Mars, the Glossary
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun.[1]
Table of Contents
414 relations: Aeolian processes, Airy-0, Albedo, Albedo feature, Alexandria, Alluvial fan, Almagest, Aluminium, Amazonian (Mars), Amazonis Planitia, American Astronomical Society, Ancient Greece, Ancient Rome, Andesite, Angular diameter, Angular momentum, Apparent magnitude, Apparent retrograde motion, Apsis, Arabia Terra, Arctic Ocean, Ares, Argon, Argyre Planitia, Aristotle, Ars Technica, Arsia Mons, Asaph Hall, Asteroid belt, Astronomy & Geophysics, Astronomy on Mars, Athabasca Valles, Atmosphere, Atmosphere of Earth, Atmosphere of Mars, Atmospheric pressure, Aurora, Aurora on Mars, Aurorae Sinus, Axial tilt, Babylonian astronomy, Barsoom, Basalt, Base (chemistry), BBC News, Biosignature, Bond albedo, Bradbury Landing, Brine, Butterscotch, ... Expand index (364 more) »
- Astronomical objects known since antiquity
- Planets of the Solar System
- Terrestrial planets
Aeolian processes
Aeolian processes, also spelled eolian, pertain to wind activity in the study of geology and weather and specifically to the wind's ability to shape the surface of the Earth (or other planets).
See Mars and Aeolian processes
Airy-0
Airy-0 is a crater inside the larger Airy Crater on Mars, whose location historically defined the Martian prime meridian.
See Mars and Airy-0
Albedo
Albedo is the fraction of sunlight that is diffusely reflected by a body.
See Mars and Albedo
Albedo feature
In planetary geology, an albedo feature is a large area on the surface of a planet (or other Solar System body) which shows a contrast in brightness or darkness (albedo) with adjacent areas.
Alexandria
Alexandria (الإسكندرية; Ἀλεξάνδρεια, Coptic: Ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ - Rakoti or ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ) is the second largest city in Egypt and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast.
Alluvial fan
An alluvial fan is an accumulation of sediments that fans outwards from a concentrated source of sediments, such as a narrow canyon emerging from an escarpment.
Almagest
The Almagest is a 2nd-century mathematical and astronomical treatise on the apparent motions of the stars and planetary paths, written by Claudius Ptolemy in Koine Greek.
Aluminium
Aluminium (Aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element; it has symbol Al and atomic number 13.
Amazonian (Mars)
The Amazonian is a geologic system and time period on the planet Mars characterized by low rates of meteorite and asteroid impacts and by cold, hyperarid conditions broadly similar to those on Mars today.
Amazonis Planitia
Amazonis Planitia (Latin Amāzŏnis) is one of the smoothest plains on Mars.
See Mars and Amazonis Planitia
American Astronomical Society
The American Astronomical Society (AAS, sometimes spoken as "double-A-S") is an American society of professional astronomers and other interested individuals, headquartered in Washington, DC.
See Mars and American Astronomical Society
Ancient Greece
Ancient Greece (Hellás) was a northeastern Mediterranean civilization, existing from the Greek Dark Ages of the 12th–9th centuries BC to the end of classical antiquity, that comprised a loose collection of culturally and linguistically related city-states and other territories.
Ancient Rome
In modern historiography, ancient Rome is the Roman civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of Rome in the 8th century BC to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century AD.
Andesite
Andesite is a volcanic rock of intermediate composition.
Angular diameter
The angular diameter, angular size, apparent diameter, or apparent size is an angular distance describing how large a sphere or circle appears from a given point of view.
Angular momentum
Angular momentum (sometimes called moment of momentum or rotational momentum) is the rotational analog of linear momentum.
Apparent magnitude
Apparent magnitude is a measure of the brightness of a star or other astronomical object.
See Mars and Apparent magnitude
Apparent retrograde motion
Apparent retrograde motion is the apparent motion of a planet in a direction opposite to that of other bodies within its system, as observed from a particular vantage point.
See Mars and Apparent retrograde motion
Apsis
An apsis is the farthest or nearest point in the orbit of a planetary body about its primary body.
See Mars and Apsis
Arabia Terra
Arabia Terra is a large upland region in the north of Mars that lies mostly in the Arabia quadrangle, but a small part is in the Mare Acidalium quadrangle.
Arctic Ocean
The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five oceanic divisions.
Ares
Ares (Ἄρης, Árēs) is the Greek god of war and courage.
See Mars and Ares
Argon
Argon is a chemical element; it has symbol Ar and atomic number 18.
See Mars and Argon
Argyre Planitia
Argyre Planitia is a plain located within the impact basin Argyre in the southern highlands of Mars.
Aristotle
Aristotle (Ἀριστοτέλης Aristotélēs; 384–322 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher and polymath.
Ars Technica
Ars Technica is a website covering news and opinions in technology, science, politics, and society, created by Ken Fisher and Jon Stokes in 1998.
Arsia Mons
Arsia Mons is the southernmost of three volcanoes (collectively known as Tharsis Montes) on the Tharsis bulge near the equator of the planet Mars.
Asaph Hall
Asaph Hall III (October 15, 1829 – November 22, 1907) was an American astronomer who is best known for having discovered the two moons of Mars, Deimos and Phobos, in 1877.
Asteroid belt
The asteroid belt is a torus-shaped region in the Solar System, centered on the Sun and roughly spanning the space between the orbits of the planets Jupiter and Mars. Mars and asteroid belt are solar System.
Astronomy & Geophysics
Astronomy & Geophysics (A&G) is a scientific journal and trade magazine published on behalf of the Royal Astronomical Society (RAS) by Oxford University Press.
See Mars and Astronomy & Geophysics
Astronomy on Mars
Many astronomical phenomena viewed from the planet Mars are the same as or similar to those seen from Earth; but some (e.g. the view of Earth as an evening/morning star) are quite different.
See Mars and Astronomy on Mars
Athabasca Valles
The Athabasca Valles are a late Amazonian-period outflow channel system in the central Elysium Planitia region of Mars, located to the south of the Elysium Rise.
Atmosphere
An atmosphere is a layer of gasses that envelop an astronomical object, held in place by the gravity of the object.
Atmosphere of Earth
The atmosphere of Earth is composed of a layer of gas mixture that surrounds the Earth's planetary surface (both lands and oceans), known collectively as air, with variable quantities of suspended aerosols and particulates (which create weather features such as clouds and hazes), all retained by Earth's gravity.
See Mars and Atmosphere of Earth
Atmosphere of Mars
The atmosphere of Mars is the layer of gases surrounding Mars.
See Mars and Atmosphere of Mars
Atmospheric pressure
Atmospheric pressure, also known as air pressure or barometric pressure (after the barometer), is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth.
See Mars and Atmospheric pressure
Aurora
An aurora (aurorae or auroras), also commonly known as the northern lights (aurora borealis) or southern lights (aurora australis), is a natural light display in Earth's sky, predominantly seen in high-latitude regions (around the Arctic and Antarctic).
See Mars and Aurora
Aurora on Mars
In 1994, the European Space Agency's Mars Express found an ultraviolet glow coming from "magnetic umbrellas" in the Southern Hemisphere.
Aurorae Sinus
Aurorae Sinus is a dark feature in the southern hemisphere of the planet Mars.
Axial tilt
In astronomy, axial tilt, also known as obliquity, is the angle between an object's rotational axis and its orbital axis, which is the line perpendicular to its orbital plane; equivalently, it is the angle between its equatorial plane and orbital plane.
Babylonian astronomy
Babylonian astronomy was the study or recording of celestial objects during the early history of Mesopotamia.
See Mars and Babylonian astronomy
Barsoom
Barsoom is a fictional representation of the planet Mars created by American pulp fiction author Edgar Rice Burroughs.
See Mars and Barsoom
Basalt
Basalt is an aphanitic (fine-grained) extrusive igneous rock formed from the rapid cooling of low-viscosity lava rich in magnesium and iron (mafic lava) exposed at or very near the surface of a rocky planet or moon.
See Mars and Basalt
Base (chemistry)
In chemistry, there are three definitions in common use of the word "base": Arrhenius bases, Brønsted bases, and Lewis bases.
BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.
Biosignature
A biosignature (sometimes called chemical fossil or molecular fossil) is any substance, such as an element, isotope, molecule, or phenomenon, that provides scientific evidence of past or present life on a planet.
Bond albedo
The Bond albedo (also called spheric albedo, planetary albedo, and bolometric albedo), named after the American astronomer George Phillips Bond (1825–1865), who originally proposed it, is the fraction of power in the total electromagnetic radiation incident on an astronomical body that is scattered back out into space.
Bradbury Landing
Bradbury Landing is the August 6, 2012, landing site within Gale crater on planet Mars of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) ''Curiosity'' rover.
Brine
Brine (or briny water) is water with a high-concentration solution of salt (typically sodium chloride or calcium chloride).
See Mars and Brine
Butterscotch
Butterscotch is a type of confectionery whose primary ingredients are brown sugar and butter.
C. S. Lewis
Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963) was a British writer, literary scholar, and Anglican lay theologian.
Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20.
See Mars and Calcium
Calcium sulfate
Calcium sulfate (or calcium sulphate) is the inorganic compound with the formula CaSO4 and related hydrates.
Canyon
A canyon (from; archaic British English spelling: cañon), gorge or chasm, is a deep cleft between escarpments or cliffs resulting from weathering and the erosive activity of a river over geologic time scales.
See Mars and Canyon
Carbon
Carbon is a chemical element; it has symbol C and atomic number 6.
See Mars and Carbon
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.
Carbon monoxide
Carbon monoxide (chemical formula CO) is a poisonous, flammable gas that is colorless, odorless, tasteless, and slightly less dense than air.
Carbonaceous chondrite
Carbonaceous chondrites or C chondrites are a class of chondritic meteorites comprising at least 8 known groups and many ungrouped meteorites.
See Mars and Carbonaceous chondrite
Carl Sagan
Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, planetary scientist, and science communicator.
Cave
A cave or cavern is a natural void under the Earth's surface.
See Mars and Cave
Cerberus Fossae
The Cerberus Fossae are a series of semi-parallel fissures on Mars formed by faults which pulled the crust apart in the Cerberus region.
Chemical compound
A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) containing atoms from more than one chemical element held together by chemical bonds.
See Mars and Chemical compound
China National Space Administration
The China National Space Administration (CNSA) is a government agency of the People's Republic of China headquartered in Haidian, Beijing, responsible for civil space administration and international space cooperation.
See Mars and China National Space Administration
Chinese astronomy
Astronomy in China has a long history stretching from the Shang dynasty, being refined over a period of more than 3,000 years.
See Mars and Chinese astronomy
Chlorate
Chlorate is the common name of the anion, whose chlorine atom is in the +5 oxidation state.
Chlorine
Chlorine is a chemical element; it has symbol Cl and atomic number 17.
Chondrite
A chondrite is a stony (non-metallic) meteorite that has not been modified, by either melting or differentiation of the parent body.
Christiaan Huygens
Christiaan Huygens, Lord of Zeelhem, (also spelled Huyghens; Hugenius; 14 April 1629 – 8 July 1695) was a Dutch mathematician, physicist, engineer, astronomer, and inventor who is regarded as a key figure in the Scientific Revolution.
See Mars and Christiaan Huygens
Circular orbit
A circular orbit is an orbit with a fixed distance around the barycenter; that is, in the shape of a circle.
Cirrus cloud
Cirrus (cloud classification symbol: Ci) is a genus of high cloud made of ice crystals.
Classical albedo features on Mars
The classical albedo features of Mars are the light and dark features that can be seen on the planet Mars through an Earth-based telescope.
See Mars and Classical albedo features on Mars
CNN
Cable News Network (CNN) is a multinational news channel and website operating from Midtown Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. Founded in 1980 by American media proprietor Ted Turner and Reese Schonfeld as a 24-hour cable news channel, and presently owned by the Manhattan-based media conglomerate Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD), CNN was the first television channel to provide 24-hour news coverage and the first all-news television channel in the United States.
See Mars and CNN
Colonization of Mars
The colonization of Mars is the proposed process of establishing and maintaining control of Martian land for exploitation and the possible settlement of Mars.
See Mars and Colonization of Mars
Comet
A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that warms and begins to release gases when passing close to the Sun, a process called outgassing. Mars and comet are solar System.
See Mars and Comet
Conjunction (astronomy)
In astronomy, a conjunction occurs when two astronomical objects or spacecraft appear to be close to each other in the sky.
See Mars and Conjunction (astronomy)
Coriolis force
In physics, the Coriolis force is an inertial (or fictitious) force that acts on objects in motion within a frame of reference that rotates with respect to an inertial frame.
Coronal mass ejection
A coronal mass ejection (CME) is a significant ejection of magnetic field and accompanying plasma mass from the Sun's corona into the heliosphere.
See Mars and Coronal mass ejection
Cosmos (Sagan book)
Cosmos is a popular science book written by astronomer and Pulitzer Prize-winning author Carl Sagan.
See Mars and Cosmos (Sagan book)
Crater chain
A crater chain is a line of craters along the surface of an astronomical body.
Crust (geology)
In geology, the crust is the outermost solid shell of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite.
Cryosphere
The cryosphere is an umbrella term for those portions of Earth's surface where water is in solid form.
Curiosity (rover)
Curiosity is a car-sized Mars rover exploring Gale crater and Mount Sharp on Mars as part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission.
See Mars and Curiosity (rover)
Cydonia (Mars)
Cydonia is a region on the planet Mars that has attracted both scientific and popular interest.
Dark slope streak
Dark slope streaks are narrow, avalanche-like features common on dust-covered slopes in the equatorial regions of Mars.
See Mars and Dark slope streak
Deimos (deity)
In Greek mythology, Deimos (fear) is the personification of fear.
Deimos (moon)
Deimos (systematic designation: Mars II) is the smaller and outer of the two natural satellites of Mars, the other being Phobos. Mars and Deimos (moon) are solar System.
Delta-v budget
In astrodynamics and aerospace, a delta-v budget is an estimate of the total change in velocity (delta-''v'') required for a space mission.
Deneb
Deneb is a first-magnitude blue supergiant star in the constellation of Cygnus.
See Mars and Deneb
Deposition (phase transition)
Deposition is the phase transition in which gas transforms into solid without passing through the liquid phase.
See Mars and Deposition (phase transition)
Desert
A desert is a landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions create unique biomes and ecosystems.
See Mars and Desert
Desert planet
A desert planet, also known as a dry planet, an arid planet, or a dune planet, is a type of terrestrial planet with an arid surface consistency similar to Earth's deserts. Mars and desert planet are terrestrial planets.
Deuterium
Deuterium (hydrogen-2, symbol H or D, also known as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable isotopes of hydrogen (the other is protium, or hydrogen-1).
Dry ice
Dry ice colloquially means the solid form of carbon dioxide.
See Mars and Dry ice
Dust devil
A dust devil (also known regionally as a dirt devil) is a strong, well-formed, and relatively short-lived whirlwind.
Dust storm
A dust storm, also called a sandstorm, is a meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi-arid regions.
Dynamo theory
In physics, the dynamo theory proposes a mechanism by which a celestial body such as Earth or a star generates a magnetic field.
E. M. Antoniadi
Eugène Michel Antoniadi (Greek: Ευγένιος Αντωνιάδης; 1 March 1870 – 10 February 1944) was a Greek-French astronomer.
Earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. Mars and Earth are astronomical objects known since antiquity, planets of the Solar System, solar System and terrestrial planets.
See Mars and Earth
East Asia
East Asia is a geographical and cultural region of Asia including the countries of China, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea, South Korea, and Taiwan.
Ecliptic
The ecliptic or ecliptic plane is the orbital plane of Earth around the Sun.
Edgar Rice Burroughs
Edgar Rice Burroughs (September 1, 1875 – March 19, 1950) was an American writer, best known for his prolific output in the adventure, science fiction, and fantasy genres.
See Mars and Edgar Rice Burroughs
Effective temperature
The effective temperature of a body such as a star or planet is the temperature of a black body that would emit the same total amount of electromagnetic radiation.
See Mars and Effective temperature
Egyptian astronomy
Egyptian astronomy began in prehistoric times, in the Predynastic Period.
See Mars and Egyptian astronomy
Ellipse
In mathematics, an ellipse is a plane curve surrounding two focal points, such that for all points on the curve, the sum of the two distances to the focal points is a constant.
See Mars and Ellipse
Ellipsoid
An ellipsoid is a surface that can be obtained from a sphere by deforming it by means of directional scalings, or more generally, of an affine transformation.
Emirates Mars Mission
The Emirates Mars Mission (mašrū' al-Imārāt l-āstikšāf al-Murīkh) is a United Arab Emirates Space Agency uncrewed space exploration mission to Mars.
See Mars and Emirates Mars Mission
Environmental radioactivity
Environmental radioactivity is part of the overall background radiation and is produced by radioactive materials in the human environment.
See Mars and Environmental radioactivity
Epoch (astronomy)
In astronomy, an epoch or reference epoch is a moment in time used as a reference point for some time-varying astronomical quantity.
See Mars and Epoch (astronomy)
Equator
The equator is a circle of latitude that divides a spheroid, such as Earth, into the Northern and Southern hemispheres.
See Mars and Equator
EscaPADE
Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Explorers (EscaPADE) is a planned spacecraft mission to Mars consisting of two spacecraft known as Blue and Gold.
European Space Agency
The European Space Agency (ESA) is a 22-member intergovernmental body devoted to space exploration.
See Mars and European Space Agency
Experience Curiosity
Experience Curiosity is an interactive web application developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory to celebrate the third anniversary of the ''Curiosity'' rover landing on Mars.
See Mars and Experience Curiosity
Exploration of Mars
The planet Mars has been explored remotely by spacecraft. Mars and Exploration of Mars are solar System.
See Mars and Exploration of Mars
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde (systematic name methanal) is an organic compound with the chemical formula and structure, more precisely.
Formation and evolution of the Solar System
There is evidence that the formation of the Solar System began about 4.6 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud. Mars and formation and evolution of the Solar System are solar System.
See Mars and Formation and evolution of the Solar System
Gale (crater)
Gale is a crater, and probable dry lake, at in the northwestern part of the Aeolis quadrangle on Mars.
Galileo Galilei
Galileo di Vincenzo Bonaiuti de' Galilei (15 February 1564 – 8 January 1642), commonly referred to as Galileo Galilei or simply Galileo, was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer, sometimes described as a polymath.
Gérard de Vaucouleurs
Gérard Henri de Vaucouleurs (25 April 1918 – 7 October 1995) was a French astronomer best known for his studies of galaxies.
See Mars and Gérard de Vaucouleurs
Geoid
The geoid is the shape that the ocean surface would take under the influence of the gravity of Earth, including gravitational attraction and Earth's rotation, if other influences such as winds and tides were absent.
See Mars and Geoid
Geology (journal)
Geology is a peer-reviewed publication of the Geological Society of America (GSA).
See Mars and Geology (journal)
Geology of Mars
The geology of Mars is the scientific study of the surface, crust, and interior of the planet Mars.
Geometric albedo
In astronomy, the geometric albedo of a celestial body is the ratio of its actual brightness as seen from the light source (i.e. at zero phase angle) to that of an idealized flat, fully reflecting, diffusively scattering (Lambertian) disk with the same cross-section.
Geomorphology
Geomorphology (from Ancient Greek:,, 'earth';,, 'form'; and,, 'study') is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features generated by physical, chemical or biological processes operating at or near Earth's surface.
Geophysical Research Letters
Geophysical Research Letters is a biweekly peer-reviewed scientific journal of geoscience published by the American Geophysical Union that was established in 1974.
See Mars and Geophysical Research Letters
Geysers on Mars
Martian geysers (or jets) are putative sites of small gas and dust eruptions that occur in the south polar region of Mars during the spring thaw.
Giant-impact hypothesis
The giant-impact hypothesis, sometimes called the Theia Impact, is an astrogeology hypothesis for the formation of the Moon first proposed in 1946 by Canadian geologist Reginald Daly.
See Mars and Giant-impact hypothesis
Gilbert Levin
Gilbert Victor Levin (April 23, 1924 – July 26, 2021) was an American engineer, the founder of Biospherics and the principal investigator of the ''Viking'' mission Labeled Release experiment.
Giovanni Domenico Cassini
Giovanni Domenico Cassini, also known as Jean-Dominique Cassini (8 June 1625 – 14 September 1712) was an Italian (naturalised French) mathematician, astronomer and engineer.
See Mars and Giovanni Domenico Cassini
Giovanni Schiaparelli
Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli (14 March 1835 – 4 July 1910) was an Italian astronomer and science historian.
See Mars and Giovanni Schiaparelli
Glenelg, Mars
Glenelg, Mars (or Glenelg Intrigue) is a location on Mars near the Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity rover) landing site (Bradbury Landing) in Gale Crater marked by a natural intersection of three kinds of terrain.
Goethite
Goethite is a mineral of the diaspore group, consisting of iron(III) oxide-hydroxide, specifically the α-polymorph.
Google Earth
Google Earth is a computer program that renders a 3D representation of Earth based primarily on satellite imagery.
Graben
In geology, a graben is a depressed block of the crust of a planet or moon, bordered by parallel normal faults.
See Mars and Graben
Grand Canyon
The Grand Canyon is a steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in Arizona, United States.
Gravitational potential
In classical mechanics, the gravitational potential is a scalar field associating with each point in space the work (energy transferred) per unit mass that would be needed to move an object to that point from a fixed reference point.
See Mars and Gravitational potential
Gravity of Earth
The gravity of Earth, denoted by, is the net acceleration that is imparted to objects due to the combined effect of gravitation (from mass distribution within Earth) and the centrifugal force (from the Earth's rotation).
Gravity of Mars
The gravity of Mars is a natural phenomenon, due to the law of gravity, or gravitation, by which all things with mass around the planet Mars are brought towards it.
Greek language
Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.
Greek mythology
Greek mythology is the body of myths originally told by the ancient Greeks, and a genre of ancient Greek folklore, today absorbed alongside Roman mythology into the broader designation of classical mythology.
Greenland ice sheet
The Greenland ice sheet is an ice sheet which forms the second largest body of ice in the world.
See Mars and Greenland ice sheet
Greenwich
Greenwich is a town in south-east London, England, within the ceremonial county of Greater London.
Groundwater sapping
Groundwater sapping is a geomorphic erosion process that results in the headward migration of channels in response to near constant fluid discharge at a fixed point.
See Mars and Groundwater sapping
Gully
A gully is a landform created by running water, mass movement, or commonly a combination of both eroding sharply into soil or other relatively erodible material, typically on a hillside or in river floodplains or terraces.
See Mars and Gully
Gustav Holst
Gustav Theodore Holst (born Gustavus Theodore von Holst; 21 September 1874 – 25 May 1934) was an English composer, arranger and teacher.
Gypsum
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula.
See Mars and Gypsum
H. G. Wells
Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 – 13 August 1946) was an English writer.
Habitable zone
In astronomy and astrobiology, the habitable zone (HZ), or more precisely the circumstellar habitable zone (CHZ), is the range of orbits around a star within which a planetary surface can support liquid water given sufficient atmospheric pressure.
Hadriacus Mons
Hadriacus Mons is an ancient, low-relief volcanic mountain on the planet Mars, located in the southern hemisphere just northeast of the impact basin Hellas and southwest of the similar volcano Tyrrhenus Mons.
Haredevil Hare
Haredevil Hare is a 1948 Looney Tunes cartoon directed by Chuck Jones.
Harold Masursky
Harold (Hal) Masursky (December 23, 1922* – August 24, 1990) was an American astrogeologist.
Heat transfer
Heat transfer is a discipline of thermal engineering that concerns the generation, use, conversion, and exchange of thermal energy (heat) between physical systems.
Heidelberg
Heidelberg (Heidlberg) is a city in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, situated on the river Neckar in south-west Germany.
Hellas Planitia
Hellas Planitia is a plain located within the huge, roughly circular impact basin Hellas located in the southern hemisphere of the planet Mars.
Hematite
Hematite, also spelled as haematite, is a common iron oxide compound with the formula, Fe2O3 and is widely found in rocks and soils.
Henri Joseph Anastase Perrotin
Henri Joseph Anastase Perrotin (December 19, 1845 – February 29, 1904) was a French astronomer and a discoverer of minor planets.
See Mars and Henri Joseph Anastase Perrotin
Hesperia Planum
Hesperia Planum is a broad lava plain in the southern highlands of the planet Mars.
Hesperian
The Hesperian is a geologic system and time period on the planet Mars characterized by widespread volcanic activity and catastrophic flooding that carved immense outflow channels across the surface.
Highland
Highlands or uplands are areas of high elevation such as a mountainous region, elevated mountainous plateau or high hills.
History of astronomy
Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of prehistory: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy.
See Mars and History of astronomy
Human mission to Mars
The idea of sending humans to Mars has been the subject of aerospace engineering and scientific studies since the late 1940s as part of the broader exploration of Mars.
See Mars and Human mission to Mars
Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol H and atomic number 1.
Hydroxide
Hydroxide is a diatomic anion with chemical formula OH−.
Icarus (journal)
ICARUS is a scientific journal dedicated to the field of planetary science.
Impact crater
An impact crater is a depression in the surface of a solid astronomical body formed by the hypervelocity impact of a smaller object.
Impact event
An impact event is a collision between astronomical objects causing measurable effects.
Impactite
Impactite is rock created or modified by one or more impacts of a meteorite.
In situ resource utilization
In space exploration, in situ resource utilization (ISRU) is the practice of collection, processing, storing and use of materials found or manufactured on other astronomical objects (the Moon, Mars, asteroids, etc.) that replace materials that would otherwise be brought from Earth.
See Mars and In situ resource utilization
Infrared
Infrared (IR; sometimes called infrared light) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with wavelengths longer than that of visible light but shorter than microwaves.
InSight
The Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport (InSight) mission was a robotic lander designed to study the deep interior of the planet Mars.
See Mars and InSight
Invariable plane
The invariable plane of a planetary system, also called Laplace's invariable plane, is the plane passing through its barycenter (center of mass) perpendicular to its angular momentum vector.
Ionosphere
The ionosphere is the ionized part of the upper atmosphere of Earth, from about to above sea level, a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere.
Iron
Iron is a chemical element.
See Mars and Iron
Iron oxide
Iron oxides are chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen.
Iron(III) oxide
Iron(III) oxide or ferric oxide is the inorganic compound with the formula Fe2O3.
Iron–nickel alloy
An iron–nickel alloy or nickel–iron alloy, abbreviated FeNi or NiFe, is a group of alloys consisting primarily of the elements nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe).
See Mars and Iron–nickel alloy
Isidis Planitia
Isidis Planitia is a plain located within a giant impact basin on Mars, located partly in the Syrtis Major quadrangle and partly in the Amenthes quadrangle.
Isotopes of hydrogen
Hydrogen (1H) has three naturally occurring isotopes, sometimes denoted,, and.
See Mars and Isotopes of hydrogen
ISRO
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is India's national '''space agency'''.
See Mars and ISRO
Jarosite
Jarosite is a basic hydrous sulfate of potassium and ferric iron (Fe-III) with a chemical formula of KFe3(SO4)2(OH)6.
Johann Heinrich von Mädler
Johann Heinrich von Mädler (29 May 1794, Berlin – 14 March 1874, Hannover) was a German astronomer.
See Mars and Johann Heinrich von Mädler
Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler (27 December 1571 – 15 November 1630) was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music.
Journal of Geophysical Research
The Journal of Geophysical Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal.
See Mars and Journal of Geophysical Research
Jupiter
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System. Mars and Jupiter are astronomical objects known since antiquity, planets of the Solar System and solar System.
See Mars and Jupiter
Katabatic wind
A katabatic wind (named) carries high-density air from a higher elevation down a slope under the force of gravity.
Kim Stanley Robinson
Kim Stanley Robinson (born March 23, 1952) is an American science fiction writer.
See Mars and Kim Stanley Robinson
Korolev (Martian crater)
Korolev is an ice-filled impact crater in the Mare Boreum quadrangle of Mars, located at 73° north latitude and 165° east longitude.
See Mars and Korolev (Martian crater)
Lake Superior
Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake in the world by surface areaThe Caspian Sea is the largest lake, but is saline, not freshwater.
Late Heavy Bombardment
The Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB), or lunar cataclysm, is a hypothesized astronomical event thought to have occurred approximately 4.1 to 3.8 billion years (Ga) ago, at a time corresponding to the Neohadean and Eoarchean eras on Earth.
See Mars and Late Heavy Bombardment
Lava tube
A lava tube, or pyroduct, is a natural conduit formed by flowing lava from a volcanic vent that moves beneath the hardened surface of a lava flow.
Lick Observatory
The Lick Observatory is an astronomical observatory owned and operated by the University of California.
Life on Mars
The possibility of life on Mars is a subject of interest in astrobiology due to the planet's proximity and similarities to Earth.
List of brightest natural objects in the sky
This is a list of the brightest natural objects in the sky.
See Mars and List of brightest natural objects in the sky
List of quadrangles on Mars
The surface of Mars has been divided into thirty cartographic quadrangles by the United States Geological Survey.
See Mars and List of quadrangles on Mars
List of tallest mountains in the Solar System
This is a list of the tallest mountains in the Solar System. Mars and list of tallest mountains in the Solar System are solar System.
See Mars and List of tallest mountains in the Solar System
Lithosphere
A lithosphere is the rigid, outermost rocky shell of a terrestrial planet or natural satellite.
Looney Tunes
Looney Tunes is an American animated franchise produced and distributed by Warner Bros. It began as a series of short films that originally ran from 1930 to 1969, along with its partner series Merrie Melodies, during the golden age of American animation.
Louis Thollon
Louis Thollon (2 May 1829 – 8 April 1887) was a French astronomer.
Low Earth orbit
A low Earth orbit (LEO) is an orbit around Earth with a period of 128 minutes or less (making at least 11.25 orbits per day) and an eccentricity less than 0.25.
Low-velocity zone
The low-velocity zone (LVZ) occurs close to the boundary between the lithosphere and the asthenosphere in the upper mantle.
See Mars and Low-velocity zone
Lowell Observatory
Lowell Observatory is an astronomical observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, United States.
See Mars and Lowell Observatory
Lower mantle
The lower mantle, historically also known as the mesosphere, represents approximately 56% of Earth's total volume, and is the region from 660 to 2900 km below Earth's surface; between the transition zone and the outer core.
Maʼadim Vallis
Maʼadim Vallis is one of the largest outflow channels on Mars, about 700 km long and significantly larger than Earth's Grand Canyon.
Magma ocean
Magma oceans are vast fields of surface magma that exist during periods of a planet's or some natural satellite's accretion when the celestial body is completely or partly molten.
Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element; it has symbol Mg and atomic number 12.
Magnetic field of Mars
The magnetic field of Mars is the magnetic field generated from Mars's interior.
See Mars and Magnetic field of Mars
Magnetosphere
In astronomy and planetary science, a magnetosphere is a region of space surrounding an astronomical object in which charged particles are affected by that object's magnetic field.
Mantle (geology)
A mantle is a layer inside a planetary body bounded below by a core and above by a crust.
Mare Erythraeum
Mare Erythraeum is a very large dark dusky region of Mars that can be viewed by even a small telescope.
Mariner 4
Mariner 4 (together with Mariner 3 known as Mariner-Mars 1964) was the fourth in a series of spacecraft intended for planetary exploration in a flyby mode.
Mariner 9
Mariner 9 (Mariner Mars '71 / Mariner-I) was a robotic spacecraft that contributed greatly to the exploration of Mars and was part of the NASA Mariner program.
Mariner program
The Mariner program was conducted by the American space agency NASA to explore other planets.
Mars (mythology)
In ancient Roman religion and mythology, Mars (Mārs) is the god of war and also an agricultural guardian, a combination characteristic of early Rome.
Mars 2
The Mars 2 was an uncrewed space probe of the Mars program, a series of uncrewed Mars landers and orbiters launched by the Soviet Union beginning 19 May 1971.
See Mars and Mars 2
Mars Express
Mars Express is a space exploration mission being conducted by the European Space Agency (ESA).
Mars Global Surveyor
Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) was an American robotic space probe developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched November 1996.
See Mars and Mars Global Surveyor
Mars in fiction
Mars, the fourth planet from the Sun, has appeared as a setting in works of fiction since at least the mid-1600s.
Mars landing
A Mars landing is a landing of a spacecraft on the surface of Mars.
Mars ocean theory
The Mars ocean theory states that nearly a third of the surface of Mars was covered by an ocean of liquid water early in the planet's geologic history.
See Mars and Mars ocean theory
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) is a spacecraft designed to search for the existence of water on Mars and provide support for missions to Mars, as part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program.
See Mars and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Mars rover
A Mars rover is a remote-controlled motor vehicle designed to travel on the surface of Mars.
Mars Science Laboratory
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a robotic space probe mission to Mars launched by NASA on November 26, 2011, which successfully landed Curiosity, a Mars rover, in Gale Crater on August 6, 2012.
See Mars and Mars Science Laboratory
Mars Society
The Mars Society is a nonprofit organization that advocates for human exploration and colonization of Mars.
Mars sol
Sol (borrowed from the Latin word for sun) is a solar day on Mars; that is, a Mars-day.
Mars surface color
The surface color of the planet Mars appears reddish from a distance because of rusty atmospheric dust.
See Mars and Mars surface color
Mars trilogy
The Mars trilogy is a series of science fiction novels by Kim Stanley Robinson that chronicles the settlement and terraforming of the planet Mars through the personal and detailed viewpoints of a wide variety of characters spanning almost two centuries.
Marsquake
A marsquake is a quake which, much like an earthquake, would be a shaking of the surface or interior of the planet Mars as a result of the sudden release of energy in the planet's interior, such as the result of plate tectonics, which most quakes on Earth originate from, or possibly from hotspots such as Olympus Mons or the Tharsis Montes.
Martian dichotomy
The most conspicuous feature of Mars is a sharp contrast, known as the Martian dichotomy, between the Southern and the Northern hemispheres.
See Mars and Martian dichotomy
Martian dust devils
Martian dust devils are convective atmospheric vortices that occur on the surface of Mars.
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Marvin the Martian
Marvin the Martian is an extraterrestrial character from the Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series.
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Mass
Mass is an intrinsic property of a body.
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Mass production
Mass production, also known as flow production, series production, series manufacture, or continuous production, is the production of substantial amounts of standardized products in a constant flow, including and especially on assembly lines.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
The Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) is a private land-grant research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
See Mars and Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Mauna Kea
Mauna Kea (abbreviation for Mauna a Wākea); is an inactive shield volcano on the island of Hawaiokinai.
MAVEN
MAVEN is a NASA spacecraft orbiting Mars to study the loss of that planet's atmospheric gases to space, providing insight into the history of the planet's climate and water.
See Mars and MAVEN
Mercury (planet)
Mercury is the first planet from the Sun and the smallest in the Solar System. Mars and Mercury (planet) are astronomical objects known since antiquity, planets of the Solar System, solar System and terrestrial planets.
Merton E. Davies
Merton E. Davies (September 13, 1917 – April 17, 2001) was a pioneer of America's space program, first in earth reconnaissance and later in planetary exploration and mapping.
A metal is a material that, when polished or fractured, shows a lustrous appearance, and conducts electricity and heat relatively well.
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Methane
Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms).
See Mars and Methane
Michael Maestlin
Michael Maestlin (also Mästlin, Möstlin, or Moestlin) (30 September 1550 – 26 October 1631) was a German astronomer and mathematician, known for being the mentor of Johannes Kepler.
Milan
Milan (Milano) is a city in northern Italy, regional capital of Lombardy, and the second-most-populous city proper in Italy after Rome.
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Milankovitch cycles
Milankovitch cycles describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements on its climate over thousands of years.
See Mars and Milankovitch cycles
Mineral
In geology and mineralogy, a mineral or mineral species is, broadly speaking, a solid substance with a fairly well-defined chemical composition and a specific crystal structure that occurs naturally in pure form.
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Mineral hydration
In inorganic chemistry, mineral hydration is a reaction which adds water to the crystal structure of a mineral, usually creating a new mineral, commonly called a hydrate.
See Mars and Mineral hydration
Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre
The Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC; markaz Muḥammad bin Rāshid lil-faḍāʾ) is a Dubai government organisation working on the UAE space programme, which includes various space satellite projects, such as the Emirates Mars Mission, the Emirates Lunar Mission, and the UAE astronaut programme.
See Mars and Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre
Moon
The Moon is Earth's only natural satellite. Mars and Moon are astronomical objects known since antiquity and solar System.
See Mars and Moon
Moons of Mars
The two moons of Mars are Phobos and Deimos. Mars and moons of Mars are solar System.
Mount Everest
Mount Everest is Earth's highest mountain above sea level, located in the Mahalangur Himal sub-range of the Himalayas.
NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government responsible for the civil space program, aeronautics research, and space research.
See Mars and NASA
NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
The NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return is a proposed Flagship-class Mars sample return (MSR) mission to collect Martian rock and soil samples in 43 small, cylindrical, pencil-sized, titanium tubes and return them to Earth around 2033.
See Mars and NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return
Natural methane on Mars
The reported presence of methane in the atmosphere of Mars is of interest to many geologists and astrobiologists, as methane may indicate the presence of microbial life on Mars, or a geochemical process such as volcanism or hydrothermal activity.
See Mars and Natural methane on Mars
Nature (journal)
Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.
Nature Geoscience
Nature Geoscience is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Nature Publishing Group.
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Neo-Babylonian Empire
The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire, historically known as the Chaldean Empire, was the last polity ruled by monarchs native to Mesopotamia until Faisal II in the 20th century.
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Nergal
Nergal (Sumerian: dKIŠ.UNU or dGÌR.UNU.GAL;; Aramaic: ܢܸܪܓܲܠ; Nirgal) was a Mesopotamian god worshiped through all periods of Mesopotamian history, from Early Dynastic to Neo-Babylonian times, with a few attestations indicating that his cult survived into the period of Achaemenid domination.
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Nineveh
Nineveh (𒌷𒉌𒉡𒀀, URUNI.NU.A, Ninua; נִינְוֵה, Nīnəwē; نَيْنَوَىٰ, Naynawā; ܢܝܼܢܘܹܐ, Nīnwē), also known in early modern times as Kouyunjik, was an ancient Assyrian city of Upper Mesopotamia, located in the modern-day city of Mosul in northern Iraq.
See Mars and Nineveh
Nitrate
Nitrate is a polyatomic ion with the chemical formula.
See Mars and Nitrate
Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element; it has symbol N and atomic number 7.
Noachian
The Noachian is a geologic system and early time period on the planet Mars characterized by high rates of meteorite and asteroid impacts and the possible presence of abundant surface water.
Noachis Terra
Noachis Terra (lit. "Land of Noah") is an extensive southern landmass (terra) of the planet Mars.
Nodule (geology)
In sedimentology and geology, a nodule is a small, irregularly rounded knot, mass, or lump of a mineral or mineral aggregate that typically has a contrasting composition, such as a pyrite nodule in coal, a chert nodule in limestone, or a phosphorite nodule in marine shale, from the enclosing sediment or sedimentary rock.
North Polar Basin (Mars)
The North Polar Basin, more commonly known as the Borealis Basin, is a large basin in the northern hemisphere of Mars that covers 40% of the planet.
See Mars and North Polar Basin (Mars)
North Pole
The North Pole, also known as the Geographic North Pole, Terrestrial North Pole or 90th Parallel North, is the point in the Northern Hemisphere where the Earth's axis of rotation meets its surface.
Northern Arizona University
Northern Arizona University (NAU) is a public research university based in Flagstaff, Arizona.
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NPR
National Public Radio (NPR, stylized as npr) is an American public broadcasting organization headquartered in Washington, D.C., with its NPR West headquarters in Culver City, California.
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Occultation
An occultation is an event that occurs when one object is hidden from the observer by another object that passes between them.
Olivine
The mineral olivine is a magnesium iron silicate with the chemical formula.
See Mars and Olivine
Olympus Mons
Olympus Mons (Mount Olympus) is a large shield volcano on Mars.
Opportunity (rover)
Opportunity, also known as MER-B (Mars Exploration Rover – B) or MER-1, is a robotic rover that was active on Mars from 2004 until 2018.
See Mars and Opportunity (rover)
Opposition (astronomy)
In positional astronomy, two astronomical objects are said to be in opposition when they are on opposite sides of the celestial sphere, as observed from a given body (usually Earth).
See Mars and Opposition (astronomy)
Optical illusion
In visual perception, an optical illusion (also called a visual illusion) is an illusion caused by the visual system and characterized by a visual percept that arguably appears to differ from reality.
Orbit of Mars
Mars has an orbit with a semimajor axis of 1.524 astronomical units (228 million km) (12.673 light minutes), and an eccentricity of 0.0934.
Orbital eccentricity
In astrodynamics, the orbital eccentricity of an astronomical object is a dimensionless parameter that determines the amount by which its orbit around another body deviates from a perfect circle.
See Mars and Orbital eccentricity
Orbital inclination
Orbital inclination measures the tilt of an object's orbit around a celestial body.
See Mars and Orbital inclination
Orbital period
The orbital period (also revolution period) is the amount of time a given astronomical object takes to complete one orbit around another object.
Orbital plane
The orbital plane of a revolving body is the geometric plane in which its orbit lies.
Orders of magnitude (radiation)
Recognized effects of higher acute radiation doses are described in more detail in the article on radiation poisoning.
See Mars and Orders of magnitude (radiation)
Organism
An organism is defined in a medical dictionary as any living thing that functions as an individual.
Out of the Silent Planet
Out of the Silent Planet is a science fiction novel by the British author C. S. Lewis, first published in 1938 by John Lane, The Bodley Head.
See Mars and Out of the Silent Planet
Outflow channels
Outflow channels are extremely long, wide swathes of scoured ground on Mars.
Oxyanion
An oxyanion, or oxoanion, is an ion with the generic formula (where A represents a chemical element and O represents an oxygen atom).
Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Oxyrhynchus Papyri
The Oxyrhynchus Papyri are a group of manuscripts discovered during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by papyrologists Bernard Pyne Grenfell and Arthur Surridge Hunt at an ancient rubbish dump near Oxyrhynchus in Egypt (modern el-Bahnasa).
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Paleomagnetism
Paleomagnetism (occasionally palaeomagnetism) is the study of prehistoric Earth's magnetic fields recorded in rocks, sediment, or archeological materials.
Parallax in astronomy
The most important fundamental distance measurements in astronomy come from trigonometric parallax, as applied in the stellar parallax method.
See Mars and Parallax in astronomy
Parts-per notation
In science and engineering, the parts-per notation is a set of pseudo-units to describe small values of miscellaneous dimensionless quantities, e.g. mole fraction or mass fraction.
See Mars and Parts-per notation
Pascal (unit)
The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the unit of pressure in the International System of Units (SI).
Perchlorate
A perchlorate is a chemical compound containing the perchlorate ion,, the conjugate base of perchloric acid (ionic perchlorate).
Percival Lowell
Percival Lowell (March 13, 1855 – November 12, 1916) was an American businessman, author, mathematician, and astronomer who fueled speculation that there were canals on Mars, and furthered theories of a ninth planet within the Solar System.
Perseverance (rover)
Perseverance, nicknamed Percy, is a car-sized Mars rover designed to explore the Jezero crater on Mars as part of NASA's Mars 2020 mission.
See Mars and Perseverance (rover)
PH
In chemistry, pH, also referred to as acidity or basicity, historically denotes "potential of hydrogen" (or "power of hydrogen").
See Mars and PH
Phobos (moon)
Phobos (systematic designation) is the innermost and larger of the two natural satellites of Mars, the other being Deimos. Mars and Phobos (moon) are solar System.
Phobos (mythology)
Phobos (flight, fright,, Latin: Phobus) is the god and personification of fear and panic in Greek mythology.
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Phoenix (spacecraft)
Phoenix was an uncrewed space probe that landed on the surface of Mars on May 25, 2008, and operated until November 2, 2008.
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Phosphorus
Phosphorus is a chemical element; it has symbol P and atomic number 15.
Physics (magazine)
Physics is an open access online publication containing commentaries on the best of the peer-reviewed research published in the journals of the American Physical Society.
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Pink
Pink is the color of a namesake flower that is a pale tint of red.
See Mars and Pink
Plagioclase
Plagioclase is a series of tectosilicate (framework silicate) minerals within the feldspar group.
Plain
In geography, a plain, commonly known as flatland, is a flat expanse of land that generally does not change much in elevation, and is primarily treeless.
See Mars and Plain
Planet
A planet is a large, rounded astronomical body that is generally required to be in orbit around a star, stellar remnant, or brown dwarf, and is not one itself. Mars and planet are solar System.
See Mars and Planet
Planet symbols
A planet symbol or planetary symbol is a graphical symbol used in astrology and astronomy to represent a classical planet (including the Sun and the Moon) or one of the modern planets.
Planetary core
A planetary core consists of the innermost layers of a planet.
Planetary differentiation
In planetary science, planetary differentiation is the process by which the chemical elements of a planetary body accumulate in different areas of that body, due to their physical or chemical behavior (e.g. density and chemical affinities).
See Mars and Planetary differentiation
Planetary habitability
Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet's or a natural satellite's potential to develop and maintain environments hospitable to life.
See Mars and Planetary habitability
Planum Australe
Planum Australe (Latin: "the southern plain") is the southern polar plain on Mars.
Planum Boreum
Planum Boreum (Latin: "the northern plain") is the northern polar plain on Mars.
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that Earth's lithosphere comprises a number of large tectonic plates, which have been slowly moving since 3–4 billion years ago.
Pluto
Pluto (minor-planet designation: 134340 Pluto) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of bodies beyond the orbit of Neptune. Mars and Pluto are solar System.
See Mars and Pluto
Polar ice cap
A polar ice cap or polar cap is a high-latitude region of a planet, dwarf planet, or natural satellite that is covered in ice.
Potassium
Potassium is a chemical element; it has symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number19.
Prime meridian
A prime meridian is an arbitrarily-chosen meridian (a line of longitude) in a geographic coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0°.
Private spaceflight
Private spaceflight refers to spaceflight activities undertaken by non-governmental entities, such as corporations, individuals, or non-profit organizations.
See Mars and Private spaceflight
Protoplanetary disk
A protoplanetary disk is a rotating circumstellar disc of dense gas and dust surrounding a young newly formed star, a T Tauri star, or Herbig Ae/Be star.
See Mars and Protoplanetary disk
Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy (Πτολεμαῖος,; Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was an Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western European science.
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Pyroeis
Pyroeis (Πυρόεις) in ancient Greek religion is the god of the wandering star Areios, the planet Mars.
See Mars and Pyroeis
Pyroxene
The pyroxenes (commonly abbreviated Px) are a group of important rock-forming inosilicate minerals found in many igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Rad (radiation unit)
The rad is a unit of absorbed radiation dose, defined as 1 rad.
See Mars and Rad (radiation unit)
Radiation
In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or a material medium.
Ray Bradbury
Ray Douglas Bradbury (August 22, 1920June 5, 2012) was an American author and screenwriter.
Redox
Redox (reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change.
See Mars and Redox
Regolith
Regolith is a blanket of unconsolidated, loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering solid rock.
Rheasilvia
Rheasilvia is the largest impact crater on the asteroid Vesta.
Ring system
A ring system is a disc or torus orbiting an astronomical object that is composed of solid material such as gas, dust, meteoroids, planetoids or moonlets and stellar objects. Mars and ring system are solar System.
River delta
A river delta is a landform shaped like a triangle, created by the deposition of sediment that is carried by a river and enters slower-moving or stagnant water.
Robert A. Heinlein
Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988) was an American science fiction author, aeronautical engineer, and naval officer.
See Mars and Robert A. Heinlein
Rock (geology)
In geology, rock (or stone) is any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter.
Rosalind Franklin (rover)
Rosalind Franklin, previously known as the ExoMars rover, is a planned robotic Mars rover, part of the international ExoMars programme led by the European Space Agency and the Russian Roscosmos State Corporation.
See Mars and Rosalind Franklin (rover)
Rust
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually reddish-brown oxide formed by the reaction of iron and oxygen in the catalytic presence of water or air moisture.
See Mars and Rust
Scale height
In atmospheric, earth, and planetary sciences, a scale height, usually denoted by the capital letter H, is a distance (vertical or radial) over which a physical quantity decreases by a factor of e (the base of natural logarithms, approximately 2.718).
Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
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Science fiction
Science fiction (sometimes shortened to SF or sci-fi) is a genre of speculative fiction, which typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology, space exploration, time travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial life.
Scientific American
Scientific American, informally abbreviated SciAm or sometimes SA, is an American popular science magazine.
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SciTech (magazine)
SciTechDaily is a popular science website, containing sections on space, physics, biology, technology and chemistry.
See Mars and SciTech (magazine)
Sea level
Mean sea level (MSL, often shortened to sea level) is an average surface level of one or more among Earth's coastal bodies of water from which heights such as elevation may be measured.
Season
A season is a division of the year based on changes in weather, ecology, and the number of daylight hours in a given region.
See Mars and Season
Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes
Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes (also called recurring slope lineae, recurrent slope lineae and RSL) are thought to be salty water flows occurring during the warmest months on Mars, or alternatively, dry grains that "flow" downslope of at least 27 degrees.
See Mars and Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes
Serpentinite
Serpentinite is a metamorphic rock composed predominantly of one or more serpentine group minerals formed by near to complete serpentinization of mafic to ultramafic rocks.
SHARAD
SHARAD (Mars SHAllow RADar sounder) is a subsurface sounding radar embarked on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) probe.
See Mars and SHARAD
Shield volcano
A shield volcano is a type of volcano named for its low profile, resembling a shield lying on the ground.
Sievert
The sievert (symbol: SvPlease note there are two non-SI units that use the same Sv abbreviation: the sverdrup and svedberg.) is a unit in the International System of Units (SI) intended to represent the stochastic health risk of ionizing radiation, which is defined as the probability of causing radiation-induced cancer and genetic damage.
See Mars and Sievert
Silicate mineral
Silicate minerals are rock-forming minerals made up of silicate groups.
Silicon
Silicon is a chemical element; it has symbol Si and atomic number 14.
See Mars and Silicon
Silicon dioxide
Silicon dioxide, also known as silica, is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula, commonly found in nature as quartz.
Sinus Meridiani
Sinus Meridiani (Latin Sinus meridiani, "Meridian Bay") is an albedo feature on Mars stretching east-west just south of the planet's equator.
Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element; it has symbol Na (from Neo-Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.
See Mars and Sodium
Solar flare
A solar flare is a relatively intense, localized emission of electromagnetic radiation in the Sun's atmosphere.
Solar System
The Solar SystemCapitalization of the name varies.
Solar wind
The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the Sun's outermost atmospheric layer, the corona.
South Pole–Aitken basin
The South Pole–Aitken basin (SPA Basin) is an immense impact crater on the far side of the Moon.
See Mars and South Pole–Aitken basin
Soviet space program
The Soviet space program (Kosmicheskaya programma SSSR) was the state space program of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), active from 1955 until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991.
See Mars and Soviet space program
Space elevator
A space elevator, also referred to as a space bridge, star ladder, and orbital lift, is a proposed type of planet-to-space transportation system, often depicted in science fiction.
Space station
A space station (or orbital station) is a spacecraft which remains in orbit and hosts humans for extended periods of time. Mars and space station are solar System.
Spacecraft
A spacecraft is a vehicle that is designed to fly and operate in outer space.
SpaceX
Space Exploration Technologies Corporation, commonly referred to as SpaceX, is an American spacecraft manufacturer, launch service provider and satellite communications company headquartered in Hawthorne, California.
See Mars and SpaceX
SpaceX Mars Colonization Program
SpaceX Mars colonization program (also referred to as Occupy Mars colloquially amongst SpaceX's fans) is an ambition of the company SpaceX and particularly of its founder Elon Musk to colonize Mars.
See Mars and SpaceX Mars Colonization Program
SpaceX Starship
Starship is a two-stage fully reusable super heavy-lift launch vehicle under development by SpaceX.
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
See Mars and Springer Science+Business Media
Standard atmosphere (unit)
The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as Pa.
See Mars and Standard atmosphere (unit)
Stickney (crater)
Stickney is the largest crater on Phobos, which is a satellite of Mars.
See Mars and Stickney (crater)
Stochastic process
In probability theory and related fields, a stochastic or random process is a mathematical object usually defined as a sequence of random variables in a probability space, where the index of the sequence often has the interpretation of time.
See Mars and Stochastic process
Sublimation (phase transition)
Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas state, without passing through the liquid state.
See Mars and Sublimation (phase transition)
Sulfur
Sulfur (also spelled sulphur in British English) is a chemical element; it has symbol S and atomic number 16.
See Mars and Sulfur
Sumer
Sumer is the earliest known civilization, located in the historical region of southern Mesopotamia (now south-central Iraq), emerging during the Chalcolithic and early Bronze Ages between the sixth and fifth millennium BC.
See Mars and Sumer
Sun
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System. Mars and Sun are astronomical objects known since antiquity and solar System.
See Mars and Sun
Surface runoff
Surface runoff (also known as overland flow or terrestrial runoff) is the unconfined flow of water over the ground surface, in contrast to channel runoff (or stream flow).
Swiss cheese features
Swiss cheese features (SCFs) are curious pits in the south polar ice cap of Mars (Mare Australe quadrangle) named from their similarity to the holes in Swiss cheese.
See Mars and Swiss cheese features
Synchronous orbit
A synchronous orbit is an orbit in which an orbiting body (usually a satellite) has a period equal to the average rotational period of the body being orbited (usually a planet), and in the same direction of rotation as that body.
See Mars and Synchronous orbit
Syrtis Major Planum
Syrtis Major Planum (formerly Syrtis Major Planitia) is a massive shield volcano in the eastern hemisphere of Mars.
See Mars and Syrtis Major Planum
Tawny (color)
Tawny (also called tenné) is a light brown to brownish-orange color.
Tectonics of Mars
Like the Earth, the crustal properties and structure of the surface of Mars are thought to have evolved through time; in other words, as on Earth, tectonic processes have shaped the planet.
See Mars and Tectonics of Mars
Telescope
A telescope is a device used to observe distant objects by their emission, absorption, or reflection of electromagnetic radiation.
Terrestrial planet
A terrestrial planet, telluric planet, or rocky planet, is a planet that is composed primarily of silicate, rocks or metals. Mars and terrestrial planet are solar System and terrestrial planets.
See Mars and Terrestrial planet
Tharsis
Tharsis is a vast volcanic plateau centered near the equator in the western hemisphere of Mars.
See Mars and Tharsis
Tharsis Montes
The Tharsis Montes are three large shield volcanoes in the Tharsis region of the planet Mars.
The Martian Chronicles
The Martian Chronicles is a science fiction fix-up novel, published in 1950, by American writer Ray Bradbury that chronicles the exploration and settlement of Mars, the home of indigenous Martians, by Americans leaving a troubled Earth that is eventually devastated by nuclear war.
See Mars and The Martian Chronicles
The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
See Mars and The New York Times
The Planetary Society
The Planetary Society is an American internationally-active non-governmental nonprofit organization.
See Mars and The Planetary Society
The Planets
The Planets, Op.
The War of the Worlds
The War of the Worlds is a science fiction novel by English author H. G. Wells.
See Mars and The War of the Worlds
Thermal Emission Imaging System
The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) is a camera on board the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter.
See Mars and Thermal Emission Imaging System
Tholeiitic magma series
The tholeiitic magma series is one of two main magma series in subalkaline igneous rocks, the other being the calc-alkaline series.
See Mars and Tholeiitic magma series
Tianwen-1
-1 (also referred to as TW-1; 天|s.
Tianwen-3
| programme.
Tidal force
The tidal force or tide-generating force is a gravitational effect that stretches a body along the line towards and away from the center of mass of another body due to spatial variations in strength in gravitational field from the other body.
Timekeeping on Mars
Though no standard exists, numerous calendars and other timekeeping approaches have been proposed for the planet Mars.
See Mars and Timekeeping on Mars
Tintina (rock)
Tintina is a rock on the surface of Aeolis Palus, between Peace Vallis and Aeolis Mons (Mount Sharp), in Gale crater on the planet Mars.
Trace Gas Orbiter
The ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO or ExoMars Orbiter) is a collaborative project between the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian Roscosmos agency that sent an atmospheric research orbiter and the ''Schiaparelli'' demonstration lander to Mars in 2016 as part of the European-led ExoMars programme.
See Mars and Trace Gas Orbiter
Transform fault
A transform fault or transform boundary, is a fault along a plate boundary where the motion is predominantly horizontal.
Transition zone (Earth)
The transition zone is the part of Earth's mantle that is located between the lower and the upper mantle, most strictly between the seismic-discontinuity depths of about, but more broadly defined as the zone encompassing those discontinuities, i.e., between about depth.
See Mars and Transition zone (Earth)
Triple point
In thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the temperature and pressure at which the three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium.
Tycho Brahe
Tycho Brahe (born Tyge Ottesen Brahe,; 14 December 154624 October 1601), generally called Tycho for short, was a Danish astronomer of the Renaissance, known for his comprehensive and unprecedentedly accurate astronomical observations.
United States Geological Survey
The United States Geological Survey (USGS), founded as the Geological Survey, is an agency of the United States government whose work spans the disciplines of biology, geography, geology, and hydrology.
See Mars and United States Geological Survey
Utopia Planitia
Utopia Planitia (Greek and Latin: "Utopia Land Plain") is a large plain within Utopia, the largest recognized impact basin on Mars and in the Solar System with an estimated diameter of.
Valles Marineris
Valles Marineris (Latin for Mariner Valleys, named after the Mariner 9 Mars orbiter of 1971–72 which discovered it) is a system of canyons that runs along the Martian surface east of the Tharsis region.
Valley network (Mars)
Valley networks are branching networks of valleys on Mars that superficially resemble terrestrial river drainage basins.
See Mars and Valley network (Mars)
Vapor pressure
Vapor pressure or equilibrium vapor pressure is the pressure exerted by a vapor in thermodynamic equilibrium with its condensed phases (solid or liquid) at a given temperature in a closed system.
Vein (geology)
In geology, a vein is a distinct sheetlike body of crystallized minerals within a rock.
Vesto M. Slipher
Vesto Melvin Slipher (November 11, 1875 – November 8, 1969) was an American astronomer who performed the first measurements of radial velocities for galaxies.
Viking 1
Viking 1 was the first of two spacecraft, along with Viking 2, each consisting of an orbiter and a lander, sent to Mars as part of NASA's Viking program.
Viking program
The Viking program consisted of a pair of identical American space probes, Viking 1 and Viking 2, which landed on Mars in 1976.
VNIR
The visible and near-infrared (VNIR) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum has wavelengths between approximately 400 and 1100 nanometers (nm).
See Mars and VNIR
Volcanic crater lake
A volcanic crater lake is a lake in a crater that was formed by explosive activity or a collapse during a volcanic eruption.
See Mars and Volcanic crater lake
Volcanism
Volcanism, vulcanism, volcanicity, or volcanic activity is the phenomenon where solids, liquids, gases, and their mixtures erupt to the surface of a solid-surface astronomical body such as a planet or a moon.
Volcanism on Mars
Volcanic activity, or volcanism, has played a significant role in the geologic evolution of Mars.
See Mars and Volcanism on Mars
Volcano
A volcano is a rupture in the crust of a planetary-mass object, such as Earth, that allows hot lava, volcanic ash, and gases to escape from a magma chamber below the surface.
See Mars and Volcano
Volumetric heat capacity
The volumetric heat capacity of a material is the heat capacity of a sample of the substance divided by the volume of the sample.
See Mars and Volumetric heat capacity
Walter Sydney Adams
Walter Sydney Adams (December 20, 1876 – May 11, 1956) was an American astronomer.
See Mars and Walter Sydney Adams
Warner Bros.
Warner Bros.
Water on terrestrial planets of the Solar System
The presence of water on the terrestrial planets of the Solar System (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, and the closely related Earth's Moon) varies with each planetary body, with the exact origins remaining unclear. Mars and water on terrestrial planets of the Solar System are solar System.
See Mars and Water on terrestrial planets of the Solar System
Water vapor
Water vapor, water vapour or aqueous vapor is the gaseous phase of water.
Wilhelm Beer
Wilhelm Wolff Beer (4 January 1797 – 27 March 1850) was a banker and astronomer from Berlin, Prussia, and the brother of Giacomo Meyerbeer.
William Wallace Campbell
William Wallace Campbell (April 11, 1862 – June 14, 1938) was an American astronomer, and director of Lick Observatory from 1901 to 1930.
See Mars and William Wallace Campbell
Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)
(五行|p.
See Mars and Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)
2001 Mars Odyssey
2001 Mars Odyssey is a robotic spacecraft orbiting the planet Mars.
See Mars and 2001 Mars Odyssey
4 Vesta
Vesta (minor-planet designation: 4 Vesta) is one of the largest objects in the asteroid belt, with a mean diameter of. Mars and 4 Vesta are solar System.
See Mars and 4 Vesta
See also
Astronomical objects known since antiquity
- Algol
- Alpha Centauri
- Alpheratz
- Altair
- Andromeda Galaxy
- Beehive Cluster
- Beta Aquarii
- Caesar's Comet
- Coma Star Cluster
- Double Cluster
- Earth
- Epsilon Eridani
- Halley's Comet
- Jupiter
- Large Magellanic Cloud
- Mars
- Mercury (planet)
- Messier 41
- Messier 7
- Milky Way
- Moon
- NGC 869
- NGC 884
- Omega Centauri
- Orion Nebula
- Pleiades
- Procyon
- SN 185
- SN 386
- SN 393
- Saturn
- Sirius
- Small Magellanic Cloud
- Sun
- Venus
Planets of the Solar System
- Classical planet
- Definition of planet
- Earth
- Fictional planets of the Solar System
- Inferior and superior planets
- Jupiter
- Mars
- Mercury (planet)
- Neptune
- Outer planets
- Planetary mnemonic
- Planetary nomenclature
- Planetary rings
- Planets beyond Neptune
- Saturn
- Uranus
- Venus
Terrestrial planets
- 55 Cancri e
- 61 Virginis b
- Carbon planet
- CoRoT-7b
- Desert planet
- Earth
- Gliese 15 Ab
- Gliese 176 b
- Gliese 581e
- Gliese 876 d
- HD 181433 b
- HD 215497 b
- HD 219134 b
- HD 7924 b
- Ice planet
- Iron planet
- K2-288Bb
- Kepler-10b
- Kepler-37b
- Kepler-37c
- Kepler-409b
- Kepler-452b
- Kepler-59b
- Kepler-68b
- Kepler-68c
- Kepler-78b
- Kepler-9d
- LHS 3844 b
- Lava planet
- MOA-2007-BLG-192Lb
- Mars
- Mega-Earth
- Mercury (planet)
- OGLE-2005-BLG-390Lb
- OGLE-2016-BLG-1195Lb
- Ocean world
- PSR B1257+12 A
- PSR B1257+12 B
- PSR B1257+12 C
- SPECULOOS-3 b
- Sub-Earth
- Super-Earth
- Super-Earths
- Terrestrial planet
- Venus
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars
Also known as 2003 opposition of Mars, 4th planet, Fourth planet, Hydrology of Mars, Interior of mars, Magnetosphere of Mars, Mars (Planet), Mars habitability, Mars interior, Mars opposition, Mars surface features, Mars/Planet, Oblate Mars, Opposition of Mars, Physical characteristics of Mars, Planet IV Mars, Planet Mars, Sol 4, Sol IV, Sol-4, Structure of Mars, The planet Mars.
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