on 24 December 1951 and lasted until a bloodless coup d'état on 1 September 1969. Libya and Kingdom of Libya are 1951 establishments in Libya and states and territories established in 1951.
See Libya and Kingdom of Libya
Kitos War
The Kitos War (115–117; mered ha-galuyot, or מרד התפוצות mered ha-tfutzot; "rebellion of the diaspora" Tumultus Iudaicus) was one of the major Jewish–Roman wars (66–136).
Knights Hospitaller
The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller, is a Catholic military order.
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Kouloughlis
Kouloughlis, also spelled Koulouglis, Cologhlis and Qulaughlis (from Turkish Kuloğlu "Children of The Empire Servants" from Kul "soldier" or "servant" + Oğlu "son of", but the translation of the word "kul" as slave is misleading since in the Ottoman context, it referred to one's special status as being in the special service of the sultanMergen Türk, Nazlı Esim.
Kufra
Kufra is a basinBertarelli (1929), p. 514.
See Libya and Kufra
Kufra District
Kufra, Kufrah or Kofra (الكفرة), also spelled Cufra in Italian, is the largest district of Libya and the second largest such district in Africa.
Leptis Magna
Leptis or Lepcis Magna, also known by other names in antiquity, was a prominent city of the Carthaginian Empire and Roman Libya at the mouth of the Wadi Lebda in the Mediterranean.
LGBT rights in Libya
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people are generally discriminated against in Libya.
See Libya and LGBT rights in Libya
Liberalism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, right to private property and equality before the law.
Libu
The Libu (rbw; also transcribed Rebu, Libo, Lebu, Lbou, Libou) were an Ancient Libyan tribe of Berber origin, from which the name Libya derives.
See Libya and Libu
Libya and weapons of mass destruction
Libya pursued programs to develop or acquire weapons of mass destruction from when Muammar Gaddafi seized control of Libya in 1969 until he announced on 19 December 2003 that Libya would voluntarily eliminate all materials, equipment and programs that could lead to internationally proscribed weapons.
See Libya and Libya and weapons of mass destruction
Libya Herald
The Libya Herald (ليبيا هيرلد) is an English-language newspaper based in Tripoli, Libya, launched on 17 February 2012.
The Libya national football team (منتخب لِيْبيَا لِكُرَّةُ الْقَدَم) represents Libya in men's international association football and it is controlled by the Libyan Football Federation.
See Libya and Libya national football team
Libya Shield Force
The Libya Shield Force is an armed organisation formed in 2012 out of anti-Gaddafi armed groups spread throughout Libya.
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Libya, Libya, Libya
"Libya, Libya, Libya" (ليبيا ليبيا ليبيا), also known as "" ("O my country!"), has been the national anthem of Libya since 2011; it was previously the national anthem of the Kingdom of Libya from 1955 to 1969.
See Libya and Libya, Libya, Libya
Libya–Niger border
The Libya–Niger border is in length and runs from the tripoint with Algeria in the west to the tripoint with Chad in the east.
See Libya and Libya–Niger border
Libya–Sudan border
The Libya–Sudan border is 382 km (237 mi) in length and runs from the tripoint with Egypt in the north to the tripoint with Chad in the south.
See Libya and Libya–Sudan border
Libya–Tunisia border
The Libya–Tunisia border is 461 km (286 mi) in length and runs from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the tripoint with Algeria in the south.
See Libya and Libya–Tunisia border
Libyan Air Force
The Libyan Air Force (القوات الجوية الليبية) is the branch of the Libyan Armed Forces responsible for aerial warfare.
See Libya and Libyan Air Force
Libyan Arabic
Libyan Arabic (Lībī), also called Sulaimitian Arabic by scholars, is a variety of Arabic spoken in Libya, and neighboring countries.
Libyan Army
The Libyan Army (الجيش الليبي) is the brand for a number of separate military forces in Libya, which were under the command of the internationally recognised Government of National Accord (GNA) and the Government of National Unity.
Libyan civil war (2011)
The Libyan civil war, also known as the First Libyan Civil War, was an armed conflict in 2011 in the North African country of Libya that was fought between forces loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and rebel groups that were seeking to oust his government.
See Libya and Libyan civil war (2011)
Libyan civil war (2014–2020)
The Libyan civil war (2014–2020), also more commonly known as the Second Libyan Civil War, was a multilateral civil war which was fought in Libya between a number of armed groups, but mainly the House of Representatives (HoR) and the Government of National Accord (GNA), for six years from 2014 to 2020.
See Libya and Libyan civil war (2014–2020)
Libyan crisis (2011–present)
The Libyan crisis is the current humanitarian crisis and political-military instability occurring in Libya, beginning with the Arab Spring protests of 2011, which led to two civil wars, foreign military intervention, and the ousting and death of Muammar Gaddafi.
See Libya and Libyan crisis (2011–present)
Libyan Desert
The Libyan Desert (not to be confused with the Libyan Sahara) is a geographical region filling the northeastern Sahara Desert, from eastern Libya to the Western Desert of Egypt and far northwestern Sudan.
Libyan dinar
The dinar (دينار; sign: LD in Latin, ل.د in Arabic; code: LYD) is the official currency of Libya.
Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration
The Constitutional Declaration is the current supreme law of Libya, introduced due to the overthrow of the Gaddafi government in the Libyan Civil War.
See Libya and Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration
Libyan International Medical University
The Libyan International University (Arabic: الجامعة الليبية الدولية) is a private university established in Benghazi, Libya, with the purpose of teaching medicine.
See Libya and Libyan International Medical University
Libyan National Army
The Libyan National Army (LNA; الجيش الوطني الليبي, al-jaysh al-waṭaniyy al-Lībii) or the Libyan Arab Army (LAA; الجيش العربي الليبي, al-Jaysh al-'Arabiyy al-Lībii) is a component of Libya's military forces which were nominally a unified national force under the command of Field Marshal Khalifa Haftar when he was nominated to the role on 2 March 2015 by the House of Representatives, consisting at the time of a ground force, an air force and a navy.
See Libya and Libyan National Army
Libyan peace process
The Libyan peace process was a series of meetings, agreements and actions that aimed to resolve the Second Libyan Civil War.
See Libya and Libyan peace process
Libyan Political Dialogue Forum
The Libyan Political Dialogue Forum (LPDF) is an intra-Libyan political body involved in series of meetings started in late 2020, initially aiming to lead to Libyan elections, Libyan peace process and "democratic legitimacy of Libyan institutions", mainly taking place in the context of the Second Libyan Civil War.
See Libya and Libyan Political Dialogue Forum
Libyan resistance movement
The Libyan resistance movement was the rebel force opposing the Italian Empire during its Pacification of Libya between 1923 and 1932.
See Libya and Libyan resistance movement
Libyan Sea
The Libyan Sea (Libycum Mare; البحر الليبي; Λιβυκό πέλαγος) is the portion of the Mediterranean Sea north of the African coast of ancient ''Libya'', i.e. Cyrenaica, and Marmarica (the coast of what is now eastern Libya and western Egypt, between Tobruk and Alexandria).
List of countries and dependencies by area
This is a list of the world's countries and their dependencies by land, water, and total area, ranked by total area.
See Libya and List of countries and dependencies by area
List of countries by government debt
This is a list of countries by government debt.
See Libya and List of countries by government debt
List of countries by proven oil reserves
Proven oil reserves are those quantities of petroleum which, by analysis of geological and engineering data, can be estimated, with a high degree of confidence, to be commercially recoverable from a given date forward from known reservoirs and under current economic conditions.
See Libya and List of countries by proven oil reserves
List of heads of government of Libya
This article lists the heads of government of Libya since the country's independence in 1951. Libya and list of heads of government of Libya are 1951 establishments in Libya.
See Libya and List of heads of government of Libya
List of heads of state of Libya
This article lists the heads of state of Libya since the country's independence in 1951. Libya and list of heads of state of Libya are 1951 establishments in Libya.
See Libya and List of heads of state of Libya
Lockerbie
Lockerbie (Locarbaidh) is a town in Dumfries and Galloway, south-western Scotland.
Loyalism
Loyalism, in the United Kingdom, its overseas territories and its former colonies, refers to the allegiance to the British crown or the United Kingdom.
Lukka lands
The Lukka lands (sometimes Luqqa lands), were a historical region in southwestern Anatolia during the Late Bronze Age.
Macaroni
Macaroni (Italian: maccheroni) is pasta shaped like narrow tubes.
Maghreb
The Maghreb (lit), also known as the Arab Maghreb (اَلْمَغْرِبُ الْعَرَبِيُّ) and Northwest Africa, is the western part of the Arab world.
Mahmoud Jibril
Mahmoud Jibril el-Warfally (محمود جبريل الورفلي), also transcribed Jabril or Jebril or Gebril (28 May 1952 – 5 April 2020), was a Libyan politician who served as the interim Prime Minister of Libya for seven and a half months during the overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi and the Libyan Civil War, chairing the executive board of the National Transitional Council (NTC) from 5 March to 23 October 2011.
Mahmud II
Mahmud II (Maḥmûd-u s̠ânî, II.; 20 July 1785 – 1 July 1839) was the sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839.
Malnutrition
Malnutrition occurs when an organism gets too few or too many nutrients, resulting in health problems.
Malta
Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea. Libya and Malta are member states of the United Nations.
See Libya and Malta
Maltese people
The Maltese (Maltin) people are an ethnic group native to Malta who speak Maltese, a Semitic language and share a common culture and Maltese history.
Mamluk
Mamluk or Mamaluk (mamlūk (singular), مماليك, mamālīk (plural); translated as "one who is owned", meaning "slave") were non-Arab, ethnically diverse (mostly Turkic, Caucasian, Eastern and Southeastern European) enslaved mercenaries, slave-soldiers, and freed slaves who were assigned high-ranking military and administrative duties, serving the ruling Arab and Ottoman dynasties in the Muslim world.
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Marj District
Marj (المرج,, "The Meadows"), pronounced El Merj in Benghazi and Egyptian Arabic, is a district (shabiyah) of northeastern Libya on the Mediterranean Sea coast.
Marmarica
Marmarica in ancient geography was a littoral area in Ancient Libya, located between Cyrenaica and Aegyptus.
Martyrs' Square, Tripoli
The Martyrs' Square (ميدان الشهداء); known as Green Square (الساحة الخضراء) under the Gaddafi government; Independence Square (ميدان الاستقلال) during the monarchy; and originally (during Italian colonial rule) known as Piazza Italia ("Italy Square") is a downtown landmark at the bay in the city of Tripoli, Libya.
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Massif
A massif is a principal mountain mass, such as a compact portion of a mountain range, containing one or more summits (e.g. France's Massif Central).
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Mediterranean climate
A Mediterranean climate, also called a dry summer climate, described by Köppen as Cs, is a temperate climate type that occurs in the lower mid-latitudes (normally 30 to 44 north and south latitude).
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Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe
The Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe is a Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub ecoregion of North Africa.
See Libya and Mediterranean dry woodlands and steppe
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.
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Mediterranean woodlands and forests
The Mediterranean woodlands and forests is an ecoregion in the coastal plains, hills, and mountains bordering the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean in North Africa.
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Mehmed Saqizli
Mehmed Saqizli (Sakızlı Mehmed Paşa, literally, Mehmed Pasha of Chios) (died 1649), (r. 1631 – 1649) was Dey and Pasha of Tripolis.
Mengistu Haile Mariam
Mengistu Haile Mariam (መንግሥቱ ኀይለ ማርያም, pronunciation:; born 21 May 1937) is an Ethiopian former politician and former military officer who was the head of state of Ethiopia from 1977 to 1991 and General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia from 1984 to 1991.
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Merneptah
Merneptah or Merenptah (reigned July or August 1213–2 May 1203 BCE) was the fourth pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt.
Meryey
Meryey was of ancient Libya (or the Libu), during the late 13th century BC, contemporary with that of the ancient Egyptian pharaoh Merneptah (1213-1203 BC).
See Libya and Meryey
Meshwesh
The Meshwesh (often abbreviated in ancient Egyptian as Ma) was an ancient Libyan tribe, of Berber origin along with other groups like Libu and Tehenu/Tjemehu.
Michigan State University
Michigan State University (Michigan State or MSU) is a public land-grant research university in East Lansing, Michigan.
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Middle East
The Middle East (term originally coined in English Translations of this term in some of the region's major languages include: translit; translit; translit; script; translit; اوْرتاشرق; Orta Doğu.) is a geopolitical region encompassing the Arabian Peninsula, the Levant, Turkey, Egypt, Iran, and Iraq.
Middle East Forum
The Middle East Forum (MEF) is an American conservative 501(c)(3) think tank founded in 1990 by Daniel Pipes, who serves as its president.
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Military history of Italy during World War II
The participation of Italy in the Second World War was characterized by a complex framework of ideology, politics, and diplomacy, while its military actions were often heavily influenced by external factors.
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Misrata
Misrata or Misratah (Miṣrāta, Libyan Arabic), also known by the Italian spelling Misurata, is a city in the Misrata District in northwestern Libya, situated to the east of Tripoli and west of Benghazi on the Mediterranean coast near Cape Misrata.
Misrata District
Misrata or Misratah (Miṣrāta, Libyan Arabic), also known by the Italian spelling Misurata, is a sha'biyah (district) in northwestern Libya.
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Modern Standard Arabic
Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) or Modern Written Arabic (MWA) is the variety of standardized, literary Arabic that developed in the Arab world in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and in some usages also the variety of spoken Arabic that approximates this written standard.
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Mohamed al-Menfi
Mohamed Yunus al-Menfi (محمد يونس المنفي; born 3 March 1976) is a Libyan diplomat and politician.
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Mohammed Magariaf
Mohammed Yousef el-Magariaf (also written as Magariaf, Elmegaryaf or Almegaryaf) or, as he writes on his official website, Dr.
See Libya and Mohammed Magariaf
Monarchy
A monarchy is a form of government in which a person, the monarch, is head of state for life or until abdication.
Muammar Gaddafi
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi (20 October 2011) was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist who ruled Libya from 1969 until his assassination by rebel forces in 2011.
Murder of Yvonne Fletcher
The murder of Yvonne Fletcher, a Metropolitan Police officer, occurred on 17 April 1984, when she was fatally wounded by a shot fired from the Libyan embassy on St James's Square, London, by an unknown gunman.
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Murqub District
Murqub (المرقب Al Murqub), sometimes spelt Al Murgub or Al Marqab or al-Morqib, is one of the districts of Libya.
Murzuk
Murzuk, Murzuq, Murzug or Merzug (مرزق) is an oasis town and the capital of the Murzuq District in the Fezzan region of southwest Libya.
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Murzuq District
Murzuq (مرزق Murzuq) is one of the districts of Libya.
Musa Al-Koni
Musa Al-Koni (موسى الكوني; born 5 June 1951) is a Libyan politician and diplomat.
Muslim Brotherhood
The Society of the Muslim Brothers (جماعة الإخوان المسلمين), better known as the Muslim Brotherhood (الإخوان المسلمون) is a transnational Sunni Islamist organization founded in Egypt by Islamic scholar and schoolteacher Hassan al-Banna in 1928.
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Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
The Muslim conquest of the Maghreb or Arab conquest of North Africa by the Rashidun and Umayyad Caliphates commenced in 647 and concluded in 709, when the Byzantine Empire lost its last remaining strongholds to Caliph Al-Walid I. The North African campaigns were part of the century of rapid early Muslim conquests.
See Libya and Muslim conquest of the Maghreb
Muslims
Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.
Mustafa A. G. Abushagur
Mustafa A. G. Abushagur (مصطفى ابوشاقور غيت ابوشاقور; born 15 February 1951) is a Libyan politician, professor of electrical engineering, university president and entrepreneur.
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Nafusa Mountains
The Nafusa Mountains (جبال نفوسة) is a mountain range in the western Tripolitania region of northwestern Libya.
See Libya and Nafusa Mountains
Nafusi language
Nafusi (also spelt Nefusi; label or Tanfust) is a Berber language spoken in the Nafusa Mountains (Adrar 'n Infusen), a large area in northwestern Libya.
Nalut District
Nalut (نالوت Nālūt) is one of the districts of Libya.
Napoleonic Wars
The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of conflicts fought between the First French Empire under Napoleon Bonaparte (1804–1815) and a fluctuating array of European coalitions.
Nasserism
Nasserism is an Arab nationalist and Arab socialist political ideology based on the thinking of Gamal Abdel Nasser, one of the two principal leaders of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, and Egypt's second President.
National Emblem of Libya
Since 2011, Libya currently does not have an official national emblem.
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National Forces Alliance
The National Forces Alliance (تحالف القوى الوطنية) is a political alliance in Libya.
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National Liberation Army (Libya)
The National Liberation Army (جيش التحرير الوطني الليبي jaysh al-taḥrīr al-waṭanī al-lībī), officially the National Liberation Armed Forces of the Free Libyan Republic, formerly known as the Free Libyan Army, was a Libyan military organisation affiliated with the National Transitional Council, which was constituted during the First Libyan Civil War by defected military members and civilian volunteers, in order to engage in battle against both remaining members of the Libyan Armed Forces and paramilitia loyal to the rule of Muammar Gaddafi.
See Libya and National Liberation Army (Libya)
National Transitional Council
The National Transitional Council (NTC) was a transitional government established in the 2011 Libyan civil war.
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National unity government
A national unity government, government of national unity (GNU), or national union government is a broad coalition government consisting of all parties (or all major parties) in the legislature, usually formed during a time of war or other national emergency.
See Libya and National unity government
Nationalization
Nationalization (nationalisation in British English) is the process of transforming privately-owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state.
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO; Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord, OTAN), also called the North Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance of 32 member states—30 European and 2 North American.
See Libya and NATO
Neolithic
The Neolithic or New Stone Age (from Greek νέος 'new' and λίθος 'stone') is an archaeological period, the final division of the Stone Age in Europe, Asia and Africa.
New America Media (NAM) was a multimedia ethnic news agency and a coalition of ethnic media.
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Next Libyan presidential election
The Libyan presidential election had originally been planned for 10 December 2018, but was delayed due to Khalifa Haftar's Western Libya campaign.
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Next Libyan referendum
A constitutional referendum is to be held in Libya after the country's new constitution has been drawn up by a constituent assembly.
See Libya and Next Libyan referendum
Nicene Christianity
Nicene Christianity includes those Christian denominations that adhere to the teaching of the Nicene Creed, which was formulated at the First Council of Nicaea in AD 325 and amended at the First Council of Constantinople in AD 381.
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Niger
Niger or the Niger, officially the Republic of the Niger, is a country in West Africa. Libya and Niger are member states of the African Union, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, member states of the United Nations and Saharan countries.
See Libya and Niger
No-fly zone
A no-fly zone, also known as a no-flight zone (NFZ), or air exclusion zone (AEZ), is a territory or area established by a military power over which certain aircraft are not permitted to fly.
Non-Aligned Movement
The Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) is a forum of 120 countries that are not formally aligned with or against any major power bloc.
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Nonviolent revolution
A nonviolent revolution is a revolution conducted primarily by unarmed civilians using tactics of civil resistance, including various forms of nonviolent protest, to bring about the departure of governments seen as entrenched and authoritarian without the use or threat of violence.
See Libya and Nonviolent revolution
North Africa
North Africa (sometimes Northern Africa) is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of the Western Sahara in the west, to Egypt and Sudan's Red Sea coast in the east.
North African campaign
The North African campaign of World War II took place in North Africa from 10 June 1940 to 13 May 1943, fought between the Allies and the Axis Powers.
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North Saharan steppe and woodlands
The North Saharan steppe and woodlands is a desert ecoregion, in the deserts and xeric shrublands biome, that forms the northern edge of the Sahara.
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Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System
The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System (NSAS) is the world's largest known fossil water aquifer system.
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Nuclear power
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear reactions to produce electricity.
Numidia
Numidia was the ancient kingdom of the Numidians in northwest Africa, initially comprising the territory that now makes up Algeria, but later expanding across what is today known as Tunisia and Libya.
Numidia (Roman province)
Numidia was a Roman province on the North African coast, comprising roughly the territory of north-east Algeria.
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Nuqat al Khams
Nuqat al Khams (النقاط الخمس Nuqāṭ al Ḫams)is one of the districts of Libya.
Oasis
In ecology, an oasis (oases) is a fertile area of a desert or semi-desert environment.
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Occidental Petroleum
Occidental Petroleum Corporation (often abbreviated Oxy in reference to its ticker symbol and logo) is an American company engaged in hydrocarbon exploration in the United States and the Middle East as well as petrochemical manufacturing in the United States, Canada, and Chile.
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Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) is a department of the United Nations Secretariat that works to promote and protect human rights that are guaranteed under international law and stipulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948.
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Official language
An official language is a language having certain rights to be used in defined situations.
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Oil and gas reserves and resource quantification
Oil and gas reserves denote discovered quantities of crude oil and natural gas (oil or gas '''fields''') that can be profitably produced/recovered from an approved development.
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Olive
The olive, botanical name Olea europaea, meaning 'European olive', is a species of small tree or shrub in the family Oleaceae, found traditionally in the Mediterranean Basin.
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Olive oil
Olive oil is a liquid fat obtained by pressing whole olives, the fruit of Olea europaea, a traditional tree crop of the Mediterranean Basin, and extracting the oil.
Omar al-Mukhtar
Omar al-Mukhṭār Muḥammad bin Farḥāṭ al-Manifī (عُمَر الْمُخْتَار مُحَمَّد بِن فَرْحَات الْمَنِفِي; 20 August 1858 – 16 September 1931), called The Lion of the Desert, known among the colonial Italians as Matari of the Mnifa, was an Imam and leader of native resistance in Cyrenaica (currently Eastern Libya) under the Senussids, against the Italian colonization of Libya.
OPEC
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an organization enabling the co-operation of leading oil-producing and oil-dependent countries in order to collectively influence the global oil market and maximize profit.
See Libya and OPEC
Open Doors
Open Doors is a non-denominational mission supporting persecuted Christians around the world.
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC; Munaẓẓamat at-Taʿāwun al-ʾIslāmī; Organisation de la coopération islamique), formerly the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1969.
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Osman Saqizli
Osman Saqizli (Sakızlı Osman Paşa, literally, Osman Pasha of Chios) (died 1672), (r. 1649 – 1672) was Dey and Pasha of Tripolis.
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.
Ottoman Tripolitania
Ottoman Tripolitania, also known as the Regency of Tripoli, was officially ruled by the Ottoman Empire from 1551 to 1912.
See Libya and Ottoman Tripolitania
Outline of Libya
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Libya: Libya – country in the Maghreb region of North Africa bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west.
See Libya and Outline of Libya
Pan Am Flight 103
Pan Am Flight 103 (PA103/PAA103) was a regularly scheduled Pan Am transatlantic flight from Frankfurt to Detroit via a stopover in London and another in New York City.
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Pasha
Pasha (پاشا; paşa; translit) was a high rank in the Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals, dignitaries, and others.
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Pasha of Tripoli
Pasha of Tripoli was a title that was held by many rulers of Tripoli in Ottoman Tripolitania.
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People's Armed Forces
The People's Armed Forces (Forces Armées Populaires or FAP) was a Chadian insurgent group composed of followers of Goukouni Oueddei after the schism with Hissène Habré in 1976.
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Persians
The Persians--> are an Iranian ethnic group who comprise over half of the population of Iran.
Petroleum
Petroleum or crude oil, also referred to as simply oil, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black liquid mixture of mainly hydrocarbons, and is found in geological formations.
Petroleum industry
The petroleum industry, also known as the oil industry or the oil patch, includes the global processes of exploration, extraction, refining, transportation (often by oil tankers and pipelines), and marketing of petroleum products.
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Pharaoh
Pharaoh (Egyptian: pr ꜥꜣ; ⲡⲣ̄ⲣⲟ|Pǝrro; Biblical Hebrew: Parʿō) is the vernacular term often used for the monarchs of ancient Egypt, who ruled from the First Dynasty until the annexation of Egypt by the Roman Republic in 30 BCE.
Phoenicia
Phoenicia, or Phœnicia, was an ancient Semitic thalassocratic civilization originating in the coastal strip of the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, primarily located in modern Lebanon.
Plateau
In geology and physical geography, a plateau (plateaus or plateaux), also called a high plain or a tableland, is an area of a highland consisting of flat terrain that is raised sharply above the surrounding area on at least one side.
Poaching
Poaching is the illegal hunting or capturing of wild animals, usually associated with land use rights.
Pogrom
A pogrom is a violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews.
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Political philosophy
Political philosophy or political theory is the philosophical study of government, addressing questions about the nature, scope, and legitimacy of public agents and institutions and the relationships between them.
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Pope Victor I
Pope Victor I (died 199) was a Roman African prelate of the Catholic Church who served as Bishop of Rome in the late second century.
Presidential Council (Libya)
The Presidential Council (المجلس الرئاسي, al-Majlis ar-Rīʾāsiy) is a body formed under the terms of the Libyan Political Agreement which was signed on 17 December 2015.
See Libya and Presidential Council (Libya)
Privatization
Privatization (rendered privatisation in British English) can mean several different things, most commonly referring to moving something from the public sector into the private sector.
Provisional government
A provisional government, also called an interim government, an emergency government, a transitional government or provisional leadership, is a temporary government formed to manage a period of transition, often following state collapse, revolution, civil war, or some combination thereof.
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Ptolemaic Kingdom
The Ptolemaic Kingdom (Ptolemaïkḕ basileía) or Ptolemaic Empire was an Ancient Greek polity based in Egypt during the Hellenistic period.
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Ptolemy Apion
Ptolemy Apion or simply known as Apion (Πτολεμαῖος Ἀπίων; between 150 BC and 145 BC – 96 BC) was the last Greek King of Cyrenaica who separated it from the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, and in his last will bequeathed his country to Rome.
Public holiday
A public holiday, national holiday, federal holiday, statutory holiday, or legal holiday is a holiday generally established by law and is usually a non-working day during the year.
Punic people
The Punic people, usually known as the Carthaginians (and sometimes as Western Phoenicians), were a Semitic people who migrated from Phoenicia to the Western Mediterranean during the Early Iron Age.
Rail transport in Libya
There have been no operational railways in Libya since 1965, but various lines existed in the past.
See Libya and Rail transport in Libya
Ramesses II
Ramesses II (rꜥ-ms-sw), commonly known as Ramesses the Great, was an Egyptian pharaoh.
Rashidun army
The Rashidun army was the core of the Rashidun Caliphate's armed forces during the early Muslim conquests in the 7th century.
Reconnaissance
In military operations, military reconnaissance or scouting is the exploration of an area by military forces to obtain information about enemy forces, the terrain, and civil activities in the area of operations.
Red Castle Museum
The Red Castle Museum, also known as As-saraya Al-hamra Museum (translit), the Archaeological Museum of Tripoli or Jamahiriya Museum, is a national museum in Libya.
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Region
In geography, regions, otherwise referred to as areas, zones, lands or territories, are portions of the Earth's surface that are broadly divided by physical characteristics (physical geography), human impact characteristics (human geography), and the interaction of humanity and the environment (environmental geography).
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Reporters Without Borders
Reporters Without Borders (RWB; Reporters sans frontières; RSF) is an international non-profit and non-governmental organization focused on safeguarding the right to freedom of information.
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Repsol
Repsol S.A., El Nuevo Herald, 2012-05-31Originally an initialism for Refinería de Petróleos de Escombreras adding the word Sol (Sun) is a Spanish multinational energy and petrochemical company based in Madrid.
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Republic
A republic, based on the Latin phrase res publica ('public affair'), is a state in which political power rests with the public through their representatives—in contrast to a monarchy.
Reuters
Reuters is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters.
Revolution Day
Revolution Day or the Day of the Revolution refers to public holidays or remembrance days in various country held in commemoration of an important event in the country's history, usually the starting point or a turning point in a revolution that led to significant political change.
Revolutionary Guard Corps
The Libyan Revolutionary Guard Corps (Liwa Haris al-Jamahiriya), also known as the Jamahiriyyah Guard, was a paramilitary elite unit that played the role of key protection force of the regime of Muammar Gaddafi, until his death in October 2011.
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Revolutionary Women's Formation
The Revolutionary Women's Formation (RWF) was a women's organization in Libya, founded in 1970.
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Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
Ronald Reagan
Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th president of the United States from 1981 to 1989.
Royal Palace of Tripoli
The Royal Palace was the residence of the Libyan monarch in the capital city, Tripoli.
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Russian invasion of Ukraine
On 24 February 2022, in a major escalation of the Russo-Ukrainian War, which started in 2014.
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Sabha District
Sabha (Arabic: سبها Sabhā) is one of the districts of Libya, situated near the center of the country in the Fezzan region.
Sabha, Libya
Sabha or Sebha (Sabhā) is an oasis city in southwestern Libya, approximately south of Tripoli.
Saddam Hussein
Saddam Hussein (28 April 1937 – 30 December 2006) was an Iraqi politician and revolutionary who served as the fifth president of Iraq from 1979 to 2003.
Saharan halophytics
The Saharan halophytics ecoregion (WWF ID: PA0905) covers a series of low-lying evaporite depressions and wetlands spread across North Africa.
See Libya and Saharan halophytics
Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
Saif al-Islam Muammar al-Gaddafi (سيف الإسلاممعمر القذافي; born 25 June 1972) is a Libyan political figure.
See Libya and Saif al-Islam Gaddafi
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia and the Middle East. Libya and Saudi Arabia are countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, member states of OPEC, member states of the Arab League, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and member states of the United Nations.
Sea Peoples
The Sea Peoples were a group of tribes hypothesized to have attacked Egypt and other Eastern Mediterranean regions around 1200 BC during the Late Bronze Age.
Second Barbary War
The Second Barbary War, also known as the U.S.–Algerian War and the Algerine War, was a brief military conflict between the United States and the North African state of Algiers in 1815.
See Libya and Second Barbary War
Second Italo-Senussi War
The Second Italo-Senussi War, also referred to as the Pacification of Libya, was a conflict that occurred during the Italian colonization of Libya between Italian military forces (composed mainly by colonial troops from Libya, Eritrea, and Somalia) and indigenous rebels associated with the Senussi Order.
See Libya and Second Italo-Senussi War
Second Republic of Uganda
The Second Republic of Uganda existed from 1971 to 1979, when Uganda was ruled by Idi Amin's military dictatorship.
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Secondary education
Secondary education or post-primary education covers two phases on the International Standard Classification of Education scale.
See Libya and Secondary education
Secretary-General of the United Nations
The secretary-general of the United Nations (UNSG or UNSECGEN) is the chief administrative officer of the United Nations and head of the United Nations Secretariat, one of the six principal organs of the United Nations.
See Libya and Secretary-General of the United Nations
Senusiyya
The Senusiyya, Senussi or Sanusi (translit) are a Muslim political-religious Sufi order and clan in Libya and surrounding regions founded in Mecca in 1837 by the Grand Sanussi (السنوسي الكبير as-Sanūssiyy al-Kabīr), the Algerian Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi.
Serbia and Montenegro
The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora) or simply Serbia and Montenegro (Srbija i Crna Gora), known until 2003 as the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (Savezna Republika Jugoslavija), FR Yugoslavia (FRY) or simply Yugoslavia (Jugoslavija), was a country in Southeast Europe located in the Balkans that existed from 1992 to 2006, following the breakup of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFR Yugoslavia).
See Libya and Serbia and Montenegro
Severan dynasty
The Severan dynasty, sometimes called the Septimian dynasty, was an Ancient Roman imperial dynasty that ruled the Roman Empire between 193 and 235, during the Roman imperial period.
Shekelesh
The Shekelesh (Egyptian language: šꜣkrwšꜣꜣ or šꜣꜣkrwšꜣꜣ) were one of the several ethnic groups the Sea Peoples were said to be composed of, appearing in fragmentary historical and iconographic records in ancient Egyptian from the Eastern Mediterranean in the late 2nd millennium BC.
Shell plc
Shell plc is a British multinational oil and gas company headquartered in London, England.
Sherden
The Sherden (Egyptian: šrdn, šꜣrdꜣnꜣ or šꜣrdynꜣ; Ugaritic: šrdnn(m) and trtn(m); possibly Akkadian: šêrtânnu; also glossed "Shardana" or "Sherdanu") are one of the several ethnic groups the Sea Peoples were said to be composed of, appearing in fragmentary historical and iconographic records (ancient Egyptian and Ugaritic) from the Eastern Mediterranean in the late 2nd millennium BC.
Sinan Pasha (Ottoman admiral)
Sinanuddin Yusuf Pasha or in short Sinan Pasha (Sinanudin Jusuf-paša or Sinan-paša; died 21 December 1553) was an Ottoman Grand Admiral (Kapudan Pasha), who served in the Ottoman Navy for nearly four years between 1550 and the end of 1553, during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent.
See Libya and Sinan Pasha (Ottoman admiral)
Sirocco
Sirocco, scirocco, or, rarely, siroc is a Mediterranean wind that comes from the Sahara and can reach hurricane speeds in North Africa and Southern Europe, especially during the summer season.
Sirte
Sirte (سِرْت), also spelled Sirt, Surt, Sert or Syrte, is a city in Libya.
See Libya and Sirte
Sirte District
Sirte District (or Sirt or Surt District; سرت Surt), is one of the districts of Libya.
Siwa Oasis
The Siwa Oasis (واحة سيوة) is an urban oasis in Egypt.
Slobodan Milošević
Slobodan Milošević (20 August 1941 – 11 March 2006) was a Yugoslav and Serbian politician who was the President of Serbia between 1989–1997 and President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1997 until his оverthrow in 2000.
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Soft power
In politics (and particularly in international politics), soft power is the ability to co-opt rather than coerce (in contrast with hard power).
Sokna, Libya
Sokna (سوكنة, IPA, also transliterated as Socna or Sawknah, Tamazight: Isuknen) is a Saharan desert oasis town in the Fezzan region of southwest Libya.
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976.
State religion
A state religion (also called official religion) is a religion or creed officially endorsed by a sovereign state.
Storm Daniel
Storm Daniel, also known as Cyclone Daniel, was the deadliest Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone in recorded history, as well as one of the costliest tropical cyclones on record outside of the north Atlantic Ocean.
Structural unemployment
Structural unemployment is a form of involuntary unemployment caused by a mismatch between the skills that workers in the economy can offer, and the skills demanded of workers by employers (also known as the skills gap).
See Libya and Structural unemployment
Subsidy
A subsidy or government incentive is a type of government expenditure for individuals and households, as well as businesses with the aim of stabilizing the economy.
Sudan
Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. Libya and Sudan are countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, member states of the African Union, member states of the Arab League, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, member states of the United Nations, north African countries and Saharan countries.
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Sufism
Sufism is a mystic body of religious practice found within Islam which is characterized by a focus on Islamic purification, spirituality, ritualism and asceticism.
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Sultan
Sultan (سلطان) is a position with several historical meanings.
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Sunni Islam
Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.
Sweet crude oil
Sweet crude oil is a type of petroleum.
Tamasheq language
Tamashek or Tamasheq is a variety of Tuareg, a Berber macro-language widely spoken by nomadic tribes across North Africa in Algeria, Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso.
See Libya and Tamasheq language
Telephone numbers in Libya
The following are the telephone codes in Libya.
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Television in Libya
Television in Libya has a penetration estimated at 76% for 2011.
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Tertiary education
Tertiary education, also referred to as third-level, third-stage or post-secondary education, is the educational level following the completion of secondary education.
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Tertiary sector of the economy
The tertiary sector of the economy, generally known as the service sector, is the third of the three economic sectors in the three-sector model (also known as the economic cycle).
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The Boston Globe
The Boston Globe, also known locally as the Globe, is an American daily newspaper founded and based in Boston, Massachusetts.
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The Green Book (Gaddafi)
The Green Book (الكتاب الأخضر) is a short book setting out the political philosophy of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi.
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The Guardian
The Guardian is a British daily newspaper.
The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
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Tibesti–Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands
The Tibesti-Jebel Uweinat montane xeric woodlands is a deserts and xeric shrublands ecoregion in the eastern Sahara.
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Tobruk
Tobruk or Tobruck (Ἀντίπυργος, Antipyrgos; Antipyrgus; Tobruch; Ṭubruq; also transliterated as Tobruch and Tubruk) is a port city on Libya's eastern Mediterranean coast, near the border with Egypt.
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TotalEnergies
TotalEnergies SE is a French multinational integrated energy and petroleum company founded in 1924 and is one of the seven supermajor oil companies.
Toubou people
The Toubou or Tubu (from Old Tebu, meaning "rock people") are an ethnic group native to the Tibesti Mountains that inhabit the central Sahara in northern Chad, southern Libya, northeastern Niger, and northwestern Sudan.
Tower block
A tower block, high-rise, apartment tower, residential tower, apartment block, block of flats, or office tower is a tall building, as opposed to a low-rise building and is defined differently in terms of height depending on the jurisdiction.
Toyota War
The Toyota War, also known as the Great Toyota War, which took place in 1987 in Northern Chad and on the Chad–Libya border, was the last phase of the Chadian–Libyan War.
Trabluslu Ali Pasha
Trabluslu Ali Pasha (Ali Pasha the Tripolitan; died February 1804), also known as Cezayirli Ali Pasha (Ali Pasha the Algerian) or Seydi Ali Pasha, or Ali Burghol (Burghul) was an Ottoman statesman.
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Trajan
Trajan (born Marcus Ulpius Traianus, adopted name Caesar Nerva Traianus; 18 September 53) was a Roman emperor from AD 98 to 117, remembered as the second of the Five Good Emperors of the Nerva–Antonine dynasty.
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Trans-Saharan slave trade
The trans-Saharan slave trade, part of the Arab slave trade, was a slave trade in which slaves were mainly transported across the Sahara.
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Treaty of Paris between Italy and the Allied Powers
The Treaty of Paris between Italy and the Allied Powers was signed on 10 February 1947, formally ending hostilities between both parties.
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Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
The Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), or the Nuclear Weapon Ban Treaty, is the first legally binding international agreement to comprehensively prohibit nuclear weapons with the ultimate goal being their total elimination.
See Libya and Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
Tribalism
Tribalism is the state of being organized by, or advocating for, tribes or tribal lifestyles.
Tripoli District, Libya
Tripoli District (طرابلس عروس البحر, Aros Al baher Ṭarābulus) is one of the 22 first level subdivisions (''بلدية'') of Libya.
See Libya and Tripoli District, Libya
Tripoli, Libya
Tripoli (translation) is the capital and largest city of Libya, with a population of about 1.183 million people in 2023.
Tripoli–Cape Town Highway
The Tripoli–Cape Town Highway or TAH 3 is Trans-African Highway 3 in the transcontinental road network being developed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), the African Development Bank (AfDB), and the African Union.
See Libya and Tripoli–Cape Town Highway
Tripolitania
Tripolitania (طرابلس), historically known as the Tripoli region, is a historic region and former province of Libya.
Tripolitanian civil war
The Tripolitanian civil war was a conflict from 1790 to 1795 which occurred in Tripolitania – inside what is today the country of Libya.
See Libya and Tripolitanian civil war
Tuareg people
The Tuareg people (also spelled Twareg or Touareg; endonym: Imuhaɣ/Imušaɣ/Imašeɣăn/Imajeɣăn) are a large Berber ethnic group, traditionally nomadic pastoralists, who principally inhabit the Sahara in a vast area stretching from far southwestern Libya to southern Algeria, Niger, Mali, and Burkina Faso, as far as northern Nigeria.
Tulunids
The Tulunids, were a Mamluk dynasty of Turkic origin who were the first independent dynasty to rule Egypt, as well as much of Syria, since the Ptolemaic dynasty.
Tunisia
Tunisia, officially the Republic of Tunisia, is the northernmost country in Africa. Libya and Tunisia are countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, Maghrebi countries, member states of the African Union, member states of the Arab League, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, member states of the United Nations, north African countries and Saharan countries.
Turkey
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. Libya and Turkey are eastern Mediterranean, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and member states of the United Nations.
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Turkish people
Turkish people or Turks (Türkler) are the largest Turkic people who speak various dialects of the Turkish language and form a majority in Turkey and Northern Cyprus.
Turks in Libya
The Turks in Libya, also commonly referred to as Kouloughlis(كراغلة) are Libyans who claim partial descent from Ottoman Janissaries in Libya.
Ubari
Ubari or Awbari (‘Awbārī) is an oasis town and the capital of the Wadi al Hayaa District, in the Fezzan region of southwestern Libya.
See Libya and Ubari
Uganda
Uganda, officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. Libya and Uganda are member states of the African Union, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and member states of the United Nations.
See Libya and Uganda
Uganda–Tanzania War
The Uganda–Tanzania War, known in Tanzania as the Kagera War (Kiswahili: Vita vya Kagera) and in Uganda as the 1979 Liberation War, was fought between Uganda and Tanzania from October 1978 until June 1979 and led to the overthrow of Ugandan President Idi Amin.
See Libya and Uganda–Tanzania War
Umayyad Caliphate
The Umayyad Caliphate or Umayyad Empire (al-Khilāfa al-Umawiyya) was the second caliphate established after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and was ruled by the Umayyad dynasty.
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UNESCO
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO; pronounced) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) with the aim of promoting world peace and security through international cooperation in education, arts, sciences and culture.
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Unitary state
A unitary state is a sovereign state governed as a single entity in which the central government is the supreme authority.
United Arab Emirates
The United Arab Emirates (UAE), or simply the Emirates, is a country in West Asia, in the Middle East. Libya and United Arab Emirates are countries and territories where Arabic is an official language, member states of OPEC, member states of the Arab League, member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and member states of the United Nations.
See Libya and United Arab Emirates
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
United Nations Development Programme
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)Programme des Nations unies pour le développement, PNUD is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development.
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United Nations General Assembly
The United Nations General Assembly (UNGA or GA; Assemblée générale, AG) is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations (UN), serving as its main deliberative, policymaking, and representative organ.
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United Nations Human Rights Council
The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) is a United Nations body whose mission is to promote and protect human rights around the world.
See Libya and United Nations Human Rights Council
United Nations Multilingual Terminology Database
The United Nations Multilingual Terminology Database (UNTERM) is a linguistic tool which translates terminology and nomenclature used within the United Nations (UN) in the six official languages of the UN (Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish).
See Libya and United Nations Multilingual Terminology Database
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973
Resolution 1973 was adopted by the United Nations Security Council on 17 March 2011 in response to the First Libyan Civil War.
See Libya and United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973
United Nations Trusteeship Council
The United Nations Trusteeship Council is one of the six principal organs of the United Nations, established to help ensure that trust territories were administered in the best interests of their inhabitants and of international peace and security.
See Libya and United Nations Trusteeship Council
University of Libya
The University of Libya (الجامعة الليبية) was a public university based in Tripoli and Benghazi, Libya.
See Libya and University of Libya
Uqba ibn Nafi
ʿUqba ibn Nāfiʿ ibn ʿAbd al-Qays al-Fihrī al-Qurashī (ʿUqba ibn Nāfiʿ ibn ʿAbd al-Qays al-Fihrī), also simply known as Uqba ibn Nafi, was an Arab general serving the Rashidun Caliphate since the reign of Umar and later the Umayyad Caliphate during the reigns of Mu'awiya I and Yazid I, leading the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb, including present-day Libya, Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco and a failed attempt in Nubia.
Usban
Usban (or osban) (عصبان) is a traditional kind of sausage in some North African countries (Algeria, Tunisia and Libya), stuffed with a mixture of rice, herbs, lamb, chopped liver and heart.
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Vandal Kingdom
The Vandal Kingdom (Regnum Vandalum) or Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans (Regnum Vandalorum et Alanorum) was a confederation of Vandals and Alans, which is one of the barbarian kingdoms established under Gaiseric, a Vandal warrior.
Wadi al Hayaa District
Wadi al Hayaa (وادي الحياة Wādī al Ḥayāh) is one of the districts of Libya.
See Libya and Wadi al Hayaa District
Wadi al Shatii District
Wadi al Shati (وادي الشاطئ), sometimes referred to as Ashati (الشاطئ), is one of the districts of Libya in the central-west part of the country.
See Libya and Wadi al Shatii District
War on terror
The war on terror, officially the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT), is a global counterterrorist military campaign initiated by the United States following the September 11 attacks and is the most recent global conflict spanning multiple wars.
Weapon of mass destruction
A weapon of mass destruction (WMD) is a biological, chemical, radiological, nuclear, or any other weapon that can kill or significantly harm many people or cause great damage to artificial structures (e.g., buildings), natural structures (e.g., mountains), or the biosphere.
See Libya and Weapon of mass destruction
Welfare
Welfare, or commonly social welfare, is a type of government support intended to ensure that members of a society can meet basic human needs such as food and shelter.
West Berlin
West Berlin (Berlin (West) or West-Berlin) was a political enclave which comprised the western part of Berlin from 1948 until 1990, during the Cold War.
West Berlin discotheque bombing
On 5 April 1986, three people were killed and 229 injured when La Belle discothèque was bombed in the Friedenau locality (then part of Schöneberg, and since 2001 part of the merged district of Tempelhof-Schöneberg) of West Berlin.
See Libya and West Berlin discotheque bombing
West Saharan montane xeric woodlands
The West Saharan montane xeric woodlands is an ecoregion that extends across several highland regions in the Sahara.
See Libya and West Saharan montane xeric woodlands
Western Libya campaign
The Western Libya campaign was a military campaign initiated on 4 April 2019 by the Operation Flood of Dignity (عملية طوفان الكرامة) of the Libyan National Army, which represents the Libyan House of Representatives, to capture the western region of Libya and eventually the capital Tripoli held by the United Nations Security Council-recognised Government of National Accord.
See Libya and Western Libya campaign
Westernization
Westernization (or Westernisation, see spelling differences), also Europeanisation or occidentalization (from the Occident), is a process whereby societies come under or adopt what is considered to be Western culture, in areas such as industry, technology, science, education, politics, economics, lifestyle, law, norms, mores, customs, traditions, values, mentality, perceptions, diet, clothing, language, writing system, religion, and philosophy.
Wintershall
Wintershall Holding GmbH, based in Kassel, was Germany's largest crude oil and natural gas producer.
World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.
World Meteorological Organization
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation on atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology and geophysics.
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World Press Freedom Index
The World Press Freedom Index (WPFI) is an annual ranking of countries compiled and published by Reporters Without Borders (RSF) since 2002 based upon the organization's own assessment of the countries' press freedom records in the previous year.
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World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland that regulates and facilitates international trade.
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World War II
World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers.
Xinhua News Agency
Xinhua News Agency (English pronunciation),J.
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Yusuf Karamanli
Yusuf (ibn Ali) Karamanli, Caramanli or Qaramanli or al-Qaramanli (most commonly Yusuf Karamanli), (1766–1838) was the longest-reigning Pasha of the Karamanli dynasty of Tripolitania (in present-day Libya).
Zawiya District
Zawiya, officially Zawia (محافظة الزاوية Az Zāwiya), is one of the districts of Libya.
Zawiya, Libya
Zawiya, officially Zawia (الزاوية, transliteration: Az Zāwiyaẗ, Zauia or Zavia, variants: الزاوية الغربية Az Zawiyah Al Gharbiyah, Ḩārat az Zāwiyah, Al Ḩārah, El-Hára and Haraf Az Zāwīyah), is a city in northwestern Libya, situated on the Libyan coastline of the Mediterranean Sea about west of Tripoli, in the historic region of Tripolitania.
Zeid bin Ra'ad
Prince Zeid bin Ra'ad bin Zeid al-Hussein (زيد ابن رعد الحسين; born 26 January 1964) is a Jordanian former diplomat who is the Perry World House Professor of the Practice of Law and Human Rights at the University of Pennsylvania.
Zirid dynasty
The Zirid dynasty (translit), Banu Ziri (translit), was a Sanhaja Berber dynasty from what is now Algeria which ruled the central Maghreb from 972 to 1014 and Ifriqiya (eastern Maghreb) from 972 to 1148.
Zuwarah
Zuwarah, Zuwara, or Zwara is a coastal city in north-western Libya.
.ly
.ly is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Libya.
See Libya and .ly
1969 Libyan revolution
The 1969 Libyan revolution, also known as the al-Fateh Revolution or 1 September Revolution, was a coup d'état and revolution carried out by the Free Officers Movement, a group of Arab nationalist and Nasserist officers in the Libyan Army, which overthrew the Senussi monarchy of King Idris I and resulted in the formation of the Libyan Arab Republic.
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1982 African Cup of Nations
The 1982 African Cup of Nations was the 13th edition of the Africa Cup of Nations, the association football championship of African nations run by the CAF.
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1986 FIFA World Cup
The 1986 FIFA World Cup was the 13th FIFA World Cup, a quadrennial football tournament for men's senior national teams.
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1986 United States bombing of Libya
The United States Air Force, Navy, and Marine Corps carried out air strikes, code-named Operation El Dorado Canyon, against Libya on 15 April 1986 in retaliation for the West Berlin discotheque bombing ten days earlier, which U.S. President Ronald Reagan blamed on Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi.
See Libya and 1986 United States bombing of Libya
19th parallel north
The 19th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 19 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.
See Libya and 19th parallel north
2008 Summer Olympics
The 2008 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XXIX Olympiad and officially branded as Beijing 2008, were an international multisport event held from 8 to 24 August 2008, in Beijing, China.
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2011 military intervention in Libya
On 19 March 2011, a multi-state NATO-led coalition began a military intervention in Libya to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 (UNSCR 1973), in response to events during the First Libyan Civil War.
See Libya and 2011 military intervention in Libya
2012 Benghazi attack
The 2012 Benghazi attack was a coordinated attack against two United States government facilities in Benghazi, Libya, by members of the Islamic militant group Ansar al-Sharia.
See Libya and 2012 Benghazi attack
2012 Libyan parliamentary election
Elections for a General National Congress (GNC) were held in Libya on 7 July 2012, having been postponed from 19 June.
See Libya and 2012 Libyan parliamentary election
2014 Libyan parliamentary election
Parliamentary elections were held in Libya on 25 June 2014 for the House of Representatives.
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2015 European migrant crisis
During 2015, there was a period of significantly increased movement of refugees and migrants into Europe.
See Libya and 2015 European migrant crisis
2016 Summer Olympics
The 2016 Summer Olympics (Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2016), officially the Games of the XXXI Olympiad (Jogos da XXXI Olimpíada) and officially branded as Rio 2016, were an international multi-sport event held from 5 to 21 August 2016 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, with preliminary events in some sports beginning on 3 August.
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26th meridian east
The meridian 26° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Indian Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
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34th parallel north
The 34th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 34 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.
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9th meridian east
The meridian 9° east of Greenwich is a line of longitude that extends from the North Pole across the Arctic Ocean, Europe, Africa, the Atlantic Ocean, the Southern Ocean, and Antarctica to the South Pole.
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See also
1951 establishments in Africa
- Athletics Kenya
- Bamburi Cement
- Bururi Forest Nature Reserve
- Libya
- Mediterranean Games
- Tamale Technical University
- Technical University of Mombasa
1951 establishments in Libya
- Constitution of Libya (1951)
- Flag of Libya
- Kingdom of Libya
- Libya
- Libyan Army (1951–2011)
- Libyan pound
- List of heads of government of Libya
- List of heads of state of Libya
- Parliament of the Kingdom of Libya
Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language
- Algeria
- Bahrain
- Chad
- Comoros
- Djibouti
- Egypt
- Iraq
- Israel
- Jordan
- Kuwait
- Lebanon
- Libya
- List of countries and territories where Arabic is an official language
- Mali
- Mauritania
- Morocco
- Oman
- Qatar
- Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
- Saudi Arabia
- Somalia
- Somaliland
- State of Palestine
- Sudan
- Syria
- Tunisia
- United Arab Emirates
- Western Sahara
- Yemen
- Zanzibar
Eastern Mediterranean
- 2002 Eastern Mediterranean event
- Assyria
- Assyrian homeland
- Buddhism and the Roman world
- Cyprus
- EMME
- East Mediterranean Gas Forum
- Eastern Mediterranean
- Eastern Mediterranean Activities Conference
- Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
- Eastern Mediterranean Optical System 1
- Eastern Mediterranean University
- Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests
- Egypt
- Fertile Crescent
- Fleet coinage (Mark Antony)
- Hatay Province
- Iraqi Kurdistan
- Israel
- Khabur (Euphrates)
- Lebanon
- Levant
- Libya
- Mashriq
- McGhee Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies
- Mediterranean–Dead Sea Canal
- Near East
- Nile Delta
- Northern Cyprus
- Salvia fruticosa
- Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests
- State of Palestine
- Syria
- Syrian Desert
- Syrian Kurdistan
- Turkey
- WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
- Wild edible plants of Israel and Palestine
Maghrebi countries
Member states of OPEC
- Algeria
- Angola
- Equatorial Guinea
- Gabon
- Iran
- Iraq
- Kuwait
- Libya
- Nigeria
- Republic of the Congo
- Saudi Arabia
- United Arab Emirates
- Venezuela
Member states of the Arab League
- Algeria
- Bahrain
- Comoros
- Djibouti
- Egypt
- Iraq
- Jordan
- Kuwait
- Lebanon
- Libya
- Mauritania
- Member states of the Arab League
- Morocco
- Oman
- Qatar
- Saudi Arabia
- Somalia
- Sudan
- Syria
- Syrian opposition
- Tunisia
- United Arab Emirates
- Yemen
North African countries
- Algeria
- Egypt
- Libya
- Mauritania
- Morocco
- Portugal
- Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
- Spain
- Sudan
- Tunisia
- Western Sahara
Saharan countries
- Algeria
- Chad
- Egypt
- Libya
- Mali
- Mauritania
- Morocco
- Niger
- Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
- Sudan
- Tunisia
- Western Sahara
States and territories established in 1951
- Chaco Province
- Chernozemelsky District
- City of Singapore (historical entity)
- Guadiana, Badajoz
- Kandalakshsky District
- Kayah State
- Khostinsky City District
- Kingdom of Libya
- Kirovsky City District, Murmansk
- Leninsky Administrative Okrug, Murmansk
- Libya
- Mokotów
- Ochota
- Oktyabrsky Administrative Okrug, Murmansk
- Paracas District
- Praga-North
- Praga-Południe
- San Pedro de Huacarpana District
- Tibet Area (administrative division)
- Wawer
- Wilanów
- Wola
- Śródmieście, Warsaw
- Żoliborz
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libya
Also known as Al Jumahiriyah al Arabiyah al Libiyah ash Shabiyah al Ishtirakiyah al Uzma, Al-Jamahiriya al-`Arabiyah al-Libiyah ash-Sha`biyah al-Ishtirakiyah al-Uzma, Etymology of Libya, Free Democratic Libya, Free Libya, ISO 3166-1:LY, Islamic Republic of Libya, Largest cities in Libya, Libiya, Libiyah, Libya (National Transitional Council), Libyan Republic, Libyan Republic (2011), Lybya, Lībiyā, Republic of Libya, State of Libya, , ليبيا.
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