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List of hillforts and ancient settlements in Somerset - Wikipedia

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A photograph showing the hill fort called "Brent Knoll Camp" under a partly cloudy sky. The hill fort is on the top of the hill, and banks can be seen circumscribing the plateau.
A picture of Brent Knoll Camp showing some of the old walls

Somerset is a ceremonial county in South West England. It is a rural county of rolling hills, such as the Mendip Hills, Quantock Hills and Exmoor National Park, and large flat expanses of land including the Somerset Levels. Modern man came to what is now known as Somerset during the Early Upper Palaeolithic era. In the Neolithic era, from about 3500 BC, there is evidence of farming when people started to manage animals and grow crops on farms cleared from the woodland, rather than act purely as hunter gatherers.[1][2] It is also likely that extraction and smelting of mineral ores to make tools, weapons, containers and ornaments in bronze and then iron started in the late Neolithic and into the Bronze and Iron Ages.[3]

The construction of hillforts began in Britain in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC.[4] The reason for their emergence, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were separated from the sources of tin and copper necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status.[5] Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe believes that population increase played a role and has stated "the forts provided defensive possibilities for the community at those times when the stress of an increasing population burst out into open warfare. But I would not see them as having been built because there was a state of war. They would be functional as defensive strongholds when there were tensions and undoubtedly some of them were attacked and destroyed, but this was not the only, or even the most significant, factor in their construction".[6]

There are numerous Iron Age hillforts and ancient settlement sites in the county, some of which were later reused in the Dark Ages, such as Cadbury Castle,[7] Worlebury Camp[8] and Ham Hill. Other hillforts, such as Small Down Knoll, Solsbury Hill, Dolebury Warren and Burledge Hill, may have had a domestic purpose as well as a defensive role. The Iron Age tribes of the Somerset area were the Dobunni in north Somerset, Durotriges in south Somerset and Dumnonii in west Somerset.[9] Iron Age sites on the Quantock Hills, include major hillforts at Dowsborough and Ruborough, as well as smaller earthwork enclosures, such as Trendle Ring, Elworthy Barrows and Plainsfield Camp. In addition to the hillforts, several sites have been identified as settlements during the pre Roman period including Cambria Farm and the "Lake Villages" at Meare and Glastonbury which were built on a morass, on an artificial foundation of timber filled with brushwood, bracken, rubble and clay. Most of the sites fell out of use with the coming of the Romans and therefore this list covers those sites occupied until that time.

Almost all of the sites in the list are Scheduled Monuments. In the United Kingdom, a Scheduled Monument is a "nationally important" archaeological site or historic building, given protection against unauthorised change. Scheduled Monuments are specified in the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, which defines a monument as:

Any building, structure or work above or below the surface of the land, any cave or excavation; any site comprising the remains of any such building, structure or work or any cave or excavation; and any site comprising or comprising the remains of any vehicle, vessel or aircraft or other movable structure or part thereof... (Section 61 (7)).[10]

Damage to a scheduled monument is a criminal offence and any work taking place at one of these sites requires Scheduled Monument Consent from the Secretary of State. In England, the Department for Culture, Media and Sport keeps the register, or schedule, of nationally important sites which receive state protection, which now includes over 31,000 sites.[11]

Known hillforts and settlements

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Suspected hillforts and settlements

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  31. ^ "Small multivallate promontory fort on Blacker's Hill". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
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  39. ^ "Brent Knoll hillfort and associated field system". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
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  44. ^ "Broomfield Camp". Pastscape National Monuments Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
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  46. ^ "Burgh Walls Camp". Pastscape National Monuments Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  47. ^ "Large univallate hillfort with outworks 800m west of White Cross". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  48. ^ "Burledge Hillfort". Pastscape National Monuments Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  49. ^ "Slight univallate hillfort and associated earthworks on Burrington Ham". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
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  66. ^ "Cynwit Castle". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  67. ^ "Cynwit Castle (Cannington Camp), Cannington Park, Cannington". Somerset Historic Environment Record. Somerset County Council. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 29 December 2010.
  68. ^ "Cannington Park Camp". Pastscape National Monuments Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  69. ^ "Castle Neroche: a motte and bailey castle and earlier defences above Castle Plantation". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
  70. ^ "Castle Neroche, Curland". Somerset Historic Environment Record. Somerset County Council. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
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  75. ^ "Clatworthy hillfort". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  76. ^ "Clatworthy Camp, Clatworthy". Somerset Historic Environment Record. Somerset County Council. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  77. ^ "Clatworthy Camp". Pastscape National Monuments Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
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  82. ^ "Cow Castle". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  83. ^ "Cow Castle". Exmoor Historic Environment Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
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  97. ^ "Dowsborough hillfort and associated round barrow". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  98. ^ "Dowsborough hillfort, Holford". Somerset Historic Environment Record. Somerset County Council. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  99. ^ "Compton Dundon hillfort with Dundon Beacon, east of Dundon". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
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  102. ^ "Elborough Hill". Pastscape National Monuments Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  103. ^ "Elworthy Barrows hillfort". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
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  108. ^ "Glastonbury Lake Village". Pastscape National Monuments Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  109. ^ "St Michael's Church, monastic remains, and other settlement remains on Glastonbury Tor". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
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  112. ^ "Hillfort on Grabbist Hill, 275m south west of St Leonard's Well". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  113. ^ "Grabbist Hillfort". Exmoor Historic Environment Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 28 September 2012. Retrieved 23 March 2011.
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  125. ^ "Kenwalch's Castle". Pastscape National Monuments Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
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  127. ^ "King's Castle". Somerset Historic Environment Record. Somerset County Council. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2011.
  128. ^ "Kings Castle". Pastscape National Monuments Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 29 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
  129. ^ "Hillfort on Castle Hill 650m south east of Ford House". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
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  131. ^ "Kings Castle". Pastscape National Monuments Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  132. ^ "Kingsdown camp, Mells Down". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
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  135. ^ "Maesbury Castle small multivallate hillfort". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
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  137. ^ "Measbury Castle". Pastscape National Monuments Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  138. ^ "Maes Knoll camp". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
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  141. ^ "Lake villages NW of Oxenpill". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
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  144. ^ "Iron-age settlement (Meare East), Meare". Somerset Historic Environment Record. Somerset County Council. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 10 February 2011.
  145. ^ "The Meare Lake Villages". Pastscape National Monuments Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 30 September 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  146. ^ "Mounsey Castle and an associated outwork 100m to the north". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  147. ^ "Mounsey Castle". Exmoor Historic Environment Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  148. ^ "Mounsey Castle and associated outwork 100 m to the north". Somerset Historic Environment Record. Somerset County Council. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
  149. ^ "Mounsey Castle". National Monuments Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  150. ^ "Norton Camp large univallate hillfort". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  151. ^ "Norton Hillfort". Services Directory. Taunton Deane Borough Council. Archived from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
  152. ^ "Norton Camp hillfort, Norton Fitzwarren". Somerset Historic Environment Record. Somerset County Council. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
  153. ^ "Norton Camp". Pastscape National Monuments Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
  154. ^ "Oldberry Castle". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  155. ^ "Oldbury (or Oldberry) Castle, NW of Dulverton". Exmoor Historic Environment Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2011.
  156. ^ "Oldberry Castle". Pastscape National Monuments Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
  157. ^ "Plainsfield Camp slight univallate hillfort". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  158. ^ "Plainsfield Camp, Park Plantation, Over Stowey". Somerset Historic Environment Record. Somerset County Council. Archived from the original on 3 October 2016. Retrieved 15 January 2011.
  159. ^ "Plainsfield Camp". Pastscape National Monuments Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
  160. ^ "Road Castle". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 20 June 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
  161. ^ "Road Castle". Pastscape National Monuments Record. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 3 October 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2011.
  162. ^ "Hillfort on Roddenbury Hill". National Heritage List for England. English Heritage. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014.
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