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Osteoporosis, the Glossary

Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disorder characterized by low bone mass, micro-architectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to more porous bone, and consequent increase in fracture risk.^[1]

268 relations: Acromegaly, Adrenal insufficiency, Alcoholism, Alendronic acid, Alendronic acid/colecalciferol, Aluminium, Amenorrhea, Amyloidosis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Anorexia nervosa, Antacid, Anthropologist, Anticoagulant, Anticonvulsant, Aromatase inhibitor, Arrhythmia, Asian people, Asymptomatic, Back pain, Balance disorder, Barbiturate, Biomarker, Bisphosphonate, Blood test, Body mass index, Bone, Bone density, Bone fracture, Bone marrow adipose tissue, Bone remodeling, Bone resorption, Bowel resection, Breast cancer, Bulimia nervosa, C-terminal telopeptide, Cadmium, Caffeine, Calcaneus, Calcitonin, Calcitriol, Calcium, Calcium metabolism, Cancer, Cathepsin K, Caucasian race, Cauda equina syndrome, Chemotherapy, Chronic kidney disease, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Chronic pain, ... Expand index (218 more) »
Aging-associated diseases
Endocrine diseases
Osteopathies

Acromegaly

Acromegaly is a disorder that results in excess growth of certain parts of the human body.

See Osteoporosis and Acromegaly

Adrenal insufficiency

Adrenal insufficiency is a condition in which the adrenal glands do not produce adequate amounts of steroid hormones.

See Osteoporosis and Adrenal insufficiency

Alcoholism

Alcoholism is the continued drinking of alcohol despite it causing problems.

See Osteoporosis and Alcoholism

Alendronic acid

Alendronic acid, sold under the brand name Fosamax among others, is a bisphosphonate medication used to treat osteoporosis and Paget's disease of bone.

See Osteoporosis and Alendronic acid

Alendronic acid/colecalciferol

Alendronic acid/colecalciferol, sold under the brand name Fosamax Plus D among others, is a medication for the treatment of osteoporosis in men or in postmenopausal women.

See Osteoporosis and Alendronic acid/colecalciferol

Aluminium

Aluminium (Aluminum in North American English) is a chemical element; it has symbol Al and atomic number 13.

See Osteoporosis and Aluminium

Amenorrhea

Amenorrhea or amenorrhoea is the absence of a menstrual period in a female who has reached reproductive age.

See Osteoporosis and Amenorrhea

Amyloidosis

Amyloidosis is a group of diseases in which abnormal proteins, known as amyloid fibrils, build up in tissue.

See Osteoporosis and Amyloidosis

Ankylosing spondylitis

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a type of arthritis characterized by long-term inflammation of the joints of the spine, typically where the spine joins the pelvis. Osteoporosis and Ankylosing spondylitis are rheumatology.

See Osteoporosis and Ankylosing spondylitis

Anorexia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa (AN), often referred to simply as anorexia, is an eating disorder characterized by food restriction, body image disturbance, fear of gaining weight, and an overpowering desire to be thin.

See Osteoporosis and Anorexia nervosa

Antacid

An antacid is a substance which neutralizes stomach acidity and is used to relieve heartburn, indigestion, or an upset stomach.

See Osteoporosis and Antacid

Anthropologist

An anthropologist is a person engaged in the practice of anthropology.

See Osteoporosis and Anthropologist

Anticoagulant

An anticoagulant, commonly known as a blood thinner, is a chemical substance that prevents or reduces the coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time.

See Osteoporosis and Anticoagulant

Anticonvulsant

Anticonvulsants (also known as antiepileptic drugs, antiseizure drugs, or anti-seizure medications (ASM)) are a diverse group of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of epileptic seizures.

See Osteoporosis and Anticonvulsant

Aromatase inhibitor

Aromatase inhibitors (AIs) are a class of drugs used in the treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women and in men, and gynecomastia in men.

See Osteoporosis and Aromatase inhibitor

Arrhythmia

Arrhythmias, also known as cardiac arrhythmias, are irregularities in the heartbeat, including when it is too fast or too slow.

See Osteoporosis and Arrhythmia

Asian people

Asian people (or Asians, sometimes referred to as Asiatic peopleUnited States National Library of Medicine. Medical Subject Headings. 2004. November 17, 2006.: Asian Continental Ancestry Group is also used for categorical purposes.) are the people of the continent of Asia.

See Osteoporosis and Asian people

Asymptomatic

Asymptomatic (or clinically silent) is an adjective categorising the medical conditions (i.e., injuries or diseases) that patients carry but without experiencing their symptoms, despite an explicit diagnosis (e.g., a positive medical test).

See Osteoporosis and Asymptomatic

Back pain

Back pain (Latin: dorsalgia) is pain felt in the back.

See Osteoporosis and Back pain

Balance disorder

A balance disorder is a disturbance that causes an individual to feel unsteady, for example when standing or walking.

See Osteoporosis and Balance disorder

Barbiturate

Barbiturates are a class of depressant drugs that are chemically derived from barbituric acid.

See Osteoporosis and Barbiturate

Biomarker

In biomedical contexts, a biomarker, or biological marker, is a measurable indicator of some biological state or condition.

See Osteoporosis and Biomarker

Bisphosphonate

Bisphosphonates are a class of drugs that prevent the loss of bone density, used to treat osteoporosis and similar diseases.

See Osteoporosis and Bisphosphonate

Blood test

A blood test is a laboratory analysis performed on a blood sample that is usually extracted from a vein in the arm using a hypodermic needle, or via fingerprick.

See Osteoporosis and Blood test

Body mass index

Body mass index (BMI) is a value derived from the mass (weight) and height of a person.

See Osteoporosis and Body mass index

Bone

A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals.

See Osteoporosis and Bone

Bone density

Bone density, or bone mineral density, is the amount of bone mineral in bone tissue.

See Osteoporosis and Bone density

Bone fracture

A bone fracture (abbreviated FRX or Fx, Fx, or #) is a medical condition in which there is a partial or complete break in the continuity of any bone in the body.

See Osteoporosis and Bone fracture

Bone marrow adipose tissue

Bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT), sometimes referred to as marrow adipose tissue (MAT), is a type of fat deposit in bone marrow.

See Osteoporosis and Bone marrow adipose tissue

Bone remodeling

In osteology, bone remodeling or bone metabolism is a lifelong process where mature bone tissue is removed from the skeleton (a process called bone resorption) and new bone tissue is formed (a process called ossification or new bone formation).

See Osteoporosis and Bone remodeling

Bone resorption

Bone resorption is resorption of bone tissue, that is, the process by which osteoclasts break down the tissue in bones and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone tissue to the blood.

See Osteoporosis and Bone resorption

Bowel resection

A bowel resection or enterectomy (enter- + -ectomy) is a surgical procedure in which a part of an intestine (bowel) is removed, from either the small intestine or large intestine.

See Osteoporosis and Bowel resection

Breast cancer

Breast cancer is a cancer that develops from breast tissue.

See Osteoporosis and Breast cancer

Bulimia nervosa

Bulimia nervosa, also known as simply bulimia, is an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by purging or fasting, and excessive concern with body shape and weight.

See Osteoporosis and Bulimia nervosa

C-terminal telopeptide

The C-terminal telopeptide (CTX), also known as carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks, is the C-terminal telopeptide of fibrillar collagens such as collagen type I and type II.

See Osteoporosis and C-terminal telopeptide

Cadmium

Cadmium is a chemical element; it has symbol Cd and atomic number 48.

See Osteoporosis and Cadmium

Caffeine

Caffeine is a central nervous system (CNS) stimulant of the methylxanthine class.

See Osteoporosis and Caffeine

Calcaneus

In humans and many other primates, the calcaneus (from the Latin calcaneus or calcaneum, meaning heel;: calcanei or calcanea) or heel bone is a bone of the tarsus of the foot which constitutes the heel.

See Osteoporosis and Calcaneus

Calcitonin

Calcitonin is a 32 amino acid peptide hormone secreted by parafollicular cells (also known as C cells) of the thyroid (or endostyle) in humans and other chordates in the ultimopharyngeal body.

See Osteoporosis and Calcitonin

Calcitriol

Calcitriol is the active form of vitamin D, normally made in the kidney.

See Osteoporosis and Calcitriol

Calcium

Calcium is a chemical element; it has symbol Ca and atomic number 20.

See Osteoporosis and Calcium

Calcium metabolism is the movement and regulation of calcium ions (Ca2+) in (via the gut) and out (via the gut and kidneys) of the body, and between body compartments: the blood plasma, the extracellular and intracellular fluids, and bone.

See Osteoporosis and Calcium metabolism

Cancer

Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Osteoporosis and Cancer are aging-associated diseases.

See Osteoporosis and Cancer

Cathepsin K

Cathepsin K, abbreviated CTSK, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CTSK gene.

See Osteoporosis and Cathepsin K

Caucasian race

The Caucasian race (also Caucasoid, Europid, or Europoid) is an obsolete racial classification of humans based on a now-disproven theory of biological race.

See Osteoporosis and Caucasian race

Cauda equina syndrome

Cauda equina syndrome (CES) is a condition that occurs when the bundle of nerves below the end of the spinal cord known as the cauda equina is damaged.

See Osteoporosis and Cauda equina syndrome

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy (often abbreviated chemo, sometimes CTX and CTx) is the type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents or alkylating agents) in a standard regimen.

See Osteoporosis and Chemotherapy

Chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a type of long-term kidney disease, in which either there is a gradual loss of kidney function occurs over a period of months to years, or abnormal kidney structure (with normal function).

See Osteoporosis and Chronic kidney disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a type of progressive lung disease characterized by long-term respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation. Osteoporosis and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are aging-associated diseases.

See Osteoporosis and Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic pain

Chronic pain or chronic pain syndrome is a type of pain that is also known by other titles such as gradual burning pain, electrical pain, throbbing pain, and nauseating pain.

See Osteoporosis and Chronic pain

Coeliac disease

Coeliac disease (British English) or celiac disease (American English) is a long-term autoimmune disorder, primarily affecting the small intestine, where individuals develop intolerance to gluten, present in foods such as wheat, rye and barley.

See Osteoporosis and Coeliac disease

Colles' fracture

A Colles' fracture is a type of fracture of the distal forearm in which the broken end of the radius is bent backwards.

See Osteoporosis and Colles' fracture

Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor

Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R), also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor (M-CSFR), and CD115 (Cluster of Differentiation 115), is a cell-surface protein encoded by the human CSF1R gene (known also as c-FMS).

See Osteoporosis and Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor

Complex regional pain syndrome

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS Type 1 and Type 2) is a severe form of chronic pain, in which pain from a physical trauma outlasts the expected recovery time. Osteoporosis and Complex regional pain syndrome are Osteopathies.

See Osteoporosis and Complex regional pain syndrome

Crohn's disease

Crohn's disease is a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any segment of the gastrointestinal tract.

See Osteoporosis and Crohn's disease

Cushing's disease

Cushing's disease is one cause of Cushing's syndrome characterised by increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary (secondary hypercortisolism).

See Osteoporosis and Cushing's disease

Cushing's syndrome

Cushing's syndrome is a collection of signs and symptoms due to prolonged exposure to glucocorticoids such as cortisol.

See Osteoporosis and Cushing's syndrome

Cystic fibrosis

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder inherited in an autosomal recessive manner that impairs the normal clearance of mucus from the lungs, which facilitates the colonization and infection of the lungs by bacteria, notably Staphylococcus aureus.

See Osteoporosis and Cystic fibrosis

Deep vein thrombosis

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a type of venous thrombosis involving the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein, most commonly in the legs or pelvis.

See Osteoporosis and Deep vein thrombosis

Dementia

Dementia is a syndrome associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by a general decline in cognitive abilities that affects a person's ability to perform everyday activities. Osteoporosis and Dementia are aging-associated diseases.

See Osteoporosis and Dementia

Denosumab

Denosumab, sold under the brand names Prolia and Xgeva among others, is a human monoclonal antibody used for the treatment of osteoporosis, treatment-induced bone loss, metastases to bone, and giant cell tumor of bone.

See Osteoporosis and Denosumab

Developed country

A developed country, or advanced country, is a sovereign state that has a high quality of life, developed economy, and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.

See Osteoporosis and Developed country

Developing country

A developing country is a sovereign state with a less developed industrial base and a lower Human Development Index (HDI) relative to other countries.

See Osteoporosis and Developing country

Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus, often known simply as diabetes, is a group of common endocrine diseases characterized by sustained high blood sugar levels. Osteoporosis and diabetes are endocrine diseases.

See Osteoporosis and Diabetes

Dieter Brömme

Dieter Brömme is a German-Canadian biochemist, currently a Canada Research Chair in Proteases and Diseases at University of British Columbia.

See Osteoporosis and Dieter Brömme

Distal radius fracture

A distal radius fracture, also known as wrist fracture, is a break of the part of the radius bone which is close to the wrist.

See Osteoporosis and Distal radius fracture

Dopaminergic cell groups

Dopaminergic cell groups, DA cell groups, or dopaminergic nuclei are collections of neurons in the central nervous system that synthesize the neurotransmitter dopamine.

See Osteoporosis and Dopaminergic cell groups

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA, or DEXA) is a means of measuring bone mineral density (BMD) using spectral imaging.

See Osteoporosis and Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

Ehlers–Danlos syndrome

Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a group of 13 genetic connective-tissue disorders.

See Osteoporosis and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome

Eicosanoid

Eicosanoids are signaling molecules made by the enzymatic or non-enzymatic oxidation of arachidonic acid or other polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) that are, similar to arachidonic acid, around 20 carbon units in length.

See Osteoporosis and Eicosanoid

Endocrinology

Endocrinology (from endocrine + -ology) is a branch of biology and medicine dealing with the endocrine system, its diseases, and its specific secretions known as hormones.

See Osteoporosis and Endocrinology

Epidermolysis bullosa

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a group of rare medical conditions that result in easy blistering of the skin and mucous membranes.

See Osteoporosis and Epidermolysis bullosa

Esomeprazole

Esomeprazole, sold under the brand name Nexium among others, is a medication which reduces stomach acid.

See Osteoporosis and Esomeprazole

Estrogen

Estrogen (oestrogen; see spelling differences) is a category of sex hormone responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.

See Osteoporosis and Estrogen

Estrogen receptor

Estrogen receptors (ERs) are a group of proteins found inside cells.

See Osteoporosis and Estrogen receptor

Ethnic groups in Europe

Europeans are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various ethnic groups that reside in the states of Europe.

See Osteoporosis and Ethnic groups in Europe

Etidronic acid

Etidronic acid, also known as etidronate, is a non-nitrogenous bisphosphonate used as a medication, detergent, water treatment, and cosmetic.

See Osteoporosis and Etidronic acid

European Union

The European Union (EU) is a supranational political and economic union of member states that are located primarily in Europe.

See Osteoporosis and European Union

Exercise

Exercise is physical activity that enhances or maintains fitness and overall health.

See Osteoporosis and Exercise

Fall prevention

Fall prevention includes any action taken to help reduce the number of accidental falls suffered by susceptible individuals, such as the elderly (idiopathic) and people with neurological (Parkinson's, Multiple sclerosis, stroke survivors, Guillain-Barre, traumatic brain injury, incomplete spinal cord injury) or orthopedic (lower limb or spinal column fractures or arthritis, post-surgery, joint replacement, lower limb amputation, soft tissue injuries) indications.

See Osteoporosis and Fall prevention

Family history (medicine)

In medicine, a family history (FH or FHx) consists of information about disorders of direct blood relatives of the patient.

See Osteoporosis and Family history (medicine)

Female

An organism's sex is female (symbol: ♀) if it produces the ovum (egg cell), the type of gamete (sex cell) that fuses with the male gamete (sperm cell) during sexual reproduction.

See Osteoporosis and Female

Femur

The femur (femurs or femora), or thigh bone is the only bone in the thigh.

See Osteoporosis and Femur

Forearm

The forearm is the region of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist.

See Osteoporosis and Forearm

Fracture

Fracture is the appearance of a crack or complete separation of an object or material into two or more pieces under the action of stress.

See Osteoporosis and Fracture

Frailty syndrome

Frailty is a common and clinically significant grouping of symptoms that occurs in aging and older adults.

See Osteoporosis and Frailty syndrome

FRAX

FRAX (fracture risk assessment tool) is a diagnostic tool used to evaluate the 10-year probability of bone fracture risk.

See Osteoporosis and FRAX

Fuller Albright

Fuller Albright (January 12, 1900 – December 8, 1969) was an American endocrinologist who made numerous contributions to his field, especially to the area of calcium metabolism.

See Osteoporosis and Fuller Albright

Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase

Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GGCX gene, located on chromosome 2 at 2p12.

See Osteoporosis and Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase

Gastrectomy

A gastrectomy is a partial or total surgical removal of the stomach.

See Osteoporosis and Gastrectomy

Gastric acid

Gastric acid or stomach acid is the acidic component – hydrochloric acid of gastric juice, produced by parietal cells in the gastric glands of the stomach lining.

See Osteoporosis and Gastric acid

Gastrointestinal disease

Gastrointestinal diseases (abbrev. GI diseases or GI illnesses) refer to diseases involving the gastrointestinal tract, namely the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and rectum; and the accessory organs of digestion, the liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

See Osteoporosis and Gastrointestinal disease

Gaucher's disease

Gaucher's disease or Gaucher disease (GD) is a genetic disorder in which glucocerebroside (a sphingolipid, also known as glucosylceramide) accumulates in cells and certain organs.

See Osteoporosis and Gaucher's disease

Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that lead to damage of the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the eye to the brain.

See Osteoporosis and Glaucoma

Glucocorticoid

Glucocorticoids (or, less commonly, glucocorticosteroids) are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones.

See Osteoporosis and Glucocorticoid

Gluten-free diet

A gluten-free diet (GFD) is a nutritional plan that strictly excludes gluten, which is a mixture of prolamin proteins found in wheat (and all of its species and hybrids, such as spelt, kamut, and triticale), as well as barley, rye, and oats.

See Osteoporosis and Gluten-free diet

Glycogen storage disease

A glycogen storage disease (GSD, also glycogenosis and dextrinosis) is a metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of an enzyme or transport protein affecting glycogen synthesis, glycogen breakdown, or glucose breakdown, typically in muscles and/or liver cells.

See Osteoporosis and Glycogen storage disease

Gold standard (test)

In medicine and medical statistics, the gold standard, criterion standard, or reference standard is the diagnostic test or benchmark that is the best available under reasonable conditions.

See Osteoporosis and Gold standard (test)

Golgi apparatus

The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.

See Osteoporosis and Golgi apparatus

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist

A gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRH agonist) is a type of medication which affects gonadotropins and sex hormones.

See Osteoporosis and Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist

Haemophilia

Haemophilia (British English), or hemophilia (American English), is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop bleeding.

See Osteoporosis and Haemophilia

pp.

See Osteoporosis and Heavy metals

Heritability

Heritability is a statistic used in the fields of breeding and genetics that estimates the degree of variation in a phenotypic trait in a population that is due to genetic variation between individuals in that population.

See Osteoporosis and Heritability

Hip

In vertebrate anatomy, the hip, or coxaLatin coxa was used by Celsus in the sense "hip", but by Pliny the Elder in the sense "hip bone" (Diab, p 77) (coxae) in medical terminology, refers to either an anatomical region or a joint on the outer (lateral) side of the pelvis.

See Osteoporosis and Hip

Hip fracture

A hip fracture is a break that occurs in the upper part of the femur (thigh bone), at the femoral neck or (rarely) the femoral head.

See Osteoporosis and Hip fracture

Hip protector

A hip protector is a specialized form of pants or underwear containing pads (either hard or soft) along the outside of each hip/leg, designed to prevent hip fractures following a fall.

See Osteoporosis and Hip protector

Homocystinuria

Homocystinuria or HCU is an inherited disorder of the metabolism of the amino acid methionine due to a deficiency of cystathionine beta synthase or methionine synthase.

See Osteoporosis and Homocystinuria

Hormone replacement therapy

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), also known as menopausal hormone therapy or postmenopausal hormone therapy, is a form of hormone therapy used to treat symptoms associated with female menopause.

See Osteoporosis and Hormone replacement therapy

Human iron metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that maintain human homeostasis of iron at the systemic and cellular level.

See Osteoporosis and Human iron metabolism

Hyperparathyroidism

Hyperparathyroidism is an increase in parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in the blood.

See Osteoporosis and Hyperparathyroidism

Hyperprolactinaemia

Hyperprolactinemia is characterized by abnormally high levels of prolactin in the blood.

See Osteoporosis and Hyperprolactinaemia

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism is the condition that occurs due to excessive production of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland.

See Osteoporosis and Hyperthyroidism

Hypogonadism

Hypogonadism means diminished functional activity of the gonads—the testicles or the ovaries—that may result in diminished production of sex hormones.

See Osteoporosis and Hypogonadism

Hypophosphatasia

Hypophosphatasia (also called deficiency of alkaline phosphatase, phosphoethanolaminuria, or Rathbun's syndrome; sometimes abbreviated HPP) is a rare, and sometimes fatal, inherited metabolic bone disease.

See Osteoporosis and Hypophosphatasia

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus (hypothalami) is a small part of the vertebrate brain that contains a number of nuclei with a variety of functions.

See Osteoporosis and Hypothalamus

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism (also called underactive thyroid, low thyroid or hypothyreosis) is a disorder of the endocrine system in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones. Osteoporosis and Hypothyroidism are endocrine diseases.

See Osteoporosis and Hypothyroidism

Idiopathic disease

An idiopathic disease is any disease with an unknown cause or mechanism of apparent spontaneous origin.

See Osteoporosis and Idiopathic disease

Interleukin

Interleukins (ILs) are a group of cytokines (secreted proteins and signal molecules) that are expressed and secreted by white blood cells (leukocytes) as well as some other body cells.

See Osteoporosis and Interleukin

Iron overload

Iron overload (also known as haemochromatosis or hemochromatosis) is the abnormal and increased accumulation of total iron in the body, leading to organ damage.

See Osteoporosis and Iron overload

Jean Lobstein

Jean Georges Chrétien Frédéric Martin Lobstein (German spelling: Johann Friedrich Georg Christian Martin Lobstein) (8 May 1777 – 7 March 1835) was a German-born, French pathologist and surgeon who was a native of Giessen.

See Osteoporosis and Jean Lobstein

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), formerly known as juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), is the most common chronic rheumatic disease of childhood, affecting approximately 3.8 to 400 out of 100,000 children. Osteoporosis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis are rheumatology.

See Osteoporosis and Juvenile idiopathic arthritis

Kallmann syndrome

Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a genetic disorder that prevents a person from starting or fully completing puberty.

See Osteoporosis and Kallmann syndrome

Kidney disease

Kidney disease, or renal disease, technically referred to as nephropathy, is damage to or disease of a kidney.

See Osteoporosis and Kidney disease

Kidney stone disease

Kidney stone disease, also known as renal calculus disease, nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is a crystallopathy where a solid piece of material (renal calculus) develops in the urinary tract.

See Osteoporosis and Kidney stone disease

Klinefelter syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome (KS), also known as 47,XXY, is a chromosome anomaly where a male has an extra X chromosome.

See Osteoporosis and Klinefelter syndrome

Kyphosis

Kyphosis is an abnormally excessive convex curvature of the spine as it occurs in the thoracic and sacral regions.

See Osteoporosis and Kyphosis

Lactose intolerance

Lactose intolerance is caused by a lessened ability or a complete inability to digest lactose, a sugar found in dairy products.

See Osteoporosis and Lactose intolerance

Lansoprazole

Lansoprazole, sold under the brand name Prevacid among others, is a medication which reduces stomach acid.

See Osteoporosis and Lansoprazole

Late-onset hypogonadism

Late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) or testosterone deficiency syndrome (TDS) is a term for a condition in older men characterized by measurably low testosterone levels and clinical symptoms mostly of a sexual nature, including decreased desire for mating, fewer spontaneous erections, and erectile dysfunction.

See Osteoporosis and Late-onset hypogonadism

Lead

Lead is a chemical element; it has symbol Pb (from Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.

See Osteoporosis and Lead

Leukemia

Leukemia (also spelled leukaemia; pronounced) is a group of blood cancers that usually begin in the bone marrow and produce high numbers of abnormal blood cells.

See Osteoporosis and Leukemia

Levothyroxine

Levothyroxine, also known as -thyroxine, is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4).

See Osteoporosis and Levothyroxine

Lithium

Lithium is a chemical element; it has symbol Li and atomic number 3.

See Osteoporosis and Lithium

Liver disease

Liver disease, or hepatic disease, is any of many diseases of the liver.

See Osteoporosis and Liver disease

Lupus

Lupus, technically known as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue in many parts of the body.

See Osteoporosis and Lupus

Lymphocyte

A lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell (leukocyte) in the immune system of most vertebrates.

See Osteoporosis and Lymphocyte

Lymphoma

Lymphoma is a group of blood and lymph tumors that develop from lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell).

See Osteoporosis and Lymphoma

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor

The colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), also known as macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), is a secreted cytokine which causes hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into macrophages or other related cell types.

See Osteoporosis and Macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Macular degeneration

Macular degeneration, also known as age-related macular degeneration (AMD or ARMD), is a medical condition which may result in blurred or no vision in the center of the visual field.

See Osteoporosis and Macular degeneration

Malabsorption

Malabsorption is a state arising from abnormality in absorption of food nutrients across the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

See Osteoporosis and Malabsorption

Malnutrition

Malnutrition occurs when an organism gets too few or too many nutrients, resulting in health problems.

See Osteoporosis and Malnutrition

Mammary gland

A mammary gland is an exocrine gland in humans and other mammals that produces milk to feed young offspring.

See Osteoporosis and Mammary gland

Marfan syndrome

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a multi-systemic genetic disorder that affects the connective tissue.

See Osteoporosis and Marfan syndrome

Mastocytosis

Mastocytosis, a type of mast cell disease, is a rare disorder affecting both children and adults caused by the accumulation of functionally defective mast cells (also called mastocytes) and CD34+ mast cell precursors.

See Osteoporosis and Mastocytosis

Matrix (biology)

In biology, matrix (matrices) is the material (or tissue) in between a eukaryotic organism's cells.

See Osteoporosis and Matrix (biology)

Medroxyprogesterone acetate

Medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), also known as depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) in injectable form and sold under the brand name Depo-Provera among others, is a hormonal medication of the progestin type.

See Osteoporosis and Medroxyprogesterone acetate

Menkes disease

Menkes disease (MNK), also known as Menkes syndrome, is an X-linked recessive disorder caused by mutations in genes coding for the copper-transport protein ATP7A, leading to copper deficiency.

See Osteoporosis and Menkes disease

Menopause

Menopause, also known as the climacteric, is the time when menstrual periods permanently stop, marking the end of reproduction.

See Osteoporosis and Menopause

Metastasis is a pathogenic agent's spread from an initial or primary site to a different or secondary site within the host's body; the term is typically used when referring to metastasis by a cancerous tumor.

See Osteoporosis and Metastasis

Methotrexate

Methotrexate, formerly known as amethopterin, is a chemotherapy agent and immune-system suppressant.

See Osteoporosis and Methotrexate

Micrograph

A micrograph or photomicrograph is a photograph or digital image taken through a microscope or similar device to show a magnified image of an object.

See Osteoporosis and Micrograph

Milk allergy

Milk allergy is an adverse immune reaction to one or more proteins in cow's milk.

See Osteoporosis and Milk allergy

Monoclonal gammopathy

Monoclonal gammopathy, also known as paraproteinemia, is the presence of excessive amounts of myeloma protein or monoclonal gamma globulin in the blood.

See Osteoporosis and Monoclonal gammopathy

Movement disorder

Movement disorders are clinical syndromes with either an excess of movement or a paucity of voluntary and involuntary movements, unrelated to weakness or spasticity.

See Osteoporosis and Movement disorder

Multicentric carpotarsal osteolysis syndrome

Multicentric carpotarsal osteolysis syndrome (MCTO) is a rare autosomal dominant condition.

See Osteoporosis and Multicentric carpotarsal osteolysis syndrome

Multiple myeloma

Multiple myeloma (MM), also known as plasma cell myeloma and simply myeloma, is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that normally produces antibodies.

See Osteoporosis and Multiple myeloma

Myocardial infarction

A myocardial infarction (MI), commonly known as a heart attack, occurs when blood flow decreases or stops in one of the coronary arteries of the heart, causing infarction (tissue death) to the heart muscle. Osteoporosis and myocardial infarction are aging-associated diseases.

See Osteoporosis and Myocardial infarction

National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) is one of the institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health, an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

See Osteoporosis and National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases

Neoepitope

Neoepitopes are a class of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) bounded peptides.

See Osteoporosis and Neoepitope

NF-κB

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) is a family of transcription factor protein complexes that controls transcription of DNA, cytokine production and cell survival.

See Osteoporosis and NF-κB

Old age

Old age is the range of ages for people nearing and surpassing life expectancy.

See Osteoporosis and Old age

Omeprazole

Omeprazole, sold under the brand names Prilosec and Losec, among others, is a medication used in the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), peptic ulcer disease, and Zollinger–Ellison syndrome.

See Osteoporosis and Omeprazole

Oophorectomy

Oophorectomy (from Greek ᾠοφόρος,, 'egg-bearing' and ἐκτομή,, 'a cutting out of'), historically also called ovariotomy, is the surgical removal of an ovary or ovaries.

See Osteoporosis and Oophorectomy

Orthopedic surgery

Orthopedic surgery or orthopedics (alternative spelling orthopaedics) is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system.

See Osteoporosis and Orthopedic surgery

Orthostatic hypotension

Orthostatic hypotension, also known as postural hypotension, is a medical condition wherein a person's blood pressure drops when standing up or sitting down.

See Osteoporosis and Orthostatic hypotension

Osteoblast

Osteoblasts (from the Greek combining forms for "bone", ὀστέο-, osteo- and βλαστάνω, blastanō "germinate") are cells with a single nucleus that synthesize bone.

See Osteoporosis and Osteoblast

Osteoclast

An osteoclast is a type of bone cell that breaks down bone tissue.

See Osteoporosis and Osteoclast

Osteocyte

An osteocyte, an oblate shaped type of bone cell with dendritic processes, is the most commonly found cell in mature bone.

See Osteoporosis and Osteocyte

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), colloquially known as brittle bone disease, is a group of genetic disorders that all result in bones that break easily.

See Osteoporosis and Osteogenesis imperfecta

Osteoid

In histology, osteoid is the unmineralized, organic portion of the bone matrix that forms prior to the maturation of bone tissue.

See Osteoporosis and Osteoid

Osteomalacia

Osteomalacia is a disease characterized by the softening of the bones caused by impaired bone metabolism primarily due to inadequate levels of available phosphate, calcium, and vitamin D, or because of resorption of calcium. Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia are Osteopathies.

See Osteoporosis and Osteomalacia

Osteonecrosis of the jaw

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a severe bone disease (osteonecrosis) that affects the jaws (the maxilla and the mandible).

See Osteoporosis and Osteonecrosis of the jaw

Osteopenia

Osteopenia, known as "low bone mass" or "low bone density", is a condition in which bone mineral density is low. Osteoporosis and Osteopenia are aging-associated diseases, endocrine diseases, Osteopathies and rheumatology.

See Osteoporosis and Osteopenia

Osteoprotegerin

Osteoprotegerin (OPG), also known as osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor (OCIF) or tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 11B (TNFRSF11B), is a cytokine receptor of the tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily encoded by the TNFRSF11B gene.

See Osteoporosis and Osteoprotegerin

Paralysis

Paralysis (paralyses; also known as plegia) is a loss of motor function in one or more muscles.

See Osteoporosis and Paralysis

Parathyroid gland

Parathyroid glands are small endocrine glands in the neck of humans and other tetrapods.

See Osteoporosis and Parathyroid gland

Parathyroid hormone

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), also called parathormone or parathyrin, is a peptide hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates the serum calcium concentration through its effects on bone, kidney, and intestine.

See Osteoporosis and Parathyroid hormone

Parenteral nutrition

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is the feeding of nutritional products to a person intravenously, bypassing the usual process of eating and digestion.

See Osteoporosis and Parenteral nutrition

Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD), or simply Parkinson's, is a long-term neurodegenerative disease of mainly the central nervous system that affects both the motor and non-motor systems of the body. Osteoporosis and Parkinson's disease are aging-associated diseases.

See Osteoporosis and Parkinson's disease

Partial ileal bypass surgery

Partial ileal bypass surgery is a surgical procedure which involves shortening the ileum to shorten the total small intestinal length.

See Osteoporosis and Partial ileal bypass surgery

Pathologic fracture

A pathologic fracture is a bone fracture caused by weakness of the bone structure that leads to decrease mechanical resistance to normal mechanical loads.

See Osteoporosis and Pathologic fracture

Peak bone mass

Peak bone mass is the maximum amount of bone a person has during their life.

See Osteoporosis and Peak bone mass

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ or PPARG), also known as the glitazone reverse insulin resistance receptor, or NR1C3 (nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group C, member 3) is a type II nuclear receptor functioning as a transcription factor that in humans is encoded by the PPARG gene.

See Osteoporosis and Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma

Pharmacotherapy

Pharmacotherapy, also known as pharmacological therapy or drug therapy, is defined as medical treatment that utilizes one or more pharmaceutical drugs to improve ongoing symptoms (symptomatic relief), treat the underlying condition, or act as a prevention for other diseases (prophylaxis).

See Osteoporosis and Pharmacotherapy

Phenytoin

Phenytoin (PHT), sold under the brand name Dilantin among others, is an anti-seizure medication.

See Osteoporosis and Phenytoin

Phosphate

In chemistry, a phosphate is an anion, salt, functional group or ester derived from a phosphoric acid.

See Osteoporosis and Phosphate

Phosphoric acid

Phosphoric acid (orthophosphoric acid, monophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V) acid) is a colorless, odorless phosphorus-containing solid, and inorganic compound with the chemical formula.

See Osteoporosis and Phosphoric acid

Pioglitazone

Pioglitazone, sold under the brand name Actos among others, is an anti-diabetic medication used to treat type 2 diabetes.

See Osteoporosis and Pioglitazone

Pneumonia

Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as alveoli.

See Osteoporosis and Pneumonia

Porphyria

Porphyria is a group of disorders in which substances called porphyrins build up in the body, adversely affecting the skin or nervous system.

See Osteoporosis and Porphyria

Prednisone

Prednisone is a glucocorticoid medication mostly used to suppress the immune system and decrease inflammation in conditions such as asthma, COPD, and rheumatologic diseases.

See Osteoporosis and Prednisone

Prescrire

Prescrire also known as La Revue Prescrire is a monthly medical journal in French which addresses developments in diseases, medications, and in medical techniques and technologies.

See Osteoporosis and Prescrire

Primary biliary cholangitis

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC), previously known as primary biliary cirrhosis, is an autoimmune disease of the liver.

See Osteoporosis and Primary biliary cholangitis

Primary ovarian insufficiency

Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI), also called premature ovarian insufficiency, premature menopause, and premature ovarian failure, is the partial or total loss of reproductive and hormonal function of the ovaries before age 40 because of follicular (egg producing area) dysfunction or early loss of eggs.

See Osteoporosis and Primary ovarian insufficiency

Proton-pump inhibitor

Proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) are a class of medications that cause a profound and prolonged reduction of stomach acid production.

See Osteoporosis and Proton-pump inhibitor

Pulmonary embolism

Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage of an artery in the lungs by a substance that has moved from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream (embolism).

See Osteoporosis and Pulmonary embolism

Quality of life

Quality of life (QOL) is defined by the World Health Organization as "an individual's perception of their position in life in the context of the culture and value systems in which they live and in relation to their goals, expectations, standards and concerns".

See Osteoporosis and Quality of life

Quantitative computed tomography

Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) is a medical technique that measures bone mineral density (BMD) using a standard X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner with a calibration standard to convert Hounsfield units (HU) of the CT image to bone mineral density values.

See Osteoporosis and Quantitative computed tomography

Radicular pain

Radicular pain, or radiculitis (from the), is pain "radiated" along the dermatome (sensory distribution) of a nerve due to inflammation or other irritation of the nerve root (radiculopathy) at its connection to the spinal column.

See Osteoporosis and Radicular pain

Raloxifene

Raloxifene, sold under the brand name Evista among others, is a medication used to prevent and treat osteoporosis in postmenopausal women and those on glucocorticoids.

See Osteoporosis and Raloxifene

RANK

Receptor activator of nuclear factor κ B (RANK), also known as TRANCE receptor or TNFRSF11A, is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) molecular sub-family.

See Osteoporosis and RANK

RANKL

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa- ligand (RANKL), also known as tumor necrosis factor ligand superfamily member 11 (TNFSF11), TNF-related activation-induced cytokine (TRANCE), osteoprotegerin ligand (OPGL), and osteoclast differentiation factor (ODF), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNFSF11 gene.

See Osteoporosis and RANKL

Recombinant DNA

Recombinant DNA (rDNA) molecules are DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination (such as molecular cloning) that bring together genetic material from multiple sources, creating sequences that would not otherwise be found in the genome.

See Osteoporosis and Recombinant DNA

Reflex syncope

Reflex syncope is a brief loss of consciousness due to a neurologically induced drop in blood pressure and/or a decrease in heart rate.

See Osteoporosis and Reflex syncope

Relative energy deficiency in sport

Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) is a syndrome in which disordered eating (or low energy availability), amenorrhoea/oligomenorrhoea (in women), and decreased bone mineral density (osteoporosis and osteopenia) are present.

See Osteoporosis and Relative energy deficiency in sport

Renal osteodystrophy

Renal osteodystrophy is currently defined as an alteration of bone morphology in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

See Osteoporosis and Renal osteodystrophy

Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that primarily affects joints. Osteoporosis and Rheumatoid arthritis are rheumatology.

See Osteoporosis and Rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatology

Rheumatology is a branch of medicine devoted to the diagnosis and management of disorders whose common feature is inflammation in the bones, muscles, joints, and internal organs.

See Osteoporosis and Rheumatology

Rib

In vertebrate anatomy, ribs (costae) are the long curved bones which form the rib cage, part of the axial skeleton.

See Osteoporosis and Rib

Risedronic acid

Risedronic acid, often used as its sodium salt risedronate sodium, is a bisphosphonate.

See Osteoporosis and Risedronic acid

Romosozumab

Romosozumab, sold under the brand name Evenity, is a medication used to treat osteoporosis.

See Osteoporosis and Romosozumab

Rosiglitazone

Rosiglitazone (trade name Avandia) is an antidiabetic drug in the thiazolidinedione class.

See Osteoporosis and Rosiglitazone

Sarcoidosis

Sarcoidosis (also known as Besnier–Boeck–Schaumann disease) is a disease involving abnormal collections of inflammatory cells that form lumps known as granulomata.

See Osteoporosis and Sarcoidosis

Sarcopenia

Sarcopenia (ICD-10 code M62.84) is a type of muscle loss that occurs with aging and/or immobility. Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia are aging-associated diseases.

See Osteoporosis and Sarcopenia

Sclerostin

Sclerostin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SOST gene. Osteoporosis and Sclerostin are Osteopathies.

See Osteoporosis and Sclerostin

Scoliosis

Scoliosis (scolioses) is a condition in which a person's spine has an irregular curve.

See Osteoporosis and Scoliosis

Seizure

A seizure is a period of symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.

See Osteoporosis and Seizure

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drugs that are typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and other psychological conditions.

See Osteoporosis and Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Sickle cell disease

Sickle cell disease (SCD), also simply called sickle cell, is a group of hemoglobin-related blood disorders typically inherited.

See Osteoporosis and Sickle cell disease

Skeletal muscle

Skeletal muscle (commonly referred to as muscle) is one of the three types of vertebrate muscle tissue, the other being cardiac muscle and smooth muscle.

See Osteoporosis and Skeletal muscle

Soft drink

A soft drink (see § Terminology for other names) is any water-based flavored drink, usually but not necessarily carbonated, and typically including added sweetener.

See Osteoporosis and Soft drink

Spaceflight

Spaceflight (or space flight) is an application of astronautics to fly objects, usually spacecraft, into or through outer space, either with or without humans on board.

See Osteoporosis and Spaceflight

Spaceflight osteopenia

Spaceflight osteopenia refers to the characteristic bone loss that occurs during spaceflight.

See Osteoporosis and Spaceflight osteopenia

Spinal cord compression

Spinal cord compression is a form of myelopathy in which the spinal cord is compressed.

See Osteoporosis and Spinal cord compression

Spinal fracture

A spinal fracture, also called a vertebral fracture or a broken back, is a fracture affecting the vertebrae of the spinal column.

See Osteoporosis and Spinal fracture

Standard deviation

In statistics, the standard deviation is a measure of the amount of variation of a random variable expected about its mean.

See Osteoporosis and Standard deviation

Steroid-induced osteoporosis

Steroid-induced osteoporosis is osteoporosis arising from the use of glucocorticoids (a class of steroid hormones) analogous to Cushing's syndrome but involving mainly the axial skeleton.

See Osteoporosis and Steroid-induced osteoporosis

Stomach

The stomach is a muscular, hollow organ in the upper gastrointestinal tract of humans and many other animals, including several invertebrates.

See Osteoporosis and Stomach

Stroke

Stroke (also known as a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack) is a medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain causes cell death. Osteoporosis and Stroke are aging-associated diseases.

See Osteoporosis and Stroke

Strontium ranelate

Strontium ranelate, a strontium(II) salt of ranelic acid, is a medication for osteoporosis marketed as Protelos or Protos by Servier.

See Osteoporosis and Strontium ranelate

Surgery

Surgery is a medical specialty that uses manual and instrumental techniques to diagnose or treat pathological conditions (e.g., trauma, disease, injury, malignancy), to alter bodily functions (i.e., malabsorption created by bariatric surgery such as gastric bypass), to reconstruct or improve aesthetics and appearance (cosmetic surgery), or to remove unwanted tissues (body fat, glands, scars or skin tags) or foreign bodies.

See Osteoporosis and Surgery

Syncope (medicine)

Syncope, commonly known as fainting or passing out, is a loss of consciousness and muscle strength characterized by a fast onset, short duration, and spontaneous recovery.

See Osteoporosis and Syncope (medicine)

Teriparatide

Teriparatide, sold under the brand name Forteo, is a form of parathyroid hormone (PTH) consisting of the first (N-terminus) 34 amino acids, which is the bioactive portion of the hormone.

See Osteoporosis and Teriparatide

Testicle

A testicle or testis (testes) is the male gonad in all bilaterians, including humans.

See Osteoporosis and Testicle

Testosterone

Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and androgen in males.

See Osteoporosis and Testosterone

Thalassemia

Thalassemias are inherited blood disorders that result in abnormal hemoglobin.

See Osteoporosis and Thalassemia

Thiazolidinedione

The thiazolidinediones, abbreviated as TZD, also known as glitazones after the prototypical drug ciglitazone, are a class of heterocyclic compounds consisting of a five-membered C3NS ring.

See Osteoporosis and Thiazolidinedione

Thyroid

The thyroid, or thyroid gland, is an endocrine gland in vertebrates.

See Osteoporosis and Thyroid

Tibia

The tibia (tibiae or tibias), also known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the larger, stronger, and anterior (frontal) of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula, behind and to the outside of the tibia); it connects the knee with the ankle.

See Osteoporosis and Tibia

Tobacco smoking

Tobacco smoking is the practice of burning tobacco and ingesting the resulting smoke.

See Osteoporosis and Tobacco smoking

Trabecula

A trabecula (trabeculae, from Latin for 'small beam') is a small, often microscopic, tissue element in the form of a small beam, strut or rod that supports or anchors a framework of parts within a body or organ.

See Osteoporosis and Trabecula

Tumor necrosis factor

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF, cachexin, or cachectin; formerly known as tumor necrosis factor alpha, TNFα or TNF-α) is a cytokine and member of the TNF superfamily, which consists of various transmembrane proteins with a homologous TNF domain.

See Osteoporosis and Tumor necrosis factor

Turner syndrome

Turner syndrome (TS), also known as 45,X, or 45,X0, is a genetic disorder in which a person's cells have only one X chromosome or are partially missing an X chromosome (sex chromosome monosomy) leading to the complete or partial deletion of the pseudoautosomal regions (PAR1, PAR2) in the affected X chromosome.

See Osteoporosis and Turner syndrome

Type I collagen

Type I collagen is the most abundant collagen of the human body, consisting of around 90% of the body's total collagen in vertebrates.

See Osteoporosis and Type I collagen

Ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is one of the two types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), with the other type being Crohn's disease.

See Osteoporosis and Ulcerative colitis

Ultrasound

Ultrasound is sound with frequencies greater than 20 kilohertz.

See Osteoporosis and Ultrasound

United States Department of Health and Human Services

The United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is a cabinet-level executive branch department of the U.S. federal government created to protect the health of the U.S. people and providing essential human services.

See Osteoporosis and United States Department of Health and Human Services

United States Preventive Services Task Force

The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) is "an independent panel of experts in primary care and prevention that systematically reviews the evidence of effectiveness and develops recommendations for clinical preventive services".

See Osteoporosis and United States Preventive Services Task Force

Uterus

The uterus (from Latin uterus,: uteri) or womb is the organ in the reproductive system of most female mammals, including humans, that accommodates the embryonic and fetal development of one or more embryos until birth.

See Osteoporosis and Uterus

Venous thrombosis

Venous thrombosis is the blockage of a vein caused by a thrombus (blood clot).

See Osteoporosis and Venous thrombosis

Vertebra

Each vertebra (vertebrae) is an irregular bone with a complex structure composed of bone and some hyaline cartilage, that make up the vertebral column or spine, of vertebrates.

See Osteoporosis and Vertebra

Vertebral column

The vertebral column, also known as the spinal column, spine or backbone, is the core part of the axial skeleton in vertebrate animals.

See Osteoporosis and Vertebral column

Vertebral compression fracture

A compression fracture is a collapse of a vertebra.

See Osteoporosis and Vertebral compression fracture

Vitamin B12 deficiency

Vitamin B12 deficiency, also known as cobalamin deficiency, is the medical condition in which the blood and tissue have a lower than normal level of vitamin B12.

See Osteoporosis and Vitamin B12 deficiency

Vitamin D

Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble secosteroids responsible for increasing intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate, and for many other biological effects.

See Osteoporosis and Vitamin D

Vitamin D deficiency

Vitamin D deficiency or hypovitaminosis D is a vitamin D level that is below normal. It most commonly occurs in people when they have inadequate exposure to sunlight, particularly sunlight with adequate ultraviolet B rays (UVB). Vitamin D deficiency can also be caused by inadequate nutritional intake of vitamin D; disorders that limit vitamin D absorption; and disorders that impair the conversion of vitamin D to active metabolites, including certain liver, kidney, and hereditary disorders.

See Osteoporosis and Vitamin D deficiency

Vitamin K

Vitamin K is a family of structurally similar, fat-soluble vitamers found in foods and marketed as dietary supplements.

See Osteoporosis and Vitamin K

Vitamin K deficiency

Vitamin K deficiency results from insufficient dietary vitamin K1 or vitamin K2 or both.

See Osteoporosis and Vitamin K deficiency

Vitamin K2

Vitamin K2 or menaquinone (MK) is one of three types of vitamin K, the other two being vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and K3 (menadione).

See Osteoporosis and Vitamin K2

Warfarin

Warfarin is an anticoagulant used as a medication under several brand names including Coumadin.

See Osteoporosis and Warfarin

Water skiing

Water skiing (also waterskiing or water-skiing) is a surface water sport in which an individual is pulled behind a boat or a cable ski installation over a body of water, skimming the surface on two skis or one ski.

See Osteoporosis and Water skiing

Weight-bearing

In orthopedics, weight-bearing is the amount of weight a patient puts on an injured body part.

See Osteoporosis and Weight-bearing

Whole-body vibration

Whole body vibration is a generic term used when vibrations (mechanical oscillations) of any frequency are transferred to the human body.

See Osteoporosis and Whole-body vibration

Winchester syndrome

Winchester syndrome is a rare hereditary connective tissue disease described in 1969, of which the main characteristics are short stature, marked contractures of joints, opacities in the cornea, coarse facial features, dissolution of the carpal and tarsal bones (in the hands and feet, respectively), and osteoporosis.

See Osteoporosis and Winchester syndrome

Wnt signaling pathway

The Wnt signaling pathways are a group of signal transduction pathways which begin with proteins that pass signals into a cell through cell surface receptors.

See Osteoporosis and Wnt signaling pathway

Woman

A woman is an adult female human.

See Osteoporosis and Woman

World Osteoporosis Day

World Osteoporosis Day is observed annually on 20 October, and launches a year-long campaign dedicated to raising global awareness of bone health, and of the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis and metabolic bone disease.

See Osteoporosis and World Osteoporosis Day

Wrist

In human anatomy, the wrist is variously defined as (1) the carpus or carpal bones, the complex of eight bones forming the proximal skeletal segment of the hand; "The wrist contains eight bones, roughly aligned in two rows, known as the carpal bones." (2) the wrist joint or radiocarpal joint, the joint between the radius and the carpus and; (3) the anatomical region surrounding the carpus including the distal parts of the bones of the forearm and the proximal parts of the metacarpus or five metacarpal bones and the series of joints between these bones, thus referred to as wrist joints.

See Osteoporosis and Wrist

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osteoporosis

Also known as Bone Loss, Causes of osteoporosis, Diet and bone health, Low bone mineral density, Osteoperosis, Osteophoroses, Osteophorosis, Osteoporoses, Osteoporotic, Osteoporotic syndrome, Postmenopausal osteoporosis, Risk factors for osteoporosis.

, Coeliac disease, Colles' fracture, Colony stimulating factor 1 receptor, Complex regional pain syndrome, Crohn's disease, Cushing's disease, Cushing's syndrome, Cystic fibrosis, Deep vein thrombosis, Dementia, Denosumab, Developed country, Developing country, Diabetes, Dieter Brömme, Distal radius fracture, Dopaminergic cell groups, Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, Eicosanoid, Endocrinology, Epidermolysis bullosa, Esomeprazole, Estrogen, Estrogen receptor, Ethnic groups in Europe, Etidronic acid, European Union, Exercise, Fall prevention, Family history (medicine), Female, Femur, Forearm, Fracture, Frailty syndrome, FRAX, Fuller Albright, Gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, Gastrectomy, Gastric acid, Gastrointestinal disease, Gaucher's disease, Glaucoma, Glucocorticoid, Gluten-free diet, Glycogen storage disease, Gold standard (test), Golgi apparatus, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist, Haemophilia, Heavy metals, Heritability, Hip, Hip fracture, Hip protector, Homocystinuria, Hormone replacement therapy, Human iron metabolism, Hyperparathyroidism, Hyperprolactinaemia, Hyperthyroidism, Hypogonadism, Hypophosphatasia, Hypothalamus, Hypothyroidism, Idiopathic disease, Interleukin, Iron overload, Jean Lobstein, Juvenile idiopathic arthritis, Kallmann syndrome, Kidney disease, Kidney stone disease, Klinefelter syndrome, Kyphosis, Lactose intolerance, Lansoprazole, Late-onset hypogonadism, Lead, Leukemia, Levothyroxine, Lithium, Liver disease, Lupus, Lymphocyte, Lymphoma, Macrophage colony-stimulating factor, Macular degeneration, Malabsorption, Malnutrition, Mammary gland, Marfan syndrome, Mastocytosis, Matrix (biology), Medroxyprogesterone acetate, Menkes disease, Menopause, Metastasis, Methotrexate, Micrograph, Milk allergy, Monoclonal gammopathy, Movement disorder, Multicentric carpotarsal osteolysis syndrome, Multiple myeloma, Myocardial infarction, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, Neoepitope, NF-κB, Old age, Omeprazole, Oophorectomy, Orthopedic surgery, Orthostatic hypotension, Osteoblast, Osteoclast, Osteocyte, Osteogenesis imperfecta, Osteoid, Osteomalacia, Osteonecrosis of the jaw, Osteopenia, Osteoprotegerin, Paralysis, Parathyroid gland, Parathyroid hormone, Parenteral nutrition, Parkinson's disease, Partial ileal bypass surgery, Pathologic fracture, Peak bone mass, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, Pharmacotherapy, Phenytoin, Phosphate, Phosphoric acid, Pioglitazone, Pneumonia, Porphyria, Prednisone, Prescrire, Primary biliary cholangitis, Primary ovarian insufficiency, Proton-pump inhibitor, Pulmonary embolism, Quality of life, Quantitative computed tomography, Radicular pain, Raloxifene, RANK, RANKL, Recombinant DNA, Reflex syncope, Relative energy deficiency in sport, Renal osteodystrophy, Rheumatoid arthritis, Rheumatology, Rib, Risedronic acid, Romosozumab, Rosiglitazone, Sarcoidosis, Sarcopenia, Sclerostin, Scoliosis, Seizure, Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, Sickle cell disease, Skeletal muscle, Soft drink, Spaceflight, Spaceflight osteopenia, Spinal cord compression, Spinal fracture, Standard deviation, Steroid-induced osteoporosis, Stomach, Stroke, Strontium ranelate, Surgery, Syncope (medicine), Teriparatide, Testicle, Testosterone, Thalassemia, Thiazolidinedione, Thyroid, Tibia, Tobacco smoking, Trabecula, Tumor necrosis factor, Turner syndrome, Type I collagen, Ulcerative colitis, Ultrasound, United States Department of Health and Human Services, United States Preventive Services Task Force, Uterus, Venous thrombosis, Vertebra, Vertebral column, Vertebral compression fracture, Vitamin B12 deficiency, Vitamin D, Vitamin D deficiency, Vitamin K, Vitamin K deficiency, Vitamin K2, Warfarin, Water skiing, Weight-bearing, Whole-body vibration, Winchester syndrome, Wnt signaling pathway, Woman, World Osteoporosis Day, Wrist.

Osteoporosis, the Glossary

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