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Abu Lubaba ibn Abd al-Mundhir

Abu Lubaba ibn Abd al-Mundhir (Abū Lubāba ibn ʿAbd al-Mundhir) was a leading member of the Banu Aws, an Arabic tribe in Yathrib, today known as Medina.

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Arabian Peninsula

The Arabian Peninsula (شِبْهُ الْجَزِيرَة الْعَرَبِيَّة,, "Arabian Peninsula" or جَزِيرَةُ الْعَرَب,, "Island of the Arabs"), or Arabia, is a peninsula in West Asia, situated northeast of Africa on the Arabian Plate.

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Banu Aws

The Banū Aws (بنو أوس, "Sons of Aws") or simply Aws (أوس, also romanised as Aus) was one of the main Arab tribes of Medina.

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Battle of Badr

The Battle of Badr (غَزْوَةُ بَدْرٍ), also referred to as The Day of the Criterion in the Qur'an and by Muslims, was fought on 13 March 624 CE (17 Ramadan, 2 AH), near the present-day city of Badr, Al Madinah Province in Saudi Arabia.

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Battle of the Trench

The Battle of the Trench (Ghazwat al-Khandaq), also known as the Battle of Khandaq (Ma’rakah al-Khandaq) and the Battle of the Confederates (Ghazwat al-Ahzab), was part of the conflict between the Muslims and the Quraysh, where this time the Quraysh took the offensive and advanced on the Muslims, who defended themselves in Medina by digging a trench around their settlement at the suggestion of Salman the Persian.

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Battle of Uhud

The Battle of Uhud was fought between the early Muslims and the Quraysh during the Muslim–Quraysh wars in a valley north of Mount Uhud near Medina on Saturday, 23 March 625 AD (7 Shawwal, 3 AH). After suffering defeat at the Battle of Badr and having their caravans endlessly raided by the Muslims, the Quraysh finally saw the necessity to take strong measures. Their chief, Abu Sufyan ibn Harb, then set out for Medina with 3,000 troops to confront Muhammad. The early phase of the fighting saw the Muslims gaining the initiative. The Quraysh vanguard began faltering and retreated, leaving their camps vulnerable. However, when Muslim victory seemed near, the Muslim rear guard who were tasked to defend a hill to protect against a possible encirclement, abandoned their positions to collect spoils of war left by the fleeing enemy. This turn of events was exploited by the Quraysh general Khalid ibn al-Walid who launched a daring cavalry strike in the undefended rear and encircled the Muslims, thus turning the tide of battle. The battle was seen as a significant setback for the Muslims and a minor victory for the Quraysh as they would return with an even larger force in the Battle of the Trench.

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Caliphate

A caliphate or khilāfah (خِلَافَةْ) is a monarchical form of government (initially elective, later absolute) that originated in the 7th century Arabia, whose political identity is based on a claim of succession to the Islamic State of Muhammad and the identification of a monarch called caliph (خَلِيفَةْ) as his heir and successor.

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Companions of the Prophet

The Companions of the Prophet (lit) were the disciples and followers of Muhammad who saw or met him during his lifetime, while being a Muslim and were physically in his presence.

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God in Islam

In Islam, God (Allāh, contraction of ٱلْإِلَٰه, lit.) is seen as the creator and sustainer of the universe, who lives eternally and will eventually resurrect all humans.

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Hejaz

The Hejaz (also; lit) is a region that includes the majority of the west coast of Saudi Arabia, covering the cities of Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif and Baljurashi.

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Hijrah

The Hijrah (hijra, originally 'a severing of ties of kinship or association'), also Hegira (from Medieval Latin), was the journey the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers took from Mecca to Medina.

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Mecca

Mecca (officially Makkah al-Mukarramah, commonly shortened to Makkah) is the capital of Mecca Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia and the holiest city according to Islam.

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Medina

Medina, officially Al-Madinah al-Munawwarah and also commonly simplified as Madīnah or Madinah, is the capital of Medina Province in the Hejaz region of western Saudi Arabia.

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Quraysh

The Quraysh (قُرَيْشٌ) was an Arab tribe that inhabited and controlled Mecca and its Kaaba.

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Umar

Umar ibn al-Khattab (ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb), also spelled Omar, was the second Rashidun caliph, ruling from August 634, when he succeeded Abu Bakr as the second caliph, until his assassination in 644.

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