Pliocene, the Glossary
The Pliocene (also Pleiocene) is the epoch in the geologic time scale that extends from 5.333 million to 2.58 million years ago.[1]
Table of Contents
234 relations: Africa, Agriotherium, Alaska, Albanerpetontidae, Alligator, American alligator, Anadara, Anancus, Andes, Antelope, Aporrhais, Arctic sea ice ecology and history, Arctotherium, Armadillo, Atlantic Ocean, Australopithecine, Australopithecus anamensis, Axial tilt, Baboon, Barnacle, Basal metabolic rate, Beestonian stage, Bengal Fan, Beringia, Bivalvia, Blancan, Boreas (journal), Borophaginae, Bovinae, Bramertonian Stage, C4 carbon fixation, California, Camel, Carnivore, Cattolica Eraclea, Caviomorpha, Cenozoic, Central Asia, Chalicotheriidae, Chapadmalalan, Charles Lyell, Chesapecten, Chronological dating, Civet, Cladocora, Climate system, Coati, Conifer, Coral, Coral Reefs, ... Expand index (184 more) »
- Geological epochs
- Neogene geochronology
Africa
Africa is the world's second-largest and second-most populous continent after Asia.
Agriotherium
Agriotherium is an extinct genus of bears whose fossils are found in Miocene through Pleistocene-aged strata of North America, Eurasia, and Africa.
Alaska
Alaska is a non-contiguous U.S. state on the northwest extremity of North America.
Albanerpetontidae
The Albanerpetontidae (also spelled Albanerpetidae and Albanerpetonidae) are an extinct family of small amphibians, native to the Northern Hemisphere during the Mesozoic and Cenozoic.
See Pliocene and Albanerpetontidae
Alligator
An alligator, or colloquially gator, is a large reptile in the genus Alligator of the family Alligatoridae of the order Crocodilia.
American alligator
The American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis), sometimes referred to as a gator or common alligator, is a large crocodilian reptile native to the Southeastern United States and a small section of northeastern Mexico.
See Pliocene and American alligator
Anadara
Anadara is a genus of saltwater bivalves, ark clams, in the family Arcidae.
Anancus
Anancus is an extinct genus of "tetralophodont gomphothere" native to Afro-Eurasia, that lived from the Tortonian stage of the late Miocene until its extinction during the Early Pleistocene, roughly from 8.5–2 million years ago.
Andes
The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America.
Antelope
The term antelope refers to numerous extant or recently extinct species of the ruminant artiodactyl family Bovidae that are indigenous to most of Africa, India, the Middle East, Central Asia, and a small area of Eastern Europe.
Aporrhais
Aporrhais is a genus of medium-sized sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Aporrhaidae and the superfamily Stromboidea.
Arctic sea ice ecology and history
The Arctic sea ice covers less area in the summer than in the winter.
See Pliocene and Arctic sea ice ecology and history
Arctotherium
Arctotherium ("bear beast") is an extinct genus of the Pleistocene short-faced bears endemic to Central and South America.
Armadillo
Armadillos (little armored ones) are New World placental mammals in the order Cingulata.
Atlantic Ocean
The Atlantic Ocean is the second-largest of the world's five oceanic divisions, with an area of about.
See Pliocene and Atlantic Ocean
Australopithecine
The australopithecines, formally Australopithecina or Hominina, are generally any species in the related genera of Australopithecus and Paranthropus.
See Pliocene and Australopithecine
Australopithecus anamensis
Australopithecus anamensis is a hominin species that lived approximately between 4.2 and 3.8 million years ago and is the oldest known Australopithecus species, living during the Plio-Pleistocene era.
See Pliocene and Australopithecus anamensis
Axial tilt
In astronomy, axial tilt, also known as obliquity, is the angle between an object's rotational axis and its orbital axis, which is the line perpendicular to its orbital plane; equivalently, it is the angle between its equatorial plane and orbital plane.
Baboon
Baboons are primates comprising the genus Papio, one of the 23 genera of Old World monkeys, in the family Cercopithecidae.
Barnacle
Barnacles are arthropods of the subclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacea.
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest.
See Pliocene and Basal metabolic rate
Beestonian stage
The Beestonian Stage is an early Pleistocene stage in the geological history of the British Isles.
See Pliocene and Beestonian stage
Bengal Fan
The Bengal Fan, also known as the Ganges Fan, is the largest submarine fan on Earth.
Beringia
Beringia is defined today as the land and maritime area bounded on the west by the Lena River in Russia; on the east by the Mackenzie River in Canada; on the north by 72° north latitude in the Chukchi Sea; and on the south by the tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula.
Bivalvia
Bivalvia, in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts.
Blancan
The Blancan North American Stage on the geologic timescale is the North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), typically set from 4,750,000 to 1,806,000 years BP, a period of.
Boreas (journal)
Boreas is a peer-reviewed academic journal that has been published on behalf of the Collegium Boreas since 1972.
See Pliocene and Boreas (journal)
Borophaginae
The extinct Borophaginae form one of three subfamilies found within the canid family.
Bovinae
Bovines (subfamily Bovinae) comprise a diverse group of 10 genera of medium to large-sized ungulates, including cattle, bison, African buffalo, water buffalos, and the four-horned and spiral-horned antelopes.
Bramertonian Stage
The Bramertonian Stage is the name for an early Pleistocene biostratigraphic stage of geological history the British Isles.
See Pliocene and Bramertonian Stage
C4 carbon fixation
carbon fixation or the Hatch–Slack pathway is one of three known photosynthetic processes of carbon fixation in plants.
See Pliocene and C4 carbon fixation
California
California is a state in the Western United States, lying on the American Pacific Coast.
Camel
A camel (from camelus and κάμηλος from Ancient Semitic: gāmāl) is an even-toed ungulate in the genus Camelus that bears distinctive fatty deposits known as "humps" on its back.
Carnivore
A carnivore, or meat-eater (Latin, caro, genitive carnis, meaning meat or "flesh" and vorare meaning "to devour"), is an animal or plant whose food and energy requirements are met by the consumption of animal tissues (mainly muscle, fat and other soft tissues) whether through hunting or scavenging.
Cattolica Eraclea
Cattolica Eraclea (Catòlica) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Agrigento in the Italian region Sicily, located about south of Palermo and about northwest of Agrigento nearby the Platani river valley.
See Pliocene and Cattolica Eraclea
Caviomorpha
Caviomorpha is the rodent parvorder that unites all New World hystricognaths.
Cenozoic
The Cenozoic is Earth's current geological era, representing the last 66million years of Earth's history.
Central Asia
Central Asia is a subregion of Asia that stretches from the Caspian Sea in the southwest and Eastern Europe in the northwest to Western China and Mongolia in the east, and from Afghanistan and Iran in the south to Russia in the north.
Chalicotheriidae
Chalicotheriidae (from Greek chalix, "gravel" and therion, "beast") is an extinct family of herbivorous, odd-toed ungulate (perissodactyl) mammals that lived in North America, Eurasia, and Africa from the Middle Eocene until the Early Pleistocene, existing from 48.6 to 1.806 mya.
See Pliocene and Chalicotheriidae
Chapadmalalan
The Chapadmalalan age is a period of geologic time (4.0–3.0 Ma) within the Pliocene epoch of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages.
See Pliocene and Chapadmalalan
Charles Lyell
Sir Charles Lyell, 1st Baronet, (14 November 1797 – 22 February 1875) was a Scottish geologist who demonstrated the power of known natural causes in explaining the earth's history.
See Pliocene and Charles Lyell
Chesapecten
Chesapecten is an extinct genus of scallop known from marine strata from the early Miocene to the early Pleistocene of the Eastern United States.
Chronological dating
Chronological dating, or simply dating, is the process of attributing to an object or event a date in the past, allowing such object or event to be located in a previously established chronology.
See Pliocene and Chronological dating
Civet
A civet is a small, lean, mostly nocturnal mammal native to tropical Asia and Africa, especially the tropical forests.
Cladocora
Cladocora is a genus of corals in the order of stony corals.
Climate system
Earth's climate system is a complex system with five interacting components: the atmosphere (air), the hydrosphere (water), the cryosphere (ice and permafrost), the lithosphere (earth's upper rocky layer) and the biosphere (living things).
See Pliocene and Climate system
Coati
Coatis (from Tupí), also known as coatimundis, are members of the family Procyonidae in the genera Nasua and Nasuella (comprising the subtribe Nasuina).
Conifer
Conifers are a group of cone-bearing seed plants, a subset of gymnosperms.
Coral
Corals are colonial marine invertebrates within the class Anthozoa of the phylum Cnidaria.
Coral Reefs
Coral Reefs is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal dedicated to the study of coral reefs.
Corvus
Corvus is a widely distributed genus of passerine birds ranging from medium-sized to large-sized in the family Corvidae.
Cretaceous
The Cretaceous is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago (Mya).
Crocodile
Crocodiles (family Crocodylidae) or true crocodiles are large semiaquatic reptiles that live throughout the tropics in Africa, Asia, the Americas and Australia.
Cyclonic Niño
Cyclonic Niño is a climatological phenomenon that has been observed in climate models where tropical cyclone activity is increased.
See Pliocene and Cyclonic Niño
Cyprus
Cyprus, officially the Republic of Cyprus, is an island country in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.
Dasyuridae
The Dasyuridae are a family of marsupials native to Australia and New Guinea, including 71 extant species divided into 17 genera.
Deciduous
In the fields of horticulture and botany, the term deciduous means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, after flowering; and to the shedding of ripe fruit.
Deer
A deer (deer) or true deer is a hoofed ruminant ungulate of the family Cervidae (informally the deer family).
Deinotherium
Deinotherium is an extinct genus of large, elephant-like proboscideans that lived from about the middle-Miocene until the early Pleistocene.
Dentalium (genus)
Dentalium is a large genus of tooth shells or tusk shells, marine scaphopod molluscs in the family Dentaliidae.
See Pliocene and Dentalium (genus)
Desert
A desert is a landscape where little precipitation occurs and, consequently, living conditions create unique biomes and ecosystems.
Dinopithecus
Dinopithecus ("terrible ape") is an extinct genus of very large primates closely related to baboons, that lived during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs in South Africa and Ethiopia.
Diprotodon
Diprotodon (Ancient Greek: "two protruding front teeth") is an extinct genus of marsupial from the Pleistocene of Australia containing one species, D. optatum.
Discoaster
Discoaster is a genus of extinct star-shaped marine algae, with calcareous exoskeletons of between 5-40 μm across that are abundant as nanofossils in tropical deep-ocean deposits of Neogene age.
Dog
The dog (Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated descendant of the wolf.
See Pliocene and Dog
Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Earth and Planetary Science Letters (EPSL) is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research on physical, chemical and mechanical processes of the Earth and other planets, including extrasolar ones.
See Pliocene and Earth and Planetary Science Letters
Earth-Science Reviews
Earth-Science Reviews is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Elsevier.
See Pliocene and Earth-Science Reviews
Eburonian
The Eburonian (Eburon or Eburonium), or, much less commonly, the Eburonian Stage, is a glacial complex in the Calabrian age of the Pleistocene epoch and lies between the Tegelen and the Waalian interglacial.
El Niño–Southern Oscillation
El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global climate phenomenon that emerges from variations in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific Ocean.
See Pliocene and El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Elephant
Elephants are the largest living land animals.
Encephalization quotient
Encephalization quotient (EQ), encephalization level (EL), or just encephalization is a relative brain size measure that is defined as the ratio between observed and predicted brain mass for an animal of a given size, based on nonlinear regression on a range of reference species.
See Pliocene and Encephalization quotient
Enhydriodon
Enhydriodon is an extinct genus of mustelids known from Africa, Pakistan, and India that lived from the late Miocene to the early Pleistocene.
Entobia
Entobia is a trace fossil in a hard substrate (typically a shell, rock or hardground made of calcium carbonate) formed by sponges as a branching network of galleries, often with regular enlargements termed chambers.
Eridanos (geology)
The name Eridanos, derived from the ancient Greek Eridanos, was given by geologists to a river that flowed where the Baltic Sea is now.
See Pliocene and Eridanos (geology)
Eurasia
Eurasia is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia.
Europe
Europe is a continent located entirely in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere.
Florida
Florida is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States.
Gastropoda
Gastropods, commonly known as slugs and snails, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda.
Gela
Gela (Sicilian and; Γέλα) is a city and (municipality) in the Autonomous Region of Sicily, Italy; in terms of area and population, it is the largest municipality on the southern coast of Sicily.
Gelasian
The Gelasian is an age in the international geologic timescale or a stage in chronostratigraphy, being the earliest or lowest subdivision of the Quaternary Period/System and Pleistocene Epoch/Series.
Geobios
Geobios is an academic journal published bimonthly by the publishing house Elsevier.
Geologic time scale
The geologic time scale or geological time scale (GTS) is a representation of time based on the rock record of Earth.
See Pliocene and Geologic time scale
Geological Society of America Bulletin
The Geological Society of America Bulletin (until 1960 called The Bulletin of the Geological Society of America and also commonly referred to as GSA Bulletin) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that has been published by the Geological Society of America since 1890.
See Pliocene and Geological Society of America Bulletin
Geologiska föreningen
Geologiska föreningen is a scientific learned society founded in Sweden in 1871.
See Pliocene and Geologiska föreningen
Giant tortoise
Giant tortoises are any of several species of various large land tortoises, which include a number of extinct species, as well as two extant species with multiple subspecies formerly common on the islands of the western Indian Ocean and on the Galápagos Islands.
See Pliocene and Giant tortoise
Giraffe
The giraffe is a large African hoofed mammal belonging to the genus Giraffa.
Glacier
A glacier is a persistent body of dense ice that is constantly moving downhill under its own weight.
Global and Planetary Change
Global and Planetary Change is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering research into the earth sciences, particularly pertaining to changes in aspects thereof such as sea level and the chemical composition of the atmosphere.
See Pliocene and Global and Planetary Change
Glyptodont
Glyptodonts are an extinct clade of large, heavily armoured armadillos, reaching up to in height, and maximum body masses of around 2 tonnes.
Gomphothere
Gomphotheres are an extinct group of proboscideans related to modern elephants.
Grafton Elliot Smith
Sir Grafton Elliot Smith (15 August 1871 – 1 January 1937) was an Australian-British anatomist, Egyptologist and a proponent of the hyperdiffusionist view of prehistory.
See Pliocene and Grafton Elliot Smith
Grassland
A grassland is an area where the vegetation is dominated by grasses (Poaceae).
Great American Interchange
The Great American Biotic Interchange (commonly abbreviated as GABI), also known as the Great American Interchange and the Great American Faunal Interchange, was an important late Cenozoic paleozoogeographic biotic interchange event in which land and freshwater fauna migrated from North America to South America via Central America and vice versa, as the volcanic Isthmus of Panama rose up from the sea floor and bridged the formerly separated continents.
See Pliocene and Great American Interchange
Great Britain
Great Britain (commonly shortened to Britain) is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of the countries England, Scotland and Wales.
See Pliocene and Great Britain
Greenland ice sheet
The Greenland ice sheet is an ice sheet which forms the second largest body of ice in the world.
See Pliocene and Greenland ice sheet
Ground sloth
Ground sloths are a diverse group of extinct sloths in the mammalian superorder Xenarthra.
Haptophyte
The haptophytes, classified either as the Haptophyta, Haptophytina or Prymnesiophyta (named for Prymnesium), are a clade of algae.
Hardangervidda
Hardangervidda (Hardanger Plateau) is a mountain plateau (Norwegian: vidde) in central southern Norway, covering parts of Vestland, Telemark, and Buskerud counties.
See Pliocene and Hardangervidda
Heath
A heath is a shrubland habitat found mainly on free-draining infertile, acidic soils and characterised by open, low-growing woody vegetation.
Hemphillian
The Hemphillian North American Stage on the geologic timescale is a North American faunal stage according to the North American Land Mammal Ages chronology (NALMA), typically set from 10,300,000 to 4,900,000 years BP.
Heraclea Minoa
Heraclea Minoa (Ἡράκλεια Μινῴα, Hērákleia Minṓia; Eraclea Minoa) was an ancient Greek city of Magna Graecia situated on the southern coast of Sicily near the mouth of the river Halycus (modern Platani), 25 km west of Agrigentum (Acragas, modern Agrigento).
See Pliocene and Heraclea Minoa
Herbivore
A herbivore is an animal anatomically and physiologically adapted to eating plant material, for example foliage or marine algae, for the main component of its diet.
Hesperotestudo
Hesperotestudo ("Western turtle") is an extinct genus of tortoise native to North and Central America (ranging as far south as Costa Rica) from the Early Miocene to the Late Pleistocene.
See Pliocene and Hesperotestudo
Holmesina
Holmesina is a genus of pampathere, an extinct group of armadillo-like xenarthrans that were distantly related to extant armadillos.
Hominini
The Hominini (hominins) form a taxonomic tribe of the subfamily Homininae (hominines).
Homo
Homo is a genus of great ape that emerged from the genus Australopithecus and encompasses the extant species Homo sapiens (modern humans) and a number of extinct species (collectively called archaic humans) classified as either ancestral or closely related to modern humans.
Horned owl
The American (North and South America) horned owls and the Old World eagle-owls make up the genus Bubo, at least as traditionally described.
Horse
The horse (Equus ferus caballus) is a domesticated, one-toed, hoofed mammal.
Human
Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.
Hyena
Hyenas or hyaenas (from Ancient Greek ὕαινα) are feliform carnivoran mammals belonging to the family Hyaenidae.
Hyrax
Hyraxes (from ancient Greek ''ὕραξ'' (húrax) 'shrew-mouse'), also called '''dassies''', are small, stout, herbivorous mammals in the order Hyracoidea.
Ice cap
In glaciology, an ice cap is a mass of ice that covers less than of land area (usually covering a highland area).
Ice rafting
Ice rafting is the transport of various materials by ice.
International Commission on Stratigraphy
The International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS), sometimes unofficially referred to as the "International Stratigraphic Commission", is a daughter or major subcommittee grade scientific daughter organization that concerns itself with stratigraphical, geological, and geochronological matters on a global scale.
See Pliocene and International Commission on Stratigraphy
Isotope
Isotopes are distinct nuclear species (or nuclides) of the same chemical element.
Isthmus of Panama
The Isthmus of Panama (Istmo de Panamá), also historically known as the Isthmus of Darien (Istmo de Darién), is the narrow strip of land that lies between the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, linking North and South America.
See Pliocene and Isthmus of Panama
Italy
Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.
Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
The Journal of Asian Earth Sciences is a peer-reviewed scientific journal specializing in Earth processes with a focus on aspects of research related to Asia.
See Pliocene and Journal of Asian Earth Sciences
Journal of Geophysical Research
The Journal of Geophysical Research is a peer-reviewed scientific journal.
See Pliocene and Journal of Geophysical Research
Kangaroo
Kangaroos are marsupials from the family Macropodidae (macropods, meaning "large foot").
Killer ape theory
The killer ape theory or killer ape hypothesis is the theory that war and interpersonal aggression was the driving force behind human evolution.
See Pliocene and Killer ape theory
Land bridge
In biogeography, a land bridge is an isthmus or wider land connection between otherwise separate areas, over which animals and plants are able to cross and colonize new lands.
Lettered olive
The lettered olive, Oliva sayana, is a species of large predatory sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Olividae, the olive shells, olive snails, or olives.
See Pliocene and Lettered olive
Limpet
Limpets are a group of aquatic snails with a conical shell shape (patelliform) and a strong, muscular foot.
List of fossil sites
This list of fossil sites is a worldwide list of localities known well for the presence of fossils.
See Pliocene and List of fossil sites
Litopterna
Litopterna (from λῑτή πτέρνα "smooth heel") is an extinct order of South American native ungulates that lived from the Paleocene to the end of the Pleistocene-early Holocene around 63 million-12,000 years ago, and were also present in Antarctica during the Eocene.
Loess Plateau
The Chinese Loess Plateau, or simply the Loess Plateau, is a plateau in north-central China formed of loess, a clastic silt-like sediment formed by the accumulation of wind-blown dust.
See Pliocene and Loess Plateau
Machairodontinae
Machairodontinae is an extinct subfamily of carnivoran mammals of the family Felidae (true cats).
See Pliocene and Machairodontinae
Macraucheniidae
Macraucheniidae is a family in the extinct South American ungulate order Litopterna, that resembled various camelids.
See Pliocene and Macraucheniidae
Macroraptorial sperm whale
Macroraptorial sperm whales were highly predatory whales of the sperm whale superfamily (Physeteroidea) of the Miocene epoch that hunted large marine mammals, including other whales, using their large teeth.
See Pliocene and Macroraptorial sperm whale
Madtsoiidae
Madtsoiidae is an extinct family of mostly Gondwanan snakes with a fossil record extending from early Cenomanian (Upper Cretaceous) to late Pleistocene strata located in South America, Africa, India, Australia and Southern Europe.
Mastodon
A mastodon ('breast' + 'tooth') is a member of the genus Mammut (German for "mammoth"), which, strictly defined, was endemic to North America and lived from the late Miocene to the early Holocene.
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, on the east by the Levant in West Asia, and on the west almost by the Morocco–Spain border.
See Pliocene and Mediterranean Sea
Megalodon
Otodus megalodon (meaning "big tooth"), commonly known as megalodon, is an extinct species of giant mackerel shark that lived approximately 23 to 3.6 million years ago (Mya), from the Early Miocene to the Pliocene epochs.
Megatherium
Megatherium (from Greek méga 'great' + theríon 'beast') is an extinct genus of ground sloths endemic to South America that lived from the Early Pliocene through the end of the Pleistocene.
Merycoidodontoidea
Merycoidodontoidea, previously known as "oreodonts" or "ruminating hogs," are an extinct superfamily of prehistoric cud-chewing artiodactyls with short faces and fang-like canine teeth.
See Pliocene and Merycoidodontoidea
Messinian
The Messinian is in the geologic timescale the last age or uppermost stage of the Miocene.
Messinian salinity crisis
The Messinian salinity crisis (also referred to as the Messinian event, and in its latest stage as the Lago Mare event) was a geological event during which the Mediterranean Sea went into a cycle of partial or nearly complete desiccation (drying-up) throughout the latter part of the Messinian age of the Miocene epoch, from 5.96 to 5.33 Ma (million years ago).
See Pliocene and Messinian salinity crisis
Milankovitch cycles
Milankovitch cycles describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements on its climate over thousands of years.
See Pliocene and Milankovitch cycles
Miocene
The Miocene is the first geological epoch of the Neogene Period and extends from about (Ma). Pliocene and Miocene are geological epochs and Neogene geochronology.
Mollusca
Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals, after Arthropoda; members are known as molluscs or mollusks.
Monotreme
Monotremes are mammals of the order Monotremata.
Montehermosan
The Montehermosan age is a period of geologic time (6.8–4.0 Ma) within the Miocene and Pliocene epochs of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages.
See Pliocene and Montehermosan
Mustelidae
The Mustelidae (from Latin, weasel) are a diverse family of carnivoran mammals, including weasels, badgers, otters, polecats, martens, grisons, and wolverines.
Nannippus
Nannippus is an extinct genus of three-toed horse endemic to North America during the Miocene through Pleistocene, about 13.3—1.8 million years ago (Mya), living around 11.5 million years.
National Museum of Natural History
The National Museum of Natural History (NMNH) is a natural history museum administered by the Smithsonian Institution, located on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., United States.
See Pliocene and National Museum of Natural History
Nature (journal)
Nature is a British weekly scientific journal founded and based in London, England.
See Pliocene and Nature (journal)
Neocortex
The neocortex, also called the neopallium, isocortex, or the six-layered cortex, is a set of layers of the mammalian cerebral cortex involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, generation of motor commands, spatial reasoning and language.
Neogene
The Neogene is a geologic period and system that spans 20.45 million years from the end of the Paleogene Period million years ago (Mya) to the beginning of the present Quaternary Period million years ago.
Netherlands
The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in Northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean.
New Zealand
New Zealand (Aotearoa) is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean.
North American land mammal age
The North American land mammal ages (NALMA) establishes a geologic timescale for North American fauna beginning during the Late Cretaceous and continuing through to the present.
See Pliocene and North American land mammal age
Notoungulata
Notoungulata is an extinct order of ungulates that inhabited South America from the early Paleocene to the end of the Pleistocene, living from approximately 61 million to 11,000 years ago.
Online Etymology Dictionary
The Online Etymology Dictionary or Etymonline, sometimes abbreviated as OED (not to be confused with the Oxford English Dictionary, which the site often cites), is a free online dictionary that describes the origins of English words, written and compiled by Douglas R. Harper.
See Pliocene and Online Etymology Dictionary
Opossum
Opossums are members of the marsupial order Didelphimorphia endemic to the Americas.
Orbital eccentricity
In astrodynamics, the orbital eccentricity of an astronomical object is a dimensionless parameter that determines the amount by which its orbit around another body deviates from a perfect circle.
See Pliocene and Orbital eccentricity
Ostrich
Ostriches are large flightless birds.
Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.
Oyster
Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt-water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats.
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions.
See Pliocene and Pacific Ocean
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology ("Palaeo3") is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing multidisciplinary studies and comprehensive reviews in the field of palaeoenvironmental geology.
See Pliocene and Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
Paleobiology (journal)
Paleobiology is a scientific journal promoting the integration of biology and conventional paleontology, with emphasis placed on biological or paleobiological processes and patterns.
See Pliocene and Paleobiology (journal)
Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Geophysical Union.
See Pliocene and Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
Paratethys
The Paratethys sea, Paratethys ocean, Paratethys realm or just Paratethys was a large shallow inland sea that stretched from the region north of the Alps over Central Europe to the Aral Sea in Central Asia.
Pastonian Stage
The Pastonian interglacial, now called the Pastonian Stage (from Paston, Norfolk), is the name for an early or middle Pleistocene stage of geological history in the British Isles.
See Pliocene and Pastonian Stage
Petaloconchus intortus
Petaloconchus intortus is an extinct species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Vermetidae, the worm snails or worm shells.
See Pliocene and Petaloconchus intortus
Phorusrhacidae
Phorusrhacids, colloquially known as terror birds, are an extinct family of large carnivorous, mostly flightless birds that were among the largest apex predators in South America during the Cenozoic era.
See Pliocene and Phorusrhacidae
Piacenzian
The Piacenzian is in the international geologic time scale the upper stage or latest age of the Pliocene. Pliocene and Piacenzian are Neogene geochronology.
Pinniped
Pinnipeds (pronounced), commonly known as seals, are a widely distributed and diverse clade of carnivorous, fin-footed, semiaquatic, mostly marine mammals.
Plate tectonics
Plate tectonics is the scientific theory that Earth's lithosphere comprises a number of large tectonic plates, which have been slowly moving since 3–4 billion years ago.
See Pliocene and Plate tectonics
Platypus
The platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), sometimes referred to as the duck-billed platypus, is a semiaquatic, egg-laying mammal endemic to eastern Australia, including Tasmania.
Pleistocene
The Pleistocene (often referred to colloquially as the Ice Age) is the geological epoch that lasted from to 11,700 years ago, spanning the Earth's most recent period of repeated glaciations. Pliocene and Pleistocene are geological epochs.
Pre-Pastonian Stage
The Pre-Pastonian Stage or Baventian Stage (from Easton Bavents in Suffolk), is the name for an early Pleistocene stage of geological history in the British Isles.
See Pliocene and Pre-Pastonian Stage
Primate
Primates is an order of mammals, which is further divided into the strepsirrhines, which include lemurs, galagos, and lorisids; and the haplorhines, which include tarsiers; and the simians, which include monkeys and apes.
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (often abbreviated PNAS or PNAS USA) is a peer-reviewed multidisciplinary scientific journal.
See Pliocene and Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Proceedings of the Royal Society
Proceedings of the Royal Society is the main research journal of the Royal Society.
See Pliocene and Proceedings of the Royal Society
Protoceratidae
Protoceratidae is an extinct family of herbivorous North American artiodactyls (even-toed ungulates) that lived during the Eocene through Pliocene.
See Pliocene and Protoceratidae
Proxy (climate)
In the study of past climates ("paleoclimatology"), climate proxies are preserved physical characteristics of the past that stand in for direct meteorological measurements and enable scientists to reconstruct the climatic conditions over a longer fraction of the Earth's history.
See Pliocene and Proxy (climate)
Quaternary Science Reviews
Quaternary Science Reviews is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering quaternary science.
See Pliocene and Quaternary Science Reviews
Rattlesnake
Rattlesnakes are venomous snakes that form the genera Crotalus and Sistrurus of the subfamily Crotalinae (the pit vipers).
Raymond Dart
Raymond Arthur Dart (4 February 1893 – 22 November 1988) was an Australian anatomist and anthropologist, best known for his involvement in the 1924 discovery of the first fossil found of Australopithecus africanus, an extinct hominin closely related to humans, at Taung in the North of South Africa in the Northwest province.
Red Crag Formation
The Red Crag Formation is a geological formation in England.
See Pliocene and Red Crag Formation
Rodent
Rodents (from Latin rodere, 'to gnaw') are mammals of the order Rodentia, which are characterized by a single pair of continuously growing incisors in each of the upper and lower jaws.
Ross Sea
The Ross Sea is a deep bay of the Southern Ocean in Antarctica, between Victoria Land and Marie Byrd Land and within the Ross Embayment, and is the southernmost sea on Earth.
Savanna
A savanna or savannah is a mixed woodland-grassland (i.e. grassy woodland) biome and ecosystem characterised by the trees being sufficiently widely spaced so that the canopy does not close.
Savannah hypothesis
element in the "References" section to aid in clarity of the raw text.
See Pliocene and Savannah hypothesis
Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
See Pliocene and Science (journal)
Sea lion
Sea lions are pinnipeds characterized by external ear flaps, long foreflippers, the ability to walk on all fours, short and thick hair, and a big chest and belly.
Sea surface temperature
Sea surface temperature (or ocean surface temperature) is the temperature of ocean water close to the surface.
See Pliocene and Sea surface temperature
Sherwood Washburn
Sherwood Larned Washburn (–), nicknamed "Sherry", was an American physical anthropologist, and "a legend in the field." He was pioneer in the field of primatology, opening it to the study of primates in their natural habitats.
See Pliocene and Sherwood Washburn
Shrubland
Shrubland, scrubland, scrub, brush, or bush is a plant community characterized by vegetation dominated by shrubs, often also including grasses, herbs, and geophytes.
Siberia
Siberia (Sibir') is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.
Sicily
Sicily (Sicilia,; Sicilia,, officially Regione Siciliana) is an island in the central Mediterranean Sea, south of the Italian Peninsula in continental Europe and is one of the 20 regions of Italy.
Sirenia
The Sirenia, commonly referred to as sea cows or sirenians, are an order of fully aquatic, herbivorous mammals that inhabit swamps, rivers, estuaries, marine wetlands, and coastal marine waters.
Skeptical Science
Skeptical Science (occasionally abbreviated SkS) is a climate science blog and information resource created in 2007 by Australian former cartoonist and web developer, John Cook, who received a PhD degree in cognitive science in 2016.
See Pliocene and Skeptical Science
Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution, or simply the Smithsonian, is a group of museums, education and research centers, the largest such complex in the world, created by the U.S. government "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge." Founded on August 10, 1846, it operates as a trust instrumentality and is not formally a part of any of the three branches of the federal government.
See Pliocene and Smithsonian Institution
Snake
Snakes are elongated, limbless reptiles of the suborder Serpentes.
Solid Earth (journal)
Solid Earth is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal covering Earth science, more specifically the solid Earth aspects.
See Pliocene and Solid Earth (journal)
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere.
See Pliocene and South America
South American land mammal age
The South American land mammal ages (SALMA) establish a geologic timescale for prehistoric South American fauna beginning 64.5 Ma during the Paleocene and continuing through to the Late Pleistocene (0.011 Ma).
See Pliocene and South American land mammal age
South American native ungulates
South American native ungulates, commonly abbreviated as SANUs, are extinct ungulate-like mammals of controversial affinities that were indigenous to South America from the Paleocene (from at least 63 million years ago) until the end of the Late Pleistocene (~12,000 years ago).
See Pliocene and South American native ungulates
South Swedish highlands
Aerial view of farms and forest in Ydre Municipality. The forested landscape of the South Swedish highlands, seen from Skuruhatt in Eksjö Municipality. The South Swedish highlands or South Swedish Uplands (Sydsvenska höglandet) are a hilly area covering large parts of Götaland in southern Sweden.
See Pliocene and South Swedish highlands
Southern Hemisphere
The Southern Hemisphere is the half (hemisphere) of Earth that is south of the Equator.
See Pliocene and Southern Hemisphere
Spain
Spain, formally the Kingdom of Spain, is a country located in Southwestern Europe, with parts of its territory in the Atlantic Ocean, the Mediterranean Sea and Africa.
Sparassodonta
Sparassodonta (from Greek σπαράσσειν, to tear, rend; and ὀδούς, gen. ὀδόντος, tooth) is an extinct order of carnivorous metatherian mammals native to South America, related to modern marsupials.
See Pliocene and Sparassodonta
Spondylus
Spondylus is a genus of bivalve molluscs, the only genus in the family Spondylidae.
Stage (stratigraphy)
In chronostratigraphy, a stage is a succession of rock strata laid down in a single age on the geologic timescale, which usually represents millions of years of deposition.
See Pliocene and Stage (stratigraphy)
Stegodon
Stegodon ("roofed tooth" from the Ancient Greek words,, 'to cover', +,, 'tooth' because of the distinctive ridges on the animal's molars) is an extinct genus of proboscidean, related to elephants.
Stratum
In geology and related fields, a stratum (strata) is a layer of rock or sediment characterized by certain lithologic properties or attributes that distinguish it from adjacent layers from which it is separated by visible surfaces known as either bedding surfaces or bedding planes.
Suidae
Suidae is a family of artiodactyl mammals which are commonly called pigs, hogs, or swine.
Swan
Swans are birds of the genus Cygnus within the family Anatidae.
Tennessee
Tennessee, officially the State of Tennessee, is a landlocked state in the Southeastern region of the United States.
Tethys Ocean
The Tethys Ocean (Τηθύς), also called the Tethys Sea or the Neo-Tethys, was a prehistoric ocean during much of the Mesozoic Era and early-mid Cenozoic Era.
Thylacine
The thylacine (binomial name Thylacinus cynocephalus), also commonly known as the Tasmanian tiger or Tasmanian wolf, is an extinct carnivorous marsupial that was native to the Australian mainland and the islands of Tasmania and New Guinea.
Thylacoleo
Thylacoleo ("pouch lion") is an extinct genus of carnivorous marsupials that lived in Australia from the late Pliocene to the Late Pleistocene (until around 40,000 years ago), often known as marsupial lions.
Tiglian
The Tiglian, also referred to as the Tegelen, is a temperate complex stage in the glacial history of Northern Europe.
Titanis
Titanis (meaning "Titan" for the mythological Greek Titans) is a genus of phorusrhacid ("terror birds", a group originating in South America), an extinct family of large, predatory birds, in the order Cariamiformes that inhabited the United States during the Pliocene and earliest Pleistocene.
Toxodontidae
Toxodontidae is an extinct family of notoungulate mammals, known from the Oligocene to the Holocene (11,000 BP) of South America, with one genus, Mixotoxodon, also known from the Pleistocene of Central America and southern North America (as far north as Texas).
Tremarctinae
The Tremarctinae or short-faced bears is a subfamily of Ursidae that contains one living representative, the spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) of South America, and several extinct species from four genera: the Florida spectacled bear (Tremarctos floridanus), the North American giant short-faced bears Arctodus (A.
Tundra
In physical geography, tundra is a type of biome where tree growth is hindered by frigid temperatures and short growing seasons.
Turritella
Turritella is a genus of medium-sized sea snails with an operculum, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turritellidae.
Tusk shell
The tusk shells or tooth shells, technically the Scaphopoda (the scaphopods, from Ancient Greek σκᾰ́φης skáphē "boat" and πούς poús "foot"), are members of a class of shelled marine mollusc with worldwide distribution, and are the only class of exclusively infaunal marine molluscs.
Ungulate
Ungulates are members of the diverse clade Euungulata ("true ungulates"), which primarily consists of large mammals with hooves.
University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge is a public collegiate research university in Cambridge, England.
See Pliocene and University of Cambridge
Uquian
The Uquian age is a period of geologic time (3.0–1.5 Ma) within the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs of the Neogene used more specifically with South American Land Mammal Ages.
Venomous snake
Venomous snakes are species of the suborder Serpentes that are capable of producing venom, which they use for killing prey, for defense, and to assist with digestion of their prey.
See Pliocene and Venomous snake
Weasel
Weasels are mammals of the genus Mustela of the family Mustelidae.
West Antarctic Ice Sheet
The West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is the segment of the continental ice sheet that covers West Antarctica, the portion of Antarctica on the side of the Transantarctic Mountains that lies in the Western Hemisphere.
See Pliocene and West Antarctic Ice Sheet
William Whewell
William Whewell (24 May 17946 March 1866) was an English polymath, scientist, Anglican priest, philosopher, theologian, and historian of science.
See Pliocene and William Whewell
Wombat
Wombats are short-legged, muscular quadrupedal marsupials of the family Vombatidae that are native to Australia.
Woodland
A woodland is, in the broad sense, land covered with woody plants (trees and shrubs), or in a narrow sense, synonymous with wood (or in the U.S., the plurale tantum woods), a low-density forest forming open habitats with plenty of sunlight and limited shade (see differences between British, American and Australian English explained below).
Xenarthra
Xenarthra (from Ancient Greek ξένος, xénos, "foreign, alien" + ἄρθρον, árthron, "joint") is a major clade of placental mammals native to the Americas.
Year
A year is the time taken for astronomical objects to complete one orbit.
Zanclean
The Zanclean is the lowest stage or earliest age on the geologic time scale of the Pliocene. Pliocene and Zanclean are Neogene geochronology.
See also
Geological epochs
- Cambrian Series 2
- Capitalocene
- Cisuralian
- Early Cretaceous
- Early Devonian
- Early Jurassic
- Early Ordovician
- Early Triassic
- Eocene
- Furongian
- Greenlandian
- Guadalupian
- Holocene
- Late Cretaceous
- Late Devonian
- Late Jurassic
- Late Ordovician
- Late Triassic
- Llandovery Epoch
- Lopingian
- Ludlow Epoch
- Ludlow epoch
- Meghalayan
- Miaolingian
- Middle Devonian
- Middle Jurassic
- Middle Triassic
- Miocene
- Mississippian (geology)
- Northgrippian
- Oligocene
- Paleocene
- Pennsylvanian (geology)
- Pleistocene
- Pliocene
- Pridoli Epoch
- Pridoli epoch
- Series (stratigraphy)
- Terreneuvian
- Wenlock Epoch
- Wenlock epoch
Neogene geochronology
- Miocene
- Piacenzian
- Pliocene
- Zanclean
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliocene
Also known as 2.4 million years ago, Pileocene, Pilocene, Pleiocene, Pleocene, Plieocene, Pliocence, Pliocene Epoch, Pliocene Era, Upper Pliocene.
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