Paul the Apostle, the Glossary

Table of Contents

1. 406 relations: Abd Allah ibn Saba', Abrogation of Old Covenant laws, Achaia (Roman province), Achaicus of Corinth, Acts 11, Acts 13, Acts 9, Acts of Paul, Acts of Paul and Thecla, Acts of Peter, Acts of Peter and Paul, Acts of the Apostles, Acts of the Apostles (genre), Adolf von Harnack, Against Heresies (Irenaeus), Agape feast, Alan F. Segal, Albert Schweitzer, Alexander the Great, Ammon Hennacy, Ananias of Damascus, Anatolia, Ancient Corinth, Andronicus of Pannonia, Antinomianism, Antioch of Pisidia, Antonius Felix, Apocalypse of Paul, Apocalyptic literature, Apocrypha, Apostles in the New Testament, Appian Way, Aramaic, Arcades (Crete), Arcadius, Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran, Areopagus, Aretas IV Philopatris, Armenian Apostolic Church, Artemis, Arthur Cleveland Coxe, Ascension of Jesus, Asia (Roman province), Athens, Augustine of Hippo, Authorship of Luke–Acts, Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews, Authorship of the Pauline epistles, Baháʼí Faith, Baptism, ... Expand index (356 more) »

2. 1st-century Christian theologians
3. 1st-century writers
4. Anti-LGBT and Christianity
5. Early Jewish Christians
6. National symbols of Malta
7. Pharisees
8. Tribe of Benjamin

Abd Allah ibn Saba'

ʿAbd Allāh ibn Sabāʾ al-Ḥimyarī (عبد الله بن سبأ الحميري), sometimes also called Ibn Sabāʾ, Ibn al-Sawdāʾ, or Ibn Wahb, was a 7th-century figure in Islamic history associated with a group of followers called the Sabaʾiyya (سبئية).

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Abrogation of Old Covenant laws

In Christianity, the abrogation of Old Covenant laws is the belief that the entire Mosaic or Old Covenant as abrogated in that all of the Mosaic Laws are set aside for the Law of Christ.

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Achaia (Roman province)

Achaia (Ἀχαΐα), sometimes spelled Achaea, was a province of the Roman Empire, consisting of the Peloponnese, Attica, Boeotia, Euboea, the Cyclades and parts of Phthiotis, Aetolia and Phocis.

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Achaicus of Corinth

Achaicus (Ἀχαϊκός, "belonging to Achaia") was a Corinthian Christian who according to the Bible, together with Fortunatus and Stephanas, carried a letter from the Corinthians to St. Paul, and from St.

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Acts 11

Acts 11 is the eleventh chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.

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Acts 13

Acts 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.

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Acts 9

Acts 9 is the ninth chapter of the Acts of the Apostles in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.

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Acts of Paul

The Acts of Paul is one of the major works and earliest pseudepigraphal series from the New Testament apocrypha also known as Apocryphal Acts.

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Acts of Paul and Thecla

The Acts of Paul and Thecla (Acta Pauli et Theclae) is an apocryphal text describing Paul the Apostle's influence on a young virgin named Thecla.

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Acts of Peter

The Acts of Peter is one of the earliest of the apocryphal Acts of the Apostles in Christianity, dating to the late 2nd century AD.

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Acts of Peter and Paul

The Acts of Peter and Paul is a pseudepigraphical 5th century Christian text of the genre Acts of the Apostles.

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Acts of the Apostles

The Acts of the Apostles (Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων, Práxeis Apostólōn; Actūs Apostolōrum) is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian Church and the spread of its message to the Roman Empire.

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Acts of the Apostles (genre)

The Acts of the Apostles is a genre of early Christian literature, recounting the lives and works of the apostles of Jesus.

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Adolf von Harnack

Carl Gustav Adolf von Harnack (born Harnack; 7 May 1851 – 10 June 1930) was a Baltic German Lutheran theologian and prominent Church historian.

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Against Heresies (Irenaeus)

Against Heresies (Ancient Greek: Ἔλεγχος καὶ ἀνατροπὴ τῆς ψευδωνύμουγνώσεως, Elenchos kai anatropē tēs pseudōnymou gnōseōs, "On the Detection and Overthrow of the So-Called Gnosis"), sometimes referred to by its Latin title Adversus Haereses, is a work of Christian theology written in Greek about the year 180 by Irenaeus, the bishop of Lugdunum (now Lyon in France).

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Agape feast

An agape feast or lovefeast (also spelled love feast or love-feast, sometimes capitalized) is a term used for various communal meals shared among Christians.

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Alan F. Segal

Alan Franklin Segal (August 2, 1945 – February 13, 2011) was a scholar of ancient religions, specializing in Judaism's relationship to Christianity.

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Albert Schweitzer

Ludwig Philipp Albert Schweitzer (14 January 1875 – 4 September 1965) was a French polymath from Alsace.

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Alexander the Great

Alexander III of Macedon (Alexandros; 20/21 July 356 BC – 10/11 June 323 BC), most commonly known as Alexander the Great, was a king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon.

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Ammon Hennacy

Ammon Ashford Hennacy (July 24, 1893 – January 14, 1970) was an American Christian pacifist, anarchist, Wobbly, social activist, and member of the Catholic Worker Movement.

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Ananias of Damascus

Ananias of Damascus (Ἀνανίας, romanized: Ananíās; Aramaic: ܚܢܢܝܐ, romanized: Ḥananyō; "favoured of the ") was a disciple of Jesus at Damascus from Syria, mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles in the Bible, which describes how he was sent by Jesus to restore the sight of Saul of Tarsus (who later was called Paul the Apostle) and provide him with additional instruction in the way of the Lord. Paul the Apostle and Ananias of Damascus are Christian saints from the New Testament.

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Anatolia

Anatolia (Anadolu), also known as Asia Minor, is a large peninsula or a region in Turkey, constituting most of its contemporary territory.

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Ancient Corinth

Corinth (Κόρινθος; Ϙόρινθος; Corinthus) was a city-state (polis) on the Isthmus of Corinth, the narrow stretch of land that joins the Peloponnese peninsula to the mainland of Greece, roughly halfway between Athens and Sparta.

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Andronicus of Pannonia

Andronicus of Pannonia (Ἀνδρόνικος) was a 1st-century Christian mentioned by the Apostle Paul in his Epistle to the Romans (chapter 16): According to that verse, Andronicus was a kinsman of Paul and a fellow prisoner at some time, particularly well known among the apostles, and had become a follower of Jesus Christ before Paul's Damascus road conversion.

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Antinomianism

Antinomianism (Ancient Greek: ἀντί "against" and νόμος "law") is any view which rejects laws or legalism and argues against moral, religious or social norms (Latin: mores), or is at least considered to do so.

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Antioch of Pisidia

Antioch in Pisidia – alternatively Antiochia in Pisidia or Pisidian Antioch (Ἀντιόχεια τῆς Πισιδίας) and in Roman Empire, Latin: Antiochia Caesareia or Antiochia Colonia Caesarea – was a city in the Turkish Lakes Region, which was at the crossroads of the Mediterranean, Aegean and Central Anatolian regions, and formerly on the border of Pisidia and Phrygia, hence also known as Antiochia in Phrygia.

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Antonius Felix

Antonius Felix (possibly Tiberius Claudius Antonius Felix, in Greek: ὁ Φῆλιξ; born) was the fourth Roman procurator of Judea Province in 52–60, in succession to Ventidius Cumanus.

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Apocalypse of Paul

The Apocalypse of Paul (literally "Revelation of Paul"; more commonly known in the Latin tradition as the Visio Pauli or Visio Sancti Pauli) is a fourth-century non-canonical apocalypse and part of the New Testament apocrypha.

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Apocalyptic literature

Apocalyptic literature is a genre of prophetical writing that developed in post-Exilic Jewish culture and was popular among millennialist early Christians.

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Apocrypha

Apocrypha are biblical or related writings not forming part of the accepted canon of scripture.

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Apostles in the New Testament

In Christian theology and ecclesiology, the apostles, particularly the Twelve Apostles (also known as the Twelve Disciples or simply the Twelve), were the primary disciples of Jesus according to the New Testament.

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Appian Way

The Appian Way (Latin and Italian: Via Appia) is one of the earliest and strategically most important Roman roads of the ancient republic.

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Aramaic

Aramaic (ˀərāmiṯ; arāmāˀiṯ) is a Northwest Semitic language that originated in the ancient region of Syria and quickly spread to Mesopotamia, the southern Levant, southeastern Anatolia, Eastern Arabia and the Sinai Peninsula, where it has been continually written and spoken in different varieties for over three thousand years.

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Arcades (Crete)

Arcades or Arkades (Ἀρκάδες), also Arcadia or Arkadia (Ἀρκαδία), was a town and polis (city-state) of ancient Crete.

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Arcadius

Arcadius (Ἀρκάδιος; 377 – 1 May 408) was Roman emperor from 383 to his death in 408.

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Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran

The Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran (Officially named the "Major Papal, Patriarchal and Roman Archbasilica, Cathedral of the Most Holy Savior and Saints John the Baptist and the Evangelist in Lateran, Mother and Head of All Churches in Rome and in the World", and commonly known as the Lateran Basilica or Saint John Lateran) is the Catholic cathedral of the Diocese of Rome in the city of Rome, and serves as the seat of the bishop of Rome, the pope.

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Areopagus

The Areopagus is a prominent rock outcropping located northwest of the Acropolis in Athens, Greece.

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Aretas IV Philopatris

Aretas IV Philopatris (Nabataean Aramaic: 𐢗𐢓𐢆 𐢊𐢛𐢞𐢞 𐢛𐢊𐢒 Ḥārītaṯ Rāḥem-ʿammeh "Aretas, friend of his people") was the King of the Nabataeans from roughly 9 BC to 40 AD.

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Armenian Apostolic Church

The Armenian Apostolic Church (translit) is the national church of Armenia.

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Artemis

In ancient Greek religion and mythology, Artemis (Ἄρτεμις) is the goddess of the hunt, the wilderness, wild animals, nature, vegetation, childbirth, care of children, and chastity.

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Arthur Cleveland Coxe

Arthur Cleveland Coxe (May 10, 1818 - July 20, 1896) was the second Episcopal bishop of Western New York.

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Ascension of Jesus

The Ascension of Jesus (anglicized from the Vulgate lit) is the Christian belief, reflected in the major Christian creeds and confessional statements, that Jesus ascended to Heaven after his resurrection, where he was exalted as Lord and Christ, sitting at the right hand of God.

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Asia (Roman province)

Asia (Ἀσία) was a Roman province covering most of western Anatolia, which was created following the Roman Republic's annexation of the Attalid Kingdom in 133 BC.

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Athens

Athens is the capital and largest city of Greece.

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Augustine of Hippo

Augustine of Hippo (Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa.

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The Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles make up a two-volume work which scholars call Luke–Acts.

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Authorship of the Epistle to the Hebrews

The Epistle to the Hebrews of the Christian Bible is one of the New Testament books whose canonicity was disputed.

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Authorship of the Pauline epistles

The Pauline epistles are the thirteen books in the New Testament traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle.

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Baháʼí Faith

The Baháʼí Faith is a religion founded in the 19th century that teaches the essential worth of all religions and the unity of all people.

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Baptism

Baptism (from immersion, dipping in water) is a Christian sacrament of initiation almost invariably with the use of water.

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Barnabas

Barnabas (ܒܪܢܒܐ; Βαρνάβας), born Joseph (Ἰωσήφ) or Joses (Ἰωσής), was according to tradition an early Christian, one of the prominent Christian disciples in Jerusalem. Paul the Apostle and Barnabas are 1st-century Christian theologians, 1st-century writers, Christian saints from the New Testament and early Jewish Christians.

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Barrie Wilson

Barrie A. Wilson is Professor Emeritus and Senior Scholar, Humanities and Religious Studies, York University, Toronto, where he has taught since 1974.

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Bart D. Ehrman

Bart Denton Ehrman (born October 5, 1955) is an American New Testament scholar focusing on textual criticism of the New Testament, the historical Jesus, and the origins and development of early Christianity.

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Baruch Spinoza

Baruch (de) Spinoza (24 November 163221 February 1677), also known under his Latinized pen name Benedictus de Spinoza, was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin.

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Basilica

In Ancient Roman architecture, a basilica was a large public building with multiple functions that was typically built alongside the town's forum.

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Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls

The Papal Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls (Basilica Papale di San Paolo fuori le Mura) is one of Rome's four major papal basilicas, along with the basilicas of Saint John in the Lateran, Saint Peter's, and Saint Mary Major, as well as one of the Seven Pilgrim Churches of Rome.

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Bede

Bede (Bēda; 672/326 May 735), also known as Saint Bede, the Venerable Bede, and Bede the Venerable (Beda Venerabilis), was an English monk, author and scholar.

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Belief

A belief is a subjective attitude that a proposition is true or a state of affairs is the case.

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Benediction

A benediction (bene, 'well' + dicere, 'to speak') is a short invocation for divine help, blessing and guidance, usually at the end of worship service.

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Beroea

Beroea (or Berea) was an ancient city of the Hellenistic period and Roman Empire now known as Veria (or Veroia) in Macedonia, Northern Greece.

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Biblical inspiration

Biblical inspiration is the doctrine in Christian theology that the human writers and canonizers of the Bible were led by God with the result that their writings may be designated in some sense the word of God.

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Biblical law

Biblical law is the legal aspects of the Bible, the holy scriptures of Christianity and Judaism.

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Biblical studies

Biblical studies is the academic application of a set of diverse disciplines to the study of the Bible (the Old Testament and New Testament).

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Bulletin for Biblical Research

The Bulletin for Biblical Research is the peer-reviewed journal of the Institute for Biblical Research.

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Caesarea Maritima

Caesarea (Kaisáreia; Qēsaryah; Qaysāriyyah), also Caesarea Maritima, Caesarea Palaestinae or Caesarea Stratonis, was an ancient and medieval port city on the coast of the Eastern Mediterranean, and later a small fishing village.

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Caius (presbyter)

Caius, Presbyter of Rome (also known as Gaius) was a Christian author who lived and wrote towards the beginning of the 3rd century.

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Calendar of saints (Church of England)

The Church of England commemorates many of the same saints as those in the General Roman Calendar, mostly on the same days, but also commemorates various notable (often post-Reformation) Christians who have not been canonised by Rome, with a particular though not exclusive emphasis on those of English origin.

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Catacomb of Callixtus

The Catacomb(s) of Callixtus (also known as the Cemetery of Callixtus) is one of the Catacombs of Rome on the Appian Way, most notable for containing the Crypt of the Popes (Italian: Cappella dei Papi), which once contained the tombs of several popes from the 2nd to 4th centuries.

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Catholic Church

The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.

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Catholic Encyclopedia

The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, also referred to as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia and the Original Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language encyclopedia published in the United States designed to serve the Catholic Church.

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Catholic liturgy

Catholic liturgy means the whole complex of official liturgical worship, including all the rites, ceremonies, prayers, and sacraments of the Church, as opposed to private devotions.

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Cenacle

The Cenacle (from the Latin cenaculum, "dining room"), also known as the Upper Room (from the Koine Greek anagaion and hyperōion, both meaning "upper room"), is a room in Mount Zion in Jerusalem, just outside the Old City walls, traditionally held to be the site of the Last Supper, the final meal that, in the Gospel accounts, Jesus held with the apostles.

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Centurion

In the Roman army during classical antiquity, a centurion (centurio,. label; kentyríōn, or), was a commander, nominally of a century, a military unit originally consisting of 100 legionaries.

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Christian anarchism

Christian anarchism is a Christian movement in political theology that claims anarchism is inherent in Christianity and the Gospels.

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Christian denomination

A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity that comprises all church congregations of the same kind, identifiable by traits such as a name, particular history, organization, leadership, theological doctrine, worship style and, sometimes, a founder.

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Christian mission

A Christian mission is an organized effort to carry on evangelism or other activities, such as educational or hospital work, in the name of the Christian faith.

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Christian theology

Christian theology is the theology – the systematic study of the divine and religion – of Christian belief and practice.

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Christian views on marriage

From the earliest days of the Christian faith, Christians have viewed marriage as a divinely blessed, lifelong, monogamous union between a man and a woman.

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Christianity in the 1st century

Christianity in the 1st century covers the formative history of Christianity from the start of the ministry of Jesus (–29 AD) to the death of the last of the Twelve Apostles and is thus also known as the Apostolic Age.

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Christology

In Christianity, Christology is a branch of theology that concerns Jesus.

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Church of England

The Church of England (C of E) is the established Christian church in England and the Crown Dependencies.

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Cilicia (Roman province)

Cilicia was an early Roman province, located on what is today the southern (Mediterranean) coast of Turkey.

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Circumcision controversy in early Christianity

The circumcision controversy in early Christianity played an important role in Christian theology.

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Claude Montefiore

Claude Joseph Goldsmid Montefiore, also Goldsmid–Montefiore or just Goldsmid Montefiore (1858–1938) was the intellectual founder of Anglo-Liberal Judaism and the founding president of the World Union for Progressive Judaism, a scholar of the Hebrew Bible, rabbinic literature and New Testament.

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Clement of Rome

Clement of Rome (Clemens Romanus; Klēmēs Rōmēs) (died), also known as Pope Clement I, was a bishop of Rome in the late first century AD. Paul the Apostle and Clement of Rome are 1st-century Christian theologians.

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Codex Alexandrinus

The Codex Alexandrinus (London, British Library, Royal MS 1. D. V-VIII), designated by the siglum A or 02 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 4 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a manuscript of the Greek Bible,The Greek Bible in this context refers to the Bible used by Greek-speaking Christians who lived in Egypt and elsewhere during the early history of Christianity.

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Codex Sinaiticus

The Codex Sinaiticus (Shelfmark: London, British Library, Add MS 43725), designated by siglum [Aleph] or 01 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 2 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), also called Sinai Bible, is a fourth-century Christian manuscript of a Greek Bible, containing the majority of the Greek Old Testament, including the deuterocanonical books, and the Greek New Testament, with both the Epistle of Barnabas and the Shepherd of Hermas included.

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Codex Vaticanus

The Codex Vaticanus (The Vatican, Bibl. Vat., Vat. gr. 1209), designated by siglum B or 03 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering of New Testament manuscripts), δ 1 (in the von Soden numbering of New Testament manuscripts), is a Christian manuscript of a Greek Bible, containing the majority of the Greek Old Testament and the majority of the Greek New Testament.

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Collegiate Parish Church of St Paul's Shipwreck

The Collegiate Parish Church of St Paul's Shipwreck, also known as simply the Church of St Paul's Shipwreck, is a Roman Catholic parish church in Valletta, Malta.

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Constantine the Great

Constantine I (27 February 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was a Roman emperor from AD 306 to 337 and the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.

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Conversion of Paul the Apostle

The conversion of Paul the Apostle (also the Pauline conversion, Damascene conversion, Damascus Christophany and the "road to Damascus" event) was, according to the New Testament, an event in the life of Saul/Paul the Apostle that led him to cease persecuting early Christians and to become a follower of Jesus.

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Coptic Apocalypse of Paul

The Coptic Apocalypse of Paul (Sahidic Coptic: ⲧⲁⲡⲟⲕⲁⲗⲩⲯⲓⲥ ⲙ̄ⲡⲁⲩⲗⲟⲥ) is a Gnostic apocalyptic writing.

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Corinth

Corinth (Kórinthos) is a municipality in Corinthia in Greece.

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Correspondence of Paul and Seneca

The Correspondence of (or between) Paul and Seneca, also known as the Letters of Paul and Seneca or Epistle to Seneca the Younger, is a collection of letters claiming to be between Paul the Apostle and Seneca the Younger.

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Council of Jerusalem

The Council of Jerusalem or Apostolic Council is a council described in chapter 15 of the Acts of the Apostles, held in Jerusalem around.

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Creed

A creed, also known as a confession of faith, a symbol, or a statement of faith, is a statement of the shared beliefs of a community (often a religious community) in a form which is structured by subjects which summarize its core tenets.

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Crete

Crete (translit, Modern:, Ancient) is the largest and most populous of the Greek islands, the 88th largest island in the world and the fifth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea, after Sicily, Sardinia, Cyprus, and Corsica.

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Crucifixion

Crucifixion is a method of capital punishment in which the condemned is tied or nailed to a large wooden cross, beam or stake and left to hang until eventual death.

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Crucifixion of Jesus

The crucifixion of Jesus occurred in 1st-century Judaea, most likely in AD 30 or AD 33.

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Cubit

The cubit is an ancient unit of length based on the distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger.

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Cyril of Jerusalem

Cyril of Jerusalem (Κύριλλος Α΄ Ἱεροσολύμων, Kýrillos A Ierosolýmon; Cyrillus Hierosolymitanus; 386) was a theologian of the Early Church.

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Damascus

Damascus (Dimašq) is the capital and largest city of Syria, the oldest current capital in the world and, according to some, the fourth holiest city in Islam.

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Daniel Boyarin

Daniel Boyarin (דניאל בויארין; born 1946) is an Israeli–American academic and historian of religion.

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De Viris Illustribus (Jerome)

De Viris Illustribus (On Illustrious Men) is a collection of short biographies of 135 authors, written in Latin, by the 4th-century Latin Church Father Jerome.

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Deaconess

The ministry of a deaconess is a usually non-ordained ministry for women in some Protestant, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Orthodox churches to provide pastoral care, especially for other women, and which may carry a limited liturgical role.

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Deism

Deism (or; derived from the Latin term deus, meaning "god") is the philosophical position and rationalistic theology that generally rejects revelation as a source of divine knowledge and asserts that empirical reason and observation of the natural world are exclusively logical, reliable, and sufficient to determine the existence of a Supreme Being as the creator of the universe.

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Delphi Inscription

The Delphi Inscription, or Gallio Inscription (SIG), is the name given to the collection of nine fragments of a letter written by the Roman emperor Claudius in 52 CE which was discovered early in the 20th century at the Temple of Apollo in Delphi, Greece.

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Dennis MacDonald

Dennis Ronald MacDonald (born 1946) is the John Wesley Professor of New Testament and Christian Origins at the Claremont School of Theology in California.

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Derbe

Derbe or Dervi (Δέρβη), also called Derveia (Δέρβεια), was a city of Galatia in Asia Minor, and later of Lycaonia, and still later of Isauria and Cappadocia.

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Dicastery for the Causes of Saints

In the Catholic Church, the Dicastery for the Causes of Saints, previously named the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, is the dicastery of the Roman Curia that oversees the complex process that leads to the canonization of saints, passing through the steps of a declaration of "heroic virtues" and beatification.

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Dionysius of Corinth

Dionysius of Corinth, (Greek: Διονύσιος ό Κορίνθιος) also known as Saint Dionysius, was the bishop of Corinth circa AD 171.

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Disciple (Christianity)

In Christianity, a disciple is a dedicated follower of Jesus.

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Divine law

Divine law is any body of law that is perceived as deriving from a transcendent source, such as the will of God or godsin contrast to man-made law or to secular law.

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Divine retribution

Divine retribution is supernatural punishment of a person, a group of people, or everyone by a deity in response to some action.

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Dodecanese

The Dodecanese (Δωδεκάνησα, Dodekánisa,; On iki Ada) are a group of 15 larger and 150 smaller Greek islands in the southeastern Aegean Sea and Eastern Mediterranean, off the coast of Turkey's Anatolia, of which 26 are inhabited.

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Dualism in cosmology

Dualism in cosmology or dualistic cosmology is the moral or spiritual belief that two fundamental concepts exist, which often oppose each other.

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E. P. Sanders

Ed Parish Sanders (April 18, 1937 – November 21, 2022) was a liberal and secularized New Testament scholar and a principal proponent of the "New Perspective on Paul".

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Early Christianity

Early Christianity, otherwise called the Early Church or Paleo-Christianity, describes the historical era of the Christian religion up to the First Council of Nicaea in 325.

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Easter

Easter, also called Pascha (Aramaic, Greek, Latin) or Resurrection Sunday, is a Christian festival and cultural holiday commemorating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial following his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary.

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Eastern Christianity

Eastern Christianity comprises Christian traditions and church families that originally developed during classical and late antiquity in the Eastern Mediterranean region or locations further east, south or north.

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Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius)

The Ecclesiastical History (Ἐκκλησιαστικὴ Ἱστορία, Ekklēsiastikḕ Historía; Historia Ecclesiastica), also known as The History of the Church and Church History, is a 4th-century chronological account of the development of Early Christianity from the 1st century to the 4th century, composed by Eusebius, the bishop of Caesarea.

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Ecclesiastical History of the English People

The Ecclesiastical History of the English People (Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum), written by Bede in about AD 731, is a history of the Christian Churches in England, and of England generally; its main focus is on the conflict between the pre-Schism Roman Rite and Celtic Christianity.

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Ecclesiology

In Christian theology, ecclesiology is the study of the Church, the origins of Christianity, its relationship to Jesus, its role in salvation, its polity, its discipline, its eschatology, and its leadership.

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Elaine Pagels

Elaine Pagels, née Hiesey (born February 13, 1943), is an American historian of religion.

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Elymas

Elymas (Ἐλύμας), also known as Bar-Jesus (Βαριησοῦς, Bar-Shuma, Bariesu), is a Jew described in the Acts of the Apostles, chapter 13, in the New Testament.

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Ephesus

Ephesus (Éphesos; Efes; may ultimately derive from Apaša) was a city in Ancient Greece on the coast of Ionia, southwest of present-day Selçuk in İzmir Province, Turkey.

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Epirus

Epirus is a geographical and historical region in southeastern Europe, now shared between Greece and Albania.

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Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians

The Epistle of Ignatius to the Ephesians (often abbreviated Ign. Eph.) is an epistle attributed to Ignatius of Antioch, a second-century bishop of Antioch, and addressed to the church in Ephesus of Asia Minor.

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Epistle of Ignatius to the Romans

The Epistle of Ignatius to the Romans (often abbreviated Ign. Rom.) is an epistle attributed to Ignatius of Antioch, a second-century bishop of Antioch.

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Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians

The Epistle of Polycarp to the Philippians (commonly abbreviated Pol. Phil.) is an epistle attributed to Polycarp, an early bishop of Smyrna, and addressed to the early Christian church in Philippi.

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Epistle to Philemon

The Epistle to Philemon is one of the books of the Christian New Testament.

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Epistle to the Colossians

The Epistle to the Colossians is the twelfth book of the New Testament.

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Epistle to the Ephesians

The Epistle to the Ephesians is the tenth book of the New Testament.

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Epistle to the Galatians

The Epistle to the Galatians is the ninth book of the New Testament.

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Epistle to the Laodiceans

The Epistle to the Laodiceans is a purported lost letter of Paul the Apostle, the original existence of which is inferred from an instruction in the Epistle to the Colossians that the congregation should send their letter to the believing community in Laodicea, and likewise obtain a copy of the letter "from Laodicea" (ἐκ Λαοδικείας, ek Laodikeas).

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Epistle to the Philippians

The Epistle to the Philippians is a Pauline epistle of the New Testament of the Christian Bible.

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Epistle to the Romans

The Epistle to the Romans is the sixth book in the New Testament, and the longest of the thirteen Pauline epistles.

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Epistle to Titus

The Epistle to Titus is one of the three pastoral epistles (along with 1 Timothy and 2 Timothy) in the New Testament, historically attributed to Paul the Apostle.

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Erastus of Corinth

Erastus of Corinth (Ἔραστος, Erastos), also known as Erastus of Paneas, held the political office of steward (οἰκονόμος, oikonomos), in Corinth, according to the Epistle to the Romans 16:23 of the New Testament. Paul the Apostle and Erastus of Corinth are Christian saints from the New Testament.

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Ernle Bradford

Ernle Dusgate Selby Bradford (11 January 1922 – 8 May 1986) was a noted 20th-century British historian specializing in the Mediterranean world and naval topics.

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Eschatology

Eschatology concerns expectations of the end of present age, human history, or the world itself.

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Euboea

Euboea (Εὔβοια Eúboia), also known by its modern spelling Evia, is the second-largest Greek island in area and population, after Crete, and the sixth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Eucharist

The Eucharist (from evcharistía), also known as Holy Communion, the Blessed Sacrament and the Lord's Supper, is a Christian rite that is considered a sacrament in most churches, and as an ordinance in others.

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Eusebius

Eusebius of Caesarea (Εὐσέβιος τῆς Καισαρείας; 260/265 – 30 May 339), also known as Eusebius Pamphilus (from the Εὐσέβιος τοῦ Παμφίλου), was a Greek Syro-Palestinian historian of Christianity, exegete, and Christian polemicist.

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Evangelism

In Christianity, evangelism or witnessing is the act of preaching the gospel with the intention of sharing the message and teachings of Jesus Christ.

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Evelyn Stagg

Evelyn Stagg (née Evelyn Owen) (July 9, 1914 – February 28, 2011) was a trailblazer for Southern Baptist women in ministry.

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F. F. Bruce

Frederick Fyvie Bruce (12 October 1910 – 11 September 1990), usually cited as F. F. Bruce, was Rylands Professor of Biblical Criticism and Exegesis at the University of Manchester from 1959 until 1978 and one of the most influential evangelical scholars of the second half of the twentieth century.

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Feast of Saints Peter and Paul

The Feast of Saints Peter and Paul or Solemnity of Saints Peter and Paul is a liturgical feast in honor of the martyrdom in Rome of the apostles Saint Peter and Saint Paul, which is observed on 29 June.

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Felix Mendelssohn

Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (3 February 18094 November 1847), widely known as Felix Mendelssohn, was a German composer, pianist, organist and conductor of the early Romantic period.

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Ferdinand Christian Baur

Ferdinand Christian Baur (21 June 1792 – 2 December 1860) was a German Protestant theologian and founder and leader of the (new) Tübingen School of theology (named for the University of Tübingen where Baur studied and taught).

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Festival (Anglicanism)

A Festival is a type of observance in the Churches of the Anglican Communion, considered to be less significant than a Principal Feast or Principal Holy Day, but more significant than a Lesser Festival or Commemoration.

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First Epistle of Clement

The First Epistle of Clement (Clement to Corinthians) is a letter addressed to the Christians in the city of Corinth.

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First Epistle to the Corinthians

The First Epistle to the Corinthians (Α΄ ᾽Επιστολὴ πρὸς Κορινθίους) is one of the Pauline epistles, part of the New Testament of the Christian Bible.

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First Epistle to the Thessalonians

The First Epistle to the Thessalonians is a Pauline epistle of the New Testament of the Christian Bible.

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First Epistle to Timothy

The First Epistle to Timothy is one of three letters in the New Testament of the Bible often grouped together as the pastoral epistles, along with Second Timothy and Titus.

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Flagellation

Flagellation (Latin, 'whip'), flogging or whipping is the act of beating the human body with special implements such as whips, rods, switches, the cat o' nine tails, the sjambok, the knout, etc.

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Frank Stagg (theologian)

Frank Stagg (October 20, 1911 – June 2, 2001) was a Southern Baptist theologian, seminary professor, author, and pastor over a 50-year ministry career.

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Franz Werfel

Franz Viktor Werfel (10 September 1890 – 26 August 1945) was an Austrian-Bohemian novelist, playwright, and poet whose career spanned World War I, the Interwar period, and World War II.

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Friedrich Nietzsche

Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German classical scholar, philosopher, and critic of culture, who became one of the most influential of all modern thinkers.

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Fuller Theological Seminary

Fuller Theological Seminary is a non-denominational / multi-denominational Evangelical Christian seminary in Pasadena, California, with regional campuses in the western United States.

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Galatia

Galatia (Γαλατία, Galatía, "Gaul") was an ancient area in the highlands of central Anatolia, roughly corresponding to the provinces of Ankara and Eskişehir, in modern Turkey.

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Gamaliel

Gamaliel the Elder (also spelled Gamliel; רַבַּן גַּמְלִיאֵל הַזָּקֵן Rabban Gamlīʾēl hazZāqēn; Γαμαλιὴλ ὁ Πρεσβύτερος Gamaliēl ho Presbýteros), or Rabban Gamaliel I, was a leading authority in the Sanhedrin in the early first century CE. Paul the Apostle and Gamaliel are Pharisees.

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Gentile

Gentile is a word that today usually means someone who is not Jewish.

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Gnosticism

Gnosticism (from Ancient Greek:, romanized: gnōstikós, Koine Greek: ɣnostiˈkos, 'having knowledge') is a collection of religious ideas and systems that coalesced in the late 1st century AD among Jewish and early Christian sects.

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God in Christianity

In Christianity, God is the eternal, supreme being who created and preserves all things.

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God-fearer

God-fearers (φοβούμενοι τὸν Θεόν, phoboumenoi ton Theon) or God-worshippers (θεοσεβεῖς, Theosebeis) were a numerous class of Gentile sympathizers to Hellenistic Judaism that existed in the Greco-Roman world, which observed certain Jewish religious rites and traditions without becoming full converts to Judaism.

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Gortyna

Gortyna (Γόρτυνα; also known as Gortyn (Γορτύν)) was a town of ancient Crete which appears in the Homeric poems under the form of Γορτύν; but afterwards became usually Gortyna (Γόρτυνα).

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Gospel

Gospel (εὐαγγέλιον; evangelium) originally meant the Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was reported.

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Gospel in Islam

Injil (ʾInjīl, alternative spellings: Ingil or Injeel) is the Arabic name for the Gospel of Jesus (Isa).

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Great Fire of Rome

The Great Fire of Rome (incendium magnum Romae) began on the 18th of July 64 AD.

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Greek Orthodox Church

Greek Orthodox Church (Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία, Ellinorthódoxi Ekklisía) is a term that can refer to any one of three classes of Christian churches, each associated in some way with Greek Christianity, Levantine Arabic-speaking Christians or more broadly the rite used in the Eastern Roman Empire.

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Gustaf Aulén

Gustaf Emanuel Hildebrand Aulén (15 May 1879 – 16 December 1977) was the Bishop of Strängnäs in the Church of Sweden, a Lutheran theologian, and the author of Christus Victor, a work which still exerts considerable influence on contemporary theological thinking on the atonement.

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Gustav Adolf Deissmann

Gustav Adolf Deissmann (7 November 1866 – 5 April 1937) was a German Protestant theologian, best known for his leading work on the Greek language used in the New Testament, which he showed was the koine, or commonly used tongue of the Hellenistic world of that time.

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Halakha

Halakha (translit), also transliterated as halacha, halakhah, and halocho, is the collective body of Jewish religious laws that are derived from the Written and Oral Torah.

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Hanns Sachs

Hanns Sachs (10 January 1881, in Vienna – 10 January 1947, in Boston) was one of the earliest psychoanalysts, and a close personal friend of Sigmund Freud.

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Hans Conzelmann

Hans Conzelmann (27 October 1915 – 20 June 1989) was a Protestant, German theologian and New Testament scholar.

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Hans-Joachim Schoeps

Hans-Joachim Schoeps (30 January 1909 Berlin - 8 July 1980 Erlangen) was a German-Jewish historian of religion and religious philosophy.

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Hastings Rashdall

Hastings Rashdall (24 June 1858 – 9 February 1924) was an English philosopher, theologian, historian, and Anglican priest.

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Hebrew Bible

The Hebrew Bible or Tanakh (. Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. Hebrew), also known in Hebrew as Miqra (Hebrew), is the canonical collection of Hebrew scriptures, comprising the Torah, the Nevi'im, and the Ketuvim.

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Heinrich Graetz

Heinrich Graetz (31 October 1817 – 7 September 1891) was a German exegete and one of the first historians to write a comprehensive history of the Jewish people from a Jewish perspective.

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Hellenistic Judaism

Hellenistic Judaism was a form of Judaism in classical antiquity that combined Jewish religious tradition with elements of Hellenistic culture.

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Helmut Koester

Helmut Heinrich Koester (December 18, 1926 – January 1, 2016) was an American scholar who specialized in the New Testament and early Christianity at Harvard Divinity School.

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Henry Abramson

Henry Abramson (born 1963) is a Canadian historian who is the current dean of the Lander College of Arts and Sciences at Touro College in Flatbush, New York.

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Henry Alford (theologian)

Henry Alford (7 October 181012 January 1871) was an English churchman, theologian, textual critic, scholar, poet, hymnodist, and writer.

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Hillel the Elder

Hillel (הִלֵּל Hīllēl; variously called Hillel the Elder, Hillel the Great, or Hillel the Babylonian; died c. 10 CE) was a Jewish religious leader, sage and scholar associated with the development of the Mishnah and the Talmud and the founder of the House of Hillel school of tannaim.

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Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles

The historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles, the principal historical source for the Apostolic Age, is of interest for biblical scholars and historians of Early Christianity as part of the debate over the historicity of the Bible.

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Holy Spirit in the Pauline epistles

The Holy Spirit plays a key role in the Pauline epistles and Apostle Paul's pneumatology is closely connected to his theology and Christology, to the point of being almost inseparable from them.

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HuffPost

HuffPost (The Huffington Post until 2017; often abbreviated as HuffPo) is an American progressive news website, with localized and international editions.

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Hyam Maccoby

Hyam Maccoby (חיים מכובי, 1924–2004) was a Jewish-British scholar and dramatist specialising in the study of the Jewish and Christian religious traditions.

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Hymn

A hymn is a type of song, and partially synonymous with devotional song, specifically written for the purpose of adoration or prayer, and typically addressed to a deity or deities, or to a prominent figure or personification.

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Ibn Hazm

Ibn Hazm (November 994 – 15 August 1064) was an Andalusian Muslim polymath, historian, traditionist, jurist, philosopher, and theologian, born in the Córdoban Caliphate, present-day Spain.

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Ibn Taymiyya

Ibn Taymiyya (ٱبْن تَيْمِيَّة; 22 January 1263 – 26 September 1328)Ibn Taymiyya, Taqi al-Din Ahmad, The Oxford Dictionary of Islam.

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Ignatius of Antioch

Ignatius of Antioch (Ignátios Antiokheías; died c. 108/140 AD), also known as Ignatius Theophorus (the God-bearing), was an early Christian writer and Patriarch of Antioch. Paul the Apostle and Ignatius of Antioch are people executed by the Roman Empire.

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Illyricum (Roman province)

Illyricum was a Roman province that existed from 27 BC to sometime during the reign of Vespasian (69–79 AD).

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Incident at Antioch

The incident at Antioch was an Apostolic Age dispute between the apostles Paul and Peter which occurred in the city of Antioch around the middle of the first century.

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Irenaeus

Irenaeus (Eirēnaîos) was a Greek bishop noted for his role in guiding and expanding Christian communities in the southern regions of present-day France and, more widely, for the development of Christian theology by combating heterodox or Gnostic interpretations of Scripture as heresy and defining proto-orthodoxy. Paul the Apostle and Irenaeus are saints from Roman Anatolia.

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Isaac Mayer Wise

Isaac Mayer Wise (29 March 1819 – 26 March 1900) was an American Reform rabbi, editor, and author.

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Israelites

The Israelites were a group of Semitic-speaking tribes in the ancient Near East who, during the Iron Age, inhabited a part of Canaan.

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Joseph Barber Lightfoot (13 April 1828 – 21 December 1889), known as J. B. Lightfoot, was an English theologian and Bishop of Durham.

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Jacob Qirqisani

Jacob Qirqisani (c. 890 – c. 960) (ابو یوسف یعقوب القرقسانی ʾAbū Yūsuf Yaʿqūb al-Qirqisānī, יעקב בן יצחק הקרקסאני Yaʿqov ben Yiṣḥaq haQarqesani) was a Karaite dogmatist and exegete who flourished in the first half of the tenth century.

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Jacob Taubes

Jacob Taubes (25 February 1923 – 21 March 1987) was a sociologist of religion, philosopher, and scholar of Judaism.

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James Dunn (theologian)

James Douglas Grant Dunn (21 October 1939 – 26 June 2020), also known as Jimmy Dunn, was a British New Testament scholar, who was for many years the Lightfoot Professor of Divinity in the Department of Theology at the University of Durham.

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James Tabor

James Daniel Tabor (born 1946) is an American Biblical scholar and retired Professor of Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity in the Department of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, where he taught from 1989 until 2022 and served as chair from 2004 to 2014.

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James, brother of Jesus

James the Just, or a variation of James, brother of the Lord (Iacobus from יעקב, and Ἰάκωβος,, can also be Anglicized as "Jacob"), was a brother of Jesus, according to the New Testament.

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Jürgen Moltmann

Jürgen Moltmann (8 April 1926 – 3 June 2024) was a German Reformed theologian who was a professor of systematic theology at the University of Tübingen and was known for his books such as the Theology of Hope, The Crucified God, God in Creation and other contributions to systematic theology.

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Jerome

Jerome (Eusebius Sophronius Hieronymus; Εὐσέβιος Σωφρόνιος Ἱερώνυμος; – 30 September 420), also known as Jerome of Stridon, was an early Christian priest, confessor, theologian, translator, and historian; he is commonly known as Saint Jerome.

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Jerome Murphy-O'Connor

Jerome Murphy-O'Connor (born 10 April 1935, Cork City, Ireland – died 11 November 2013, Jerusalem) was an Irish Dominican priest, a leading authority on St. Paul, and a Professor of New Testament at the École Biblique in Jerusalem, a position that he held from 1967 until his death.

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Jerusalem Bible

The Jerusalem Bible (JB or TJB) is an English translation of the Bible published in 1966 by Darton, Longman & Todd.

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Jesus

Jesus (AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many other names and titles, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader. Paul the Apostle and Jesus are people executed by the Roman Empire.

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Jesus in Islam

In Islam, Jesus (translit) is believed to be the penultimate prophet and messenger of God and the Messiah sent to guide the Children of Israel with a book called the (Evangel or Gospel).

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John Calvin

John Calvin (Jehan Cauvin; Jean Calvin; 10 July 150927 May 1564) was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.

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John Chrysostom

John Chrysostom (Ἰωάννης ὁ Χρυσόστομος; 14 September 407 AD) was an important Early Church Father who served as Archbishop of Constantinople. Paul the Apostle and John Chrysostom are saints from Roman Anatolia.

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John Mark

John Mark is named in the Acts of the Apostles as an assistant accompanying Paul and Barnabas on their missionary journeys.

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John Shelby Spong

John Shelby "Jack" Spong (June 16, 1931 – September 12, 2021) was an American bishop of the Episcopal Church, born in Charlotte, North Carolina.

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John the Apostle

John the Apostle (Ἰωάννης; Ioannes; Ge'ez: ዮሐንስ), also known as Saint John the Beloved and, in Eastern Orthodox Christianity, Saint John the Theologian, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus according to the New Testament. Paul the Apostle and John the Apostle are 1st-century Christian theologians and Christian saints from the New Testament.

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John the Baptist

John the Baptist (–) was a Jewish preacher active in the area of the Jordan River in the early 1st century AD. Paul the Apostle and John the Baptist are Christian saints from the New Testament.

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Joseph Klausner

Joseph Gedaliah Klausner (יוסף גדליה קלוזנר; 20 August 1874 – 27 October 1958), was a Lithuanian-born Israeli historian and professor of Hebrew literature.

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Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society

The Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society (JETS) is a refereed theological journal published by the Evangelical Theological Society.

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Judaea (Roman province)

Judaea (Iudaea; translit) was a Roman province from 6 to 132 AD, which incorporated the Levantine regions of Idumea, Philistia, Judea, Samaria and Galilee, extending over parts of the former regions of the Hasmonean and Herodian kingdoms of Judea.

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Judaizers

The Judaizers were a faction of the Jewish Christians, both of Jewish and non-Jewish origins, who regarded the Levitical laws of the Old Testament as still binding on all Christians.

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Judea

Judea or Judaea (Ἰουδαία,; Iudaea) is a mountainous region of the Levant.

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Junia (New Testament person)

Junia or Junias (Ἰουνία/Ἰουνίας, /) was a Christian in the first century known from Paul the Apostle's letter to the Romans. Paul the Apostle and Junia (New Testament person) are Christian saints from the New Testament.

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Karaite Judaism

Karaite Judaism or Karaism is a non-Rabbinical Jewish sect and, in Eastern Europe, a separate Judaic ethno-religion characterized by the recognition of the written Tanakh alone as its supreme authority in halakha (Jewish religious law) and theology. Karaites believe that all of the divine commandments which were handed down to Moses by God were recorded in the written Torah without any additional Oral Law or explanation.

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Karl Barth

Karl Barth (–) was a Swiss Reformed theologian.

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Kechries

Kechries (Κεχριές, rarely Κεχρεές) is a village in the municipality of Corinth in Corinthia in Greece, part of the community of Xylokeriza.

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King James Version

on the title-page of the first edition and in the entries in works like the "Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church", etc.--> The King James Version (KJV), also the King James Bible (KJB) and the Authorized Version (AV), is an Early Modern English translation of the Christian Bible for the Church of England, which was commissioned in 1604 and published in 1611, by sponsorship of King James VI and I.

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Kings of Israel and Judah

The article deals with the biblical and historical kings of the Land of Israel - Abimelech of Sichem, the three kings of the United Kingdom of Israel and those of its successor states, Israel and Judah, followed in the Second Temple period, part of classical antiquity, by the kingdoms ruled by the Hasmonean and Herodian dynasties.

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Kingship and kingdom of God

The concept of the kingship of God appears in all Abrahamic religions, where in some cases the terms kingdom of God and kingdom of Heaven are also used.

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Koine Greek

Koine Greek (Koine the common dialect), also known as Hellenistic Greek, common Attic, the Alexandrian dialect, Biblical Greek, Septuagint Greek or New Testament Greek, was the common supra-regional form of Greek spoken and written during the Hellenistic period, the Roman Empire and the early Byzantine Empire.

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Koinonia

Koinonia is a transliterated form of the Greek word κοινωνία, which refers to concepts such as fellowship, joint participation, partnership, the share which one has in anything, a gift jointly contributed, a collection, a contribution.

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Korban

In Judaism, the (קָרְבָּן|qorbān|label.

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Krister Stendahl

Krister Olofson Stendahl (21 April 1921 – 15 April 2008) was a Swedish theologian, New Testament scholar, and Church of Sweden Bishop of Stockholm.

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L. Michael White

L.

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Lactantius

Lucius Caecilius Firmianus, signo Lactantius (c. 250 – c. 325), was an early Christian author who became an advisor to Roman emperor Constantine I, guiding his Christian religious policy in its initial stages of emergence, and a tutor to his son Crispus.

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Latin Church

The Latin Church (Ecclesia Latina) is the largest autonomous (sui iuris) particular church within the Catholic Church, whose members constitute the vast majority of the 1.3 billion Catholics.

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Law of Christ

"The law of Christ" (νόμος τοῦ Χριστοῦ) is a New Testament phrase.

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Lefkada

Lefkada (Λευκάδα, Lefkáda), also known as Lefkas or Leukas (Ancient Greek and Katharevousa: Λευκάς, Leukás, modern pronunciation Lefkás) and Leucadia, is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea on the west coast of Greece, connected to the mainland by a long causeway and floating bridge.

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Leo Tolstoy

Count Lev Nikolayevich TolstoyTolstoy pronounced his first name as, which corresponds to the romanization Lyov.

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Leonard Swidler

Leonard J. Swidler (born January 6, 1929) is Professor of Catholic Thought and Interreligious Dialogue at Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, where he has taught since 1966.

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Lev Shestov

Lev Isaakovich Shestov (Лев Исаакович Шестов; 31 January Martin, Bernard, Introduction to "Athens and Jerusalem" 1866 – 19 November 1938; born Yeguda Lev Shvartsman) was a Jewish-Russian existentialist and religious philosopher.

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Liber Pontificalis

The Liber Pontificalis (Latin for 'pontifical book' or Book of the Popes) is a book of biographies of popes from Saint Peter until the 15th century.

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These are biblical figures unambiguously identified in contemporary sources according to scholarly consensus.

See Paul the Apostle and List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources

London

London is the capital and largest city of both England and the United Kingdom, with a population of in.

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Love of God

Love of God can mean either love for God or love by God.

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Lucian

Lucian of Samosata (Λουκιανὸς ὁ Σαμοσατεύς, 125 – after 180) was a Hellenized Syrian satirist, rhetorician and pamphleteer who is best known for his characteristic tongue-in-cheek style, with which he frequently ridiculed superstition, religious practices, and belief in the paranormal.

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Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus

Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus or Gallio (Γαλλιων, Galliōn; c. 5 BC – c. AD 65) was a Roman senator and brother of the famous writer Seneca.

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Ludwig Meidner

Ludwig Meidner (18 April 1884 – 14 May 1966) was a German expressionist painter and printmaker born in Bernstadt, Silesia.

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Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod

The Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod (LCMS), also known as the Missouri Synod, is an orthodox, traditional, confessional Lutheran denomination in the United States.

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Lystra

Lystra (Λύστρα) was a city in central Anatolia, now part of present-day Turkey.

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Macedonia (Roman province)

Macedonia (Μακεδονία) was a province of ancient Rome, encompassing the territory of the former Antigonid Kingdom of Macedonia, which had been conquered by the Roman Republic in 168 BC at the conclusion of the Third Macedonian War.

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Malta

Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Man of sin

The man of sin (ὁ ἄνθρωπος τῆς ἁμαρτίας, ho anthrōpos tēs hamartias) or man of lawlessness, (anomias), man of rebellion, man of insurrection, or man of apostasy is a figure referred to in the Christian Bible in the Second Epistle to the Thessalonians.

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Marcion of Sinope

Marcion of Sinope (Μαρκίων Σινώπης) was a theologian in early Christianity. Marcion preached that God had sent Jesus Christ, who was distinct from the "vengeful" God (Demiurge) who had created the world. He considered himself a follower of Paul the Apostle, whom he believed to have been the only true apostle of Jesus Christ; his doctrine is called Marcionism.

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Marcionism

Marcionism was an early Christian dualistic belief system that originated with the teachings of Marcion of Sinope in Rome around 144 AD.

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Martin Buber

Martin Buber (מרטין בובר; Martin Buber,; מארטין בובער; February 8, 1878 – June 13, 1965) was an Austrian-Jewish and Israeli philosopher best known for his philosophy of dialogue, a form of existentialism centered on the distinction between the I–Thou relationship and the I–It relationship.

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Martin Luther

Martin Luther (10 November 1483– 18 February 1546) was a German priest, theologian, author, hymnwriter, professor, and Augustinian friar.

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Martyr

A martyr (mártys, 'witness' stem, martyr-) is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an external party.

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Matthew Black

Rev Matthew Black (3 September 1908 in Kilmarnock – 2 October 1994 in St Andrews) was a Scottish minister and biblical scholar.

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Merkabah mysticism

Merkabah (chariot) or Merkavah mysticism (lit. Chariot mysticism) is a school of early Jewish mysticism, c. 100 BCE – 1000 CE, centered on visions such as those found in Ezekiel 1 or in the hekhalot literature ("palaces" literature), concerning stories of ascents to the heavenly palaces and the Throne of God.

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Messiah in Judaism

The Messiah in Judaism is a savior and liberator figure in Jewish eschatology who is believed to be the future redeemer of the Jews.

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Miletus

Miletus (Mī́lētos; 𒈪𒅋𒆷𒉿𒀭𒁕 Mīllawānda or 𒈪𒆷𒉿𒋫 Milawata (exonyms); Mīlētus; Milet) was an ancient Greek city on the western coast of Anatolia, near the mouth of the Maeander River in ancient Ionia.

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Ministry of Jesus

The ministry of Jesus, in the canonical gospels, begins with his baptism near the River Jordan by John the Baptist, and ends in Jerusalem in Judea, following the Last Supper with his disciples.

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Minneapolis

Minneapolis, officially the City of Minneapolis, is a city in and the county seat of Hennepin County, Minnesota, United States. With a population of 429,954, it is the state's most populous city as of the 2020 census. It occupies both banks of the Mississippi River and adjoins Saint Paul, the state capital of Minnesota.

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Miracle

A miracle is an event that is inexplicable by natural or scientific lawsOne dictionary defines as: "A surprising and welcome event that is not explicable by natural or scientific laws and is therefore considered to be the work of a divine agency." and accordingly gets attributed to some supernatural or praeternatural cause.

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Mitzvah

In its primary meaning, the Hebrew word (מִצְוָה, mīṣvā, plural מִצְווֹת mīṣvōt; "commandment") refers to a commandment from God to be performed as a religious duty.

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Mohammad Ali Jauhar

Muhammad Ali Jauhar Khan (10 December 1878 – 4 January 1931) was an Indian Muslim freedom activist, a pre-eminent member of Indian National Congress, journalist and a poet, a leading figure of the Khilafat Movement and one of the founders of Jamia Millia Islamia.

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Mount Sinai

Mount Sinai (הַר סִינָֽי Har Sīnay; Aramaic: ܛܘܪܐ ܕܣܝܢܝ Ṭūrāʾ dəSīnăy; Coptic: Ⲡⲧⲟⲟⲩ Ⲥⲓⲛⲁ), also known as Jabal Musa (جَبَل مُوسَىٰ, translation: Mountain of Moses), is a mountain on the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt.

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Muratorian fragment

The Muratorian fragment, also known as the Muratorian Canon (Latin: Canon Muratori), is a copy of perhaps the oldest known list of most of the books of the New Testament.

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N. T. Wright

Nicholas Thomas Wright (born 1 December 1948), known as N. T.

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National Library of Israel

The National Library of Israel (NLI; translit; المكتبة الوطنية في إسرائيل), formerly Jewish National and University Library (JNUL; translit), is the library dedicated to collecting the cultural treasures of Israel and of Jewish heritage.

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Nazirite

In the Hebrew Bible, a nazirite or a nazarite (נָזִיר Nāzīr) is a Jewish man or woman who voluntarily took a vow which is described in.

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Nero

Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (born Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus; 15 December AD 37 – 9 June AD 68) was a Roman emperor and the final emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, reigning from AD 54 until his death in AD 68.

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New Advent

New Advent is a Catholic website that provides online versions of various works connected with the Church.

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New Haven, Connecticut

New Haven is a city in New Haven County, Connecticut, United States.

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New Perspective on Paul

The "New Perspective on Paul" is a movement within the field of biblical studies concerned with the understanding of the writings of the Apostle Paul.

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New Testament

The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon.

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New Testament household code

The New Testament Household Codes (in German nicknamed Haustafeln), also known as New Testament Domestic Codes, consist of instructions in New Testament writings associated with the apostles Paul and Peter to pairs of Christian people within the structure of a typical Roman household.

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New Testament people named John

The name ''John'' (in Greek, Ἰωάννης) is prominent in the New Testament and occurs numerous times.

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Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos

Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos (Νικηφόρος Κάλλιστος Ξανθόπουλος; Latinized as Nicephorus Callistus Xanthopulus) was a Greek ecclesiastical historian and litterateur of the late Byzantine Empire.

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Original sin

Original sin is the Christian doctrine that holds that humans, through the act of birth, inherit a tainted nature with a proclivity to sinful conduct in need of regeneration.

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Oswiu

Oswiu, also known as Oswy or Oswig (Ōswīg; c. 612 – 15 February 670), was King of Bernicia from 642 and of Northumbria from 654 until his death.

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Paganism

Paganism (from classical Latin pāgānus "rural", "rustic", later "civilian") is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for people in the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, or ethnic religions other than Judaism.

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Pamphylia

Pamphylia (Παμφυλία, Pamphylía) was a region in the south of Asia Minor, between Lycia and Cilicia, extending from the Mediterranean to Mount Taurus (all in modern-day Antalya province, Turkey).

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Participation in Christ

Paul's theology is considered by some interpreters to center on a participation in Christ, in which one partakes in salvation by dying and rising with Jesus.

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Pastoral care

Pastoral care, or cure of souls, refers to emotional, social and spiritual support.

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Pastoral epistles

The pastoral epistles are a group of three books of the canonical New Testament: the First Epistle to Timothy (1 Timothy), the Second Epistle to Timothy (2 Timothy), and the Epistle to Titus.

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Patron saint

A patron saint, patroness saint, patron hallow or heavenly protector is a saint who in Catholicism, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy is regarded as the heavenly advocate of a nation, place, craft, activity, class, clan, family, or person.

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Paul VI Audience Hall

The Paul VI Audience Hall (Aula Paolo VI), also known as the Hall of the Pontifical Audiences, is a building in Rome named for Pope with a seating capacity of 6,300, designed in reinforced concrete by the Italian architect Pier Luigi Nervi and completed in 1971.

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Paul, Apostle of Christ

Paul, Apostle of Christ is a 2018 American biblical drama film written and directed by Andrew Hyatt.

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Paula Fredriksen

Paula Fredriksen (born January 6, 1951, Kingston, Rhode Island) is an American historian and scholar of early Christianity.

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Pauline Christianity

Pauline Christianity or Pauline theology (also Paulism or Paulanity), otherwise referred to as Gentile Christianity, is the theology and form of Christianity which developed from the beliefs and doctrines espoused by the Hellenistic-Jewish Apostle Paul through his writings and those New Testament writings traditionally attributed to him.

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Pauline epistles

The Pauline epistles, also known as Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen books of the New Testament attributed to Paul the Apostle, although the authorship of some is in dispute.

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Pauline privilege

The Pauline privilege (privilegium Paulinum) is the allowance by the Roman Catholic Church of the dissolution of marriage of two persons not baptized at the time the marriage occurred.

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Perga

Perga or Perge (Hittite: Parha, Πέργη Perge, Perge) was originally an ancient Lycian settlement that later became a Greek city in Pamphylia.

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Persecution of Christians in the New Testament

The persecution of Christians in the New Testament is an important part of the Early Christian narrative which depicts the early Church as being persecuted for their heterodox beliefs by a Jewish establishment in what was then the Roman province of Judea.

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Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire

Christians were persecuted throughout the Roman Empire, beginning in the 1st century AD and ending in the 4th century.

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Peter and Paul (film)

Peter and Paul is a television miniseries that originally aired on CBS in two 2-hour parts on April 12, 1981 and April 14, 1981.

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Peter Paul Rubens

Sir Peter Paul Rubens (28 June 1577 – 30 May 1640) was a Flemish artist and diplomat.

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Peter Stuhlmacher

Peter Stuhlmacher (born 18 January 1932 in Leipzig) is a Protestant theologian, professor emeritus of New Testament studies at the University of Tübingen.

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Pharisees

The Pharisees (lit) were a Jewish social movement and a school of thought in the Levant during the time of Second Temple Judaism.

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Philip the Evangelist

Philip the Evangelist (Φίλιππος, Philippos) appears several times in the Acts of the Apostles. Paul the Apostle and Philip the Evangelist are Christian saints from the New Testament and early Jewish Christians.

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Philippi

Philippi (Φίλιπποι, Phílippoi) was a major Greek city northwest of the nearby island, Thasos.

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Philopatris

The Philopatris (Φιλόπατρις ἢ Διδασκόμενος, meaning "The Patriot, or the One Being Taught") is a work of Byzantine literature, a dialogue formerly attributed to Lucian, but now generally admitted to be spurious.

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Phoebe (biblical figure)

Phoebe (Koine Greek: Φοίβη) was a first-century Christian woman mentioned by the Apostle Paul in his Epistle to the Romans, verses. Paul the Apostle and Phoebe (biblical figure) are Christian saints from the New Testament.

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Phrygia

In classical antiquity, Phrygia (Φρυγία, Phrygía) was a kingdom in the west-central part of Anatolia, in what is now Asian Turkey, centered on the Sangarios River.

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Pinchas Lapide

Pinchas Lapide (28 November 1922 – 23 October 1997) was a Jewish theologian and Israeli historian.

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Polycarp

Polycarp (Πολύκαρπος, Polýkarpos; Polycarpus; AD 69 155) was a Christian bishop of Smyrna. Paul the Apostle and Polycarp are people executed by the Roman Empire and saints from Roman Anatolia.

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Pope Benedict XVI

Pope BenedictXVI (Benedictus PP.; Benedetto XVI; Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger; 16 April 1927 – 31 December 2022) was head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State from 19 April 2005 until his resignation on 28 February 2013.

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Pope Linus

Pope Linus (Linos; died AD 80) was the bishop of Rome from AD 68 to his death. Paul the Apostle and Pope Linus are Christian saints from the New Testament.

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Pope Vitalian

Pope Vitalian (Vitalianus; died 27 January 672) was the bishop of Rome from 30 July 657 to his death.

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Porcius Festus

Porcius Festus was the 5th procurator of Judea from about 59 to 62, succeeding Antonius Felix.

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Pozzuoli

Pozzuoli is a city and comune of the Metropolitan City of Naples, in the Italian region of Campania.

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Predestination

Predestination, in theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul.

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Priscilla and Aquila

Priscilla (Priskilla or Priscila) and Aquila (Akylas) were a first-century Christian missionary married couple described in the New Testament. Paul the Apostle and Priscilla and Aquila are Christian saints from the New Testament and early Jewish Christians.

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Propitiation

Propitiation is the act of appeasing or making well-disposed a deity, thus incurring divine favor or avoiding divine retribution.

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Protective custody

Protective custody (PC) is a type of imprisonment (or care) to protect a person from harm, either from outside sources or other prisoners.

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Protestantism

Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.

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Pseudepigrapha

Pseudepigrapha (also anglicized as "pseudepigraph" or "pseudepigraphs") are falsely attributed works, texts whose claimed author is not the true author, or a work whose real author attributed it to a figure of the past.

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Pseudo-Chrysostom

Pseudo-Chrysostom is the designation used for the anonymous authors of texts falsely or erroneously attributed to John Chrysostom (died 407).

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Psychagogy

Psychagogy is a psycho-therapeutic method of influencing behavior by suggesting desirable life goals.

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Rashid Rida

Muhammad Rashid Rida (translit; 1865–1935) was an Islamic scholar, reformer, theologian and revivalist.

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Raymond E. Brown

Raymond Edward Brown (May 22, 1928 – August 8, 1998) was an American Sulpician priest and prominent biblical scholar.

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Reggio Calabria

Reggio di Calabria (Riggiu; Rìji), commonly and officially referred to as Reggio Calabria, or simply Reggio by its inhabitants, is the largest city in Calabria as well as the seat of the Regional Council of Calabria.

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Religion in ancient Rome

Religion in ancient Rome consisted of varying imperial and provincial religious practices, which were followed both by the people of Rome as well as those who were brought under its rule.

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Religious persecution in the Roman Empire

As the Roman Republic, and later the Roman Empire, expanded, it came to include people from a variety of cultures, and religions.

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Resurrection of Jesus

The resurrection of Jesus (anástasis toú Iēsoú) is the Christian belief that God raised Jesus from the dead on the third day after his crucifixion, starting – or restoring – his exalted life as Christ and Lord.

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Rhodes

Rhodes (translit) is the largest of the Dodecanese islands of Greece and is their historical capital; it is the ninth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea.

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Richard August Reitzenstein

Richard August Reitzenstein (2 April 1861, in Breslau – 23 March 1931, in Göttingen) was a German classical philologist and scholar of Ancient Greek religion, hermetism and Gnosticism.

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Richard L. Rubenstein

Richard Lowell Rubenstein (January 8, 1924 – May 16, 2021) was a theologian, educator, and writer, noted particularly for his path-breaking contributions to post-Holocaust theology and his socio-political analyses of surplus populations and bureaucracy.

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Righteousness

Righteousness, or rectitude, is the quality or state of being morally correct and justifiable.

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Ritual washing in Judaism

In Judaism, ritual washing, or ablution, takes two main forms.

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Roman citizenship

Citizenship in ancient Rome (civitas) was a privileged political and legal status afforded to free individuals with respect to laws, property, and governance.

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Roman Cyprus

Roman Cyprus was a small senatorial province within the Roman Empire.

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Roman Empire

The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.

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Roman Italy

Italia (in both the Latin and Italian languages), also referred to as Roman Italy, was the homeland of the ancient Romans.

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Roman naming conventions

Over the course of some fourteen centuries, the Romans and other peoples of Italy employed a system of nomenclature that differed from that used by other cultures of Europe and the Mediterranean Sea, consisting of a combination of personal and family names.

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Roman Syria

Roman Syria was an early Roman province annexed to the Roman Republic in 64 BC by Pompey in the Third Mithridatic War following the defeat of King of Armenia Tigranes the Great, who had become the protector of the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria.

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Romans 1

Romans 1 is the first chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.

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Romans 13

Romans 13 is the thirteenth chapter of the Epistle to the Romans in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.

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Rome

Rome (Italian and Roma) is the capital city of Italy.

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Sadducees

The Sadducees (lit) were a sect of Jews active in Judea during the Second Temple period, from the second century BCE to the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE.

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Saint

In Christian belief, a saint is a person who is recognized as having an exceptional degree of holiness, likeness, or closeness to God.

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Saint Peter

Saint Peter (died AD 64–68), also known as Peter the Apostle, Simon Peter, Simeon, Simon, or Cephas, was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus Christ and one of the first leaders of the early Christian Church. Paul the Apostle and Saint Peter are Christian saints from the New Testament and people executed by the Roman Empire.

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Saint Publius

Saint Publius (San Publju; Πούπλιος) was a first-century Maltese Christian prelate. Paul the Apostle and Saint Publius are national symbols of Malta.

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Saint Stephen

Stephen (wreath, crown, and by extension 'reward, honor, renown, fame', often given as a title rather than as a name; c. AD 5 – c. 34) is traditionally venerated as the protomartyr or first martyr of Christianity. Paul the Apostle and Saint Stephen are Christian saints from the New Testament and early Jewish Christians.

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Saint Timothy

Timothy or Timothy of Ephesus (Greek: Τιμόθεος; Timótheos, meaning "honouring God" or "honoured by God") was an early Christian evangelist and the first Christian bishop of Ephesus, who tradition relates died around the year AD 97. Timothy was from the Lycaonian city of Lystra or of Derbe"Paul came also to Derbe and to Lystra. Paul the Apostle and Saint Timothy are Christian saints from the New Testament and saints from Roman Anatolia.

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Salvation

Salvation (from Latin: salvatio, from salva, 'safe, saved') is the state of being saved or protected from harm or a dire situation.

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Salvation in Christianity

In Christianity, salvation (also called deliverance or redemption) is the saving of human beings from sin and its consequences—which include death and separation from God—by Christ's death and resurrection, and the justification entailed by this salvation.

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San Paolo alle Tre Fontane

San Paolo alle Tre Fontane (Italian), in English "St Paul at the Three Fountains" is a Roman Catholic church dedicated to Paul the Apostle, at the presumed site of his martyrdom in Rome.

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Saul

Saul (שָׁאוּל) was a monarch of ancient Israel and Judah and the first king of the United Monarchy, according to the Hebrew Bible and Old Testament.

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Second Coming

The Second Coming (sometimes called the Second Advent or the Parousia) is the Christian belief that Jesus Christ will return to Earth after his ascension to Heaven (which is said to have occurred about two thousand years ago).

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Second Epistle to the Corinthians

The Second Epistle to the Corinthians is a Pauline epistle of the New Testament of the Christian Bible.

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Second Epistle to the Thessalonians

The Second Epistle to the Thessalonians is a book from the New Testament of the Christian Bible.

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Second Epistle to Timothy

The Second Epistle to Timothy is one of the three pastoral epistles traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle.

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Septuagint

The Septuagint, sometimes referred to as the Greek Old Testament or The Translation of the Seventy (Hē metáphrasis tôn Hebdomḗkonta), and often abbreviated as LXX, is the earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible from the original Hebrew.

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Sermon

A sermon is a religious discourse or oration by a preacher, usually a member of clergy.

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Shabbat

Shabbat (or; Šabbāṯ) or the Sabbath, also called Shabbos by Ashkenazim, is Judaism's day of rest on the seventh day of the week—i.e., Saturday.

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Shavuot

Shavuot (from Weeks), or Shvues (in some Ashkenazi usage), is a Jewish holiday, one of the biblically ordained Three Pilgrimage Festivals.

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Shirk (Islam)

Shirk (lit) in Islam is a sin often roughly translated as 'idolatry' or 'polytheism', but more accurately meaning 'association '. It refers to accepting other divinities or powers alongside God as associates.

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Sholem Asch

Sholem Asch (שלום אַש, Szalom Asz; 1 November 1880 – 10 July 1957), also written Shalom Ash, was a Polish-Jewish novelist, dramatist, and essayist in the Yiddish language who settled in the United States.

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Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud (born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies seen as originating from conflicts in the psyche, through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst, and the distinctive theory of mind and human agency derived from it.

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Silas

Silas or Silvanus (Greek: Σίλας/Σιλουανός; fl. 1st century AD) was a leading member of the Early Christian community, who according to the New Testament accompanied Paul the Apostle on his second missionary journey. Paul the Apostle and Silas are Christian saints from the New Testament.

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Sola fide

Justificatio sola fide (or simply sola fide), meaning justification by faith alone, is a soteriological doctrine in Christian theology commonly held to distinguish the Lutheran and Reformed traditions of Protestantism, among others, from the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian and Anabaptist churches.

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Solemnity

In the liturgical calendar of the Roman Rite, a solemnity is a feast day of the highest rank celebrating a mystery of faith such as the Trinity, an event in the life of Jesus, his mother Mary, his earthly father Joseph, or another important saint.

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Son of God (Christianity)

In Christianity, the title Son of God refers to the status of Jesus as the divine son of God the Father.

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Soteriology

Soteriology (σωτηρία "salvation" from σωτήρ "savior, preserver" and λόγος "study" or "word") is the study of religious doctrines of salvation.

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St Paul's Cathedral

St Paul's Cathedral is an Anglican cathedral in London, England, the seat of the Bishop of London.

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Stoicism

Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy that flourished in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.

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Sulpicius Severus

Sulpicius Severus (c. 363 – c. 425) was a Christian writer and native of Aquitania in modern-day France.

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Sunni Islam

Sunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam, followed by 85–90% of the world's Muslims, and simultaneously the largest religious denomination in the world.

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Supersessionism

Supersessionism, also called replacement theology, is the Christian doctrine that the Christian Church has superseded the Jewish people, assuming their role as God's covenanted people, thus asserting that the New Covenant through Jesus Christ has superseded or replaced the Mosaic covenant.

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Sword

A sword is an edged, bladed weapon intended for manual cutting or thrusting.

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Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas

Syed Muhammad al Naquib bin Ali al-Attas (سيد محمد نقيب العطاس; born 5 September 1931) is a Malaysian Muslim philosopher.

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Syracuse, Sicily

Syracuse (Siracusa; Sarausa) is a historic city on the Italian island of Sicily, the capital of the Italian province of Syracuse.

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Talmud

The Talmud (תַּלְמוּד|Talmūḏ|teaching) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (halakha) and Jewish theology.

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Tarsus, Mersin

Tarsus (Hittite: 𒋫𒅈𒊭 Tārša; Greek Tarsós; Armenian Tarson; طَرسُوس Ṭarsūs) is a municipality and district of Mersin Province, Turkey.

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Tertullian

Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus; 155 – 220 AD) was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa.

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The Epistle to the Romans (Barth book)

The Epistle to the Romans (Der Römerbrief) is a commentary by the Swiss theologian Karl Barth on the New Testament Epistle to the Romans.

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The Jewish Encyclopedia

The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day is an English-language encyclopedia containing over 15,000 articles on the history, culture, and state of Judaism up to the early 20th century.

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Theodosius I

Theodosius I (Θεοδόσιος; 11 January 347 – 17 January 395), also called Theodosius the Great, was a Roman emperor from 379 to 395.

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Thessaloniki

Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), also known as Thessalonica, Saloniki, Salonika, or Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece, with slightly over one million inhabitants in its metropolitan area, and the capital of the geographic region of Macedonia, the administrative region of Central Macedonia and the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace.

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Third Epistle to the Corinthians

The Third Epistle to the Corinthians is an early Christian text written by an unknown author claiming to be Paul the Apostle.

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Thomas Jefferson

Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826) was an American statesman, planter, diplomat, lawyer, architect, philosopher, and Founding Father who served as the third president of the United States from 1801 to 1809.

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Thorn in the flesh

Thorn in the flesh is a phrase of New Testament origin used to describe an annoyance, or trouble in one's life, drawn from Paul the Apostle's use of the phrase in his Second Epistle to the Corinthians 12:7–9: Other biblical passages where "thorn" is used as a metaphor are: The standard English translation was popularised by the 1611 King James Version of the Bible.

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Toledot Yeshu

(ספר תולדות ישו, The Book of the Generations/History/Life of Jesus), often abbreviated as ''Toledot Yeshu'', is a medieval text which presents an alternative, anti-sectarian view, as well as a disputed biography of Jesus of Nazareth.

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Torah

The Torah (תּוֹרָה, "Instruction", "Teaching" or "Law") is the compilation of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, namely the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.

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Tribe of Benjamin

According to the Torah, the Tribe of Benjamin was one of the Twelve Tribes of Israel.

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Tribune

Tribune was the title of various elected officials in ancient Rome.

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Trinity

The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (from 'threefold') is the central doctrine concerning the nature of God in most Christian churches, which defines one God existing in three,, consubstantial divine persons: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ) and God the Holy Spirit, three distinct persons (hypostases) sharing one essence/substance/nature (homoousion).

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Troad

The Troad (or; Τρωάδα, Troáda) or Troas (Τρῳάς, Trōiás or Τρωϊάς, Trōïás) is a historical region in northwestern Anatolia.

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Trophimus

Trophimus (Τρόφιμος, Tróphimos) or Trophimus the Ephesian (Τρόφιμος ὁ Ἐφέσιος, Tróphimos ho Ephésios) was a Christian who accompanied Paul during a part of his third missionary journey.

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Tyre, Lebanon

Tyre (translit; translit; Týros) or Tyr, Sur, or Sour is a city in Lebanon, one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, though in medieval times for some centuries by just a small population.

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Universal resurrection

General resurrection or universal resurrection is the belief in a resurrection of the dead, or resurrection from the dead (Koine: ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν, anastasis nekron; literally: "standing up again of the dead") by which most or all people who have died would be resurrected (brought back to life).

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Unknown God

The Unknown God or Agnostos Theos (Ἄγνωστος Θεός) is a theory by Eduard Norden first published in 1913 that proposes, based on the Christian Apostle Paul's Areopagus speech in Acts 17:23, that in addition to the twelve main gods and the innumerable lesser deities, ancient Greeks worshipped a deity they called "Agnostos Theos"; that is: "Unknown God", which Norden called "Un-Greek".

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Valentinian I

Valentinian I (Valentinianus; 32117 November 375), sometimes called Valentinian the Great, was Roman emperor from 364 to 375.

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Valentinian II

Valentinian II (Valentinianus; 37115 May 392) was a Roman emperor in the western part of the Roman empire between AD 375 and 392.

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Via Laurentina

The Via Laurentina is the name borne by an ancient and a modern road of Italy, both leading southwards from Rome.

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Via Ostiensis

The Via Ostiensis (via Ostiense) was an important road in ancient Rome.

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Vision (spirituality)

A vision is something seen in a dream, trance, or religious ecstasy, especially a supernatural appearance that usually conveys a revelation.

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W. D. Davies

William David Davies (1911–2001), often cited as W. D.

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Western Christianity

Western Christianity is one of two subdivisions of Christianity (Eastern Christianity being the other).

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Yahweh

Yahweh was an ancient Levantine deity, and the national god of the Israelite kingdoms of Israel and Judah, later the god of Judaism and its other descendant Abrahamic religions.

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Yale University Press

Yale University Press is the university press of Yale University.

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Yung Suk Kim

Yung Suk Kim is a Korean-American biblical scholar.

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1517 Media, formerly Augsburg Fortress Press, is the official publishing house of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA).

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2 Corinthians 12

2 Corinthians 12 is the twelfth chapter of the Second Epistle to the Corinthians in the New Testament of the Christian Bible.

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See also

1st-century Christian theologians

• Barnabas
• Cerinthus
• Clement of Rome
• Dionysius the Areopagite
• John of Patmos
• John the Apostle
• Paul the Apostle

1st-century writers

• Aelius Promotus
• Aelius Theon
• Aemilius Asper
• Alexander of Myndus
• Antonius Rufus (grammarian)
• Apollonius of Tyana
• Apollonius the Sophist
• Archelaus of Cappadocia
• Aulus Cornelius Celsus
• Aulus Didius Gallus Fabricius Veiento
• Barnabas
• Caecilius of Calacte
• Curiatius Maternus
• Damocrates
• Demosthenes Philalethes
• Frontinus
• Heliodorus (metrist)
• Heraclitus (commentator)
• Heraklas
• Herennius Senecio
• Hero of Alexandria
• John of Patmos
• John the Evangelist
• Josephus
• Jude, brother of Jesus
• Julia Balbilla
• Luke the Evangelist
• Marcus Antistius Labeo
• Mark the Evangelist
• Martial
• Masurius Sabinus
• Matthew the Apostle
• Pamphile of Epidaurus
• Pamphilus of Alexandria
• Paul the Apostle
• Petronius
• Publius Pomponius Secundus
• Quintilian
• Rufus of Ephesus
• Scribonius Largus
• Seneca the Younger

Anti-LGBT and Christianity

• 2019 anti-LGBT protests in Ethiopia
• Christian nationalism
• Gay Jesus film hoax
• Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience
• Paul the Apostle
• Philipp Tanzer
• Society for American Civic Renewal

Early Jewish Christians

• Addai of Edessa
• Alcibiades of Apamea
• Ananias and Sapphira
• Apollos
• Barnabas
• Crispus of Chalcedon
• Eunice (biblical figure)
• Hermione of Ephesus
• Jesus Justus
• Joseph of Tiberias
• Lois (biblical figure)
• Manahen
• Mark the Evangelist
• Melito of Sardis
• Mnason
• Nicanor the Deacon
• Paul the Apostle
• Philip the Evangelist
• Priscilla and Aquila
• Saint Stephen
• Strataes

National symbols of Malta

• Agatha of Sicily
• Blue rock thrush
• Cheirolophus crassifolius
• Coat of arms of Malta
• Dolphin
• Flag of Malta
• George Cross
• L-Innu Malti
• List of flags of Malta
• Maltese cross
• Melita (personification)
• National symbols of Malta
• Paul the Apostle
• Saint Publius
• Tetraclinis

Pharisees

• Abtalion
• Gamaliel
• Jesus eats with sinners and tax-collectors
• John 3
• Joseph of Arimathea
• Judah ben Tabbai
• Judean Civil War
• Judean provisional government
• Luke 15
• Luke 18
• Luke 20
• Nicodemus
• Paul the Apostle
• Pharisee and the Publican
• Pharisees
• Salome Alexandra
• Simeon ben Shetach
• Simon the Pharisee
• Woes of the Pharisees

Tribe of Benjamin

• Benjamin
• Ehud
• Esther
• Gibeah
• Gibeon (ancient city)
• House of Saul
• Levite's concubine
• Lod
• Matrites (family)
• Mizpah in Benjamin
• Mordecai
• Ono, Benjamin
• Paul the Apostle
• Shimei ben Gera
• Tribe of Benjamin
• Zelah, Judea

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle

Also known as Apostel Paul, Apostle Paul, Apostle Paulus, Apostle St. Paul, Missionary journeys of Paul, Paul (apostle), Paul of Tarsos, Paul of Tarsus, Paul of Tsarsis, Paul, Saint, Paul, the Apostle, Pauline Studies, Prophet Paul, Saint Paul, Saint Paul (apostle), Saint Paul of Tarsus, Saint Paul the Apostle, Saint Paul, the Apostle, Saul Of Tarsus, Saul Paul, St Paul, St Paul the Apostle, St Paul, the Apostle, St. Paul, St. Paul of Tarsus, St. Paul the Apostle, St. Paul, the Apostle, The Apostle Paul, The Apostle, Saint Paul, The Shipwreck of Saint Paul in Malta.

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D. Davies, Western Christianity, Yahweh, Yale University Press, Yung Suk Kim, 1517 Media, 2 Corinthians 12.